Joseph two: Emperor of Austria, 1741- 1790, who came to the throne in 1765 and continued the reforms begun by his mother,
including
the 1786 reform of the code of civil law.
A-Companion-to-the-Cantos-of-Ezra-Pound-II
Spain: During England's effort to assist Spain against the armies of Napo~ leoTI, the British government had a hard time in providing Arthur Wellesley (later duke of Wellington) money to pay his troops.
Every- one insisted upon being paid in gold.
All A.
W.
could do was issue drafts on British treasury bills, which were bought only at massive discounts by "a mob of Maltese and Sicilian financiers" [Cowles, The Roths- childs, 42].
The drafts finally arrived in En-
gland (after going through a chain of specu- lators), where Nathan Rothschild bought them up very cheap. Knowing this procedure could not go on for long without great harm to England, he and his brothers in France and Germany began buying all the gold they could get. Finally the government went to Nathan Rothschild for help. He was pre-
pared. Gold shipped by sea was often sunk, so getting it to A. W. in Spain was a difficult and treacherous business. Says Cowles: "Nathan's scheme [to do ill . . . was com- parable to burglary in broad daylight" [43]. With the help of his family in France, he let it be known that England was trying to prevent the flow of gold and silver to
France. Napoleon had relaxed his blockade in order to help the French consumer, so that at a place near Dunkirk 'legal smuggling' was permitted. Once N got the idea the English didn't want to lose gold, he helped the Rothschilds with what he thought was their plan "to drain away Britain's reserves. " What they were really doing was helping the
English and undermining the Bank of France. James Rothschild hoodwinked Na- poleon and his finance minister, Molliens: "So the French Government allowed the Rothschilds to establish an artery of gold, running the length and breadth of France, to the heart of enemy resistance: Wellington's headquarters in Spain" [ibid. ]. Karl Roths-
child crossed the Pyrenees, as if an innocent
Pierce, in a letter of 1852 (not 1850): "The Rothschilds, the Barings, and other large capitalists now control, to a great extent, the monarchies of continental Europe" [BK & TE, Pai, 9-3, 432].
59. Pierce: Franklin P. , 1804-1869, 14th president of the U. S. , 1853-1857, who made a reputation in the House (1833-1837) and Senate (1837-1842) while very young and, after retiring from politics, as a brigadier general during the Mexican War. As an anti? slavery candidate in the convention of 1852, he was nominated on the 49th ballot as a compromise candidate, was elected, and served one term. A kindly, courteous person, Pierce was weak, unstable, and vacillating as president.
60. question? : Wasn't England owned by the banks in the 1850's? Pound's answer is: Not at that time. England was not wholly owned by the banks until 20 years later, after the Suez deal.
61. Suez: In November 1857, Disraeli dis- covered that the Khedive of Egypt, "a noto- rious spendthrift who was drowning in debt," was trying to sell his shares in the Suez to the French government. Disraeli was fearful that the French might snap them up and thus control what he thought was a vital British interest. But if the French knew the British wanted the shares, they'd doubtless buy at once. Speed and secrecy were neces- sary. D found out from Lionel Rothschild beforehand the price England would have to pay. Then he had to convince the cabinet, which was not easy; but they finally agreed that they should buy the shares if they could borrow the money. The story is that D poked his head out of the door of the cabi- net room and said "Yes" to his secretary, who sped to the Rothschilds and said that D needed ? 4 million. "'When? ' asked Lionel. . . 'Tomorrow' [said the secretary] . . . 'What is your security? ' [said Rothschild . . . ] 'The British Government' [said the secretary]. 'You shall have it' [said Rothschild]. " D wrote to Queen Victoria: "There was only one firm that could do it-Rothschilds. They behaved admirably: advanced the money at
a low rate, and the entire interest of the Khedive is now yours, Madam" [Cowles, 162]. The facts do not support Pound's opinion. Disraeli could not have asked Parlia- ment, because of the need for speed and secrecy. Says Cowles: "The purchase turned out to be one of the best investments ever made by the government. In 1898, the mar- ket value of the shares was ? 24 million; in
1914 ? 40 million; in 1935 ? 95 million. And for nearly twenty-five years earnings were at a rate of fifty-six percent on the original investment" [ibid. , 163].
62. Ideogram: Hsin [M2748], "trust. "
63. "Alla non della": I, "to, not of. " A much repeated recollection of Mussolini's precision in language in drawing up his Pro- gram of Verona for the Republic of Salo, est. Sept. 23, 1943. "It is a right to property not a right of property," is the sense of Pound's source. M de R [Discretions 195] cites the quote with the explanation, "work is not the object but the subject of econ- omy" [108:3].
64. ou rcxvrcx -. '. . KcxKoim: H, "not all . . . ills. " Part of Electra phrase [85:219].
52. "Nicht
. . .
cattivi":
[cf. 4
& 7
above].
53. Hamburg: [cf. 8 above].
traveler, Wellington's
[ibid. , 44].
57. Geschaft: iness. "
eventually receipts
and duke of
later Edward VIII
[cf. 89/601; 95:39]. According to Von
54. Miss Wi'let: Prob. Violet Hunt. Answer
to the question, "Will there be war? " [38/188]. Answer the same [38:26].
55. 20 years . . . Bonaparte: Echo of re- peated anecdote [78: 10].
G, "employment" or "bus-
70. apud: L, "from the writing of. "
71. Chris Hollis: Christopher Hollis, author ofTwo Nations, a study of the development of power based on money and banking in
Windsor
and
emerged "with . . . in his hand"
69. Regius Professorships: See "Chris Hollis" below.
gloss to
58. Buchanan: [34:84]. Buchanan said to
65. Alexander: [85:88].
Alexander
the Great
66. OBIT apud Baby1onios: L, "He [Alex- ander] died among the Babylonians. "
67. Arrian: Flavius Arrianus, 2d C. A. D. , pupil of Epictetus. His chief book, Anabasis, is a history of Alexander; the book's main source was Ptolemy.
68. Hamurabi: Hammurabi.
king, fl. 2100 B. C. His code of laws carved on a diorite column in 3600 lines of cunei- form is one of the greatest and most human- itarian of all ancient codes.
Babylonian
? 486
86/565
86/565-567
England, which Pound cites often in his prose works on money [SP, 160, 326, 328J. In that book Hollis cites the seminal state- ment about Paterson and the founding of the Bank of England: "the bank hath benefit of the interest on all moneys which it creates out of nothing" [Two Nations, 30J. In a chapter entitled "The Origin of the Progres- sive Legend," Hollis traces the careful plans made by the Whig government to see to it that the history of England was properly understood by the people, which meant be- ing understood from their highly sectarian vangtage point. Several steps were involved.
First they sponsored a Whig history, The History of our Own Times, "calculated to impose the debt system on the gentry in return for freedom from enslavement. " The next step was to get the book read. That was more difficult because both Oxford and Cambridge were hotbeds of Toryism: "In
those seats of education instead of being formed to love their country and constitu- tion, the laws and liberties of it, they are rather disposed to love arbitrary government and to become slaves to absolute monarchy"
[ibid. , 37-38J. Right away it was perceived that "the important task was to capture the educational machine. " This they did. In 1724 it was arranged for 24 persons, "'Fellowsof Colleges in the two Universities,
12 from Oxford and 12 from Cambridge' to preach a sermon each year at Whitehall. " As money men, they understood that money would do the trick; they paid ? 30 for each sermon, an enormous sum at the time. But no one could receive the sum except those who were "staunch Whigs and openly de- clare themselves to be so. " The number of enthusiastic Whigs who had been secretly hiding out at these universities was a suprise
to some but not to those behind the con~ spiracy. This program finally became firmly entrenched by the establishment of a Regius Professorship in the name of King George for the teaching of history and modern lan- guages. People were selected to fill the posi- tions only if they avowedly adopted and
promulgated the new Whig theory of his- tory. Thus, says Hollis, the entire nation was
bemused with a curriculum of half~truths, and this result was achieved intentionally and with malice aforethought [ibid. , 37-52J.
72. Bowers: [81:12J.
73. La Spagnuola: I, "The Spanish Woman. " 74. scripsit: L, "wrote. "
75. Woodward: William E. Woodward, au- thor of A New American History, which Pound quoted from [SP, 169J, and an econ- omist whose writings on money Pound liked. Pound corresponded with him and, since he was an adviser to the Roosevelt administra- tion, Pound "occasionally suggested items that he might pass on to the President" [EM, Difficult, 258J. The lines are W. E. W. 's response.
76. HE: Franklin D. Roosevelt.
77. Cato speaking: In Cicero's De Officiis we have a discussion of things that have great value in life, such as strength, health, glory, wealth, and so on. Then we read of an anecdote told of Cato. When asked about the most profitable feature of an estate, he said it was raising cattle. When asked the next most profitable, he said it was raising crops. After several such questions he was asked, "What about money-lending? " and he
answered, "What about murder? " [Bk. II, 89;96/664J.
78. some Habsburg: Joseph II [cf. 81 be- low], an elightened despot, was strongly in- fluenced by his mother Maria Theresa of Austria. During the 18th century there was a vogue in Europe for Chinese customs. France, following the physiocrats, wanted to use China as a model for economic and
agrarian reform. The frontispiece of a book by Mirabeau, Philosophie Rurdl (1764), showed a Chinese emperor plowing an im- perial furrow to hearten his subjects and to carryon an age-old ritual [53:122J. Hence the young Dauphin was required to hold a toy plow in his delicate hands to show princely sympathy with the French peasants. In 1769 Joseph went the whole way: he took a real plow and plowed some real land
to show he meant business. Pound's interest was sparked by a particular book that con~ tains these data: China A Model for Europe, 1946 [DG,Pai, 5-3, 394J.
79. old Theresa: Prob. not Maria Theresa of Austria, but suggested by association.
80. Cleopatra: [85:13J.
81.
Joseph two: Emperor of Austria, 1741- 1790, who came to the throne in 1765 and continued the reforms begun by his mother, including the 1786 reform of the code of civil law.
82. Tuscany: Province in central Italy which includes Pisa, Siena, Florence, etc. , an area subjected to punishment in many wars, in particular the latter part of WWII.
83. Konody: Paul K. , an art critic from Austria who settled in London; Pound "saw a good deal of him from 1909 or even 1908" [letter to Patricia Hutchins, 16 Nov. , 1957, MS in British Library (BK)J. He is men- tioned among the blessed in BLAST I.
85. Schwartz: Repeat of a similar conversa- tion overheard during WWII. Point: As al- ways, the little, innocent people are the ones led to slaughter in Bellum perenne [cf. 108 belowJ.
86. "Mai . . . chic homme": F, "But the Prussian! The Prussian is a natty man. "
87. femme de menage: F, "lady of the establishment" or "madam. "
88. "Vous . . . rosse": F, "You would like to roll [slang for sex actJ me, but you do not roll me because I am too decrepit. "
89. litigantium dona: L, "gifts of litiga- tion. " Return to Couvreur. The whole sen? tence in Legge is: "Gain got by the decision of cases [litigation} is no precious ac- quisition. "
90. Ideogram: Fei [MI819J, "not. "
91. Ideogram: Pao [M4956], "precious. "
92. non coelum . . . medio: L, "not heaven not neutral. " Legge: "It is not Heaven that does not deal impartially with men, but men ruin themselves. "
93. Fortuna: L, "destiny. " Pound is saying that the words "but man is under Fortuna" is a forced translation of the Latin line be- fore it, as indeed it is. A recurrent theme [96/656; 97/676J.
94. La Donna . . . : I, "The lady who turns. " From "10 son la [I am theJ donna che volga," the opening line of Cavalcanti's "Canzone to Fortune," where Dame For- tune (of Fortune's Wheel) is speaking [An- derson,Pai, 12-1, 41-46J.
95. Ideogram: Chen [M315J, "terrify. " The sequence of lines in Cavalcanti's poem says that fortune's wheel, in its turning (not from heaven's will), is terrifying.
96. Iou Wang: Yu Wang, Chou ruler, 781- 770, whose bad administration contributed to the decay of the Chou dynasty. Ideo- gram: yu [M7505J , "dark"; Ideogram: wang [M703 7J , "king. "
97. King Jou: Legge's transcription. He says, "King Jou was a recipient of divine justice. " Thus he was "A Man under For- tune. " As proof of a fateful destiny we read: "In the sixth year of his reign . . . occurred an eclipse of the sun. It is commemorated in the Chou King . . . as 'an announcement of evils by the sun and moon. ' " Couvreur has a note that says Yu Wang was killed by barbar- ians from the West ("barbares occidentaux") in the 770th year before our era.
98. Ideogram: I [M3002J, "right conduct"; Ideogram: ho [M2115J, "harmony. " The name of an uncle of King Ping Wang, who was a valuable aid to his administration.
99. in angustiis . . . : L, "Y ou have defended me in my difficulties. " The quote is trans- posed from Couvreur's Latin: "defendisti me in angustiis. " From a speech of Ping Wang, who said, according to Legge: "Uncle E-ho . . . you have done much to repair my
. . . ":
84.
overheard during the years of the mittel- europe cantos 35 and 38.
"We fight
Perhaps
conversation
487
? 488
86/567-568
87/569
489
losses and defend me in my difficulties. . . . I reward you with a jar of spirits, made from the black millet, mixed with odoriferous herbs; with one red bow and a hundred red arrows; with one black bow, and a hundred black arrows. "
100. ne inutile quiescas: L, "be not useless- ly at ease. " The speech made by Ping Wang, known as "the Tranquillizer" (reigned 770- 719), ends with these words. He was the last emperor of the Chou dynasty recorded in Chou King.
101. Ideogram: Pe [M4977], "uncle" or "elder"; Ideogram: k'in, ch'in [MII00], "birds" or "animals. " Here the name of "the prince of Loo under the reign of Ch'eng Wang. " Pound returns to the next to last chapter of Chou King for more data COD- cerning the disintegration of the Chou dy- nasty. Legge gives us for Pe K'in's speech: "We must now largely let the oxen and horses loose . . . shut up your traps, and fill up your pitfalls, and do not presume to injure any of the animals let loose. . . . When your followers . . . abscond, presume not to leave the ranks to pursue them. . . . And let none of your people presume to rob
or detain vagrant animals or followers, or to jump over enclosures and walls to steal away horses or oxen . . . . On the day Keii-shu I will punish the tribes of Seu;-prepare
roasted grain and other provisions. "
102. Ideogram: Tch'eng, ch'eng [M379], "to perfect"; Ideogram: wang [M7037], "king. " Ch'eng Wang (reigned 1115-1078)
was the son of Wu Wang and the second and last great Chou emperor. His name and reign are evoked here as a contrast to the present disorder.
103. HE: [cf. 76 above].
104. Woodward: [cf. 75 above].
105. Dwight L. Morrow: Dwight Whitney M. , 1873-1931, American banker and diplo- mat who was a civilian aide to Gen. John J. Pershing in WWI. In 1927 he was ambassador to Mexico, where he started a new era of understanding and cooperation. He served in the U. S. Senate 1930-1931. His daughter, Anne Morrow, married Charles Lindbergh. Pound tells a story of how he asked the late
Senator Cutting in a letter, "How many liter- ate senators are there? " Said Pound: "He sent nine hames, ending 'and I suppose Dwight L. Morrow' " [GK,260].
106. Br . . . C . . . . g: Prob. Bronson Cutting, although the dots in the name are not exact as in Pound's usual practice. [E. P. Walkie- wicz and H. Witemeyer, Pai, 9-3, 441-459]. It was not 1932 but earlier, since Morrow died in 1931.
107. "hysteric presiding . . . ": A controver- sial reference. The context convinces me that Roosevelt is intended. Based on note- books Pound gave him, W. Cookson believes the "hysteric" is Hitler [Pai, 8-2, 361]. The " '39" appears to go with this line.
108. Bellum carro perenne: L, "I sing of war everlasting. " A musical figure that occurs often in the poem [88:21; 87:2].
Background
EP, America, Roosevelt and the Causes of the Present War,
London, Peter Russell, 1951 [ARCPW], GK, 46, 105, 58, 324, 357,77,109,278-279,225,57,182, 15;SP, 323, 272-273, 311, 65, 29, 53, 240, 436; L, 255, 348, 173-176; NPL, 149-158; Francis Steegmuller, ed. , The Letters of Gustwe Flaubert, 1830- 1857, Harvard Univ. Press, 1980 [Steegmuller]; Aeschylus, Eu- menides, line 752; William Cabell Bruce, John Randolph ofRoa- noke, New York and London, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1922, Vol. II, 232; Philip Spencer, Flaubert, A Biography, New York, Grove Press, 1952; G. Legman, The Guilt of the Templars, New York, Basic Books, 1966 [Guilt]; Jessie L. Weston, From Ritual to Romance, Cambridge, 1920; M de R, Discretions, 196; Charles Norman, Ezra Pound, Macmillan, 1960 [Norman]; Ford Madox Ford, Portraits from Life, 1937 (later published as Mightier than the Sword, London, Allen & Unwin, 1938); D'Arcy W. Thomp- son, On Growth and Form, Cambridge, 1916, rpts. MacMillan,
1942-1948; Sir Arthur Evans, The Palace o f Minos at Knossos, Vol. III, Biblo and Tannen, New York, 1964.
Exegeses
CE, Ideas, 47-56; Achilles Fang, Ph. D. dissertation, Harvard, Vol. III; EH, Pai, 2-1, 141; CFT, Pai, 2-2, 223 ff. ; Grieve, Pai, 4-2 & 3, 481; HK, Era, 331, 335 ff. ; FR, Pai, 7-2 & 3, 29 ff. ; WB,
Approaches, 303-318; L. Surette, A Light From Eleusis, Oxford University Press, 1979, 263-267; HK, Pai, 4-2 & 3, 381.
Glossary
CANTO LXXXVII Sources
EP WT 8 50 54; Dante, Vita Nuova, 12. 4 [VN]. ; Sophocles, EI~ctra:li~e 351; EP, CON, 22, 27, 232; Seraphin Couvreur, Chou King, Paris, Cathasia, 1950 [Couvreur]; James Legge, The Four Books, Shanghai, 1923 [Legge].
4. perche . . . meltere: I, "why do you wish to put. " In 1932 Mussolini asked this ques- tion. Pound gives the question and his an- swer, "Pel mio poema" ("For my poem"'), later [93:75], thereby showing insistence on a Confucian order in his own mind [GK, 105].
5.
gland (after going through a chain of specu- lators), where Nathan Rothschild bought them up very cheap. Knowing this procedure could not go on for long without great harm to England, he and his brothers in France and Germany began buying all the gold they could get. Finally the government went to Nathan Rothschild for help. He was pre-
pared. Gold shipped by sea was often sunk, so getting it to A. W. in Spain was a difficult and treacherous business. Says Cowles: "Nathan's scheme [to do ill . . . was com- parable to burglary in broad daylight" [43]. With the help of his family in France, he let it be known that England was trying to prevent the flow of gold and silver to
France. Napoleon had relaxed his blockade in order to help the French consumer, so that at a place near Dunkirk 'legal smuggling' was permitted. Once N got the idea the English didn't want to lose gold, he helped the Rothschilds with what he thought was their plan "to drain away Britain's reserves. " What they were really doing was helping the
English and undermining the Bank of France. James Rothschild hoodwinked Na- poleon and his finance minister, Molliens: "So the French Government allowed the Rothschilds to establish an artery of gold, running the length and breadth of France, to the heart of enemy resistance: Wellington's headquarters in Spain" [ibid. ]. Karl Roths-
child crossed the Pyrenees, as if an innocent
Pierce, in a letter of 1852 (not 1850): "The Rothschilds, the Barings, and other large capitalists now control, to a great extent, the monarchies of continental Europe" [BK & TE, Pai, 9-3, 432].
59. Pierce: Franklin P. , 1804-1869, 14th president of the U. S. , 1853-1857, who made a reputation in the House (1833-1837) and Senate (1837-1842) while very young and, after retiring from politics, as a brigadier general during the Mexican War. As an anti? slavery candidate in the convention of 1852, he was nominated on the 49th ballot as a compromise candidate, was elected, and served one term. A kindly, courteous person, Pierce was weak, unstable, and vacillating as president.
60. question? : Wasn't England owned by the banks in the 1850's? Pound's answer is: Not at that time. England was not wholly owned by the banks until 20 years later, after the Suez deal.
61. Suez: In November 1857, Disraeli dis- covered that the Khedive of Egypt, "a noto- rious spendthrift who was drowning in debt," was trying to sell his shares in the Suez to the French government. Disraeli was fearful that the French might snap them up and thus control what he thought was a vital British interest. But if the French knew the British wanted the shares, they'd doubtless buy at once. Speed and secrecy were neces- sary. D found out from Lionel Rothschild beforehand the price England would have to pay. Then he had to convince the cabinet, which was not easy; but they finally agreed that they should buy the shares if they could borrow the money. The story is that D poked his head out of the door of the cabi- net room and said "Yes" to his secretary, who sped to the Rothschilds and said that D needed ? 4 million. "'When? ' asked Lionel. . . 'Tomorrow' [said the secretary] . . . 'What is your security? ' [said Rothschild . . . ] 'The British Government' [said the secretary]. 'You shall have it' [said Rothschild]. " D wrote to Queen Victoria: "There was only one firm that could do it-Rothschilds. They behaved admirably: advanced the money at
a low rate, and the entire interest of the Khedive is now yours, Madam" [Cowles, 162]. The facts do not support Pound's opinion. Disraeli could not have asked Parlia- ment, because of the need for speed and secrecy. Says Cowles: "The purchase turned out to be one of the best investments ever made by the government. In 1898, the mar- ket value of the shares was ? 24 million; in
1914 ? 40 million; in 1935 ? 95 million. And for nearly twenty-five years earnings were at a rate of fifty-six percent on the original investment" [ibid. , 163].
62. Ideogram: Hsin [M2748], "trust. "
63. "Alla non della": I, "to, not of. " A much repeated recollection of Mussolini's precision in language in drawing up his Pro- gram of Verona for the Republic of Salo, est. Sept. 23, 1943. "It is a right to property not a right of property," is the sense of Pound's source. M de R [Discretions 195] cites the quote with the explanation, "work is not the object but the subject of econ- omy" [108:3].
64. ou rcxvrcx -. '. . KcxKoim: H, "not all . . . ills. " Part of Electra phrase [85:219].
52. "Nicht
. . .
cattivi":
[cf. 4
& 7
above].
53. Hamburg: [cf. 8 above].
traveler, Wellington's
[ibid. , 44].
57. Geschaft: iness. "
eventually receipts
and duke of
later Edward VIII
[cf. 89/601; 95:39]. According to Von
54. Miss Wi'let: Prob. Violet Hunt. Answer
to the question, "Will there be war? " [38/188]. Answer the same [38:26].
55. 20 years . . . Bonaparte: Echo of re- peated anecdote [78: 10].
G, "employment" or "bus-
70. apud: L, "from the writing of. "
71. Chris Hollis: Christopher Hollis, author ofTwo Nations, a study of the development of power based on money and banking in
Windsor
and
emerged "with . . . in his hand"
69. Regius Professorships: See "Chris Hollis" below.
gloss to
58. Buchanan: [34:84]. Buchanan said to
65. Alexander: [85:88].
Alexander
the Great
66. OBIT apud Baby1onios: L, "He [Alex- ander] died among the Babylonians. "
67. Arrian: Flavius Arrianus, 2d C. A. D. , pupil of Epictetus. His chief book, Anabasis, is a history of Alexander; the book's main source was Ptolemy.
68. Hamurabi: Hammurabi.
king, fl. 2100 B. C. His code of laws carved on a diorite column in 3600 lines of cunei- form is one of the greatest and most human- itarian of all ancient codes.
Babylonian
? 486
86/565
86/565-567
England, which Pound cites often in his prose works on money [SP, 160, 326, 328J. In that book Hollis cites the seminal state- ment about Paterson and the founding of the Bank of England: "the bank hath benefit of the interest on all moneys which it creates out of nothing" [Two Nations, 30J. In a chapter entitled "The Origin of the Progres- sive Legend," Hollis traces the careful plans made by the Whig government to see to it that the history of England was properly understood by the people, which meant be- ing understood from their highly sectarian vangtage point. Several steps were involved.
First they sponsored a Whig history, The History of our Own Times, "calculated to impose the debt system on the gentry in return for freedom from enslavement. " The next step was to get the book read. That was more difficult because both Oxford and Cambridge were hotbeds of Toryism: "In
those seats of education instead of being formed to love their country and constitu- tion, the laws and liberties of it, they are rather disposed to love arbitrary government and to become slaves to absolute monarchy"
[ibid. , 37-38J. Right away it was perceived that "the important task was to capture the educational machine. " This they did. In 1724 it was arranged for 24 persons, "'Fellowsof Colleges in the two Universities,
12 from Oxford and 12 from Cambridge' to preach a sermon each year at Whitehall. " As money men, they understood that money would do the trick; they paid ? 30 for each sermon, an enormous sum at the time. But no one could receive the sum except those who were "staunch Whigs and openly de- clare themselves to be so. " The number of enthusiastic Whigs who had been secretly hiding out at these universities was a suprise
to some but not to those behind the con~ spiracy. This program finally became firmly entrenched by the establishment of a Regius Professorship in the name of King George for the teaching of history and modern lan- guages. People were selected to fill the posi- tions only if they avowedly adopted and
promulgated the new Whig theory of his- tory. Thus, says Hollis, the entire nation was
bemused with a curriculum of half~truths, and this result was achieved intentionally and with malice aforethought [ibid. , 37-52J.
72. Bowers: [81:12J.
73. La Spagnuola: I, "The Spanish Woman. " 74. scripsit: L, "wrote. "
75. Woodward: William E. Woodward, au- thor of A New American History, which Pound quoted from [SP, 169J, and an econ- omist whose writings on money Pound liked. Pound corresponded with him and, since he was an adviser to the Roosevelt administra- tion, Pound "occasionally suggested items that he might pass on to the President" [EM, Difficult, 258J. The lines are W. E. W. 's response.
76. HE: Franklin D. Roosevelt.
77. Cato speaking: In Cicero's De Officiis we have a discussion of things that have great value in life, such as strength, health, glory, wealth, and so on. Then we read of an anecdote told of Cato. When asked about the most profitable feature of an estate, he said it was raising cattle. When asked the next most profitable, he said it was raising crops. After several such questions he was asked, "What about money-lending? " and he
answered, "What about murder? " [Bk. II, 89;96/664J.
78. some Habsburg: Joseph II [cf. 81 be- low], an elightened despot, was strongly in- fluenced by his mother Maria Theresa of Austria. During the 18th century there was a vogue in Europe for Chinese customs. France, following the physiocrats, wanted to use China as a model for economic and
agrarian reform. The frontispiece of a book by Mirabeau, Philosophie Rurdl (1764), showed a Chinese emperor plowing an im- perial furrow to hearten his subjects and to carryon an age-old ritual [53:122J. Hence the young Dauphin was required to hold a toy plow in his delicate hands to show princely sympathy with the French peasants. In 1769 Joseph went the whole way: he took a real plow and plowed some real land
to show he meant business. Pound's interest was sparked by a particular book that con~ tains these data: China A Model for Europe, 1946 [DG,Pai, 5-3, 394J.
79. old Theresa: Prob. not Maria Theresa of Austria, but suggested by association.
80. Cleopatra: [85:13J.
81.
Joseph two: Emperor of Austria, 1741- 1790, who came to the throne in 1765 and continued the reforms begun by his mother, including the 1786 reform of the code of civil law.
82. Tuscany: Province in central Italy which includes Pisa, Siena, Florence, etc. , an area subjected to punishment in many wars, in particular the latter part of WWII.
83. Konody: Paul K. , an art critic from Austria who settled in London; Pound "saw a good deal of him from 1909 or even 1908" [letter to Patricia Hutchins, 16 Nov. , 1957, MS in British Library (BK)J. He is men- tioned among the blessed in BLAST I.
85. Schwartz: Repeat of a similar conversa- tion overheard during WWII. Point: As al- ways, the little, innocent people are the ones led to slaughter in Bellum perenne [cf. 108 belowJ.
86. "Mai . . . chic homme": F, "But the Prussian! The Prussian is a natty man. "
87. femme de menage: F, "lady of the establishment" or "madam. "
88. "Vous . . . rosse": F, "You would like to roll [slang for sex actJ me, but you do not roll me because I am too decrepit. "
89. litigantium dona: L, "gifts of litiga- tion. " Return to Couvreur. The whole sen? tence in Legge is: "Gain got by the decision of cases [litigation} is no precious ac- quisition. "
90. Ideogram: Fei [MI819J, "not. "
91. Ideogram: Pao [M4956], "precious. "
92. non coelum . . . medio: L, "not heaven not neutral. " Legge: "It is not Heaven that does not deal impartially with men, but men ruin themselves. "
93. Fortuna: L, "destiny. " Pound is saying that the words "but man is under Fortuna" is a forced translation of the Latin line be- fore it, as indeed it is. A recurrent theme [96/656; 97/676J.
94. La Donna . . . : I, "The lady who turns. " From "10 son la [I am theJ donna che volga," the opening line of Cavalcanti's "Canzone to Fortune," where Dame For- tune (of Fortune's Wheel) is speaking [An- derson,Pai, 12-1, 41-46J.
95. Ideogram: Chen [M315J, "terrify. " The sequence of lines in Cavalcanti's poem says that fortune's wheel, in its turning (not from heaven's will), is terrifying.
96. Iou Wang: Yu Wang, Chou ruler, 781- 770, whose bad administration contributed to the decay of the Chou dynasty. Ideo- gram: yu [M7505J , "dark"; Ideogram: wang [M703 7J , "king. "
97. King Jou: Legge's transcription. He says, "King Jou was a recipient of divine justice. " Thus he was "A Man under For- tune. " As proof of a fateful destiny we read: "In the sixth year of his reign . . . occurred an eclipse of the sun. It is commemorated in the Chou King . . . as 'an announcement of evils by the sun and moon. ' " Couvreur has a note that says Yu Wang was killed by barbar- ians from the West ("barbares occidentaux") in the 770th year before our era.
98. Ideogram: I [M3002J, "right conduct"; Ideogram: ho [M2115J, "harmony. " The name of an uncle of King Ping Wang, who was a valuable aid to his administration.
99. in angustiis . . . : L, "Y ou have defended me in my difficulties. " The quote is trans- posed from Couvreur's Latin: "defendisti me in angustiis. " From a speech of Ping Wang, who said, according to Legge: "Uncle E-ho . . . you have done much to repair my
. . . ":
84.
overheard during the years of the mittel- europe cantos 35 and 38.
"We fight
Perhaps
conversation
487
? 488
86/567-568
87/569
489
losses and defend me in my difficulties. . . . I reward you with a jar of spirits, made from the black millet, mixed with odoriferous herbs; with one red bow and a hundred red arrows; with one black bow, and a hundred black arrows. "
100. ne inutile quiescas: L, "be not useless- ly at ease. " The speech made by Ping Wang, known as "the Tranquillizer" (reigned 770- 719), ends with these words. He was the last emperor of the Chou dynasty recorded in Chou King.
101. Ideogram: Pe [M4977], "uncle" or "elder"; Ideogram: k'in, ch'in [MII00], "birds" or "animals. " Here the name of "the prince of Loo under the reign of Ch'eng Wang. " Pound returns to the next to last chapter of Chou King for more data COD- cerning the disintegration of the Chou dy- nasty. Legge gives us for Pe K'in's speech: "We must now largely let the oxen and horses loose . . . shut up your traps, and fill up your pitfalls, and do not presume to injure any of the animals let loose. . . . When your followers . . . abscond, presume not to leave the ranks to pursue them. . . . And let none of your people presume to rob
or detain vagrant animals or followers, or to jump over enclosures and walls to steal away horses or oxen . . . . On the day Keii-shu I will punish the tribes of Seu;-prepare
roasted grain and other provisions. "
102. Ideogram: Tch'eng, ch'eng [M379], "to perfect"; Ideogram: wang [M7037], "king. " Ch'eng Wang (reigned 1115-1078)
was the son of Wu Wang and the second and last great Chou emperor. His name and reign are evoked here as a contrast to the present disorder.
103. HE: [cf. 76 above].
104. Woodward: [cf. 75 above].
105. Dwight L. Morrow: Dwight Whitney M. , 1873-1931, American banker and diplo- mat who was a civilian aide to Gen. John J. Pershing in WWI. In 1927 he was ambassador to Mexico, where he started a new era of understanding and cooperation. He served in the U. S. Senate 1930-1931. His daughter, Anne Morrow, married Charles Lindbergh. Pound tells a story of how he asked the late
Senator Cutting in a letter, "How many liter- ate senators are there? " Said Pound: "He sent nine hames, ending 'and I suppose Dwight L. Morrow' " [GK,260].
106. Br . . . C . . . . g: Prob. Bronson Cutting, although the dots in the name are not exact as in Pound's usual practice. [E. P. Walkie- wicz and H. Witemeyer, Pai, 9-3, 441-459]. It was not 1932 but earlier, since Morrow died in 1931.
107. "hysteric presiding . . . ": A controver- sial reference. The context convinces me that Roosevelt is intended. Based on note- books Pound gave him, W. Cookson believes the "hysteric" is Hitler [Pai, 8-2, 361]. The " '39" appears to go with this line.
108. Bellum carro perenne: L, "I sing of war everlasting. " A musical figure that occurs often in the poem [88:21; 87:2].
Background
EP, America, Roosevelt and the Causes of the Present War,
London, Peter Russell, 1951 [ARCPW], GK, 46, 105, 58, 324, 357,77,109,278-279,225,57,182, 15;SP, 323, 272-273, 311, 65, 29, 53, 240, 436; L, 255, 348, 173-176; NPL, 149-158; Francis Steegmuller, ed. , The Letters of Gustwe Flaubert, 1830- 1857, Harvard Univ. Press, 1980 [Steegmuller]; Aeschylus, Eu- menides, line 752; William Cabell Bruce, John Randolph ofRoa- noke, New York and London, G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1922, Vol. II, 232; Philip Spencer, Flaubert, A Biography, New York, Grove Press, 1952; G. Legman, The Guilt of the Templars, New York, Basic Books, 1966 [Guilt]; Jessie L. Weston, From Ritual to Romance, Cambridge, 1920; M de R, Discretions, 196; Charles Norman, Ezra Pound, Macmillan, 1960 [Norman]; Ford Madox Ford, Portraits from Life, 1937 (later published as Mightier than the Sword, London, Allen & Unwin, 1938); D'Arcy W. Thomp- son, On Growth and Form, Cambridge, 1916, rpts. MacMillan,
1942-1948; Sir Arthur Evans, The Palace o f Minos at Knossos, Vol. III, Biblo and Tannen, New York, 1964.
Exegeses
CE, Ideas, 47-56; Achilles Fang, Ph. D. dissertation, Harvard, Vol. III; EH, Pai, 2-1, 141; CFT, Pai, 2-2, 223 ff. ; Grieve, Pai, 4-2 & 3, 481; HK, Era, 331, 335 ff. ; FR, Pai, 7-2 & 3, 29 ff. ; WB,
Approaches, 303-318; L. Surette, A Light From Eleusis, Oxford University Press, 1979, 263-267; HK, Pai, 4-2 & 3, 381.
Glossary
CANTO LXXXVII Sources
EP WT 8 50 54; Dante, Vita Nuova, 12. 4 [VN]. ; Sophocles, EI~ctra:li~e 351; EP, CON, 22, 27, 232; Seraphin Couvreur, Chou King, Paris, Cathasia, 1950 [Couvreur]; James Legge, The Four Books, Shanghai, 1923 [Legge].
4. perche . . . meltere: I, "why do you wish to put. " In 1932 Mussolini asked this ques- tion. Pound gives the question and his an- swer, "Pel mio poema" ("For my poem"'), later [93:75], thereby showing insistence on a Confucian order in his own mind [GK, 105].
5.
