335, Alexander was marching
was sent thither in command of a force with which towards Thebes, Phocion rebuked Demosthenes
he fortified the port Nisaea, and joined it by two for his inrectives against the king, and complained
long walls to the city.
was sent thither in command of a force with which towards Thebes, Phocion rebuked Demosthenes
he fortified the port Nisaea, and joined it by two for his inrectives against the king, and complained
long walls to the city.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
Rhod.
from this shorter work in eight books, and not | i. 115. )
[L. S. ]
VOL. II.
Z
## p. 338 (#354) ############################################
338
PHOCAS.
PHOCAS.
PHLIAS (Pulas), a son of Dionysus and started for the theatre of the war with a motley
Chthonophyle, also called Phlius, was a native of army composed of the most incongruous elements
Araithyrea in Argolis, and is mentioned as one of He thus encountered the Persian veterans com-
the Argonauts. (Apollon. Rhod. i. 115, with the manded by their king Chosroes, the greatest man
Schol. ; Paus. ii. 12. $ 6; Val Flacc. i. 411. ) of the East. At Dara the eunuch was utterly
According to Pausanias, he was a son of Ceisus defeated. His successor Domentiolus, the em.
and Araithyren, and the husband of Chthonophyle, peror's brother, was not able to stop the progress
by whom he became the father of Androdamas ; of the enemy, and from the Black Sea to the con-
and Ilyginus (Fub. 14) calls him Phliasus, and a fines of Egypt the Persians ravaged the country.
son of Dionysus and Ariadne. The town of Phlius During this time Domentiolus entered into nego-
(formerly called Araith yrea) was believed to have tiations with Narses with a view of reconciimg
derived its name from him. (Steph. Byz. s. v. him with the emperor. Beguiled by the briliant
Φλιούς. )
(LS. ) promises of Domentiolus, Narses imprudently left
PHÓBUS (+66os), Latin Metus, the personi- his stronghold, and finally proceeded to Con-
fication of fear, is described as a son of Ares and stantinople. While he hoped to be placed again
Cythereia, a brother of Deimos, and is one of the at the head of the Roman armies, he was suddenly
ordinary companions of Ares. (Hom. Il. xi. 37, arrested, and without further inquiries condemned
xiii. 299, xv. 119; Hes. Theng. 934. ) Phobus to death. He was burnt alive. Thus perished
was represented on the shield of Agamemnon, on the worthy namesake of the great Narses, with
the chest of Cypsclus, with the head of a lion. whom he has often been confounded, although the
(Paus. v. 19. § 1. )
[L. S. ] one was a centenarian when the other first tried
PIIOCAS (wk@s), emperor of Constantinople his sword against the Persians. This Narses was
from A. D. 602 to 610. The circumstances under so much feared by the Persians that mothers used
which this monster was raised to the throne are to frighten their children with his name. His
related at the end of the life of the emperor Mau- murder increased the unpopularity of the emperor.
RICIUS. Phocas was of base extraction, and a Germanus, the father-in-law of the unfortunate
native of Cappadocia For some time he was Theodosius, the eldest son of Mauricius, who had
groom to the celebrated general Priscus, and at the once had a chance of obtaining the crown, now
time of his accession he held the humble office of a persuaded the captive empress Constantina to
centurion. His brutal courage had gained him a form a plot against the life of the tyrant. She
name among the common soldiers, and among consented, being under the impression that her
those of his companions who liked warfare as the son Theodosius was still alive, and acconipanied
art of butchering mankind. His coronation took by one Scholasticus, who seems to have been the
place on the 23d of November 602 ; his wife scapegoat in this affair, she left her dwelling,
Leontia was likewise crowned. After he had together with her three daughters, and followed
momentarily quenched his thirst for revenge and him to the church of St Sophia At her aspect
murder in the blood of Mauricius, of his five sons, the people were moved with pity. They took up
and of his most eminent adherents, such as Con arms, and a terrible riot ensued. But for the bad
stantine Lardys, Comentiolus and others, he will of John, the leader of the Greens, who paid
· bought an ignoble peace from the Avars, but was for his conduct by being burnt alive by the mob,
prevented from enjoying it by a fierce attack of the outbreak would have been crowned with
the Persian king Chosroes. This prince con- success. As it was, however, Phocas had the
sidered the accession of a despicable murderer to upper hand. The riot was quelled ; Scholasticus
the Byzantine throne as a fair opportunity of was put to death ; and Germanus was forced to
avenging himself for the many defeats he had suf- take the monastic habit: he had managed things
fered from Mauritius ; and he was still more so cleverly that no evidence could be produced
urged to take up arms by Narses, a faithful against him: else he would have paid for the plot
adherent of the late emperor, and then commander- with his life. The empress Constantine found a
in-chief on the Persian frontier. Anxious to protector in the person of the patriarch Cyriacus,
escape the fate of so many of his friends, Narses and her life was spared ; but she was confined in a
made overtures to Chosroes, left the head-quarters monastery with her three daughters. The general
of his army, and remained in a sort of neutral hatred against Phocas, however, was so great that
position at Hierapolis. Thus a war broke out with Constantina brared the dangers of another con-
Persia which lasted twenty-four years, the first spiracy which broke out in 607, and in which she
eighteen of which presented an uninterrupted series interested several of the principal personages of the
of misfortunes to the Romans, and which was de- empire : she still believed that her son Constantine
cidedly the most disastrous that was ever carried was alive. A woman contrived this plot, and a
on between the two empires. Asia Minor from woman frustrated it. This was Petronea who,
the Euphrates to the very shores of the Bosporus being in the entire confidence of the empress, was
was laid waste by the Persians ; a great number employed by her as a messenger between the
of its populous and flourishing cities was laid in different parties, and who sold the secret to Phocas
ashes ; and hundreds of thousands of its inha- as soon as she had gathered sufficient evidence
bitants were carried off into slavery beyond the ngainst its leaders. The tyrant quelled the plot
Tigris. But for this war Asia Minor would have by bloody, but decisive measures. Constantina
better withstood the attacks of the Arabs, who and her three daughters had their heads cut off at
some years later achieved what the Persians had Chalcedon, on the same spot where her husband
begun, Afraid to lose his crown if he absented and her five sons had suffered death. Among
himself from Constantinople, and feeling, as it those of her chief adherents who paid for their
seems, the inferiority of his military capacities, rashness with their lives were Georgius, gorernor
Phocas remained in his capital to enjoy executions of Cappadocia ; Romanus, advocatus curiae ; Theo-
and beastly pleasures, while the eunuch Leontius dorus, praefectus Orientis ; Joannes, primiw e
## p. 339 (#355) ############################################
PIIOCAS.
339
PHOCION.
.
secretariis ; Athanasius, the minister of finances ; | abominable government. “ Wilt thou govern bet-
David, master of the palace, and many others be- ter," was the insolent answer of the fallen tyrant.
sides grent numbers of inferior peuple, who all | After suffering many tortures and insults, Phocas
suffered death under the most horrible torments. bad his head struck off. His body was dragged
The tyrant's fury, the devastations of the Avars, through the streets, and afterwards burned, together
the alarming success of the Persians, threw the with that of Domentiolus, who had fallen in the
empire into consternation and despair. Dara, the battle. Phocas, the most blood-thirsty tyrant that
bulwark of the empire towards the Tigris, was ever disgraced the throne of Constantinople, was
taken by Chosroes in 606 ; Edessa, of no less as ugly in body as monstrous in mind. He was
importance, shared its fate ; Syria was a heap of short, beardless, with red hair, shaggy erebrows;
ruins ; Mesopotamia yielded to the king ; whoso- and a great scar disfigured his face all the more, as
ever was suspected of having been a friend to it became black when his p:issions were roused.
Mauricius, or of being opposed to the present state Heraclius was crowned immedintely after the death
of things, was seen bleeding under the axe of the of his rival. (Theoph. p. 244, &c. ; Cedren.
executioner. At last Phocas insulted his former p. 399, &c. ; Chron. Pasch. p. 379—383: Zonar.
favourite Crispus, the husband of his only daughter vol
. ii. p. 77, &c. in the Paris ed. ; Simocatta,
Domentin, who had vainly endeavoured to produce viii. c. 7, &c. )
(W. P. )
a change in the conduct of the emperor. Crispus, PHOCAS, grammarian. (Foca. )
a sensible and well-disposed man, looked out for PHO'CAS, JOANNES. (Joannes, No. 100. )
assistance, and fully aware of the chances which PHOCAS (*OKAC), the name of an engraver
any conspiracy ran that was carried on in the of gems, which appears on a stone described by
corrupted capital, he sought it at the farthest Caylus (Recueil. vii. pl. xxvii. ). (P. S. ]
extremity of the empire, in Mauritania Hera- PHOCION (Đukiwv), the Athenian general
clius, exarch of Africa, was the person upon whom and statesman, son of Phocus, was a man of
his choice fell. Confiding in his strength and the humble origin, and appears to have been born in
love of the Africans, Heraclius entered into the B. C. 402 (see Clint. P. H. sub annis 376, 317).
plans of Crispus, and began to show his sentiments According to Plutarch he studied under Plato and
by prohibiting the exportation of corn from the Xenocrates, and if we may believe the statement
ports of Africa and Egypt, from whence Constan- in Suidas (s. v. bilioxos Alyvitos), Diogenes also
tinople used to draw its principal supplies. The numbered him among his disciples. He distin.
consequence was, as was expected, discontent in guished himself for the first time under his friend
the capital. Although urged by Crispus to declare Chabrias, in B. C. 376, at the battle of Naxos, in
himself openly, Heraclius wisely continued his which he commanded the left wing of the Athenian
policy during two years. Meanwhile, the name feet, and contributed in a great measure to the
of Phocas was execrated throughout the whole victory (CHABRIAS). After the battle Chabrias
empire ; and owing to a mad order which he gave sent him to the islands to demand their contri-
for the baptism of all the Jews in his dominions, a butions (ouvráters), and offered him a squadron of
terrible riot broke out in Alexandria Shortly twenty ships for the service ; but Phocion refused
before this, the Persians, after having routed them, with the remark that they were too few to
Domentiolus near Edessa, inundated all Asia Mi- act against an enemy, and too many to deal with
nor, appeared at Chalcedon, opposite Constanti-friends ; and sailing to the several allies with only
nople, and laden with booty retired at the approach one galley, he obtained a large supply by his frank
of the winter (609–610). This led to riots in and conciliatory bearing. Plutarch tells us that
Constantinople, and a bloody strife between the his skill and gallantry at the battle of Naxos
Blues and the Greens. Phocas was insulted by caused his countrymen thenceforth to regard him
the populace, and the ineans he chose to restore as one likely to do them good service as a general.
quiet were only calculated to increase the troubles ; Yet for many years, during which Chabrias, Iphi-
for by a formal decree he incapacitated every ad-crates, and Timotheus chiefly filled the public eye,
herent of the green ſaction from holding any office, we do not find Phocion mentioned as occupied
either civil or military. Now, at the proper mo- prominently in any capacity. But we cannot sup-
ment, Heraclius, the eldest son of the exarch pose that he held himself aloof all this time from
Heraclius, left the shores of Africa with a fleet, active business, though we know that he was never
and his cousin Nicetas set out at the head of an anxious to be employed by the state, and may well
army for Constantinople, where Crispus was ready believe that he had imbibed from Plato principles
to receive and assist them without the tyrant hav- and visions of social polity, which must in a
ing the slightest presentiment of the approaching measure have indisposed him for public life, though
storin.
Their success is related in the life of they did not actually keep him from it In B. C.
HERACLIUS. On the third of October, 610; Con- 351 he undertook, together with Evagoras, the
stantinople was in the hands of Heraclius, after a command of the forces which had been collected
sharp contest with the mercenaries of Phocas, who by Idrieus, prince of Caria, for the purpose of re-
spent the ensuing night in a fortified palace, which ducing Cyprus into submission to Artaxerxes Ill.
was defended by a strong body. The guard fled (Ochus), and they succeeded in conquering the
during the night. Early in the morning the whole island, with the exception of Salamis, where
senator Photius approached it with a small band, Pnytagoras held out against them until he found
and finding the place unguarded, entered and means of reconciling himself to the Persian king.
seized upon Phocas, whom they put into a boat [Evagoras, No. 2. ) To the next year (e. c. 350)
and paraded through the fleet. He was then Phocion's expedition to Euboea and the battle of
brought before fleraclius on board the imperial Tamynae are referred by Clinton, whom we have
Ralley. Heraclius, forgetting his dignity, felled followed above in Vol. I. p. 568, a ; but his grounds
the captive monster to the ground, trampled upon for this date are not at all satisfactory, and the
bsiin with his feet, and charged him with his eveuts in question should probably be referred to
z 2
## p. 340 (#356) ############################################
310
PHOCION.
PHOCION.
:
B. C. 354. The vote for the expedition was presed which were garrisoned with Macedonian troops
against the advice of Demosthenes, and in con- and made descents on many parts of the crista
sequence of an application from Plutarchus, tyrant over-running and ravaging the enemy's territory.
of Eretria, for assistance against CALLIAS. The In the course of these operations, however, he re
Athenians, however, appear to have over-mted the ceived some severe wounds, and was obliged to
strength of their party in the island, and neglected sail away. According to Plutarch, Phocion, after
therefore to provide a sufficient force. The little this success of the Athenian arms, strongly recom-
army of Phöcion was still further thinned by mended pence with Philip. llis opinion we know
desertions, which he made no effort to check, was over-ruled, and the counsels of Demosthenes
remarking that those who fled were not good prevailed ; and the last desperate struggle, which
soldiers enough to be of use to the enemy, and ended in 338 so fatally for Greece a: Chaeroneia,
that for his part he thought himself well rid of was probably regarded by Phocion with little of
them, since their consciousness of their own mis sympathy, and less of hope. When, however,
conduct would stop their mouths at home, and Philip had summoned all the Greek states to a
silence their slanders against him. In the course general congress at Corinth, and Demades pro-
of the campaign he was drawn into a position at posed that Athens should send deputies thither,
Tamynae, where defeat would have been fatal, and Phocion advised his countrymen to pause until it
his danger was moreover increased by the rashness should be ascertained whai Philip would demand
or treachery of his ally Plutarchus: but he gained of the confederates. His counsel was again re-
the day by his skill and coolness after an obstinate jected, but the Athenians afterwards repented that
engagement, and, dealing thenceforth with Plu- they had not followed it, when they found contri-
tarchus as an enemy, drove him from Eretria, and butions of ships and cavalry imposed on them by
occupied a fortress named Zaretra, conveniently the congress. On the murder of Philip in 336 be-
situated between the eastern and western seas, in coming known at Athens, Demosthenes proposed
the narrowest part of the island. All the Greek a public sacrifice of thanksgiving for the tidings, and
prisoners who fell into his hands here, he released, the establishment of religivus honours to the me-
lest the Athenians should wreak their vengeance mory of the assassin Pausanias ; but Phocion re-
on them; and on his departure, his loss was much sisted the proposal on the two-fold ground, that
felt by the allies of Athens, whose cause declined such signs of joy betokened a mean spirit, and
grievously under his successor, Molossus.
that, after al, the army which trad conquered at
It was perhaps in B. c. 343 thas, a conspiracy Chaeroneia was diminished only by one man. The
having been formed by Ptoeodorus and some of second reason he could hardly expect to pass cur-
the other chief citizens in Megara to betray the rent, so transparent is its fallacy ; but it seems
town to Philip (Plut. Phoc. 15; comp. Dem. de that, on the whole, his representations succeeded
Cor. pp. 242, 324, de Fals. Leg. pp. 435, 436), the in checking the unseemly exultation of the people.
Megarians applied to Athens for aid, and Phocion When, in B. C.
335, Alexander was marching
was sent thither in command of a force with which towards Thebes, Phocion rebuked Demosthenes
he fortified the port Nisaea, and joined it by two for his inrectives against the king, and complained
long walls to the city. The expedition, if it is to that he was recklessly endangering Athens, and
be referred to this occasion, was successful, and after the destruction of Thebes, he advised the
the design of the conspirators was baffled. In Athenians to comply with Alexander's demand for
B. C. 341 Phocion commanded the troops which the surrender of Demosthenes and other chief
were despatched to Euboea, on the motion of De orators of the anti-Macedonian parts, urging at
mosthenes, to act against the party of Philip, and the same time on these objects of the conqueror's
succeeded in expelling Cleitarchus and Philistides anger the propriety of devoting themselves for the
from Eretria and Oreus respectively, and establish- public good, like those ancient heroines, the daugh-
ing the Athenian ascendancy in the island. (Cal ters of Leos and the Hyacinthides. This proposal,
LIAS ; CLEITARCHUS. ) In B. C. 310, when the however, the latter portion of which sounds like
Athenians, indignant at the refusal of the Byzan- sarcastic irony, was clamorously and indignantiy
tians to receive Chares, who had been sent to their rejected by the people, and an embassy was sent
aid against Philip, were disposed to interfere no to Alexander, which succeeded in deprecating his
further in the war, Phocion reminded them that resentment (Dema DES). According to Plutarch,
their anger should be directed, not against their there were tuo embassies, the first of which Aler-
allies for their distrust, but against their own ander refused to receive, but to the second he gave
generals, whose conduct had excited it. The a gracious audience, and granted its prayer, chiefly
people recognised the justice of this, and passed a from regard to Phocion, who was at the head of it.
vote for a fresh force, to the command of which (See Plut. Phoc. 17, Dem. 23; Arr. Anab. i. 10;
Phocion himself was elected. On bis arrival at Diod. xvii. 15. ) From the same author we learn
Byzantium, he did not attempt to enter the city, that Alexander ever continued to treat Phocion
but encamped outside the walls. Cleon, however, with the utmost consideration, and to cultivate his
a Byzantian, who had been his friend and fellow- friendship, influenced no doubt, in great measure,
pupil in the Academy, pledged himself to his by respect for his character, but not without an
countrymen for his integrity, and the Athenians eve at the same time to his political sentiments,
were admitted into the town. Here they gained which were favourable to Macedonian ascendancr.
the good opinion of all by their orderly and irre- Thus he addressed letters to him with a mode of
proachable conduct, and exhibited the greatest salutation (xalpew), which he adopted to no one
courage and zeal against the besiegers. The result else except Antipater. He also pressed upon him
was that Philip was compelled to abandon his at- valuable presents, and desired Craterus, whom he
tempts on Perinthus and Byzantium, and to sent home with the veterans in B. c. 324, to give
evacuate the Chersonesus, while Phocion took him his choice of four Asiatic cities. Phocion,
several of his ships, recovered some of the cities, however, persisted in refusing all such offers, lega
## p. 341 (#357) ############################################
PIIOCION.
341
PHOCION.
1
ging the king to leave him no less honest than he / nyllus, with the remark that Menyllus was not a
found him, and only so far availed himself of the greater man than Alexander, whose gifts he had
royal favour as to request the liberty of certain before declined ; and he told Antipater, when he
prisoners at Sardis, which was immediately granted required of him some unbefitting action, that he
to him. In B. C. 325, when llarpalus fled to could not have in him at once a friend and a
Athens for refuge, he endeavoured, but of course in flatterer.
vain, to buy the good offices of Phocion, who more- On the death of Antipater in B. c. 319, Cassan-
over refused to support or countenance his own der, anxious to anticipate his rival Polysperchon
son-in-law, Charicles, when the latter was after- in making himself master of Athens, sent Nicanor
wards brought to trial for having taken bribes from to supersede Menyllus in Munychia, as if by An-
the fugitive. When, however, Antipater and Phi- tipater's authority, and when the real state of the
loxenus required of the Athenians the surrender case became known, Phocion did not escape the
of Harpalus, Phocion joined Demosthenes in ad- suspicion of having been privy to the deceit. He
vising them to resist the demand ; but their efforts certainly gave a colour to the charge by his inti-
were unsuccessful, and the rebel was thrown into macy with Nicanor, with whom however, as before
prison till Alexander's pleasure should be known with Menyllus, he used his influence in behalf of
(HARPALUS). After the death of Harpalus, ac- his fellow-citizens. But the discontent which his
cording to Plutarch, a danghter of his by his conduct had excited in them was still further in-
mistress Pythionice was taken care of and brought creased by his obstinnte refusal to distrust Nicanor
up hy Charicles and Phocion.
or to take any steps against him, when the latter,
When the tidings of Alexander's death reached instead of withdrawing the garrison in obedience
Athens, in B. c. 323, Phocion fruitlessly attempted to the decree of Polysperchon, continued to delude
to moderate the impatient joy of the people ; and the Athenians with evasions and pretences, till he
the proposal which soon followed for war with An- at length succeeded in occupying the Peiraeeus as
tipater, he opposed vehemently, and with all the well as Munchyia, and then declared openly that
caustic bitterness which characterised him. Thus, he meant to hold them both for Cassander. Shortly
to Hypereides, who asked him tauntingly when he after this, Alexander, the son of Polysperchon,
would advise the Athenians to go to war, be an- arrived at Athens, with the supposed intention of
swered, “When I see the young willing to keep delivering it from Nicanor, and re-establishing de-
their ranks, the rich to contribute of their wealth, mocracy. Many Athenian exiles came with him,
and the orators to abstain from pilfering the public as well as a number of strangers and disfranchised
money ;” and he rebuked the confidence of the citizens, and by the votes of these in the assembly
newly-elected general, Leosthenes, with the remark, Phocion was deposed from his office. He then,
“Young man, your words are like cypress trees; according to Diodorus, persuaded Alexander that
stately and high they are, but they bear no fruit. " he could not maintain his hold on the city without
In the same spirit he received the news of the first seizing Munychia and the Peiraeeus for himself,
successes of the confederate Greeks, exclaiming a design, however, which Alexander had doubtless
sarcastically, " When shall we have done conquer already formed before any cominunication with
ing? ” It is no wonder then that, on the death of Phocion. But the Athenians at any rate regarded
Leosthenes before Lamia, the Athenians shrunk the latter as the author of it; and their suspicions
from appointing Phocion to conduct the war, and being further roused by the private conferences of
elected Antiphilus in preference. Shortly after Alexander with Nicanor, Phocion was accused of
this he restrained his countrymen, with difficulty treason by Agonides and fled, with several of his
and at the peril of his life, from a rash expedition friends, to Alexander, who sent them with letters
they were anxious to make against the Boeotian of recommendation to Polysperchon, then encamped
towns, which sided with Macedonia ; and in the at Pharygae, a village of Phocis. Hither there
same year (323) he defeated Micion, a Macedo- came also at the same time an Athenian embassy,
nian officer, who had made a descent on the coast with Agnonides at the head of it, to accuse Phocion
of Attica, and who was slain in the battle. In B. C. and his adherents. Polysperchon, having doubt-
322, the victory gained over the Greeks at Cranon less made up his mind to sacrifice them as a peace-
in Thessaly, by the Macedonian forces, placed offering to the Athenians, whom he meant still to
Athens at the mercy of Antipater ; and Phocion, curb with a garrison, listened with favour to the
as the most influential man of the anti-national charges, but would not hear the reply of the ac-
party, was sent, with Demades and others, to the cused, and Phocion and his friends were sent back
conqueror, then encamped in the Cadmeia, to obtain in waggons to Athens for the people to deal with
the best terms they could. Among these there was them as they would. Here again, in an assembly
one, viz. the admission of a Macedonian garrison mainly composed of a mixed mob of disfranchised
into Munychia, which Phocion strove, but to no citizens, and foreigners, and slaves, Phocion strove
purpose, io induce Antipater to dispense with. in vain to obtain a hearing. By some it was eren
The garrison, however, was commanded by Me proposed that he should be tortured; but this was
nyllus, a good and moderate man, and a friend of not tolerated even by Agnonides. The sentence
Phocion's ; and the latter, by his influence with of death, however, was carried by acclamation,
the new rulers of his country, contrived to soften in and appears to have been executed forth with. To
several respects her hard lot of servitude. Thus he the last, Phocion maintained his calm, and digni-
prevailed on Antipater to recall many who had fied, and somewhat contemptuous bearing. When
gone into exile, and to grant the Athenians a some wretched man spat upon him as he passed to
longer time for the payment of the expenses of the the prison, “ Will no one," said he, “ check this
war, to which the terms of the capitulation bound fellow's indecency ? " To one who asked him
them. At the same time be preserved, as he had whether he had any message to leave for his son
always done, his own personal integrity unshaken. Phocus, he answered, Only that he bear no
He refused all the presents offered him by Me- grudge against the Athenians. " And when die
2 3
## p. 342 (#358) ############################################
842
PHOCUS.
PHOCYLIDES.
hemlock which had been prepared was found in- ' him with a discus (some sny with a spear during
sufficient for all the condemned, and the jailer the chase). The brothers carefully concealed tbe
would not furnish more until he was paid for it, deed, but it was nevertheless found out, and they
“ Give the man his inoney," said Phocion to one were obliged to emigrate from Aegina. (Apollod.
of his friends, “ since at Athens one cannot even iji. 12. $ 6 ; Paus. ii. 29. $7; Plui l'arull. Min.
die for nothing. " He perished in B. C. 317, at 25. ) Psamathe afterwards took rengeance for the
the age of 85. In accordance with the law ngainst murder of her son, by sending a wolf among the
traitors, his body was cast out on the confines of flocks of Peleus, but she was prevailed upon by
Attica and Megara (see Inict. of Ant. s. e. Prodosia), Thetis to change the animal into a stone. (Tzetz.
and his friends were obliged to hire a man, who ad Lyc. 901; Anton. Lib. 38. ) The tomb of
was in the habit of undertaking such services, to Phocus was shown in Aegina. (Paus. ii. 29. $ 7. )
burn it. His bones were reverently gathered up | Phocus is said shortly before his death to hare
and buried by a woman of Megara ; and after emigrated to Phocis, but to have soon returned to
wards, when the people repented of their conduct, Aegina ; but the country of Phocis, part of which
were brought back to Athens, and interred at the was already called by his name, is said to have
public expense. A brazen statue was then raised been extended by him. While in Phocis he con-
to his memory, Agnonides was condemned to cluded an intimate friendship with laseus, which
death, and two more of his accusers, Epicurus was confirmed by the present of a scal-ring ;
and Demophilus, having fied from the city, were and this scene was represented in the Lesche at
overtaken and slain by Phocus.
Delphi. (Paus. ii. 29. $ 2, &c. , x. I. $ I, 30. $ 2. )
Phocion was twice married, and his second wife Panopeus and Crissus, the sons of Phocus, are
appears to have been as simple and frugal in her i likewise said to have emigrated to Phocis (ii. 29.
habits as himself; but he was less fortunate in his '$ 2).
(L. S. )
son Phocus, who, in spite of his father's lessons PHOCY'LIDES (*wmvaldns), of Miletus, an
and example, was a thorough profligate. As for Ionian poet, contemporary with Theognis, both
Phocion himself, our commendation of him must having been born, according to Suidas (s r. ) in the
be almost wholly confined to his private qualities. 55th Olympiard, B. c. 560, which agrees with Euse-
He is said to have been the last eminent Athenian bius, who places Phocylides at Ol. 60 (B. c. 510)
who united the two characters of general and as a contemporary of the lyric poet Simonides. Ad-
statesman ; but he does not appear to advantage in cording to Suidas, he wrote epic poems and elegies ;
the latter capacity. Contrasting, it may be, the among which were lapaivegels or Irwai which
Platonic ideal of a commonwealth with the actual were also called Kepalaia. This gnomic poetry
corruption of his countrymen, he neither retired, shows the reason why Suidas calls him a philoso-
like his master, into his own thoughts, nor did pher. Most of the few fragments we possess are
he throw himself
, with the noble energy of De- of this character ; and they display that contempt
mosthenes, into a practical struggle with the evil for birth and station, and that love for substantial
before him. His fellow-citizens may have been enjoyment, which always marked the Ionian cha.
degenerate, but he made no effort to elevate them. racter. One of his gnomic precepts, on the virtue
He could do nothing better than despair and rail. of moderation, is quoted with praise by Aristotle
We may therefore well believe that his patriotism (Polil. iv. 8):
was not very profound ; we may be quite sure
Πολλά μέσοισιν άριστα" μέσος θέλω εν πόλει είναι,
that it was not very wise. As a matter of fact, he
mainly contributed to destroy the independence of The didactic character of his poetry is shown by
Athens ; and he serves to prove to us that private the frequent occurrence of verses beginning, Kad
worth and purity, though essential conditions in- T68e wkualdew, These words no doubt formed
deed of public virtue, are no infallible guarantee the heading of each of those sections (Kepala:a),
for it. (Plut. Phocion, Demosthenes, Reg. et Imp. in which, as we have seen from Suidas, the poenis
Apoph. ; C. Nep. Phocion; Diod. xvi. 42, 46, 74, of Phocylides were arranged.
xvii. 15, xviii. 64, &c. ; Ael. V. H. i. 25, ii. 16, We possess only about eighteen short fragments
43, ii. 17, iv. 16, vii. 9, xi. 9, xii. 43, 49, of his poems, of which only two are in elegiac
xiii. 41, xiv. 10 ; Val. Max. iii
. 8. Ext. 2, v. 3. metre, and the rest in hexameters. The editions of
Ext. 3; Ath. iv. p. 168, x. p. 419; Heyne, Opusc. them are too numerous to mention; the titles of these
iii. pp. 346-363; Droysen, Alex. Gesch. der Nachf. editions, and of the versions into Latin, German,
Alex. ; Thirwall's Greece, vols. v, vi. vii. ) [E. E. ] French, Italian, English, and Spanish, till seven co-
PHOCUS (@Kos). 1. A son of Ornytion of lumps of Hoffmann's Lexicon Billiographicum (s. r. ).
Corinth, or according to others of Poseidon, is said They have, in fact, been included in all the chief
to have been the leader of a colony from Corinth collections of the lyric and gnomic poets, from that
into the territory of Tithorea and Mount Par. of Constantine Lascaris, l'enet.
from this shorter work in eight books, and not | i. 115. )
[L. S. ]
VOL. II.
Z
## p. 338 (#354) ############################################
338
PHOCAS.
PHOCAS.
PHLIAS (Pulas), a son of Dionysus and started for the theatre of the war with a motley
Chthonophyle, also called Phlius, was a native of army composed of the most incongruous elements
Araithyrea in Argolis, and is mentioned as one of He thus encountered the Persian veterans com-
the Argonauts. (Apollon. Rhod. i. 115, with the manded by their king Chosroes, the greatest man
Schol. ; Paus. ii. 12. $ 6; Val Flacc. i. 411. ) of the East. At Dara the eunuch was utterly
According to Pausanias, he was a son of Ceisus defeated. His successor Domentiolus, the em.
and Araithyren, and the husband of Chthonophyle, peror's brother, was not able to stop the progress
by whom he became the father of Androdamas ; of the enemy, and from the Black Sea to the con-
and Ilyginus (Fub. 14) calls him Phliasus, and a fines of Egypt the Persians ravaged the country.
son of Dionysus and Ariadne. The town of Phlius During this time Domentiolus entered into nego-
(formerly called Araith yrea) was believed to have tiations with Narses with a view of reconciimg
derived its name from him. (Steph. Byz. s. v. him with the emperor. Beguiled by the briliant
Φλιούς. )
(LS. ) promises of Domentiolus, Narses imprudently left
PHÓBUS (+66os), Latin Metus, the personi- his stronghold, and finally proceeded to Con-
fication of fear, is described as a son of Ares and stantinople. While he hoped to be placed again
Cythereia, a brother of Deimos, and is one of the at the head of the Roman armies, he was suddenly
ordinary companions of Ares. (Hom. Il. xi. 37, arrested, and without further inquiries condemned
xiii. 299, xv. 119; Hes. Theng. 934. ) Phobus to death. He was burnt alive. Thus perished
was represented on the shield of Agamemnon, on the worthy namesake of the great Narses, with
the chest of Cypsclus, with the head of a lion. whom he has often been confounded, although the
(Paus. v. 19. § 1. )
[L. S. ] one was a centenarian when the other first tried
PIIOCAS (wk@s), emperor of Constantinople his sword against the Persians. This Narses was
from A. D. 602 to 610. The circumstances under so much feared by the Persians that mothers used
which this monster was raised to the throne are to frighten their children with his name. His
related at the end of the life of the emperor Mau- murder increased the unpopularity of the emperor.
RICIUS. Phocas was of base extraction, and a Germanus, the father-in-law of the unfortunate
native of Cappadocia For some time he was Theodosius, the eldest son of Mauricius, who had
groom to the celebrated general Priscus, and at the once had a chance of obtaining the crown, now
time of his accession he held the humble office of a persuaded the captive empress Constantina to
centurion. His brutal courage had gained him a form a plot against the life of the tyrant. She
name among the common soldiers, and among consented, being under the impression that her
those of his companions who liked warfare as the son Theodosius was still alive, and acconipanied
art of butchering mankind. His coronation took by one Scholasticus, who seems to have been the
place on the 23d of November 602 ; his wife scapegoat in this affair, she left her dwelling,
Leontia was likewise crowned. After he had together with her three daughters, and followed
momentarily quenched his thirst for revenge and him to the church of St Sophia At her aspect
murder in the blood of Mauricius, of his five sons, the people were moved with pity. They took up
and of his most eminent adherents, such as Con arms, and a terrible riot ensued. But for the bad
stantine Lardys, Comentiolus and others, he will of John, the leader of the Greens, who paid
· bought an ignoble peace from the Avars, but was for his conduct by being burnt alive by the mob,
prevented from enjoying it by a fierce attack of the outbreak would have been crowned with
the Persian king Chosroes. This prince con- success. As it was, however, Phocas had the
sidered the accession of a despicable murderer to upper hand. The riot was quelled ; Scholasticus
the Byzantine throne as a fair opportunity of was put to death ; and Germanus was forced to
avenging himself for the many defeats he had suf- take the monastic habit: he had managed things
fered from Mauritius ; and he was still more so cleverly that no evidence could be produced
urged to take up arms by Narses, a faithful against him: else he would have paid for the plot
adherent of the late emperor, and then commander- with his life. The empress Constantine found a
in-chief on the Persian frontier. Anxious to protector in the person of the patriarch Cyriacus,
escape the fate of so many of his friends, Narses and her life was spared ; but she was confined in a
made overtures to Chosroes, left the head-quarters monastery with her three daughters. The general
of his army, and remained in a sort of neutral hatred against Phocas, however, was so great that
position at Hierapolis. Thus a war broke out with Constantina brared the dangers of another con-
Persia which lasted twenty-four years, the first spiracy which broke out in 607, and in which she
eighteen of which presented an uninterrupted series interested several of the principal personages of the
of misfortunes to the Romans, and which was de- empire : she still believed that her son Constantine
cidedly the most disastrous that was ever carried was alive. A woman contrived this plot, and a
on between the two empires. Asia Minor from woman frustrated it. This was Petronea who,
the Euphrates to the very shores of the Bosporus being in the entire confidence of the empress, was
was laid waste by the Persians ; a great number employed by her as a messenger between the
of its populous and flourishing cities was laid in different parties, and who sold the secret to Phocas
ashes ; and hundreds of thousands of its inha- as soon as she had gathered sufficient evidence
bitants were carried off into slavery beyond the ngainst its leaders. The tyrant quelled the plot
Tigris. But for this war Asia Minor would have by bloody, but decisive measures. Constantina
better withstood the attacks of the Arabs, who and her three daughters had their heads cut off at
some years later achieved what the Persians had Chalcedon, on the same spot where her husband
begun, Afraid to lose his crown if he absented and her five sons had suffered death. Among
himself from Constantinople, and feeling, as it those of her chief adherents who paid for their
seems, the inferiority of his military capacities, rashness with their lives were Georgius, gorernor
Phocas remained in his capital to enjoy executions of Cappadocia ; Romanus, advocatus curiae ; Theo-
and beastly pleasures, while the eunuch Leontius dorus, praefectus Orientis ; Joannes, primiw e
## p. 339 (#355) ############################################
PIIOCAS.
339
PHOCION.
.
secretariis ; Athanasius, the minister of finances ; | abominable government. “ Wilt thou govern bet-
David, master of the palace, and many others be- ter," was the insolent answer of the fallen tyrant.
sides grent numbers of inferior peuple, who all | After suffering many tortures and insults, Phocas
suffered death under the most horrible torments. bad his head struck off. His body was dragged
The tyrant's fury, the devastations of the Avars, through the streets, and afterwards burned, together
the alarming success of the Persians, threw the with that of Domentiolus, who had fallen in the
empire into consternation and despair. Dara, the battle. Phocas, the most blood-thirsty tyrant that
bulwark of the empire towards the Tigris, was ever disgraced the throne of Constantinople, was
taken by Chosroes in 606 ; Edessa, of no less as ugly in body as monstrous in mind. He was
importance, shared its fate ; Syria was a heap of short, beardless, with red hair, shaggy erebrows;
ruins ; Mesopotamia yielded to the king ; whoso- and a great scar disfigured his face all the more, as
ever was suspected of having been a friend to it became black when his p:issions were roused.
Mauricius, or of being opposed to the present state Heraclius was crowned immedintely after the death
of things, was seen bleeding under the axe of the of his rival. (Theoph. p. 244, &c. ; Cedren.
executioner. At last Phocas insulted his former p. 399, &c. ; Chron. Pasch. p. 379—383: Zonar.
favourite Crispus, the husband of his only daughter vol
. ii. p. 77, &c. in the Paris ed. ; Simocatta,
Domentin, who had vainly endeavoured to produce viii. c. 7, &c. )
(W. P. )
a change in the conduct of the emperor. Crispus, PHOCAS, grammarian. (Foca. )
a sensible and well-disposed man, looked out for PHO'CAS, JOANNES. (Joannes, No. 100. )
assistance, and fully aware of the chances which PHOCAS (*OKAC), the name of an engraver
any conspiracy ran that was carried on in the of gems, which appears on a stone described by
corrupted capital, he sought it at the farthest Caylus (Recueil. vii. pl. xxvii. ). (P. S. ]
extremity of the empire, in Mauritania Hera- PHOCION (Đukiwv), the Athenian general
clius, exarch of Africa, was the person upon whom and statesman, son of Phocus, was a man of
his choice fell. Confiding in his strength and the humble origin, and appears to have been born in
love of the Africans, Heraclius entered into the B. C. 402 (see Clint. P. H. sub annis 376, 317).
plans of Crispus, and began to show his sentiments According to Plutarch he studied under Plato and
by prohibiting the exportation of corn from the Xenocrates, and if we may believe the statement
ports of Africa and Egypt, from whence Constan- in Suidas (s. v. bilioxos Alyvitos), Diogenes also
tinople used to draw its principal supplies. The numbered him among his disciples. He distin.
consequence was, as was expected, discontent in guished himself for the first time under his friend
the capital. Although urged by Crispus to declare Chabrias, in B. C. 376, at the battle of Naxos, in
himself openly, Heraclius wisely continued his which he commanded the left wing of the Athenian
policy during two years. Meanwhile, the name feet, and contributed in a great measure to the
of Phocas was execrated throughout the whole victory (CHABRIAS). After the battle Chabrias
empire ; and owing to a mad order which he gave sent him to the islands to demand their contri-
for the baptism of all the Jews in his dominions, a butions (ouvráters), and offered him a squadron of
terrible riot broke out in Alexandria Shortly twenty ships for the service ; but Phocion refused
before this, the Persians, after having routed them, with the remark that they were too few to
Domentiolus near Edessa, inundated all Asia Mi- act against an enemy, and too many to deal with
nor, appeared at Chalcedon, opposite Constanti-friends ; and sailing to the several allies with only
nople, and laden with booty retired at the approach one galley, he obtained a large supply by his frank
of the winter (609–610). This led to riots in and conciliatory bearing. Plutarch tells us that
Constantinople, and a bloody strife between the his skill and gallantry at the battle of Naxos
Blues and the Greens. Phocas was insulted by caused his countrymen thenceforth to regard him
the populace, and the ineans he chose to restore as one likely to do them good service as a general.
quiet were only calculated to increase the troubles ; Yet for many years, during which Chabrias, Iphi-
for by a formal decree he incapacitated every ad-crates, and Timotheus chiefly filled the public eye,
herent of the green ſaction from holding any office, we do not find Phocion mentioned as occupied
either civil or military. Now, at the proper mo- prominently in any capacity. But we cannot sup-
ment, Heraclius, the eldest son of the exarch pose that he held himself aloof all this time from
Heraclius, left the shores of Africa with a fleet, active business, though we know that he was never
and his cousin Nicetas set out at the head of an anxious to be employed by the state, and may well
army for Constantinople, where Crispus was ready believe that he had imbibed from Plato principles
to receive and assist them without the tyrant hav- and visions of social polity, which must in a
ing the slightest presentiment of the approaching measure have indisposed him for public life, though
storin.
Their success is related in the life of they did not actually keep him from it In B. C.
HERACLIUS. On the third of October, 610; Con- 351 he undertook, together with Evagoras, the
stantinople was in the hands of Heraclius, after a command of the forces which had been collected
sharp contest with the mercenaries of Phocas, who by Idrieus, prince of Caria, for the purpose of re-
spent the ensuing night in a fortified palace, which ducing Cyprus into submission to Artaxerxes Ill.
was defended by a strong body. The guard fled (Ochus), and they succeeded in conquering the
during the night. Early in the morning the whole island, with the exception of Salamis, where
senator Photius approached it with a small band, Pnytagoras held out against them until he found
and finding the place unguarded, entered and means of reconciling himself to the Persian king.
seized upon Phocas, whom they put into a boat [Evagoras, No. 2. ) To the next year (e. c. 350)
and paraded through the fleet. He was then Phocion's expedition to Euboea and the battle of
brought before fleraclius on board the imperial Tamynae are referred by Clinton, whom we have
Ralley. Heraclius, forgetting his dignity, felled followed above in Vol. I. p. 568, a ; but his grounds
the captive monster to the ground, trampled upon for this date are not at all satisfactory, and the
bsiin with his feet, and charged him with his eveuts in question should probably be referred to
z 2
## p. 340 (#356) ############################################
310
PHOCION.
PHOCION.
:
B. C. 354. The vote for the expedition was presed which were garrisoned with Macedonian troops
against the advice of Demosthenes, and in con- and made descents on many parts of the crista
sequence of an application from Plutarchus, tyrant over-running and ravaging the enemy's territory.
of Eretria, for assistance against CALLIAS. The In the course of these operations, however, he re
Athenians, however, appear to have over-mted the ceived some severe wounds, and was obliged to
strength of their party in the island, and neglected sail away. According to Plutarch, Phocion, after
therefore to provide a sufficient force. The little this success of the Athenian arms, strongly recom-
army of Phöcion was still further thinned by mended pence with Philip. llis opinion we know
desertions, which he made no effort to check, was over-ruled, and the counsels of Demosthenes
remarking that those who fled were not good prevailed ; and the last desperate struggle, which
soldiers enough to be of use to the enemy, and ended in 338 so fatally for Greece a: Chaeroneia,
that for his part he thought himself well rid of was probably regarded by Phocion with little of
them, since their consciousness of their own mis sympathy, and less of hope. When, however,
conduct would stop their mouths at home, and Philip had summoned all the Greek states to a
silence their slanders against him. In the course general congress at Corinth, and Demades pro-
of the campaign he was drawn into a position at posed that Athens should send deputies thither,
Tamynae, where defeat would have been fatal, and Phocion advised his countrymen to pause until it
his danger was moreover increased by the rashness should be ascertained whai Philip would demand
or treachery of his ally Plutarchus: but he gained of the confederates. His counsel was again re-
the day by his skill and coolness after an obstinate jected, but the Athenians afterwards repented that
engagement, and, dealing thenceforth with Plu- they had not followed it, when they found contri-
tarchus as an enemy, drove him from Eretria, and butions of ships and cavalry imposed on them by
occupied a fortress named Zaretra, conveniently the congress. On the murder of Philip in 336 be-
situated between the eastern and western seas, in coming known at Athens, Demosthenes proposed
the narrowest part of the island. All the Greek a public sacrifice of thanksgiving for the tidings, and
prisoners who fell into his hands here, he released, the establishment of religivus honours to the me-
lest the Athenians should wreak their vengeance mory of the assassin Pausanias ; but Phocion re-
on them; and on his departure, his loss was much sisted the proposal on the two-fold ground, that
felt by the allies of Athens, whose cause declined such signs of joy betokened a mean spirit, and
grievously under his successor, Molossus.
that, after al, the army which trad conquered at
It was perhaps in B. c. 343 thas, a conspiracy Chaeroneia was diminished only by one man. The
having been formed by Ptoeodorus and some of second reason he could hardly expect to pass cur-
the other chief citizens in Megara to betray the rent, so transparent is its fallacy ; but it seems
town to Philip (Plut. Phoc. 15; comp. Dem. de that, on the whole, his representations succeeded
Cor. pp. 242, 324, de Fals. Leg. pp. 435, 436), the in checking the unseemly exultation of the people.
Megarians applied to Athens for aid, and Phocion When, in B. C.
335, Alexander was marching
was sent thither in command of a force with which towards Thebes, Phocion rebuked Demosthenes
he fortified the port Nisaea, and joined it by two for his inrectives against the king, and complained
long walls to the city. The expedition, if it is to that he was recklessly endangering Athens, and
be referred to this occasion, was successful, and after the destruction of Thebes, he advised the
the design of the conspirators was baffled. In Athenians to comply with Alexander's demand for
B. C. 341 Phocion commanded the troops which the surrender of Demosthenes and other chief
were despatched to Euboea, on the motion of De orators of the anti-Macedonian parts, urging at
mosthenes, to act against the party of Philip, and the same time on these objects of the conqueror's
succeeded in expelling Cleitarchus and Philistides anger the propriety of devoting themselves for the
from Eretria and Oreus respectively, and establish- public good, like those ancient heroines, the daugh-
ing the Athenian ascendancy in the island. (Cal ters of Leos and the Hyacinthides. This proposal,
LIAS ; CLEITARCHUS. ) In B. C. 310, when the however, the latter portion of which sounds like
Athenians, indignant at the refusal of the Byzan- sarcastic irony, was clamorously and indignantiy
tians to receive Chares, who had been sent to their rejected by the people, and an embassy was sent
aid against Philip, were disposed to interfere no to Alexander, which succeeded in deprecating his
further in the war, Phocion reminded them that resentment (Dema DES). According to Plutarch,
their anger should be directed, not against their there were tuo embassies, the first of which Aler-
allies for their distrust, but against their own ander refused to receive, but to the second he gave
generals, whose conduct had excited it. The a gracious audience, and granted its prayer, chiefly
people recognised the justice of this, and passed a from regard to Phocion, who was at the head of it.
vote for a fresh force, to the command of which (See Plut. Phoc. 17, Dem. 23; Arr. Anab. i. 10;
Phocion himself was elected. On bis arrival at Diod. xvii. 15. ) From the same author we learn
Byzantium, he did not attempt to enter the city, that Alexander ever continued to treat Phocion
but encamped outside the walls. Cleon, however, with the utmost consideration, and to cultivate his
a Byzantian, who had been his friend and fellow- friendship, influenced no doubt, in great measure,
pupil in the Academy, pledged himself to his by respect for his character, but not without an
countrymen for his integrity, and the Athenians eve at the same time to his political sentiments,
were admitted into the town. Here they gained which were favourable to Macedonian ascendancr.
the good opinion of all by their orderly and irre- Thus he addressed letters to him with a mode of
proachable conduct, and exhibited the greatest salutation (xalpew), which he adopted to no one
courage and zeal against the besiegers. The result else except Antipater. He also pressed upon him
was that Philip was compelled to abandon his at- valuable presents, and desired Craterus, whom he
tempts on Perinthus and Byzantium, and to sent home with the veterans in B. c. 324, to give
evacuate the Chersonesus, while Phocion took him his choice of four Asiatic cities. Phocion,
several of his ships, recovered some of the cities, however, persisted in refusing all such offers, lega
## p. 341 (#357) ############################################
PIIOCION.
341
PHOCION.
1
ging the king to leave him no less honest than he / nyllus, with the remark that Menyllus was not a
found him, and only so far availed himself of the greater man than Alexander, whose gifts he had
royal favour as to request the liberty of certain before declined ; and he told Antipater, when he
prisoners at Sardis, which was immediately granted required of him some unbefitting action, that he
to him. In B. C. 325, when llarpalus fled to could not have in him at once a friend and a
Athens for refuge, he endeavoured, but of course in flatterer.
vain, to buy the good offices of Phocion, who more- On the death of Antipater in B. c. 319, Cassan-
over refused to support or countenance his own der, anxious to anticipate his rival Polysperchon
son-in-law, Charicles, when the latter was after- in making himself master of Athens, sent Nicanor
wards brought to trial for having taken bribes from to supersede Menyllus in Munychia, as if by An-
the fugitive. When, however, Antipater and Phi- tipater's authority, and when the real state of the
loxenus required of the Athenians the surrender case became known, Phocion did not escape the
of Harpalus, Phocion joined Demosthenes in ad- suspicion of having been privy to the deceit. He
vising them to resist the demand ; but their efforts certainly gave a colour to the charge by his inti-
were unsuccessful, and the rebel was thrown into macy with Nicanor, with whom however, as before
prison till Alexander's pleasure should be known with Menyllus, he used his influence in behalf of
(HARPALUS). After the death of Harpalus, ac- his fellow-citizens. But the discontent which his
cording to Plutarch, a danghter of his by his conduct had excited in them was still further in-
mistress Pythionice was taken care of and brought creased by his obstinnte refusal to distrust Nicanor
up hy Charicles and Phocion.
or to take any steps against him, when the latter,
When the tidings of Alexander's death reached instead of withdrawing the garrison in obedience
Athens, in B. c. 323, Phocion fruitlessly attempted to the decree of Polysperchon, continued to delude
to moderate the impatient joy of the people ; and the Athenians with evasions and pretences, till he
the proposal which soon followed for war with An- at length succeeded in occupying the Peiraeeus as
tipater, he opposed vehemently, and with all the well as Munchyia, and then declared openly that
caustic bitterness which characterised him. Thus, he meant to hold them both for Cassander. Shortly
to Hypereides, who asked him tauntingly when he after this, Alexander, the son of Polysperchon,
would advise the Athenians to go to war, be an- arrived at Athens, with the supposed intention of
swered, “When I see the young willing to keep delivering it from Nicanor, and re-establishing de-
their ranks, the rich to contribute of their wealth, mocracy. Many Athenian exiles came with him,
and the orators to abstain from pilfering the public as well as a number of strangers and disfranchised
money ;” and he rebuked the confidence of the citizens, and by the votes of these in the assembly
newly-elected general, Leosthenes, with the remark, Phocion was deposed from his office. He then,
“Young man, your words are like cypress trees; according to Diodorus, persuaded Alexander that
stately and high they are, but they bear no fruit. " he could not maintain his hold on the city without
In the same spirit he received the news of the first seizing Munychia and the Peiraeeus for himself,
successes of the confederate Greeks, exclaiming a design, however, which Alexander had doubtless
sarcastically, " When shall we have done conquer already formed before any cominunication with
ing? ” It is no wonder then that, on the death of Phocion. But the Athenians at any rate regarded
Leosthenes before Lamia, the Athenians shrunk the latter as the author of it; and their suspicions
from appointing Phocion to conduct the war, and being further roused by the private conferences of
elected Antiphilus in preference. Shortly after Alexander with Nicanor, Phocion was accused of
this he restrained his countrymen, with difficulty treason by Agonides and fled, with several of his
and at the peril of his life, from a rash expedition friends, to Alexander, who sent them with letters
they were anxious to make against the Boeotian of recommendation to Polysperchon, then encamped
towns, which sided with Macedonia ; and in the at Pharygae, a village of Phocis. Hither there
same year (323) he defeated Micion, a Macedo- came also at the same time an Athenian embassy,
nian officer, who had made a descent on the coast with Agnonides at the head of it, to accuse Phocion
of Attica, and who was slain in the battle. In B. C. and his adherents. Polysperchon, having doubt-
322, the victory gained over the Greeks at Cranon less made up his mind to sacrifice them as a peace-
in Thessaly, by the Macedonian forces, placed offering to the Athenians, whom he meant still to
Athens at the mercy of Antipater ; and Phocion, curb with a garrison, listened with favour to the
as the most influential man of the anti-national charges, but would not hear the reply of the ac-
party, was sent, with Demades and others, to the cused, and Phocion and his friends were sent back
conqueror, then encamped in the Cadmeia, to obtain in waggons to Athens for the people to deal with
the best terms they could. Among these there was them as they would. Here again, in an assembly
one, viz. the admission of a Macedonian garrison mainly composed of a mixed mob of disfranchised
into Munychia, which Phocion strove, but to no citizens, and foreigners, and slaves, Phocion strove
purpose, io induce Antipater to dispense with. in vain to obtain a hearing. By some it was eren
The garrison, however, was commanded by Me proposed that he should be tortured; but this was
nyllus, a good and moderate man, and a friend of not tolerated even by Agnonides. The sentence
Phocion's ; and the latter, by his influence with of death, however, was carried by acclamation,
the new rulers of his country, contrived to soften in and appears to have been executed forth with. To
several respects her hard lot of servitude. Thus he the last, Phocion maintained his calm, and digni-
prevailed on Antipater to recall many who had fied, and somewhat contemptuous bearing. When
gone into exile, and to grant the Athenians a some wretched man spat upon him as he passed to
longer time for the payment of the expenses of the the prison, “ Will no one," said he, “ check this
war, to which the terms of the capitulation bound fellow's indecency ? " To one who asked him
them. At the same time be preserved, as he had whether he had any message to leave for his son
always done, his own personal integrity unshaken. Phocus, he answered, Only that he bear no
He refused all the presents offered him by Me- grudge against the Athenians. " And when die
2 3
## p. 342 (#358) ############################################
842
PHOCUS.
PHOCYLIDES.
hemlock which had been prepared was found in- ' him with a discus (some sny with a spear during
sufficient for all the condemned, and the jailer the chase). The brothers carefully concealed tbe
would not furnish more until he was paid for it, deed, but it was nevertheless found out, and they
“ Give the man his inoney," said Phocion to one were obliged to emigrate from Aegina. (Apollod.
of his friends, “ since at Athens one cannot even iji. 12. $ 6 ; Paus. ii. 29. $7; Plui l'arull. Min.
die for nothing. " He perished in B. C. 317, at 25. ) Psamathe afterwards took rengeance for the
the age of 85. In accordance with the law ngainst murder of her son, by sending a wolf among the
traitors, his body was cast out on the confines of flocks of Peleus, but she was prevailed upon by
Attica and Megara (see Inict. of Ant. s. e. Prodosia), Thetis to change the animal into a stone. (Tzetz.
and his friends were obliged to hire a man, who ad Lyc. 901; Anton. Lib. 38. ) The tomb of
was in the habit of undertaking such services, to Phocus was shown in Aegina. (Paus. ii. 29. $ 7. )
burn it. His bones were reverently gathered up | Phocus is said shortly before his death to hare
and buried by a woman of Megara ; and after emigrated to Phocis, but to have soon returned to
wards, when the people repented of their conduct, Aegina ; but the country of Phocis, part of which
were brought back to Athens, and interred at the was already called by his name, is said to have
public expense. A brazen statue was then raised been extended by him. While in Phocis he con-
to his memory, Agnonides was condemned to cluded an intimate friendship with laseus, which
death, and two more of his accusers, Epicurus was confirmed by the present of a scal-ring ;
and Demophilus, having fied from the city, were and this scene was represented in the Lesche at
overtaken and slain by Phocus.
Delphi. (Paus. ii. 29. $ 2, &c. , x. I. $ I, 30. $ 2. )
Phocion was twice married, and his second wife Panopeus and Crissus, the sons of Phocus, are
appears to have been as simple and frugal in her i likewise said to have emigrated to Phocis (ii. 29.
habits as himself; but he was less fortunate in his '$ 2).
(L. S. )
son Phocus, who, in spite of his father's lessons PHOCY'LIDES (*wmvaldns), of Miletus, an
and example, was a thorough profligate. As for Ionian poet, contemporary with Theognis, both
Phocion himself, our commendation of him must having been born, according to Suidas (s r. ) in the
be almost wholly confined to his private qualities. 55th Olympiard, B. c. 560, which agrees with Euse-
He is said to have been the last eminent Athenian bius, who places Phocylides at Ol. 60 (B. c. 510)
who united the two characters of general and as a contemporary of the lyric poet Simonides. Ad-
statesman ; but he does not appear to advantage in cording to Suidas, he wrote epic poems and elegies ;
the latter capacity. Contrasting, it may be, the among which were lapaivegels or Irwai which
Platonic ideal of a commonwealth with the actual were also called Kepalaia. This gnomic poetry
corruption of his countrymen, he neither retired, shows the reason why Suidas calls him a philoso-
like his master, into his own thoughts, nor did pher. Most of the few fragments we possess are
he throw himself
, with the noble energy of De- of this character ; and they display that contempt
mosthenes, into a practical struggle with the evil for birth and station, and that love for substantial
before him. His fellow-citizens may have been enjoyment, which always marked the Ionian cha.
degenerate, but he made no effort to elevate them. racter. One of his gnomic precepts, on the virtue
He could do nothing better than despair and rail. of moderation, is quoted with praise by Aristotle
We may therefore well believe that his patriotism (Polil. iv. 8):
was not very profound ; we may be quite sure
Πολλά μέσοισιν άριστα" μέσος θέλω εν πόλει είναι,
that it was not very wise. As a matter of fact, he
mainly contributed to destroy the independence of The didactic character of his poetry is shown by
Athens ; and he serves to prove to us that private the frequent occurrence of verses beginning, Kad
worth and purity, though essential conditions in- T68e wkualdew, These words no doubt formed
deed of public virtue, are no infallible guarantee the heading of each of those sections (Kepala:a),
for it. (Plut. Phocion, Demosthenes, Reg. et Imp. in which, as we have seen from Suidas, the poenis
Apoph. ; C. Nep. Phocion; Diod. xvi. 42, 46, 74, of Phocylides were arranged.
xvii. 15, xviii. 64, &c. ; Ael. V. H. i. 25, ii. 16, We possess only about eighteen short fragments
43, ii. 17, iv. 16, vii. 9, xi. 9, xii. 43, 49, of his poems, of which only two are in elegiac
xiii. 41, xiv. 10 ; Val. Max. iii
. 8. Ext. 2, v. 3. metre, and the rest in hexameters. The editions of
Ext. 3; Ath. iv. p. 168, x. p. 419; Heyne, Opusc. them are too numerous to mention; the titles of these
iii. pp. 346-363; Droysen, Alex. Gesch. der Nachf. editions, and of the versions into Latin, German,
Alex. ; Thirwall's Greece, vols. v, vi. vii. ) [E. E. ] French, Italian, English, and Spanish, till seven co-
PHOCUS (@Kos). 1. A son of Ornytion of lumps of Hoffmann's Lexicon Billiographicum (s. r. ).
Corinth, or according to others of Poseidon, is said They have, in fact, been included in all the chief
to have been the leader of a colony from Corinth collections of the lyric and gnomic poets, from that
into the territory of Tithorea and Mount Par. of Constantine Lascaris, l'enet.
