Then you turn the well educated
Manners of Epicrates into Reproach ; and indeed who ever
faw him behave himfelf indecently either by Day, as you affirm,
in the Feftival of Bacchus, or by Night?
Manners of Epicrates into Reproach ; and indeed who ever
faw him behave himfelf indecently either by Day, as you affirm,
in the Feftival of Bacchus, or by Night?
Demosthenes - Orations - v2
iB S C H I N E S.
209
The Depositions. The Appeal.
Since therefore he refufes this Appeal, and fays, that no
Credit is to be given to the Tortures of Slaves, take me the
Letter which PhiHp fent, and which I was kept fleeplefs to
write, for manifeR it is, that with exceeding Subtlety it hath
impofcd upon the Republic, and in Matters of weighty Con-
cernment.
The Letter.
You have' heard, Athenians, Philip fays, " I have adminiftered
" the Oaths to your Ambaffadors, and have written down the
" Names of my Confederates, who were prefent, themfelves
" and their Cities. " He then promifes to fend you the Names
of thofe, who were abfent. Is it impoflible to conceive, that
Philip could have written in this Manner by Day-light even
without my Affiftance? But, by the Gods, Dcmofthenes, in
my Judgement, only computes how he may gain the Reputa-
tion of Eloquence, and whether he fhall afterwards appear of
all our Grecians moft worthlefs, about this he is very little
anxious.
But what Credit can be ? iven to the Man, who ventures to
aflert, that Philip penetrated into Thermopylae, not by his own
military Condu6t, but by my Orations to an Athenian Aflembly ?
Then he hath entered into a Detail of the Days, in which I
made my Report of our Embafly; in which the Couriers of the
Vol, J I. E e Phoctean
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? 2IO ORATION OF
Phooean Tyrant, Phalcecus, carried from hence the News o. f
your Determinations, and in which the Phocaeans, in their
Rehance on me, received Phihp into Thermopylae, and deHver-
ed to him their Cities. (36J Thefe Circumftances my Accufer
hath invented j but the Phocseans were ruined, ? r{\, by the
Power of Fortune, that abfolute Miftrefs of all Mankind ; fe-
condly, by the Length of Time, and a ten Years War, for the
fame Circumftance, that raifed the Phocsan Tyrants, deftroyed
tliem. They laid the Foundation of their Power by daring to
invade the facred Treafures, and by their mercenary Troops
they changed the Form of Government in different States, but
were ruined by their Want of Money, which they had expended
in paying their Armies. Thirdly, a Mutiny, the ufual Atten-
dant of an ill-paid Soldiery, broke their Authority, and laftly,
the Ignorance of Phalascus with regard to Futurity. For the
united Forces of the Theffalians and Philip were in Sight, nor
was it long before the Peace you had concluded with Philip
that Ambaffadors arrived from the Phoccsans, demanding Suc-
cours and promiiing to deliver into your Hands the Fortrefles,
that commanded the Pafs of Thermopylae- Yet when you had
decreed, that they fliould deliver thefe Places to Proxenus, your
General; that fifty Gillies fhould be fitted out, and that all
our Citizens, under thirty Years of Age, (hould immediately
take the Field, inftead of delivering thofe Fortrefies to Proxenus,
the Tyrants threw the Ambaffadors, who made the Promife,
into
{^6) Demofthenes, Page 28,;.
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? . iE S C H I N E S. 211
into Piifon, and of all the Grecians the Phoca^ans alone refufcd
to receive the Pricfts, who carried the myftic Sacrifices for Cele-
bration of the Eleiifinian Feftival. When Archidamus, the
Lacedaemonian, afterwards offered to receive and defend thofe
Fortreflcs, they would not confent, but anfwcred him, that
Sparta fhould be apprehenfive, not for them, but for her own
Safety. (37) You had not then abfolutely agreed with Philip,
but the very Day you deliberated upon the Articles of Peace,
you received Letters from Proxenus informing you, that the
Phocfeans had not delivered thofe Fortreffes to him, and that
they alone of all the Grecians refufed to admit the holy Myfle-
ries for the Celebration of the Eleufinian Sacrifices, and had
thrown into Prifon the Ambafladors, who had come hither to
propofe a Ceffion of thole Fortreffes. In Proof of thefe Truths,
call me the Perfons employed in carrying the facred Myfteries,
and the Ambaffadors, whom Proxenus fent to the Phocaeans.
Then hear his Letters.
The Letters.
You hear, Athenians, the particular Dates of thefe Tranf-
adions verified by your public Records. You hear the Wit-
neffes, who have given Evidence, that before I was appointed
Ambaffador, Phal^ecus, the Phocaan Tyrant, was diffident
both of us and the Lacedaemonians, and placed his entire Con-
E e 2 fidence
(37) A French Writer tranflates thefe coiirs. , que de hur mauvaJJe Fortune.
Words, which Wol fins fays are equivo- Olivier. Life of Philip.
cal, qu'ih fe dejioioit encore plus de Jon fe-
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? 212 ORATION OF
fidence in Pliillp. But was he alone ignorant with regard to
the Event ? How were you yourfelves affeded in your Ailem-
bUes ? Did you not all exped;, that Philip, having obferved
their Infolence, would reprefs the Authority of the Thebans,
and not enlarge the Power of that perfidious People ? Did not
the Lacedaemonians join with us in an Embaffy againft the The-
bans, and at laft openly affront and threaten their Ambaffadors
in Macedonia? Were they not extremely doubtful in what
Manner they fliould ad ? Were not their Ambaffadors greatly
alarmed ? Did not the Thellalians ridicule us all, and boaft,
that the Expedition was undertaken for their Sake ? Did not
the Intimates of Phalscus declare, (3 8} that Philip would or-
der the Cities of Boeotia to be reinhabited ? Did not the The-
bans, in a Diffidence of their Situation take the Field with all
their Forces ? Did not Philip, when he perceived it, fend
Letters engaging you to march with all your Troops to fuccour
whoever had the jufteft Caufe ? Did not thefe Warriors, who
now call the Peace diflionourable and cowardly, hinder you
from marching, by declaring they were apprehenfive, that Phi-
lip, after having concluded a folemn Peace and Alliance with
you, would feize upon your Soldiers, as Hoftages ?
Whether
(38) The Tranflator hath here infcrted Hopes and Fears of the different States of
the Name of Phalasciis inftead of Pin- Greece upon Philip's EXj;edition, feems
lip, which appears in all Editions. Our to require, that Phalarcus and liis Party
Orator can hardly be fu[ipofc:d to fiy, the (liould expreis their Sentiments upon it.
Intimates of I-'hilip declared, that Philip Doftor Markland has corrected the fime
iceidd order i^c. Hefidcs, the general Millake in the next Paragraph.
' enfe of the Palllige, which defcribes the
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? iE S C H I N E S. 21 :
Whether then have I forbidden the People to imitate their
Anceftors, or you, and they, who confpired with you agalnft
the pubhc Welfare ? Would not an Expedition have been tlien
more eafy, and more honourable to the Athenians, when the
Madnefs of the Phocseans raged in its higheft Vigour- when
they maintained the War alone againft Philip; when they were
In PoilelTion of thefe FortrefTes, which commanded the Streights
of Thermopylae, and which Phal^cus had not )'ct delivered to
the Macedonians; when they refufed the Treaties, by which
we fhould have been engaged to fuccour them, (39) nor would
receive the facred Eleufinian Myfteries ; when we were guarded
from the Incurlions of the Thebans ; (40} when Philip himfelf,
with whom we had entered into a Confederacy ratified by our
mutual Oaths, invited us to march ; and when the ThelTalians
and the other Amphiclyonswere in Arms ? Was not this Period
far more honourable, than that, in which the Athenians, by your
Cowardice, and Malignity of Spirit, fled into the City with
their Property, (41) at which Time, I was employed in my
third Embafl)' to the General Council of tlic Amphid:yons ;
that Embaiiy, which vou dare to aflert I undertook without
being appointed by the People ; and yet, although my declared
Enemy, you never called me to a Trial for a Crime, Vvhich
you know to be capital, and now only accufe me. of Mifconduct
in
(39) Probably, from a Confidence. of explains, hecnufe Phccis hindered tlein
di'-ir own Strength. from entmng /Ittica.
'40) In the Criginal, 'vuhen -ive left (4') The Reader may remember tlie
i}:e Thclans lebind as, v. hich \^'oIiius Decree of Callifthenes upon this Occafion,
Pa^e 4. 2.
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? 214 O R A T I O N O F
in my former Embafly; though furely you do not envy me even
the Punilliraent, that might affe6l my Life.
When the Thebans therefore were encamped, and entreated
Philip to lead them to the Deftru6lion of the Boeotians ; when
you had thrown the City into Confufion, and our Forces were
not yet alTembled; when the Theflldians had joined the The-
bans, by your Irrefolution, and the ancient Hatred they bore
the Phoc^ans, who had cruelly mifufed their Thellalian Hof-
tages ; (4 2) when Phalscus, before the other Ambailadors and
I had arrived where the Amphidlyons were met in Council, had
marched away under Articles of Treaty ; when the Orchome-
nians, being greatly terrified, only demanded Security for their
Perfons, and promifed to leave Boeotia; when the Theban
AmbafTadors furrounded Philip, and the Republic was in open
Enmity with the Thebans and the Thefialians, then were our
Affairs ruined, not by me, but by his Treachery, and his hof-
pitable Engagements with the Thebans. Of thefe Fads I am
vv'ell allured I can giv^e fufficient Proofs. (43)
Besides, if any Part of what you afiert were true, furely
the Ba-otians and the Phocaean Exiles would accufe me, fome
of
C42') Plutarch tells this Story fome- Taylor. Briferent avec des meules.
what difFerently ; thnt the Phocseans kil- Amyot.
led their I'hefTalian Governors, and the (43") This whole Narration, . fays Wol-
TheffaHans in Revenge put their Pho- fius, is fo intricate, that it feems intended
x. xan liollages to the Torture. Karij- meerly to impofe Uj-. on the /Audience.
hor,(Tot,v, fl^'gi'is c. ecidenint. Stethans.
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 215
of whom I muft have driven out of their Country, and hindered
others from returning from Banilhment. Yet not reafonliig
upon Events, but favourably receiving my Zeal to fer\e them,
the Boeotian Exiles have in a general Council appointed Advo-
cates in my Defence. Ambafladors are arrived from the Cities
of the Phocseans, whom in my third Embafly to the Amphic-
tyons I preferved from Deftrudion, when the Oeta^ans had given
their Opinion, that all the Youth of Phocis fliould be thrown
headlong down a Precipice, and whom I conduced to the
Amphidlyons, that they might have an Opportunity of pleading
their own Caufe. Phalaecus had marched away under the
SancHiion of a perfonal Treaty, and thefe innocent People were
condemned to die, and only faved by my IntercefTion. Call
me then the Phocaean Mnafo, and the Colleagues of his Em-
bafly with the Perfons appointed by the Boeotian Exiles. Come
up hither, Liparus and Pythion, on the Tribunal, and now
return me . that Obligation of Life and Safety, which I once
conferred on you.
The Interceflion of the Boeotians and Phoc^ans.
Shall I not therefore be moftunjuftly treated, if I be cojidemn-
ed on the Accufation of Demofthenes, the Patron of the Thc-
bans, and of all the Grecians the moil: abandoned, when the
Phocaeans and Boeotians appear in my Defence?
But he hath dared to affirm, that I fland convided by my
own Expreflions. For he fays, I declared, when I accufcd
A. I'iniai:-
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? 2i6 ORATIONOF
Timarclius, that all Mankind had heard of the Infamy of his
Impurities: that Flefiod, an excellent Poet, fays,
What all report can never be a Lie,
And born a Goddefs, Fame can never die :
tliat this Goddefs now comes to accufe me, for all Mankind
affirm, 1 have taken Bribes from Philip. But you are well
convinced, Athenians, that there is a mighty Difference between
Fame and Calumny. Fame hath nothing in common with
Profecutions, but Profecutions are nearly allied to Calumny. I
will define each of them exactly. Fame is the voluntary Af-
fertion, without any particular Motive, of a Multitude of
Citizens concerning the Commiflion of any certain Fa? t. But
Calumny is an Accufation maintained by fome fingle Perfon in
the Prefence of the Many, whether in our AlTemblies, or the
Senate. To Fame we publicly ofTer Sacrifices, as to a God;
but we publicly profecute Calumniators, as Wretches moft im-
pious. Do not then, Demofthenes, confound things of higheft
Excellence with thofe of extreme Turpitude.
I Suffered with Grief and Indignation feveral Articles of
this Indictment, but efpecially when he charged nie with being
a Traitor to my Country ; for if I could be convicted of this
Crime alone, I muft appear a very Monfter, unfeeling of all
natural A ffedtion, and formerly guilty of many other Crimes.
Of my general Courfc of Life, and even my daily Manner of
living, I do imagine you arc very fufficient Witneffes. Yet
there
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? iE S C H I N E S. 217
there are particular Inftances, that efcape the Difcernment of the
Multitude, though deemed of higheft Importance by Perfons of
Penetration. Many of thefe, which will bear an honourable
Teftimony in my Favour, I {hall produce to pubHc View, that
you may know what Pledges I left here for my Condudl, when
I entered upon my Embaily to Macedonia. You, Demofthenes,
have invented thefe Falfehoods againft me, but I fliall explicitly
declare how honourably and regularly I was educated.
Behold my Father Atrometus, almoft the oldeft of our
Citizens, for he is now ninety four Years of Age. In his Youth,
before the Lofs of his Property in the Peloponnefian War, he
was diftinguifhed for his Sldll in athletic Exercifes, but when
he was driven into Banifhment by the thirty Tyrants, he en-
lifted himfelf a Soldier in the Wars of Afia, and was eminently
diftinguifhed for his Courage. He is defcended from a Tribe,
that holds religious Communion with the genuine Offspring of
Butes, from whence the Prieftefs of Minerva, the (juardian
Goddefs of Athens, is chofen. As I have already mentioned,
he was one of the Leaders, who brought home the People from
Exile. (44) Bsfides, It hath been my good Fortune, that all
my Relations by my Mother are free-born. She herfeh appears
even now btfore my Eyes, (45) terrified for the Danger of her
Son, and di^lraded with her Sorrows This Mother, Demoft-
henes, fled with her Hufband to Corip. th from the Tyranny
Vol. if. F f of
(44) PiJgs 187. (45) Rather an imag'nary, than real Appearance. Wolfius.
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? 2i8 O R A T I O N O F
of the thirty, and fhared in the Calamities of her Country. But
you, who contend for your being a Man (though I (hould hefi-
tate extremely to pronounce that you are really a Man) were
profecuted for deferting your Rank in the Day of Battle, and
efcaped only by buying off the Evidence of Nicodemus, whom
you afterwards murdered with the A fTiftance of Ariftarchus,,
and then rufhed into the Forum with your Hands ftained with
Blood.
My eldeft Brother, Philocrates, who does not, as you ca-
lumnioufly affirm, fpend his Time in unmanly amufements,
but in the generous Exercifes of the Gymnafium ; who was
Fellow-Soldier to Iphicrates, and three fucceffive Years a
General of your Forces, comes hither to implore your Com-
paffion to preferve me. My youngeft Brother Aphobetus
maintained, with a Dignity befitting the Republic, the Charac-
ter of your Ambaflador to the King of Perfia, and when you
appointed him in the Direction of the public Revenues, he
managed them with Honour and Integrity. His Children are
legitimately begotten, for he never proftituted his Wife to
Cnofion, as thou haft done. He now is prefent in Contempt
of your Invedives, for Invedlives, not founded upon Truth,
pafs no farther than the Ears.
But thou haft dared to fpeak againft my other Relations,
fhamelefs as thou art and ungrateful, not to love, not to adort
the
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 219
the Father of Pliilon and Epicrates by whom you were en-
rolled a Denizon of Athens, as the elder Citizens of the Pae-
anian Tribe are perfedlly confcious. Yet I am flruck with
Aftonifhment, that you dare to calumniate Philon in the Pre-
fence of thefe Athenians, who are eminently diftinguiflied
for their Love of Juftice, who have entered this Court with a
Refolution to pronounce fuch a Sentence, as may be of greatefl
Advantage to the RepubHc, and who pay more Attention to
the Lives of the Criminal and Profecutor, than to their Ora-
tions. Yet can you imagine, they would not rather choofe ten
thoufand Soldiers like Philon, thus fafhioned in their Perfons,
thus temperate in their Courage, than thrice ten thoufand prof-
tituted Wretches, like thee?
Then you turn the well educated
Manners of Epicrates into Reproach ; and indeed who ever
faw him behave himfelf indecently either by Day, as you affirm,
in the Feftival of Bacchus, or by Night? You cannot affert,
he efcaped by his Obfcurity, for he was not unknown.
By Philodemus his Daughter, the Sifter of Philon and Epi-
crates, I have three Children j a Daughter and two Sons,
whom I bring hither with my other Relations, for the fake of
one Queftion, which I fhall now aflc, and for a particular
Argument with regard to my Judges. I afk, Athenians,' whe-
ther you think it probable, that befides my Duty to my
Country, the Commerce of my Friends, the Participation of
? our I'eHgious Rites, and the Sepulchres' of my Anceftors, I
F f a fhould
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? 220 ORATIONOF
fhould betray my Children, to me the deareft of all human
Beings, to Philip, or fliould rate his Friendfhip at an higher
Value, than their Safety. By what Pleafure have I ever been
enflaved? When did I ever do any thing unworthy of my
Reputation for the fake of Money ? Not Macedonia, but their
own natural Difpojfition, renders Men vitious or virtuous ; nor
are we different, when we return from an Embafly, from what
you fent us, but the very fame. But I have been joined in
Office with a Man, (46) eminently praftifed in all Impoftures, of
a malevolent Spirit, who never willingly fpoke Truth j who ufhers
in his Lies with an Oath, and an Eye of Impudence; who not
only aflerts his Fads, and the Manner in which they happened,
but mentions the very Day, and according to his Invention, in
Imitation of thofe who tell Truth, he adds the Name of fome
Perfon, who by chance was prefent.
However, we, who are innocent, are in one Inftance moft
fortunate, that with his extraordinary Genius for lying, he never
preferves his Senfes in the Compoiition of his Stories. You may
compute at once the Imprudence, and Ignorance of the Man,
who invented againfl me fuch an improbable Falfehood, as that of
the Olynthian Woman, in which he was interrupted by you,
when he was fpeaking, and driven out of the Aflembly; (47)
for
(46) It may be worth obferving, that irvfi7rt7rXey[/. ui, the Reading of our E-
Stephans reads a-v^TihiKoi^on inftead of ditions.
(47) Demofthenes Oration, Page 89.
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 221
for he accufed a Perfon moft diftant from fuch Turpitude before
thofe, who were confcious of the Purity of his Manners. But
confider how long he was preparing himfelf for this Calumny.
Ariftophanes, an Olynthian, generally refided here in AtJiens.
He was recommended by fome certain Perfons to Demofthcnes,
who was informed befides, that he was a very powerful Orator,
and who therefore endeavoured by every poflible Art to engage
him in his Interefts, and induce him to give a perjured Evi-
dence againft rae. He promifed, if he would form fome mife-
rable Story, and aflure you, that in a drunken Riot I had
infulted a Woman, who was his Relation, and a Captive, he
would inflantly give him five hundred Drachmas, and five
hundred others, when he had given Evidence of the Fadl. A-
riflophanes anfwered, as he himfelf aflured us, that v/ith regard
to his Banifhment and his Poverty, Demofthenes had not er-
roneoufly, but rather with all poflible Sagacity aimed his Con-
jedures; but that he erred extremely in his Opinion of his
Morals, for he never would commit fo infamous an Adion. la
Proof of what I have aflerted, I fhall produce Ariftophanes
himfelf, as a Witnefs. Let him be fummoned ; "let his Teftimony
be read; then fummon Dercyllus and Ariftides, who heard him
tell this Story, and informed me of it.
The Testimony,
You hear the Witnefies, and their Evidence, given upon
Oath; and do you not remember thofe unhallowed Arts of Ora-
tory,
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? 222 O R A T I O N O F
tory, which he boafted to our young Citizens (48) and which
he now employs againft me; how he wept, how he lamented
the Fate of Greece ; how excellively he applauded Satyrus the
Comedian, for having at a Banquet entreated PhiHp to give him
fome Perfons, with whom he had formerly lived in Hofpitality,
and who were then Prifoners and in Chains, digging in his
Vineyards ? Having laid this Foundation, he added, raifing that
flirill and direful Voice, how deplorable is it, that Satyrus the
Reprefentative of two inconfiderable Cities (49) fhould appear
with fuch Generofity and Magnanimity, and that I, who direded
the Counfels of a powerful Republic, who prefumed to give
Advice to the fupreme Aflembly of Arcadia, could not reftrain
the Licentioufnefs of my Manners, but heated with Wine, at
an Entertainment to which we were invited by Xenodocus, (50)
one of Philip's Friends, I dragged by the Hair, and fcourged
with my own Hands, a captive Woman ? If you had there-
fore either given Credit to him, or if Ariftophanes had joined
with him in vouching this Falfehood againft me, I might have
periflied unjuftly for a Crime of the moft exceflive Turpitude.
Will you then fufFer this Wretch, his own Evil Genius (for never
may
(48) To- inflame their Paffions and Xanthia. The Matter is not of Impor-
raife their Indignation againft his Adver- tance, yet much Diligence hath been ufed
fary. Dodlor Tayfor has with great to find the Hiftory or Situation of thefe
Learning given us many different Mean- Countries. Neither Wolfius nor his Com-
ings for the Word l-TrxyyiXXeTut. None mentators mention them in their Notes,
ofthem will explain the prefent Paffage, (50) By Demofthenes called Xeno-
and WolSus is fuffered to trapflate it P^ron, Page 89 ; for by a Miftake of
pollcetur. ' the Prefs it is there printed Xeno;phon,
(49) In the Original, Cariones and
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? iE S C H I N E S. 223
may he prove fuch to the Republic) to dwell any longer among
you? Will you purify this Aflembly, and in your Decrees
offer up your Vows through him ? Will you fend forth Armies,
and appoint naval Expeditions under his Name? Yet Hefiod
pronounces
For one Man's Crimes, on many a deftin'd State
Impetuous defcends the Wrath of Fate.
Let me add one Remark more to what I have already faid;
that if there be any Species of Villainy among Mankind in which
I cannot demonftrate, that Demofthenes is a principal Charader,
I fhall acknowledge, I ought to be capitally condemned.
But many fevere Diftrefles attend theaccufed. His Danger
calls back his Thoughts from every particular Relentment againft
others to the Confideration of his own proper Safety, and obliges
him to refleiSl:, left he {hould pafs over any Article of the Ac-
cufation. I fhall therefore endeavour to recall to your remem-
brance, and my own, the principal Articles of this Profecution;
then do you, Athenians, confider them feparately. For what
particular Decree, that I have prefcriled, am I now accufed?
What Conventions have I ever formed againft the interefts of
the Republic? When did I erale whatever you decreed con-
cerning this Peace, or infert what you difapproved? Did :h?
Peace difpleafe fome of our Orators? Should they not eitlier
have oppofed it then, or not accufe me now ? Some of them
during
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? 224 ORATIONOF
during the War grew rich by our Tributes, and the public Re-
venues. Thofe Methods of growing rich are now ceafed, for
Peace will not maintain Idlenefs. But fmce they, who
never were injured and yet are perpetually injuring the Repub-
lic, vvould now take vengeance of him, who fupported this
Peace, will you, who have experienced the Advantages of it,
defert the Perfons, who have rendered themfelves thus ufeful to
the Public?
But I fang Hyains in Honour of Apollo with Philip, while
the Cities of the Phocasans, as my Accufer afTerts, were lying
in Ruins. (51) And by what Argument can he clearly prove
the Truth of this Aflertion ? I was invited to the ufual Enter-
tainment of Hofpitality with my Colleagues. There were befides
invited, and who fupped with us and the other Grecian Ambafla-
dors, not lefs than two hundred Perfons. Among this Number, ^
for fo it appears, I was confpicuoufly diftinguifhed, not for my
Silence, but my finging, as you are affured by Demofthenes,
who was neither prelent himfelf, nor hath produced a iingle
Witnefs, who was prefent. But by what Means could I be thus
confpicuous, unlefs perchance, as in a Chorus, I fang before the
reft of the Company ? If I was filent therefore, you charge
me falfely; but when our Country was in perfe(ft Safety, and
our Citizens not opprefled by any general Misfortune, it I then
fang an Hymn in Honour of Apollo with the other Ambafla-
dors,
(5i)-Demofthenes Oration, Page 59,
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? iE S C H I N E S. 225
dors, and the Athenians were not difhonoured by it, I aded
with a pious Regard to Religion ; I committed no Crime, and
fhould now in Juftice be acquitted. Yet upon thefe Accounts,
I am it feems a Man unworthy of Compaflion, while you, who
proiecute your Colleagues, in Violation of the facred Duties
of our common Entertainments and Libations, are pious and
religious.
But you have reproached me with the Abfurdity of my po-
litical Conduct in going Ambaflador to Philip, when I had be-
fore encouraged the Grecians to take up Arms againft him.
However, you may make this Objedion, if you pleafe, to the
whole Athenian People in their public Counfels. You had
entered into War againft the Lacedsemonians, and after the un-
fortunate Battle of Leudlra you fent them Succours. You re-
ftored the exiled Thebans to their Country, and afterwards met
them in the Field at Mantinsea. You declared War againft the
Eretrians and Themifon ; you afterwards preferved them. With
regard to numberlefs other Grecian States you have adled in the
fame Manner. For it is neceflary, either for a private Perfon, or
a Republic, to yield to the Force of ConjuncSlurcs, and manage
them to the beft Advantage. How ftiould an able Senator a6t ?
Should he not upon any imminent Occafton confult the Interefts
of his Country ? The malevolent Profecutor, what Language
fhall hefpeak? Shall he not conceal particular Conjundlures,
and accufe particular Circumftances of Condudl? How fhall
Vol. IL G g we
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? 226 ORATIONOF
we diftlnguiili the Man, who is by Nature a Betrayer? Is he
not diftinguifhable by abufing, as you have done, the Confi-
dence of thofc, who employ him, by writing Declamations for
them to be pronounced in our Courts of Judicature, and after-
wards taking a Bribe to expofe them to their Adverfaries? (52}
Thus you got Money for writing a Declamation for Phormio the
Banker, and you gave a Copy of it to Apollodorus, who had
indidled Phormio for a capital Crime. You entered into the
happy Dwelling of Ariflarchus, which you laid in Ruins. You
took ihree Talents ftom Ariftarchus before his Banifhment, and
afterwards plundered him of the Pittance he had provided to
fupport him in his Exile. Nor did you blufh at the Report^
that you pretended to be an Admirer of the young Man's
Beauty. Your Admiration was indeed pretended, for real
Love never admits of Villainy. Such is the Betrayer, and fucK
as thefe the Marks of his Charader.
But he fome where nientioned my military Expeditions, and
called me a moft accomplifhed Soldier, {^t,) Yet not in regard
to his Calumny, but in Coniideration of my prefent Danger, I
may be permitted to vindicate my Reputation as a Soldier^
without being expofed to any invidious Refledlions. For where,
or
(? 52) The Alteration of a Comma in Noi writing for Birey but betraying for a-
Stephans upon the Word ln(pi^u gives Bribe.
this Sentence a Meaning very different (53) Demofthenes, Page 52, calls him.
from that of our Editions. It is followed a marvellous fVarrior, Bxvixda-ios s-^ccn^
by this Tranflation. xdyoui w, rcc Si- uttj;.
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? ^ S C H I N E S, 227
or when, or among whom, excepting this Day, fliall I ever
mention it? When I had pafled the Age of Boyhood, I was
two Years in Garrifon upon our Frontiers. I fhall produce the
young People of my own Rank, and who ferved in the fame
Station, as my Witnefles to the Fad:. In my firft Campaign I
was ftationed in that Body of Troops, which are refcrved at
Diftance from the Danger of Battle. (54) I marched under
the Command of Alcibiades with my Cotemporarics in the Ex-
pedition to Phlius, and in an Engagement at the Nemesan
Gulph I was honoured with the Approbation of my Generals for
my Behaviour. 1 ferved in all other Campaigns during my Youth,
and the Years of military fervice appointed by the Laws, ac-
cording to that regular Succeflion, by which our Citizens relieve
each other in the Courfe of a War. (55) In the Battle of
Mantinrea I behaved myfelf not diflionourably, nor in a Manner
unworthy of the Republic. I was a Soldier in the Eubacan Ex-
pedition, and in the Tamynean Engagement fo diftinguidied
G g 2 myfelf
(54) This Paflage, both with regard Diftance from Danger. From thence tlie
to the Difficulty, and the hiftorical im- Phrafe Iv toTi; f/ei^sTi militia in partibus. ,
portance of it, well deferves a larger or as . ^Elchines exprtfles ir, tjjV Iv rol'i
Explanation, than the Compafs of thefe ^^^^^^ KccX^yAvr^v ^dx^v, pugnam, qiur
Notes will allow. j? partibus duitur. The Years of mili-
The Athtnian Youth, at the Com- ^^^y ^^^,. ^5^^ ^^om the Age of' eighteen
pletion of their eighteenth Year, took to that of fixty wercnumbered by annual
the military Oath, and for two Years Magiilrates called Eponymi, from whence
were appointed to guard the Frontiers j-j^g Kxpreffion of fcrving in Eponymis,
of Attica. During this Time they were q^ Eponymiana militia. Corsini.
called tte^/tto) 0. , circuiores. They were ^,^) 'Y. y. tiixSc/ri',- Demoflhcnes ex-
afterwards enlilled among the regular plains this Fxprenion in the firft Phi-
Troops, but ftationed, in Time of Ac- lipp. c. Page 60 of the firft Volume,
lion, in fome Place of Safety, and at a ]_\p^Q r.
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? 228 ORATIONOF
myfelf even in a Body of Troops feledled from the reft of our
Army for their Courage, that I was crowned by our Generals in
the Field, and a fecond Time by the People, when I returned
to Athens. I made the Report of our Victory, and Temeni-
des, who commanded the Troops of the Pandionian Tribe,
and who came hither with me by Appointment of the General,
informed you in what Manner I had behaved myfelf in the
Battle. In Atteftation of thefe Fads, read the Decree, then
fummon Temenides and my Fellow-Soldiers, who joined with
me in fighting for the Republic. Summon Phocion, our Ge-
neral, not yet an Advocate in this Caufe, but liable to a Pro-
fecution, if he gives a falfe Evidence.
The Decree. The Testimony.
Since therefore I brought you the firft News of your Vidory,
and the happy Succefs of your Sons in Battle, let me implore
this firft Favour of you, the Prefervation of my Life; efpecially,
fince I am neither an Enemy to the popular Conftitution of my
Country, as my Accufer aflerts, but an Enemy to all bad Men,
nor would fuffer you to imitate the Anceftors of Demofthenes
(he has indeed no Anceftors) but would encourage you zealoufly
to emulate that Plan of Wifdom, which hath been glorious to
the Republic. I fhall now run over fome Inftanccs of this Wif-
dom, beginning with thofe of an earlier Date.
The Glory of the Athenian Republic arofe from the Sea-fight
at Salamis againft the Perfian, and although our Walls were
rafed
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? iE S C H I N E S. 229
rafed to the Ground by the Barbarians, yet as we were at Peace
with the Lacedaemonians our democratical Form of Govern-
ment ftill fubfifted. But when Tumults and Diflentions were
introduced amongft us by fome certain Perfons, we declared
War againft Lacedaemon, and after we had fuffered a thoufand
Calamities, and wrought as many to our Enemies, we con-
cluded a Truce of fifty Years under the Mediation of Cimon,
who had received all the public Rights of Holpitality among
the Lacedaemonians, and we enjoyed the good Effcds of it
thirteen Years. During this Time we fortified the Pyraeum,
raifed the northern Wall of the City, built an hundred Gallies
in addition to our Fleet, levied three hundred Horfe, took into
our Pay as many Scythian Archers, and ftill firmly maintained
our Democracy. But when Men, illiberally born, and licen-
tioufly profligate in their Morals, entered irregularly into the
Admin ift ration, we again declared War againft the i^ginctes,
and after having fuftained no inconfiderable Diftrefi^s, we Ib-
licited a Peace, and having fent Andocides with an Embafiy
to the Lacedaemonians, we concluded one for thirty Years,
which wonderfully exalted our Republic.
The Depositions. The Appeal.
Since therefore he refufes this Appeal, and fays, that no
Credit is to be given to the Tortures of Slaves, take me the
Letter which PhiHp fent, and which I was kept fleeplefs to
write, for manifeR it is, that with exceeding Subtlety it hath
impofcd upon the Republic, and in Matters of weighty Con-
cernment.
The Letter.
You have' heard, Athenians, Philip fays, " I have adminiftered
" the Oaths to your Ambaffadors, and have written down the
" Names of my Confederates, who were prefent, themfelves
" and their Cities. " He then promifes to fend you the Names
of thofe, who were abfent. Is it impoflible to conceive, that
Philip could have written in this Manner by Day-light even
without my Affiftance? But, by the Gods, Dcmofthenes, in
my Judgement, only computes how he may gain the Reputa-
tion of Eloquence, and whether he fhall afterwards appear of
all our Grecians moft worthlefs, about this he is very little
anxious.
But what Credit can be ? iven to the Man, who ventures to
aflert, that Philip penetrated into Thermopylae, not by his own
military Condu6t, but by my Orations to an Athenian Aflembly ?
Then he hath entered into a Detail of the Days, in which I
made my Report of our Embafly; in which the Couriers of the
Vol, J I. E e Phoctean
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? 2IO ORATION OF
Phooean Tyrant, Phalcecus, carried from hence the News o. f
your Determinations, and in which the Phocaeans, in their
Rehance on me, received Phihp into Thermopylae, and deHver-
ed to him their Cities. (36J Thefe Circumftances my Accufer
hath invented j but the Phocseans were ruined, ? r{\, by the
Power of Fortune, that abfolute Miftrefs of all Mankind ; fe-
condly, by the Length of Time, and a ten Years War, for the
fame Circumftance, that raifed the Phocsan Tyrants, deftroyed
tliem. They laid the Foundation of their Power by daring to
invade the facred Treafures, and by their mercenary Troops
they changed the Form of Government in different States, but
were ruined by their Want of Money, which they had expended
in paying their Armies. Thirdly, a Mutiny, the ufual Atten-
dant of an ill-paid Soldiery, broke their Authority, and laftly,
the Ignorance of Phalascus with regard to Futurity. For the
united Forces of the Theffalians and Philip were in Sight, nor
was it long before the Peace you had concluded with Philip
that Ambaffadors arrived from the Phoccsans, demanding Suc-
cours and promiiing to deliver into your Hands the Fortrefles,
that commanded the Pafs of Thermopylae- Yet when you had
decreed, that they fliould deliver thefe Places to Proxenus, your
General; that fifty Gillies fhould be fitted out, and that all
our Citizens, under thirty Years of Age, (hould immediately
take the Field, inftead of delivering thofe Fortrefies to Proxenus,
the Tyrants threw the Ambaffadors, who made the Promife,
into
{^6) Demofthenes, Page 28,;.
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? . iE S C H I N E S. 211
into Piifon, and of all the Grecians the Phoca^ans alone refufcd
to receive the Pricfts, who carried the myftic Sacrifices for Cele-
bration of the Eleiifinian Feftival. When Archidamus, the
Lacedaemonian, afterwards offered to receive and defend thofe
Fortreflcs, they would not confent, but anfwcred him, that
Sparta fhould be apprehenfive, not for them, but for her own
Safety. (37) You had not then abfolutely agreed with Philip,
but the very Day you deliberated upon the Articles of Peace,
you received Letters from Proxenus informing you, that the
Phocfeans had not delivered thofe Fortreffes to him, and that
they alone of all the Grecians refufed to admit the holy Myfle-
ries for the Celebration of the Eleufinian Sacrifices, and had
thrown into Prifon the Ambafladors, who had come hither to
propofe a Ceffion of thole Fortreffes. In Proof of thefe Truths,
call me the Perfons employed in carrying the facred Myfteries,
and the Ambaffadors, whom Proxenus fent to the Phocaeans.
Then hear his Letters.
The Letters.
You hear, Athenians, the particular Dates of thefe Tranf-
adions verified by your public Records. You hear the Wit-
neffes, who have given Evidence, that before I was appointed
Ambaffador, Phal^ecus, the Phocaan Tyrant, was diffident
both of us and the Lacedaemonians, and placed his entire Con-
E e 2 fidence
(37) A French Writer tranflates thefe coiirs. , que de hur mauvaJJe Fortune.
Words, which Wol fins fays are equivo- Olivier. Life of Philip.
cal, qu'ih fe dejioioit encore plus de Jon fe-
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? 212 ORATION OF
fidence in Pliillp. But was he alone ignorant with regard to
the Event ? How were you yourfelves affeded in your Ailem-
bUes ? Did you not all exped;, that Philip, having obferved
their Infolence, would reprefs the Authority of the Thebans,
and not enlarge the Power of that perfidious People ? Did not
the Lacedaemonians join with us in an Embaffy againft the The-
bans, and at laft openly affront and threaten their Ambaffadors
in Macedonia? Were they not extremely doubtful in what
Manner they fliould ad ? Were not their Ambaffadors greatly
alarmed ? Did not the Thellalians ridicule us all, and boaft,
that the Expedition was undertaken for their Sake ? Did not
the Intimates of Phalscus declare, (3 8} that Philip would or-
der the Cities of Boeotia to be reinhabited ? Did not the The-
bans, in a Diffidence of their Situation take the Field with all
their Forces ? Did not Philip, when he perceived it, fend
Letters engaging you to march with all your Troops to fuccour
whoever had the jufteft Caufe ? Did not thefe Warriors, who
now call the Peace diflionourable and cowardly, hinder you
from marching, by declaring they were apprehenfive, that Phi-
lip, after having concluded a folemn Peace and Alliance with
you, would feize upon your Soldiers, as Hoftages ?
Whether
(38) The Tranflator hath here infcrted Hopes and Fears of the different States of
the Name of Phalasciis inftead of Pin- Greece upon Philip's EXj;edition, feems
lip, which appears in all Editions. Our to require, that Phalarcus and liis Party
Orator can hardly be fu[ipofc:d to fiy, the (liould expreis their Sentiments upon it.
Intimates of I-'hilip declared, that Philip Doftor Markland has corrected the fime
iceidd order i^c. Hefidcs, the general Millake in the next Paragraph.
' enfe of the Palllige, which defcribes the
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? iE S C H I N E S. 21 :
Whether then have I forbidden the People to imitate their
Anceftors, or you, and they, who confpired with you agalnft
the pubhc Welfare ? Would not an Expedition have been tlien
more eafy, and more honourable to the Athenians, when the
Madnefs of the Phocseans raged in its higheft Vigour- when
they maintained the War alone againft Philip; when they were
In PoilelTion of thefe FortrefTes, which commanded the Streights
of Thermopylae, and which Phal^cus had not )'ct delivered to
the Macedonians; when they refufed the Treaties, by which
we fhould have been engaged to fuccour them, (39) nor would
receive the facred Eleufinian Myfteries ; when we were guarded
from the Incurlions of the Thebans ; (40} when Philip himfelf,
with whom we had entered into a Confederacy ratified by our
mutual Oaths, invited us to march ; and when the ThelTalians
and the other Amphiclyonswere in Arms ? Was not this Period
far more honourable, than that, in which the Athenians, by your
Cowardice, and Malignity of Spirit, fled into the City with
their Property, (41) at which Time, I was employed in my
third Embafl)' to the General Council of tlic Amphid:yons ;
that Embaiiy, which vou dare to aflert I undertook without
being appointed by the People ; and yet, although my declared
Enemy, you never called me to a Trial for a Crime, Vvhich
you know to be capital, and now only accufe me. of Mifconduct
in
(39) Probably, from a Confidence. of explains, hecnufe Phccis hindered tlein
di'-ir own Strength. from entmng /Ittica.
'40) In the Criginal, 'vuhen -ive left (4') The Reader may remember tlie
i}:e Thclans lebind as, v. hich \^'oIiius Decree of Callifthenes upon this Occafion,
Pa^e 4. 2.
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? 214 O R A T I O N O F
in my former Embafly; though furely you do not envy me even
the Punilliraent, that might affe6l my Life.
When the Thebans therefore were encamped, and entreated
Philip to lead them to the Deftru6lion of the Boeotians ; when
you had thrown the City into Confufion, and our Forces were
not yet alTembled; when the Theflldians had joined the The-
bans, by your Irrefolution, and the ancient Hatred they bore
the Phoc^ans, who had cruelly mifufed their Thellalian Hof-
tages ; (4 2) when Phalscus, before the other Ambailadors and
I had arrived where the Amphidlyons were met in Council, had
marched away under Articles of Treaty ; when the Orchome-
nians, being greatly terrified, only demanded Security for their
Perfons, and promifed to leave Boeotia; when the Theban
AmbafTadors furrounded Philip, and the Republic was in open
Enmity with the Thebans and the Thefialians, then were our
Affairs ruined, not by me, but by his Treachery, and his hof-
pitable Engagements with the Thebans. Of thefe Fads I am
vv'ell allured I can giv^e fufficient Proofs. (43)
Besides, if any Part of what you afiert were true, furely
the Ba-otians and the Phocaean Exiles would accufe me, fome
of
C42') Plutarch tells this Story fome- Taylor. Briferent avec des meules.
what difFerently ; thnt the Phocseans kil- Amyot.
led their I'hefTalian Governors, and the (43") This whole Narration, . fays Wol-
TheffaHans in Revenge put their Pho- fius, is fo intricate, that it feems intended
x. xan liollages to the Torture. Karij- meerly to impofe Uj-. on the /Audience.
hor,(Tot,v, fl^'gi'is c. ecidenint. Stethans.
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 215
of whom I muft have driven out of their Country, and hindered
others from returning from Banilhment. Yet not reafonliig
upon Events, but favourably receiving my Zeal to fer\e them,
the Boeotian Exiles have in a general Council appointed Advo-
cates in my Defence. Ambafladors are arrived from the Cities
of the Phocseans, whom in my third Embafly to the Amphic-
tyons I preferved from Deftrudion, when the Oeta^ans had given
their Opinion, that all the Youth of Phocis fliould be thrown
headlong down a Precipice, and whom I conduced to the
Amphidlyons, that they might have an Opportunity of pleading
their own Caufe. Phalaecus had marched away under the
SancHiion of a perfonal Treaty, and thefe innocent People were
condemned to die, and only faved by my IntercefTion. Call
me then the Phocaean Mnafo, and the Colleagues of his Em-
bafly with the Perfons appointed by the Boeotian Exiles. Come
up hither, Liparus and Pythion, on the Tribunal, and now
return me . that Obligation of Life and Safety, which I once
conferred on you.
The Interceflion of the Boeotians and Phoc^ans.
Shall I not therefore be moftunjuftly treated, if I be cojidemn-
ed on the Accufation of Demofthenes, the Patron of the Thc-
bans, and of all the Grecians the moil: abandoned, when the
Phocaeans and Boeotians appear in my Defence?
But he hath dared to affirm, that I fland convided by my
own Expreflions. For he fays, I declared, when I accufcd
A. I'iniai:-
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? 2i6 ORATIONOF
Timarclius, that all Mankind had heard of the Infamy of his
Impurities: that Flefiod, an excellent Poet, fays,
What all report can never be a Lie,
And born a Goddefs, Fame can never die :
tliat this Goddefs now comes to accufe me, for all Mankind
affirm, 1 have taken Bribes from Philip. But you are well
convinced, Athenians, that there is a mighty Difference between
Fame and Calumny. Fame hath nothing in common with
Profecutions, but Profecutions are nearly allied to Calumny. I
will define each of them exactly. Fame is the voluntary Af-
fertion, without any particular Motive, of a Multitude of
Citizens concerning the Commiflion of any certain Fa? t. But
Calumny is an Accufation maintained by fome fingle Perfon in
the Prefence of the Many, whether in our AlTemblies, or the
Senate. To Fame we publicly ofTer Sacrifices, as to a God;
but we publicly profecute Calumniators, as Wretches moft im-
pious. Do not then, Demofthenes, confound things of higheft
Excellence with thofe of extreme Turpitude.
I Suffered with Grief and Indignation feveral Articles of
this Indictment, but efpecially when he charged nie with being
a Traitor to my Country ; for if I could be convicted of this
Crime alone, I muft appear a very Monfter, unfeeling of all
natural A ffedtion, and formerly guilty of many other Crimes.
Of my general Courfc of Life, and even my daily Manner of
living, I do imagine you arc very fufficient Witneffes. Yet
there
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? iE S C H I N E S. 217
there are particular Inftances, that efcape the Difcernment of the
Multitude, though deemed of higheft Importance by Perfons of
Penetration. Many of thefe, which will bear an honourable
Teftimony in my Favour, I {hall produce to pubHc View, that
you may know what Pledges I left here for my Condudl, when
I entered upon my Embaily to Macedonia. You, Demofthenes,
have invented thefe Falfehoods againft me, but I fliall explicitly
declare how honourably and regularly I was educated.
Behold my Father Atrometus, almoft the oldeft of our
Citizens, for he is now ninety four Years of Age. In his Youth,
before the Lofs of his Property in the Peloponnefian War, he
was diftinguifhed for his Sldll in athletic Exercifes, but when
he was driven into Banifhment by the thirty Tyrants, he en-
lifted himfelf a Soldier in the Wars of Afia, and was eminently
diftinguifhed for his Courage. He is defcended from a Tribe,
that holds religious Communion with the genuine Offspring of
Butes, from whence the Prieftefs of Minerva, the (juardian
Goddefs of Athens, is chofen. As I have already mentioned,
he was one of the Leaders, who brought home the People from
Exile. (44) Bsfides, It hath been my good Fortune, that all
my Relations by my Mother are free-born. She herfeh appears
even now btfore my Eyes, (45) terrified for the Danger of her
Son, and di^lraded with her Sorrows This Mother, Demoft-
henes, fled with her Hufband to Corip. th from the Tyranny
Vol. if. F f of
(44) PiJgs 187. (45) Rather an imag'nary, than real Appearance. Wolfius.
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? 2i8 O R A T I O N O F
of the thirty, and fhared in the Calamities of her Country. But
you, who contend for your being a Man (though I (hould hefi-
tate extremely to pronounce that you are really a Man) were
profecuted for deferting your Rank in the Day of Battle, and
efcaped only by buying off the Evidence of Nicodemus, whom
you afterwards murdered with the A fTiftance of Ariftarchus,,
and then rufhed into the Forum with your Hands ftained with
Blood.
My eldeft Brother, Philocrates, who does not, as you ca-
lumnioufly affirm, fpend his Time in unmanly amufements,
but in the generous Exercifes of the Gymnafium ; who was
Fellow-Soldier to Iphicrates, and three fucceffive Years a
General of your Forces, comes hither to implore your Com-
paffion to preferve me. My youngeft Brother Aphobetus
maintained, with a Dignity befitting the Republic, the Charac-
ter of your Ambaflador to the King of Perfia, and when you
appointed him in the Direction of the public Revenues, he
managed them with Honour and Integrity. His Children are
legitimately begotten, for he never proftituted his Wife to
Cnofion, as thou haft done. He now is prefent in Contempt
of your Invedives, for Invedlives, not founded upon Truth,
pafs no farther than the Ears.
But thou haft dared to fpeak againft my other Relations,
fhamelefs as thou art and ungrateful, not to love, not to adort
the
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 219
the Father of Pliilon and Epicrates by whom you were en-
rolled a Denizon of Athens, as the elder Citizens of the Pae-
anian Tribe are perfedlly confcious. Yet I am flruck with
Aftonifhment, that you dare to calumniate Philon in the Pre-
fence of thefe Athenians, who are eminently diftinguiflied
for their Love of Juftice, who have entered this Court with a
Refolution to pronounce fuch a Sentence, as may be of greatefl
Advantage to the RepubHc, and who pay more Attention to
the Lives of the Criminal and Profecutor, than to their Ora-
tions. Yet can you imagine, they would not rather choofe ten
thoufand Soldiers like Philon, thus fafhioned in their Perfons,
thus temperate in their Courage, than thrice ten thoufand prof-
tituted Wretches, like thee?
Then you turn the well educated
Manners of Epicrates into Reproach ; and indeed who ever
faw him behave himfelf indecently either by Day, as you affirm,
in the Feftival of Bacchus, or by Night? You cannot affert,
he efcaped by his Obfcurity, for he was not unknown.
By Philodemus his Daughter, the Sifter of Philon and Epi-
crates, I have three Children j a Daughter and two Sons,
whom I bring hither with my other Relations, for the fake of
one Queftion, which I fhall now aflc, and for a particular
Argument with regard to my Judges. I afk, Athenians,' whe-
ther you think it probable, that befides my Duty to my
Country, the Commerce of my Friends, the Participation of
? our I'eHgious Rites, and the Sepulchres' of my Anceftors, I
F f a fhould
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? 220 ORATIONOF
fhould betray my Children, to me the deareft of all human
Beings, to Philip, or fliould rate his Friendfhip at an higher
Value, than their Safety. By what Pleafure have I ever been
enflaved? When did I ever do any thing unworthy of my
Reputation for the fake of Money ? Not Macedonia, but their
own natural Difpojfition, renders Men vitious or virtuous ; nor
are we different, when we return from an Embafly, from what
you fent us, but the very fame. But I have been joined in
Office with a Man, (46) eminently praftifed in all Impoftures, of
a malevolent Spirit, who never willingly fpoke Truth j who ufhers
in his Lies with an Oath, and an Eye of Impudence; who not
only aflerts his Fads, and the Manner in which they happened,
but mentions the very Day, and according to his Invention, in
Imitation of thofe who tell Truth, he adds the Name of fome
Perfon, who by chance was prefent.
However, we, who are innocent, are in one Inftance moft
fortunate, that with his extraordinary Genius for lying, he never
preferves his Senfes in the Compoiition of his Stories. You may
compute at once the Imprudence, and Ignorance of the Man,
who invented againfl me fuch an improbable Falfehood, as that of
the Olynthian Woman, in which he was interrupted by you,
when he was fpeaking, and driven out of the Aflembly; (47)
for
(46) It may be worth obferving, that irvfi7rt7rXey[/. ui, the Reading of our E-
Stephans reads a-v^TihiKoi^on inftead of ditions.
(47) Demofthenes Oration, Page 89.
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? ^ S C H I N E S. 221
for he accufed a Perfon moft diftant from fuch Turpitude before
thofe, who were confcious of the Purity of his Manners. But
confider how long he was preparing himfelf for this Calumny.
Ariftophanes, an Olynthian, generally refided here in AtJiens.
He was recommended by fome certain Perfons to Demofthcnes,
who was informed befides, that he was a very powerful Orator,
and who therefore endeavoured by every poflible Art to engage
him in his Interefts, and induce him to give a perjured Evi-
dence againft rae. He promifed, if he would form fome mife-
rable Story, and aflure you, that in a drunken Riot I had
infulted a Woman, who was his Relation, and a Captive, he
would inflantly give him five hundred Drachmas, and five
hundred others, when he had given Evidence of the Fadl. A-
riflophanes anfwered, as he himfelf aflured us, that v/ith regard
to his Banifhment and his Poverty, Demofthenes had not er-
roneoufly, but rather with all poflible Sagacity aimed his Con-
jedures; but that he erred extremely in his Opinion of his
Morals, for he never would commit fo infamous an Adion. la
Proof of what I have aflerted, I fhall produce Ariftophanes
himfelf, as a Witnefs. Let him be fummoned ; "let his Teftimony
be read; then fummon Dercyllus and Ariftides, who heard him
tell this Story, and informed me of it.
The Testimony,
You hear the Witnefies, and their Evidence, given upon
Oath; and do you not remember thofe unhallowed Arts of Ora-
tory,
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? 222 O R A T I O N O F
tory, which he boafted to our young Citizens (48) and which
he now employs againft me; how he wept, how he lamented
the Fate of Greece ; how excellively he applauded Satyrus the
Comedian, for having at a Banquet entreated PhiHp to give him
fome Perfons, with whom he had formerly lived in Hofpitality,
and who were then Prifoners and in Chains, digging in his
Vineyards ? Having laid this Foundation, he added, raifing that
flirill and direful Voice, how deplorable is it, that Satyrus the
Reprefentative of two inconfiderable Cities (49) fhould appear
with fuch Generofity and Magnanimity, and that I, who direded
the Counfels of a powerful Republic, who prefumed to give
Advice to the fupreme Aflembly of Arcadia, could not reftrain
the Licentioufnefs of my Manners, but heated with Wine, at
an Entertainment to which we were invited by Xenodocus, (50)
one of Philip's Friends, I dragged by the Hair, and fcourged
with my own Hands, a captive Woman ? If you had there-
fore either given Credit to him, or if Ariftophanes had joined
with him in vouching this Falfehood againft me, I might have
periflied unjuftly for a Crime of the moft exceflive Turpitude.
Will you then fufFer this Wretch, his own Evil Genius (for never
may
(48) To- inflame their Paffions and Xanthia. The Matter is not of Impor-
raife their Indignation againft his Adver- tance, yet much Diligence hath been ufed
fary. Dodlor Tayfor has with great to find the Hiftory or Situation of thefe
Learning given us many different Mean- Countries. Neither Wolfius nor his Com-
ings for the Word l-TrxyyiXXeTut. None mentators mention them in their Notes,
ofthem will explain the prefent Paffage, (50) By Demofthenes called Xeno-
and WolSus is fuffered to trapflate it P^ron, Page 89 ; for by a Miftake of
pollcetur. ' the Prefs it is there printed Xeno;phon,
(49) In the Original, Cariones and
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? iE S C H I N E S. 223
may he prove fuch to the Republic) to dwell any longer among
you? Will you purify this Aflembly, and in your Decrees
offer up your Vows through him ? Will you fend forth Armies,
and appoint naval Expeditions under his Name? Yet Hefiod
pronounces
For one Man's Crimes, on many a deftin'd State
Impetuous defcends the Wrath of Fate.
Let me add one Remark more to what I have already faid;
that if there be any Species of Villainy among Mankind in which
I cannot demonftrate, that Demofthenes is a principal Charader,
I fhall acknowledge, I ought to be capitally condemned.
But many fevere Diftrefles attend theaccufed. His Danger
calls back his Thoughts from every particular Relentment againft
others to the Confideration of his own proper Safety, and obliges
him to refleiSl:, left he {hould pafs over any Article of the Ac-
cufation. I fhall therefore endeavour to recall to your remem-
brance, and my own, the principal Articles of this Profecution;
then do you, Athenians, confider them feparately. For what
particular Decree, that I have prefcriled, am I now accufed?
What Conventions have I ever formed againft the interefts of
the Republic? When did I erale whatever you decreed con-
cerning this Peace, or infert what you difapproved? Did :h?
Peace difpleafe fome of our Orators? Should they not eitlier
have oppofed it then, or not accufe me now ? Some of them
during
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? 224 ORATIONOF
during the War grew rich by our Tributes, and the public Re-
venues. Thofe Methods of growing rich are now ceafed, for
Peace will not maintain Idlenefs. But fmce they, who
never were injured and yet are perpetually injuring the Repub-
lic, vvould now take vengeance of him, who fupported this
Peace, will you, who have experienced the Advantages of it,
defert the Perfons, who have rendered themfelves thus ufeful to
the Public?
But I fang Hyains in Honour of Apollo with Philip, while
the Cities of the Phocasans, as my Accufer afTerts, were lying
in Ruins. (51) And by what Argument can he clearly prove
the Truth of this Aflertion ? I was invited to the ufual Enter-
tainment of Hofpitality with my Colleagues. There were befides
invited, and who fupped with us and the other Grecian Ambafla-
dors, not lefs than two hundred Perfons. Among this Number, ^
for fo it appears, I was confpicuoufly diftinguifhed, not for my
Silence, but my finging, as you are affured by Demofthenes,
who was neither prelent himfelf, nor hath produced a iingle
Witnefs, who was prefent. But by what Means could I be thus
confpicuous, unlefs perchance, as in a Chorus, I fang before the
reft of the Company ? If I was filent therefore, you charge
me falfely; but when our Country was in perfe(ft Safety, and
our Citizens not opprefled by any general Misfortune, it I then
fang an Hymn in Honour of Apollo with the other Ambafla-
dors,
(5i)-Demofthenes Oration, Page 59,
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? iE S C H I N E S. 225
dors, and the Athenians were not difhonoured by it, I aded
with a pious Regard to Religion ; I committed no Crime, and
fhould now in Juftice be acquitted. Yet upon thefe Accounts,
I am it feems a Man unworthy of Compaflion, while you, who
proiecute your Colleagues, in Violation of the facred Duties
of our common Entertainments and Libations, are pious and
religious.
But you have reproached me with the Abfurdity of my po-
litical Conduct in going Ambaflador to Philip, when I had be-
fore encouraged the Grecians to take up Arms againft him.
However, you may make this Objedion, if you pleafe, to the
whole Athenian People in their public Counfels. You had
entered into War againft the Lacedsemonians, and after the un-
fortunate Battle of Leudlra you fent them Succours. You re-
ftored the exiled Thebans to their Country, and afterwards met
them in the Field at Mantinsea. You declared War againft the
Eretrians and Themifon ; you afterwards preferved them. With
regard to numberlefs other Grecian States you have adled in the
fame Manner. For it is neceflary, either for a private Perfon, or
a Republic, to yield to the Force of ConjuncSlurcs, and manage
them to the beft Advantage. How ftiould an able Senator a6t ?
Should he not upon any imminent Occafton confult the Interefts
of his Country ? The malevolent Profecutor, what Language
fhall hefpeak? Shall he not conceal particular Conjundlures,
and accufe particular Circumftances of Condudl? How fhall
Vol. IL G g we
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? 226 ORATIONOF
we diftlnguiili the Man, who is by Nature a Betrayer? Is he
not diftinguifhable by abufing, as you have done, the Confi-
dence of thofc, who employ him, by writing Declamations for
them to be pronounced in our Courts of Judicature, and after-
wards taking a Bribe to expofe them to their Adverfaries? (52}
Thus you got Money for writing a Declamation for Phormio the
Banker, and you gave a Copy of it to Apollodorus, who had
indidled Phormio for a capital Crime. You entered into the
happy Dwelling of Ariflarchus, which you laid in Ruins. You
took ihree Talents ftom Ariftarchus before his Banifhment, and
afterwards plundered him of the Pittance he had provided to
fupport him in his Exile. Nor did you blufh at the Report^
that you pretended to be an Admirer of the young Man's
Beauty. Your Admiration was indeed pretended, for real
Love never admits of Villainy. Such is the Betrayer, and fucK
as thefe the Marks of his Charader.
But he fome where nientioned my military Expeditions, and
called me a moft accomplifhed Soldier, {^t,) Yet not in regard
to his Calumny, but in Coniideration of my prefent Danger, I
may be permitted to vindicate my Reputation as a Soldier^
without being expofed to any invidious Refledlions. For where,
or
(? 52) The Alteration of a Comma in Noi writing for Birey but betraying for a-
Stephans upon the Word ln(pi^u gives Bribe.
this Sentence a Meaning very different (53) Demofthenes, Page 52, calls him.
from that of our Editions. It is followed a marvellous fVarrior, Bxvixda-ios s-^ccn^
by this Tranflation. xdyoui w, rcc Si- uttj;.
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? ^ S C H I N E S, 227
or when, or among whom, excepting this Day, fliall I ever
mention it? When I had pafled the Age of Boyhood, I was
two Years in Garrifon upon our Frontiers. I fhall produce the
young People of my own Rank, and who ferved in the fame
Station, as my Witnefles to the Fad:. In my firft Campaign I
was ftationed in that Body of Troops, which are refcrved at
Diftance from the Danger of Battle. (54) I marched under
the Command of Alcibiades with my Cotemporarics in the Ex-
pedition to Phlius, and in an Engagement at the Nemesan
Gulph I was honoured with the Approbation of my Generals for
my Behaviour. 1 ferved in all other Campaigns during my Youth,
and the Years of military fervice appointed by the Laws, ac-
cording to that regular Succeflion, by which our Citizens relieve
each other in the Courfe of a War. (55) In the Battle of
Mantinrea I behaved myfelf not diflionourably, nor in a Manner
unworthy of the Republic. I was a Soldier in the Eubacan Ex-
pedition, and in the Tamynean Engagement fo diftinguidied
G g 2 myfelf
(54) This Paflage, both with regard Diftance from Danger. From thence tlie
to the Difficulty, and the hiftorical im- Phrafe Iv toTi; f/ei^sTi militia in partibus. ,
portance of it, well deferves a larger or as . ^Elchines exprtfles ir, tjjV Iv rol'i
Explanation, than the Compafs of thefe ^^^^^^ KccX^yAvr^v ^dx^v, pugnam, qiur
Notes will allow. j? partibus duitur. The Years of mili-
The Athtnian Youth, at the Com- ^^^y ^^^,. ^5^^ ^^om the Age of' eighteen
pletion of their eighteenth Year, took to that of fixty wercnumbered by annual
the military Oath, and for two Years Magiilrates called Eponymi, from whence
were appointed to guard the Frontiers j-j^g Kxpreffion of fcrving in Eponymis,
of Attica. During this Time they were q^ Eponymiana militia. Corsini.
called tte^/tto) 0. , circuiores. They were ^,^) 'Y. y. tiixSc/ri',- Demoflhcnes ex-
afterwards enlilled among the regular plains this Fxprenion in the firft Phi-
Troops, but ftationed, in Time of Ac- lipp. c. Page 60 of the firft Volume,
lion, in fome Place of Safety, and at a ]_\p^Q r.
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? 228 ORATIONOF
myfelf even in a Body of Troops feledled from the reft of our
Army for their Courage, that I was crowned by our Generals in
the Field, and a fecond Time by the People, when I returned
to Athens. I made the Report of our Victory, and Temeni-
des, who commanded the Troops of the Pandionian Tribe,
and who came hither with me by Appointment of the General,
informed you in what Manner I had behaved myfelf in the
Battle. In Atteftation of thefe Fads, read the Decree, then
fummon Temenides and my Fellow-Soldiers, who joined with
me in fighting for the Republic. Summon Phocion, our Ge-
neral, not yet an Advocate in this Caufe, but liable to a Pro-
fecution, if he gives a falfe Evidence.
The Decree. The Testimony.
Since therefore I brought you the firft News of your Vidory,
and the happy Succefs of your Sons in Battle, let me implore
this firft Favour of you, the Prefervation of my Life; efpecially,
fince I am neither an Enemy to the popular Conftitution of my
Country, as my Accufer aflerts, but an Enemy to all bad Men,
nor would fuffer you to imitate the Anceftors of Demofthenes
(he has indeed no Anceftors) but would encourage you zealoufly
to emulate that Plan of Wifdom, which hath been glorious to
the Republic. I fhall now run over fome Inftanccs of this Wif-
dom, beginning with thofe of an earlier Date.
The Glory of the Athenian Republic arofe from the Sea-fight
at Salamis againft the Perfian, and although our Walls were
rafed
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? iE S C H I N E S. 229
rafed to the Ground by the Barbarians, yet as we were at Peace
with the Lacedaemonians our democratical Form of Govern-
ment ftill fubfifted. But when Tumults and Diflentions were
introduced amongft us by fome certain Perfons, we declared
War againft Lacedaemon, and after we had fuffered a thoufand
Calamities, and wrought as many to our Enemies, we con-
cluded a Truce of fifty Years under the Mediation of Cimon,
who had received all the public Rights of Holpitality among
the Lacedaemonians, and we enjoyed the good Effcds of it
thirteen Years. During this Time we fortified the Pyraeum,
raifed the northern Wall of the City, built an hundred Gallies
in addition to our Fleet, levied three hundred Horfe, took into
our Pay as many Scythian Archers, and ftill firmly maintained
our Democracy. But when Men, illiberally born, and licen-
tioufly profligate in their Morals, entered irregularly into the
Admin ift ration, we again declared War againft the i^ginctes,
and after having fuftained no inconfiderable Diftrefi^s, we Ib-
licited a Peace, and having fent Andocides with an Embafiy
to the Lacedaemonians, we concluded one for thirty Years,
which wonderfully exalted our Republic.
