An astrono-
mer of Greece, who flourished about 400 BC.
mer of Greece, who flourished about 400 BC.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
In the battle which was fought near this
place, the Romans were defeated with dreadful car-
nage, and with a loss which, as stated by Polybius, is
quite incredible; the whole of the infantry engaged in
battle, amounting to 70,000, was destroyed, with the
exception of 3000 men, who escaped to the neigh-
bouring cities, and also all the cavalry, with the ex-
? ? ception of 300 belorging to the allies, arid 70 that es-
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? HANNIBAt*
HANNIBAL.
me conduct ol the war had been followed, the result
cf the contest might have been different; but he was
only employed in a subordinate command, and had no
opportunity for the exertion of his great military tal-
ents. At the conclusion of this war Hannibal was
obliged to seek refuge at the court of Prusias, king of
Dithynia, where ho remained about five years, and on
or. c occasion obtained a victory over Eumenes, king of
Pergimus. Out the Romans appear to have been un-
tasy air long as their once formidable enemy was alive.
An embassy was sent to demand him of Prusias, who,
being afraid of offending the Romans, agreed to give
him up. To avoid falling into the hands of his ungen-
erous enemies, Hannibal destroyed himself by poison
at Nicomedia in Bithynia, B. C. 183, in the sixty-fifth
year of his age. The personal character of Hannibal
is only known to us from the events of his public life,
and even these have not been commemorated by any
historian of his own country; but we cannof read the
history of these campaigns, of which we have here
presented a mere outline, even in the narrative of his
enemies, without admiring his great abilities and cour-
age. Polybius remarks (lid. xi. ), "How wonderful
is it, that in a course of sixteen years, during which
he maintained the war in Italy, he should never once
dismiss his army from the field, and yet be able, like a
good governor, to keep in subjection so great a multi-
tude, and to confine them within the bounds of their
duty, so that they never mutinied against him nor
quarrelled among thcmsevles. Though his army was
composed of people of various countries, of Africans,
Spaniards, Gauls, Carthaginians, Italians, and Greeks
--men who had different laws, different customs, and
different language, and, in a word, nothing among
them that was common--yet, so dexterous was his
management, that, notwithstanding this great diversity,
he forced all of them to acknowledge one authority,
and to yield obedience to one command. And this, too,
be effected in the midst of very various fortune. How
high as well as just an opinion must these things con-
vey to us of his ability in war. It may be affirmed
with confidence, that if he had first tried his strength
in the other parts of the world, and had come laxt to at-
tack the Romans, he could scarcely have failed in any
part of his design. " (Polyb. , 3. --lb. , 7, 8, 9. -- lb. ,
14, 16. --Livy, 21-39-- Ncpos, Vil. Hannib. --En-
cyd. Us. Knowl. , vol. 12, p. 40, seq. )
The passage of the Alps by Hannibal has already
beet, alluded to in the course of the present article.
Before concluding the biography of the Carthaginian
general, it may not be amiss to direct the student's at-
tention more particularly to this point. "This won-
derful undertaking," observes a recent writer, " would
naturally have attracted great notice, if considered
only with reference to its general consequences, and
to its particular effects on the great contest carried on
between Rome and Carthage; for this march, which
carried the war from a distant province to the very
gates of the former, totally changed the character of
the struggle, and compelled the Romans to fight for
existence instead of territory. These events, however,
are not the only causes which have thrown so much
interest on the passage of the Alps by Hannibal; for
the doubt and uncertainty which have existed, even
from very re-note times, as to the road by which the
passage was effected; the numerous and distinguished
writers who have declared themselves on different sides
? ? of the question; the variation between the two great
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? HANNIBAL
HANNIBAL.
mwi of the most celebrated battle! and events re-
corded in Koman history From his thorough knowl-
edge of Polybius, he was early struck with the great
authority that his narrative carried with it, and he de-
termined, if possible, to set at rest the much agitated
question of the passage of the Alps by Hannibal. As
he perceived that no perusal of the historian, however
close and attentive, no critical sagacity and discern-
ment, could alone enable him to arrive at the truth,
unless he verified the observations of his author on the
same ground, and compared his descriptions with the
same scenes as those which that author had himself
visited and examined, the general surveyed attentively
all the known passages of the Alps, and more particu-
larly those which were best known to the ancients.
The result of all these observations was a firm convic-
tion that the passage of the Little St. Bernard was
that by which Hannibal had crossed over into Italy,
both as being most probable in itself, and also as agree-
ing beyond all comparison more closely than any other
with the description given by Polybius. The general
must be looked upon as the first who has solved the
problem in history. It is not, indeed, meant that he
was absolutely the first who made the Carthaginian
army penetrate by that pass into Italy, since the oldest
authority on this point, that of Coslius Antipater, rep-
resents it as having taken that route; hut it is affirmed
that he was the first to revive an opinion concerning
that passage, which, although existing in full force in
the traditions of the country itself, appears to have
been long laid aside as forgotten, and to have rested
that opmion on arguments the most solid and plausi-
ble. General Melville never published any account of
his observations, and they would most probably have
been lost to the world, had he not found in M. De Luc,
of Geneva, nephew of the laic distinguished philoso-
pher of that name, a person eminently qualified to un-
dertake the task which he himself declined, and even
materially to improve upon his labours. The very able
and learned work which that gentleman published at
Geneva in 1818, entitled Histoire du Passage ilcs
Alpet par Annibal, contains a very full and clear re-
port of the observations of General Melville, supported
by arguments and by evidence entirely original, and
which must be admitted by every candid and judicious
inquirer to be clear and conclusive. A second edition
of this work was published in 1825, considerably aug-
mented. " (Dissertation on the Passage of Hannibal
oter the Alps, by Wickkam and Cramer, pre/. , p. xi. ,
teqq. "i In the work here quoted, the route which Han-
nibal is conceived to have taken is staled as follows:
after crossing the Pyrenees at Bellegarde. he went to
Niemes, through Perpignan, Narbonne, Beziers, and
Montpellier, as nearly as possible in the exact track of
the jrreat Roman road. From Nismes he marched to
the Rhone, which he crossed at Roquemaurc, and then
went up the river to Vienne, or possibly a little higher.
From thence, marching across the flat country of Dau-
phiny in order to avoid the angle which the river makes
at Lyons, he rejoined it at St. Genis d'Aoustc. He
then crossed the Mont du Chat to Chambery, joined
the Isere at Montureillan, ascended it as far as Scez,
crossed the Little St. Bernard, and descended upon
Aosta and Ivrea by the banks of the Doria Baltca.
After halting for some time at Ivrea, he marched upon
Turin, which he took, and then prepared himself for
ulterior operations against the Romans (pre/. , p. xxii. ,
? ? se,/. ). The Alpis Graia, or Little St. Bernard, forms,
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? HAN
HANNO.
refuses o be. ieve, because Hannibal must have been
early acquainted with the retreat of the Remans to-
wards their fleet, and would not, in that case, have
marched to the north. The explanation of all this may
he found in Napoleon's own words: "La man-lie
d'Annibal depuis Colliourc jusqu'a Turin a ete toute
simple; ellc a ete cello d'un voyageur; il a pris la
route la plus courtc. " Hardly so, since the road by
Mont Genevre was shorter than that by Mont Cenis,
A he himself allows, a few pages before. In a word,
if we had no historical details to guide us, Napoleon
would probably be right; but as we profess to be
guided by those details, and as, from his omitting to
notice the greater part of them, he appears either to
have been ignorant of them, or to have been unable
to make them agree with his hypothesis, wo must
tome to the conclusion, that what he says rests upon
no proof, and is to be merely considered as the opinion
of a great general upon an hypothetical case. ( Wick-
ham and Cramer, p. 188, stqq )
Hanno (meaning in Punic "merciful" or "mild"'),
I. a commander sent by the Carthaginians on a voyage
of colonization and discovery along the Atlantic coast
of Africa. This expedition is generally supposed to
have taken place about 570 B. C. Gail, however,
places it between 633 and 530 B. C. (Gcogr. Gr.
Min , vol. 1, p. 82. ) On his return to Carthage, Han-
no deposited an account of his voyage in the temple of
Saturn. A translation of this account from the Punic
into the Greek tongue, has come down to us; and its
authenticity, attacked by Dodwell, has been defended
by Bougainville {Mem. Acad, des Inscr. , &c, vol. 26,
26), Falconer, and others. Gail also declares in its
favour, though he admits that the narrative may, and
probably does, contain many wilful deviations from the
truth, in accordance with the jealous policy of the Car-
thaginians in misleading other nations by erroneous
itaterrents. The title of the Greek work is as follows:
Avrrjvor, Kapxvfioviw fiaoMuc, r\epiir? . ove tuv
trip rdc 'HpaK? . iovc orr/Xac AihiKuv rrjc yfjc uepuv,
Jv Kal uvednnev iv r<p tov Kpovov rtftivet. "The
Voyage of Hanno, commander of the Carthaginians,
round the parts of Libya beyond the Pillars of Her-
cules, which he deposited in the temple of Saturn. "
With regard to the extent of coast actually explored
by this expedition, some remarks have been offered in
another article (vid. Africa, col. 2, p. 80); it remains
but to give an English version of the Periplus itself.
--" It was decreed by the Carthaginians," begins the
narrative, " that Hanno should undertake a voyage be-
yond the Pillars of Hercules, and found Libyphoenician
cities. He sailed accordingly with sixty ships of fifty
oars each, and a body of men and women to the num-
ber of thirty thousand, and provisions and other neces-
saries. When we had passed the Pillars on our voy-
age, and had sailed beyond them for two days, we
founded the first city, which we named Thymiaterium.
Below it lay an extensive plain. Proceeding thence
towards the west, we came to Solocis, a promontory
of Libya, a place thickly covered wilh trees, where we
erected a temple to Neptune : and again proceeded for
the space of half a day towards the coast, until we ar-
rived at a lake lying not far from the sea, and filled
with abundance of large reeds. Here elephants, and
a great number of other wild beasts were feeding
Having passed the lake about a day's sail, we founded
cities near the sea, called Cariconticos, arid Gytte,ahd
? ? Acra, and Melitta, and Arambys. Thence we came
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? H AK
11 A P.
will, at that period, be confined to the hollow parts of
the country only; and, when fired from above, will
have the appearance of rivers of fire running towards
the sea. The adventure of the hairy women presents
much less difficulty than did the others; since it is
weil known that a species of ape or baboon, agreeing
in description with those of Hanno, is found in the
'luarter referred to, which appears to have been near
Si;rra Leone. Nor did the interpreters call them tcom-
f<<, but gorilla: meaning no doubt to describe apes,
aid not human creatures possessing the gift of speech.
(Renncll, Geogr. of Herodotus,p. 720, seqq. )--II. A
Carthaginian commander, who aspired to the sover-
eignty in his native city. His design was discovered,
and he thereupon retired to a fortress, with 20,000
armed slaves, but was taken and put to death, with his
son and all his relations. {Justin, 21, 4. V--III. A
commander of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily along
wiiliBomiicar(B. C 310). He was defeated by Agath-
ocles, although he had 45,000 men under his orders,
and his opponent only about 14,000. {Justin, 22, 6. )
--IV. A Carthaginian commander, defeated by the
Romans near the jEgades Insula: (B. C. 242). On his
return home he was put to death. --V. A leader of the
faction it Carthage, opposed to the Barca family. He
voted for surrendering Hannibal to the foe, after the
ruin of Saguntum, and also for refusing succours to
that commander after the battle of Canna;. (Lib. , 21,
3--Id, 23, 12. )--VI. A Carthaginian, who, wishing
to pass for a god, trained up some birds, who were
taught by him to repeat the words, " Hanno is a god. "
He only succeeded in rendering himself ridiculous
[/Elian, Var. HtsL, 15, 32. )
Harxodius, an Athenian, who, together with Aris-
logiton, became the cause of the overthrow of the
Pisistratidx. The names of Harmodius and Aristo-
giton have Deen immortalized by the ignorant or prej-
udiced gratitude of the Athenians: in any other his-
tory they would perhaps have been consigned to ob-
livion, and wonld certainly never have become the
themes of panegyric. Aristogiton was a citizen of the
middle rank : Harmodius a youth distinguished by the
comeliness of his person. They were both sprung
from a house supposed to have been of Phoenician ori-
gin, were perhaps remotely allied to one another by
blood, and were united by ties of the closest intimacy.
The youth had received an outrage from Hipparchus,
which, in a better state of society, would have been
deemed the grossest that could have been offered him:
it roused, however, not so much the resentment as the
fears of his friend, lest Hipparchus should abuse his
power, to repeat and aggravate the insult. But Hip-
parchus, whose pride had been wounded by the con-
duct of Harmodius, contented himself with a less di-
rect mode of revenge; an affront aimed not at his per-
son, but at the honour of his family. By his orders,
the sister of Harmodius was invited to take part in a
procession, as bearer of one of the sacred vessels.
When, however, she presented herself in her festal
dress, she was publicly rejected, and dismissed as un-
worthy of the honour. This insult stung Harmodius
to the quick, and kindled the indignation of Aristogi-
ton. They resolved not only to wash it out with the
blood of the offender, but to engage in the desperate
enterprise, which had already been suggested by differ-
ent motives to the thoughts of Aristogiton, of over-
throwing the ruling dynasty. They communicated
? ? their plan to a few friends, who, promised their assist-
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? n ak
HAR
IK11rI1. ua, I. an early ar. J favoured friend of Alex-
ander (he Great. Having been left at Babylon as sa-
trap of the province, and treasurer of a more consider-
able portion of the empire, he abused his trust so gross-
ly, that, on the king's return, he was compelled to flee
hrough fear of punishment. He was accompanied hy
ix thousand soldiers, and with these he landed in La-
conia, in the hope, it may be supposed, of engaging
tl. s Lacedaemonians to renew their opposition to Al-
exander. Failing there of support, he left his army
and >><<;: to Athens as a suppliant, but carrying with
him money to a largo amount. His cause was taken
up by many eminent orators hostile to Alexander; and
Demosthenes himself, who had at first held back, was
prevailed upon to espouse it. It failed, however; the
Athenians adhered to the existing treaties; and Har-
palus, being obliged to quit Athens, carried his troops
into Crete, where ho perished by assassination. It
was aaid that his gold had been largely distributed
among his Athenian supporters, and a prosecution was
instituted against Demosthenes and hia associates, as
having been bribed to miscounsel the people. They
were convicted before the Areopagus; and Demos-
thenes, being fined in the sum of 50 talents (about
53,000 dollars), withdrew to ^Egina. (Fiji. Demos-
thenes--Diod. Sic. , 17, 108, seqq. )--II.
An astrono-
mer of Greece, who flourished about 400 BC. He
corrected the cycle of Cleostratus. This alteration,
from a revolution of eight to one of nine years, was,
in the fourth year of the eighty-second Olympiad, again
improved by Melon, who increased the cycle to a pe-
riod of nineteen years. (Vid. Meton. -- L'Art dt
verifier lea Dotes, vol. 3, p. 133. )
Harpalyck, the daughter of Harpalycus, king of
Thrrce. Her mother died when she was but a child,
and her father fed her with the milk of cows and mares,
and inured her to martial exercises, intending her for
his successor in the kingdom. When her father's
kingdom was invaded by Ncoptolemus, the son of
Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy with
znar. iy courage. The death of her father, which hap-
pen. '! in a sedition, rendered her disconsolate, she
fled 'he society of mankind, ahd lived in the forests
upOA plunder and rapine. Every attempt to secure
her jvoved fruitless, till her great swiftness was over-
conu by intercepting her with a net. After her death
the pt lple of the country disputed their respective right
to tht possessions she had acquired by rapine, and
gam. ;s weie subsequently instituted as an expiation
lor her death. (Hygin. , fob. , 193. --Virg. , JBn. , 1,
321. )
11. in fornixes, an Egyptian divinity, represented as
holding one finger on the lips, and thence commonly
deno. ninaled the God of Silence. The name Harpoc-
rates is said to designate the infant Horus, and to
mean " Horus with soft or delicate feel" (Har-phon-
krates, Har-phoch-rot, Har-pokrat). The god who
bore this appellation was confounded, at a later period
probably, with another earlier and superior deity,
PktaKSokari, the infant Phtah, equally surnamed Po-
kral. (Compare Jablonaki, Panth. , 1, p. 245, seqq. --
Creuztr's Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 1, pt. 2, p.
308. ) Porphyry (rfc antro Nymph. ) informs us, that
the Egyptians worshipped, under the symbol of silence,
the source of all things, and that hence came the mys-
terious statue of Harpocrates, with the finger on the
mouth. (Plot. , de Is. et Os. , p. 378. -- Constant, dc
? ? la Religion, vol. 3, p. 78. )
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? HAd
HEB
Umlua, wore not esteemed so honourable as the
lugun. When Julius Caesar admitted one of them,
Ruspina, into the senate, Cicero represents it as an
indignity to that order. Their art was called Harus-
r. Kim, or Haruspicum disaplma, and was derived
from Elruria, whence hams puts were often sent for to
Rome during the earlier periods of her history. They
wmetimes also came from the East: thus we have in
Juvenal, "Armenia* vel Commagemu huruspcx" (6,
549). The college of the haruspices was instituted
iv Romulus, according to the popular belief. Of
? hit number it consisted is uncertain. --The ordinary
jerivation of the terms haruspices and ezlispices makes
the former come from ara, "an altar," and specio,
"'o examine" or" observe;" and the latter from ezta,
"tU entrails" of the victim, and specio. Donatus,
Knrevrr (ad Terent. , Phorm. , 4, 28), gives a different
efyinoiogv for Haruspex, namely, from haruga (the
name of hostia, a victim) and specio. That the name
itself is not an Etrurian one, appears very evidently
from the Inscriplio Bilinguis, found at Pisaurum, in
which the words haruspex fulguriator are rendered
into Tuscan by nelmfif trutn/t phrunlac. (Mullcr,
Etrusker, vol. 2, p. 13, in notis. ) A critic in the Halle
Alg. Lit. Zeil. , 1824 (vol. 3, p. 45), condemns the
derivation from haruga, and deduces the name/arus-
ptr from a Tuscan word hen-, which lie makes equiva-
lent to Isacra, or the Greek term ffpoc. In inscrip-
tions, arespex and arrespcx also occur. (Compare
Crtazer, Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2, p. 467,
rUsDSCBAL (meaning in Punic "(whose) help (is)
oW"), I. a Carthaginian general, son of Mago, who!
tucceeded to the titles and glory of his father. It was
jnder his conduct that the Carthaginians carried the
war into Sardinia. He received a wound in that island
which caused his death, B. C. 420. (Justin, 19, 1. )
--II. Son of the preceding, made war upon the Nu-
midians, and freed Carthage from the tribute she had
seen compelled to pay for being permitted to establish
Mrself on the coast of Africa. (Justin, 19, 2 )--III.
A son of Hanno, sent into Sicily at the head of a pow-
erful army to oppose the Romans. He was defeated
by Metelius, the Roman proconsul, B. C. 251. Has-
crubal fled to Lilybceum, but was condemned to death
by his countrymen at home. (Id. ibid. )--IV. Son-in-
law of Hamilcar, distinguished himself under the or-
ders of that general in the war with Numidia. On the
the death of his father-in-law he was appointed com-
mander, and carried on military operations in Spain
during eight years. He reduced the greater part of
this country, and governed it with wisdom and pru-
dence. He founded Carthago Nova (Carlhagena).
The Romans, wishing to put a stop to his successes,
nai'. e a treaty with Carthage, by which the latter bound
herself not to carry ber arms beyond the Iberus. Has-
drubal faithfully observed the terms of this compact.
He was slain, B. C. 220, by a slave whose master he
sad put to death. (Lit. , 21, 2. --Polyb. , 2, 1. --Id. ,
3,12 --Id. , 2, 13. --Id. , 10, 10. )--V. Son of Hamil-
car, brought from Spain large reinforcements for his
? rotter Hannibal. He crossed the barrier of the Alps,
and arrived in Italy, but the consuls lavius Salinalor
and Claudius Nero, having intercepted the letters which
x had written to Hannibal, apprizing him of his arrival,
attacked bim near the river Metaurus, and gave him a
complete defeat, B. C. 208. Hasdrubal fell in the
Mitle, with 56,000 of his troops. The Romans lost
? ? ? bout 8000 men, and made 5400 prisoners. The head
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? H EC
HECAT. EUS.
,4, 1 Ij in Mount Rhodope. After receiving several
tributary streams, it falls into the iEgean, near the city
of . Enus. An estuary, which it forms at its mouth,
was known to Herodotus by the name of Stentoria
Palus (ZrevTopiSoc A. ipvti--7, 58. --Compare Plin. ,
4, 11). The Hcbrus is now called the Maritza. Dr.
Clarke found the Mantza a broad and muddy stream,
much swollen by rains. (Travels, vol. 8, p. 94, Lon-
don cd. ) Plutarch (dr. Fluv. ) states, that this river
once bore the name of Rhombus; and there grew upon
? ts banks, perhaps the identical plant now constituting
a principal part of the commerce of the country; be-
ing then used, as it is now. for its intoxicating quali-
ties. It is, moreover, related of the Hcbrus by Pliny
(33, 4), that its sands were auriferous; and Bclon has
confirmed this observation, by stating that the inhabi-
tants annually collected the sand for the gold it con-
tained. (Observat. en Greet, p. 63, Paris, 1655. )
According to the ancient mythologists, after Orpheus
had been torn in pieces by the Thracian Bacchantes,
his head and lyre were cast into the Hebrus, and, being
carried down that river to the sea, were borne by the
waves to Methymna, in the island of Lesbos. The
Methymneans buried the head of the unfortunate bard,
and suspended the lyre in the temple of Apollo. (Ovid,
Met. , 11, bb. --Philarg. ad Vrrg. , Gcorg. , 4, 523. --
Eustath. in Dionys. , v. 536. --Hygin. , Astron. Poet. ,
2, 7. ) Servius adds, that the head was at one time
carried to the bank of the river, and that a serpent
thereupon sought to devour it, but was changed into
stone, (ad Virg. , Gcorg. , I. c. ) Dr. Clarke thinks,
that this part of the old legend may have originated in
an appearance presented by ono of those extraneous
fossils called Serpent-stones or Ammonita, found near
this river. (Travels, vol. 8, p. 100, Land, ed. ) At
the junction of the Hebrus with the Tonsus and Ar-
discus, Orestes is said to have purified himself from
his mother's blood. (Vid. Orcstias. )
HecalesIa, a festival at Athens, in honour of Jupi-
ter Hecalesiua. It was instituted by Theseus, in com-
memoration of the kindness of Hccale towards him,
when he was going on his enterprise against the Ma-
cedonian bull. This Hecale was an aged female, ac-
cording to the common account, while others referred
the name to one of the borough towns of the I. eon-
tian tribe in Attica. (Steph. Byz. , s. v. --Pint. , Vit.
Thes. --Castellamis, de Fest. Grac. , p. 108.
place, the Romans were defeated with dreadful car-
nage, and with a loss which, as stated by Polybius, is
quite incredible; the whole of the infantry engaged in
battle, amounting to 70,000, was destroyed, with the
exception of 3000 men, who escaped to the neigh-
bouring cities, and also all the cavalry, with the ex-
? ? ception of 300 belorging to the allies, arid 70 that es-
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? HANNIBAt*
HANNIBAL.
me conduct ol the war had been followed, the result
cf the contest might have been different; but he was
only employed in a subordinate command, and had no
opportunity for the exertion of his great military tal-
ents. At the conclusion of this war Hannibal was
obliged to seek refuge at the court of Prusias, king of
Dithynia, where ho remained about five years, and on
or. c occasion obtained a victory over Eumenes, king of
Pergimus. Out the Romans appear to have been un-
tasy air long as their once formidable enemy was alive.
An embassy was sent to demand him of Prusias, who,
being afraid of offending the Romans, agreed to give
him up. To avoid falling into the hands of his ungen-
erous enemies, Hannibal destroyed himself by poison
at Nicomedia in Bithynia, B. C. 183, in the sixty-fifth
year of his age. The personal character of Hannibal
is only known to us from the events of his public life,
and even these have not been commemorated by any
historian of his own country; but we cannof read the
history of these campaigns, of which we have here
presented a mere outline, even in the narrative of his
enemies, without admiring his great abilities and cour-
age. Polybius remarks (lid. xi. ), "How wonderful
is it, that in a course of sixteen years, during which
he maintained the war in Italy, he should never once
dismiss his army from the field, and yet be able, like a
good governor, to keep in subjection so great a multi-
tude, and to confine them within the bounds of their
duty, so that they never mutinied against him nor
quarrelled among thcmsevles. Though his army was
composed of people of various countries, of Africans,
Spaniards, Gauls, Carthaginians, Italians, and Greeks
--men who had different laws, different customs, and
different language, and, in a word, nothing among
them that was common--yet, so dexterous was his
management, that, notwithstanding this great diversity,
he forced all of them to acknowledge one authority,
and to yield obedience to one command. And this, too,
be effected in the midst of very various fortune. How
high as well as just an opinion must these things con-
vey to us of his ability in war. It may be affirmed
with confidence, that if he had first tried his strength
in the other parts of the world, and had come laxt to at-
tack the Romans, he could scarcely have failed in any
part of his design. " (Polyb. , 3. --lb. , 7, 8, 9. -- lb. ,
14, 16. --Livy, 21-39-- Ncpos, Vil. Hannib. --En-
cyd. Us. Knowl. , vol. 12, p. 40, seq. )
The passage of the Alps by Hannibal has already
beet, alluded to in the course of the present article.
Before concluding the biography of the Carthaginian
general, it may not be amiss to direct the student's at-
tention more particularly to this point. "This won-
derful undertaking," observes a recent writer, " would
naturally have attracted great notice, if considered
only with reference to its general consequences, and
to its particular effects on the great contest carried on
between Rome and Carthage; for this march, which
carried the war from a distant province to the very
gates of the former, totally changed the character of
the struggle, and compelled the Romans to fight for
existence instead of territory. These events, however,
are not the only causes which have thrown so much
interest on the passage of the Alps by Hannibal; for
the doubt and uncertainty which have existed, even
from very re-note times, as to the road by which the
passage was effected; the numerous and distinguished
writers who have declared themselves on different sides
? ? of the question; the variation between the two great
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? HANNIBAL
HANNIBAL.
mwi of the most celebrated battle! and events re-
corded in Koman history From his thorough knowl-
edge of Polybius, he was early struck with the great
authority that his narrative carried with it, and he de-
termined, if possible, to set at rest the much agitated
question of the passage of the Alps by Hannibal. As
he perceived that no perusal of the historian, however
close and attentive, no critical sagacity and discern-
ment, could alone enable him to arrive at the truth,
unless he verified the observations of his author on the
same ground, and compared his descriptions with the
same scenes as those which that author had himself
visited and examined, the general surveyed attentively
all the known passages of the Alps, and more particu-
larly those which were best known to the ancients.
The result of all these observations was a firm convic-
tion that the passage of the Little St. Bernard was
that by which Hannibal had crossed over into Italy,
both as being most probable in itself, and also as agree-
ing beyond all comparison more closely than any other
with the description given by Polybius. The general
must be looked upon as the first who has solved the
problem in history. It is not, indeed, meant that he
was absolutely the first who made the Carthaginian
army penetrate by that pass into Italy, since the oldest
authority on this point, that of Coslius Antipater, rep-
resents it as having taken that route; hut it is affirmed
that he was the first to revive an opinion concerning
that passage, which, although existing in full force in
the traditions of the country itself, appears to have
been long laid aside as forgotten, and to have rested
that opmion on arguments the most solid and plausi-
ble. General Melville never published any account of
his observations, and they would most probably have
been lost to the world, had he not found in M. De Luc,
of Geneva, nephew of the laic distinguished philoso-
pher of that name, a person eminently qualified to un-
dertake the task which he himself declined, and even
materially to improve upon his labours. The very able
and learned work which that gentleman published at
Geneva in 1818, entitled Histoire du Passage ilcs
Alpet par Annibal, contains a very full and clear re-
port of the observations of General Melville, supported
by arguments and by evidence entirely original, and
which must be admitted by every candid and judicious
inquirer to be clear and conclusive. A second edition
of this work was published in 1825, considerably aug-
mented. " (Dissertation on the Passage of Hannibal
oter the Alps, by Wickkam and Cramer, pre/. , p. xi. ,
teqq. "i In the work here quoted, the route which Han-
nibal is conceived to have taken is staled as follows:
after crossing the Pyrenees at Bellegarde. he went to
Niemes, through Perpignan, Narbonne, Beziers, and
Montpellier, as nearly as possible in the exact track of
the jrreat Roman road. From Nismes he marched to
the Rhone, which he crossed at Roquemaurc, and then
went up the river to Vienne, or possibly a little higher.
From thence, marching across the flat country of Dau-
phiny in order to avoid the angle which the river makes
at Lyons, he rejoined it at St. Genis d'Aoustc. He
then crossed the Mont du Chat to Chambery, joined
the Isere at Montureillan, ascended it as far as Scez,
crossed the Little St. Bernard, and descended upon
Aosta and Ivrea by the banks of the Doria Baltca.
After halting for some time at Ivrea, he marched upon
Turin, which he took, and then prepared himself for
ulterior operations against the Romans (pre/. , p. xxii. ,
? ? se,/. ). The Alpis Graia, or Little St. Bernard, forms,
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? HAN
HANNO.
refuses o be. ieve, because Hannibal must have been
early acquainted with the retreat of the Remans to-
wards their fleet, and would not, in that case, have
marched to the north. The explanation of all this may
he found in Napoleon's own words: "La man-lie
d'Annibal depuis Colliourc jusqu'a Turin a ete toute
simple; ellc a ete cello d'un voyageur; il a pris la
route la plus courtc. " Hardly so, since the road by
Mont Genevre was shorter than that by Mont Cenis,
A he himself allows, a few pages before. In a word,
if we had no historical details to guide us, Napoleon
would probably be right; but as we profess to be
guided by those details, and as, from his omitting to
notice the greater part of them, he appears either to
have been ignorant of them, or to have been unable
to make them agree with his hypothesis, wo must
tome to the conclusion, that what he says rests upon
no proof, and is to be merely considered as the opinion
of a great general upon an hypothetical case. ( Wick-
ham and Cramer, p. 188, stqq )
Hanno (meaning in Punic "merciful" or "mild"'),
I. a commander sent by the Carthaginians on a voyage
of colonization and discovery along the Atlantic coast
of Africa. This expedition is generally supposed to
have taken place about 570 B. C. Gail, however,
places it between 633 and 530 B. C. (Gcogr. Gr.
Min , vol. 1, p. 82. ) On his return to Carthage, Han-
no deposited an account of his voyage in the temple of
Saturn. A translation of this account from the Punic
into the Greek tongue, has come down to us; and its
authenticity, attacked by Dodwell, has been defended
by Bougainville {Mem. Acad, des Inscr. , &c, vol. 26,
26), Falconer, and others. Gail also declares in its
favour, though he admits that the narrative may, and
probably does, contain many wilful deviations from the
truth, in accordance with the jealous policy of the Car-
thaginians in misleading other nations by erroneous
itaterrents. The title of the Greek work is as follows:
Avrrjvor, Kapxvfioviw fiaoMuc, r\epiir? . ove tuv
trip rdc 'HpaK? . iovc orr/Xac AihiKuv rrjc yfjc uepuv,
Jv Kal uvednnev iv r<p tov Kpovov rtftivet. "The
Voyage of Hanno, commander of the Carthaginians,
round the parts of Libya beyond the Pillars of Her-
cules, which he deposited in the temple of Saturn. "
With regard to the extent of coast actually explored
by this expedition, some remarks have been offered in
another article (vid. Africa, col. 2, p. 80); it remains
but to give an English version of the Periplus itself.
--" It was decreed by the Carthaginians," begins the
narrative, " that Hanno should undertake a voyage be-
yond the Pillars of Hercules, and found Libyphoenician
cities. He sailed accordingly with sixty ships of fifty
oars each, and a body of men and women to the num-
ber of thirty thousand, and provisions and other neces-
saries. When we had passed the Pillars on our voy-
age, and had sailed beyond them for two days, we
founded the first city, which we named Thymiaterium.
Below it lay an extensive plain. Proceeding thence
towards the west, we came to Solocis, a promontory
of Libya, a place thickly covered wilh trees, where we
erected a temple to Neptune : and again proceeded for
the space of half a day towards the coast, until we ar-
rived at a lake lying not far from the sea, and filled
with abundance of large reeds. Here elephants, and
a great number of other wild beasts were feeding
Having passed the lake about a day's sail, we founded
cities near the sea, called Cariconticos, arid Gytte,ahd
? ? Acra, and Melitta, and Arambys. Thence we came
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? H AK
11 A P.
will, at that period, be confined to the hollow parts of
the country only; and, when fired from above, will
have the appearance of rivers of fire running towards
the sea. The adventure of the hairy women presents
much less difficulty than did the others; since it is
weil known that a species of ape or baboon, agreeing
in description with those of Hanno, is found in the
'luarter referred to, which appears to have been near
Si;rra Leone. Nor did the interpreters call them tcom-
f<<, but gorilla: meaning no doubt to describe apes,
aid not human creatures possessing the gift of speech.
(Renncll, Geogr. of Herodotus,p. 720, seqq. )--II. A
Carthaginian commander, who aspired to the sover-
eignty in his native city. His design was discovered,
and he thereupon retired to a fortress, with 20,000
armed slaves, but was taken and put to death, with his
son and all his relations. {Justin, 21, 4. V--III. A
commander of the Carthaginian forces in Sicily along
wiiliBomiicar(B. C 310). He was defeated by Agath-
ocles, although he had 45,000 men under his orders,
and his opponent only about 14,000. {Justin, 22, 6. )
--IV. A Carthaginian commander, defeated by the
Romans near the jEgades Insula: (B. C. 242). On his
return home he was put to death. --V. A leader of the
faction it Carthage, opposed to the Barca family. He
voted for surrendering Hannibal to the foe, after the
ruin of Saguntum, and also for refusing succours to
that commander after the battle of Canna;. (Lib. , 21,
3--Id, 23, 12. )--VI. A Carthaginian, who, wishing
to pass for a god, trained up some birds, who were
taught by him to repeat the words, " Hanno is a god. "
He only succeeded in rendering himself ridiculous
[/Elian, Var. HtsL, 15, 32. )
Harxodius, an Athenian, who, together with Aris-
logiton, became the cause of the overthrow of the
Pisistratidx. The names of Harmodius and Aristo-
giton have Deen immortalized by the ignorant or prej-
udiced gratitude of the Athenians: in any other his-
tory they would perhaps have been consigned to ob-
livion, and wonld certainly never have become the
themes of panegyric. Aristogiton was a citizen of the
middle rank : Harmodius a youth distinguished by the
comeliness of his person. They were both sprung
from a house supposed to have been of Phoenician ori-
gin, were perhaps remotely allied to one another by
blood, and were united by ties of the closest intimacy.
The youth had received an outrage from Hipparchus,
which, in a better state of society, would have been
deemed the grossest that could have been offered him:
it roused, however, not so much the resentment as the
fears of his friend, lest Hipparchus should abuse his
power, to repeat and aggravate the insult. But Hip-
parchus, whose pride had been wounded by the con-
duct of Harmodius, contented himself with a less di-
rect mode of revenge; an affront aimed not at his per-
son, but at the honour of his family. By his orders,
the sister of Harmodius was invited to take part in a
procession, as bearer of one of the sacred vessels.
When, however, she presented herself in her festal
dress, she was publicly rejected, and dismissed as un-
worthy of the honour. This insult stung Harmodius
to the quick, and kindled the indignation of Aristogi-
ton. They resolved not only to wash it out with the
blood of the offender, but to engage in the desperate
enterprise, which had already been suggested by differ-
ent motives to the thoughts of Aristogiton, of over-
throwing the ruling dynasty. They communicated
? ? their plan to a few friends, who, promised their assist-
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? n ak
HAR
IK11rI1. ua, I. an early ar. J favoured friend of Alex-
ander (he Great. Having been left at Babylon as sa-
trap of the province, and treasurer of a more consider-
able portion of the empire, he abused his trust so gross-
ly, that, on the king's return, he was compelled to flee
hrough fear of punishment. He was accompanied hy
ix thousand soldiers, and with these he landed in La-
conia, in the hope, it may be supposed, of engaging
tl. s Lacedaemonians to renew their opposition to Al-
exander. Failing there of support, he left his army
and >><<;: to Athens as a suppliant, but carrying with
him money to a largo amount. His cause was taken
up by many eminent orators hostile to Alexander; and
Demosthenes himself, who had at first held back, was
prevailed upon to espouse it. It failed, however; the
Athenians adhered to the existing treaties; and Har-
palus, being obliged to quit Athens, carried his troops
into Crete, where ho perished by assassination. It
was aaid that his gold had been largely distributed
among his Athenian supporters, and a prosecution was
instituted against Demosthenes and hia associates, as
having been bribed to miscounsel the people. They
were convicted before the Areopagus; and Demos-
thenes, being fined in the sum of 50 talents (about
53,000 dollars), withdrew to ^Egina. (Fiji. Demos-
thenes--Diod. Sic. , 17, 108, seqq. )--II.
An astrono-
mer of Greece, who flourished about 400 BC. He
corrected the cycle of Cleostratus. This alteration,
from a revolution of eight to one of nine years, was,
in the fourth year of the eighty-second Olympiad, again
improved by Melon, who increased the cycle to a pe-
riod of nineteen years. (Vid. Meton. -- L'Art dt
verifier lea Dotes, vol. 3, p. 133. )
Harpalyck, the daughter of Harpalycus, king of
Thrrce. Her mother died when she was but a child,
and her father fed her with the milk of cows and mares,
and inured her to martial exercises, intending her for
his successor in the kingdom. When her father's
kingdom was invaded by Ncoptolemus, the son of
Achilles, she repelled and defeated the enemy with
znar. iy courage. The death of her father, which hap-
pen. '! in a sedition, rendered her disconsolate, she
fled 'he society of mankind, ahd lived in the forests
upOA plunder and rapine. Every attempt to secure
her jvoved fruitless, till her great swiftness was over-
conu by intercepting her with a net. After her death
the pt lple of the country disputed their respective right
to tht possessions she had acquired by rapine, and
gam. ;s weie subsequently instituted as an expiation
lor her death. (Hygin. , fob. , 193. --Virg. , JBn. , 1,
321. )
11. in fornixes, an Egyptian divinity, represented as
holding one finger on the lips, and thence commonly
deno. ninaled the God of Silence. The name Harpoc-
rates is said to designate the infant Horus, and to
mean " Horus with soft or delicate feel" (Har-phon-
krates, Har-phoch-rot, Har-pokrat). The god who
bore this appellation was confounded, at a later period
probably, with another earlier and superior deity,
PktaKSokari, the infant Phtah, equally surnamed Po-
kral. (Compare Jablonaki, Panth. , 1, p. 245, seqq. --
Creuztr's Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 1, pt. 2, p.
308. ) Porphyry (rfc antro Nymph. ) informs us, that
the Egyptians worshipped, under the symbol of silence,
the source of all things, and that hence came the mys-
terious statue of Harpocrates, with the finger on the
mouth. (Plot. , de Is. et Os. , p. 378. -- Constant, dc
? ? la Religion, vol. 3, p. 78. )
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? HAd
HEB
Umlua, wore not esteemed so honourable as the
lugun. When Julius Caesar admitted one of them,
Ruspina, into the senate, Cicero represents it as an
indignity to that order. Their art was called Harus-
r. Kim, or Haruspicum disaplma, and was derived
from Elruria, whence hams puts were often sent for to
Rome during the earlier periods of her history. They
wmetimes also came from the East: thus we have in
Juvenal, "Armenia* vel Commagemu huruspcx" (6,
549). The college of the haruspices was instituted
iv Romulus, according to the popular belief. Of
? hit number it consisted is uncertain. --The ordinary
jerivation of the terms haruspices and ezlispices makes
the former come from ara, "an altar," and specio,
"'o examine" or" observe;" and the latter from ezta,
"tU entrails" of the victim, and specio. Donatus,
Knrevrr (ad Terent. , Phorm. , 4, 28), gives a different
efyinoiogv for Haruspex, namely, from haruga (the
name of hostia, a victim) and specio. That the name
itself is not an Etrurian one, appears very evidently
from the Inscriplio Bilinguis, found at Pisaurum, in
which the words haruspex fulguriator are rendered
into Tuscan by nelmfif trutn/t phrunlac. (Mullcr,
Etrusker, vol. 2, p. 13, in notis. ) A critic in the Halle
Alg. Lit. Zeil. , 1824 (vol. 3, p. 45), condemns the
derivation from haruga, and deduces the name/arus-
ptr from a Tuscan word hen-, which lie makes equiva-
lent to Isacra, or the Greek term ffpoc. In inscrip-
tions, arespex and arrespcx also occur. (Compare
Crtazer, Symbolik, par Guigniaut, vol. 2, p. 467,
rUsDSCBAL (meaning in Punic "(whose) help (is)
oW"), I. a Carthaginian general, son of Mago, who!
tucceeded to the titles and glory of his father. It was
jnder his conduct that the Carthaginians carried the
war into Sardinia. He received a wound in that island
which caused his death, B. C. 420. (Justin, 19, 1. )
--II. Son of the preceding, made war upon the Nu-
midians, and freed Carthage from the tribute she had
seen compelled to pay for being permitted to establish
Mrself on the coast of Africa. (Justin, 19, 2 )--III.
A son of Hanno, sent into Sicily at the head of a pow-
erful army to oppose the Romans. He was defeated
by Metelius, the Roman proconsul, B. C. 251. Has-
crubal fled to Lilybceum, but was condemned to death
by his countrymen at home. (Id. ibid. )--IV. Son-in-
law of Hamilcar, distinguished himself under the or-
ders of that general in the war with Numidia. On the
the death of his father-in-law he was appointed com-
mander, and carried on military operations in Spain
during eight years. He reduced the greater part of
this country, and governed it with wisdom and pru-
dence. He founded Carthago Nova (Carlhagena).
The Romans, wishing to put a stop to his successes,
nai'. e a treaty with Carthage, by which the latter bound
herself not to carry ber arms beyond the Iberus. Has-
drubal faithfully observed the terms of this compact.
He was slain, B. C. 220, by a slave whose master he
sad put to death. (Lit. , 21, 2. --Polyb. , 2, 1. --Id. ,
3,12 --Id. , 2, 13. --Id. , 10, 10. )--V. Son of Hamil-
car, brought from Spain large reinforcements for his
? rotter Hannibal. He crossed the barrier of the Alps,
and arrived in Italy, but the consuls lavius Salinalor
and Claudius Nero, having intercepted the letters which
x had written to Hannibal, apprizing him of his arrival,
attacked bim near the river Metaurus, and gave him a
complete defeat, B. C. 208. Hasdrubal fell in the
Mitle, with 56,000 of his troops. The Romans lost
? ? ? bout 8000 men, and made 5400 prisoners. The head
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? H EC
HECAT. EUS.
,4, 1 Ij in Mount Rhodope. After receiving several
tributary streams, it falls into the iEgean, near the city
of . Enus. An estuary, which it forms at its mouth,
was known to Herodotus by the name of Stentoria
Palus (ZrevTopiSoc A. ipvti--7, 58. --Compare Plin. ,
4, 11). The Hcbrus is now called the Maritza. Dr.
Clarke found the Mantza a broad and muddy stream,
much swollen by rains. (Travels, vol. 8, p. 94, Lon-
don cd. ) Plutarch (dr. Fluv. ) states, that this river
once bore the name of Rhombus; and there grew upon
? ts banks, perhaps the identical plant now constituting
a principal part of the commerce of the country; be-
ing then used, as it is now. for its intoxicating quali-
ties. It is, moreover, related of the Hcbrus by Pliny
(33, 4), that its sands were auriferous; and Bclon has
confirmed this observation, by stating that the inhabi-
tants annually collected the sand for the gold it con-
tained. (Observat. en Greet, p. 63, Paris, 1655. )
According to the ancient mythologists, after Orpheus
had been torn in pieces by the Thracian Bacchantes,
his head and lyre were cast into the Hebrus, and, being
carried down that river to the sea, were borne by the
waves to Methymna, in the island of Lesbos. The
Methymneans buried the head of the unfortunate bard,
and suspended the lyre in the temple of Apollo. (Ovid,
Met. , 11, bb. --Philarg. ad Vrrg. , Gcorg. , 4, 523. --
Eustath. in Dionys. , v. 536. --Hygin. , Astron. Poet. ,
2, 7. ) Servius adds, that the head was at one time
carried to the bank of the river, and that a serpent
thereupon sought to devour it, but was changed into
stone, (ad Virg. , Gcorg. , I. c. ) Dr. Clarke thinks,
that this part of the old legend may have originated in
an appearance presented by ono of those extraneous
fossils called Serpent-stones or Ammonita, found near
this river. (Travels, vol. 8, p. 100, Land, ed. ) At
the junction of the Hebrus with the Tonsus and Ar-
discus, Orestes is said to have purified himself from
his mother's blood. (Vid. Orcstias. )
HecalesIa, a festival at Athens, in honour of Jupi-
ter Hecalesiua. It was instituted by Theseus, in com-
memoration of the kindness of Hccale towards him,
when he was going on his enterprise against the Ma-
cedonian bull. This Hecale was an aged female, ac-
cording to the common account, while others referred
the name to one of the borough towns of the I. eon-
tian tribe in Attica. (Steph. Byz. , s. v. --Pint. , Vit.
Thes. --Castellamis, de Fest. Grac. , p. 108.
