She had a
tremendous
amount of scope, both intellectually and individually.
Adorno-T-Authoritarian-Personality-Harper-Bros-1950
"
Low-scoring subjects, on the other hand, in seeking companionship with the opposite sex, more often manifest some measure of fondness. This at- titude, shown by the following protocols, tends to increase in longer and more intimate relationships, as indicated by the statement of M42 that "a successful marriage certainly leads to familiarity but not to contempt. "
The necessity of frankness in marriage is emphasized by Msg: "When I do meet the one girl for me, I shall explain all my past life to her, because I do not believe that happiness can be based on lies. " The frankness but also the compulsive feature in this statement are characteristic of the type of low scorer with neurotic features (see below).
Another low scorer shows love and respect for a woman in spite of the fact that the marriage did not work out:
Mso: " A t that time I was too self-centered t~ be in love with anyone. . . . I did admire and respect and like her . . . but we never should have gotten married. . . . Today I think we could have a better chance of making a go of it . . . because I have grown up sufficiently. "
This record further shows the inclination toward self-blame and intra- punitiveness often found in low scorers.
Real love and common interest with her husband is stressed by:
F3o: "I thought was wonderful. He was so brilliant and his ideas and aspirations and mine were just alike. . . . W e were all good companions and chums, and and I had settled all the world's problems but we had never really talked about ourselves. "
6. EXPLOITIVE MANIPULA TION FOR POWER
In their relations to the opposite sex as in other interpersonal relationships, high scorers tend toward an exploitive-manipulative type of power orienta- tion. There is more of a warm and affectionate "love-seeking" attitude in the low scorers. Differences with respect to this pair of opposites (Category
(26) are statistically highly significant (r per cent level) for both men and women.
Thus, the traits which high-scoring men tend to emphasize in women are the giving of material benefits and submissiveness ("sweet," "kind and gen- erous"), along with purity ("wholesome") and conventionality. They ex- pect to get something from women often without giving much in return. As in the attitude toward their parents, it is again a dependence oriented primarily toward material benefits rather than a dependence stemming from the wish to give or to receive love, although the latter tendencies are by no means completely squelched. Examples are:
M4o: (What sort of woman would you like to marry? ) "Wealthy woman? . Other
? SEX, PEOPLE, AND SELF SEEN THROUGH INTERVIEWS 40I
requirements? ) Well, I'd like . her to be maximum 35, preferably anywhere between 28 and 30. (Any other specifications? ) I'll take that as it comes. "
M45: "Was married three times. The first time in _ _ at eighteen. It lasted six weeks. My panner in a dance walkathon. Married on the floor, no love, but received money for it from the spectators. . . . Sex relationship was more enjoyable than with either of my other wives. "
In line with this, the traits which the typical high-scoring woman tends to desire in men are likewise primarily instrumental in getting the things she wants. They are: hard-working, "go-getting," energetic, "a good per- sonality," (conventionally) moral, "clean-cut," deferent toward women. The next record shows clearly the two-sided nature of the demands high-scoring women tend to make upon a man. On the one hand, he must have a strong drive in order to get things for her; on the other, he must be deferent and "thoughtful. "
F7z: (Q) "Fine boy. Father a writer; grandfather secretary of Canal; very wealthy family but he doesn't have the drive and ambition that I want; I just have to have more drive; somebody who doesn't have to lean on me. I had the feel- ing that if I walked away he would collapse. (War changed him? ) He has more ambition but not the drive-l haven't seen him for a long time; that's why I haven't
made any decision. Here you mingle with boys who have so much push and drive; another boy here has everything except that he isn't thoughtful like. . . . I've got to have someone who isn't selfish. I'm not critical-! know I'm not. "
This as well as the next two records of other high-scoring women illus- trate the inherently opportunistic point of view, the looking at men from the standpoint, above all, of social status and the ability to furnish support:
F22: "I'm going to look (among other things) for the fellow's views on support- ing me. I'd like to marry someone, for instance, who is going into a profession- maybe a doctor. (Engagement? ) It didn't take me long to get over it. His father died when he was 3; his mother was 40 when he was born. Father left mother lots of money. He was a playboy, worked but borrowed money from his mother. He was pretty much attached to his mother's apron strings. W e were engaged 7 or 8 months. I'm not demanding, but he was selfish. We argued more and more, broke up by mutual consent. I learned a lot from it-not to go into things blindly. "
F31: "But there is one thing that is bothering me. Saturday night I had a blind date, and I liked him a lot; only he is a sailor and my boy friend is an officer. It's not that I'm conscious of gold braid. . . . (Marriage? ) Well, I'd like someone . . . with a good personality who mixes well with people. Someone who at the same time is serious about the future. My boy friend is an engineer. "
By contrast, low-scoring subjects tend to emphasize as desired traits com- panionship, common interest, warmth, sociability, sexual love, understand- ing, presence of liberal values. Sometimes their quest for love is so intense and unrealistic that it becomes a source of disappointment to them. This search for the "great romantic love" seems to be based on a wish to restore a successful early relation with a parent, based on nurturance and succor-
? THE AUTHORIT ARIAN PERSONALITY
ance. As they were found to be for parents, expressions of passionate love for sex partners are generally infrequent in our interview material, however. Two records may suffice to illustrate, each in its own way, the different quality of what low-scoring subjects expect from their partners as well as a
certain pervasive tendency toward self-blame.
F34: She talks of looking forward to marriage and children eventually, but she has modest financial requirements for a husband. She has had many boy friends and is the "romantic type. " "I always want to feel this is my great love-and then it isn't. That sort of thing is all right when you are in school. But nowadays when your boy friend goes away to war and you write letters and build up a lot of things that may not even be there-it isn't fair to either person. " She has been "sort of engaged" for two years to a boy she knew in school. He has been overseas in the navy and they have written regularly-romantic letters. She goes out with other boys and he knows this and doesn't object. She hasn't fallen in love with anyone else, but her worry is that her feeling for him is not love. He came home on furlough, and his family, who live in now, had her come down to their home and stay there for several days while he was there. She feels that he sensed that she did not feel the same, and yet she could not bring herself to say anything. She believes this was very cowardly of her and shows an absence of character. She thinks it is quite possible the boy's feelings have changed too, "but why can't people be honest about things like that? And now he is gone and nothing is settled. "
M44: Subject says that in visiting someone at the hospital, his wife seems to know naturally just how to act toward the person, or, at a public meeting1mows just what kind of questions to ask to draw the person out further instead of shutting him up. "And she is a helper, she is the helpingest person, the most willing and helping person that I've ever known. "
7. CONVENTIONALITY VS. INDIVIDUALISM
Again, as in other areas of life, the values of high-scoring subjects with respect to sex tend to be conventionally determined as opposed to the more individualized values of low-scoring subjects (Category 2 7). This variable differentiates significantly (at the I per cent level) between high- and low- scoring men; a similar trend, I 8 positive and 7 negative instances, is found in women; because of the large proportion of "Neutrals," however, the dif- ference is not statistically significant.
The following records show that in the choice of their mates high-scoring subjects tend to place a great deal of emphasis on socioeconomic status, church membership, and conformity with conventional values. The accent is on what is generally socially approved and accepted. Thus the men expect their future wives to stay home, take care of house and children, and attend church. This tendency is often found in the same men who show evidence of primitive and crude sex experience, outside of marriage (see above).
The conventional approach to marriage is best illustrated by the follow- ing records of high-scoring women:
Fp: "Well, I think that because of the society in which we live, young people
? SEX, PEOPLE, AND SELF SEEN THROUGH INTERVIEWS 403
miss a great deal by not being married in the church of their faith. They lose the reverence for marriage and don't learn the true meaning of ? the marriage vows, when it is done so commercially (in a public office). I think that when people are married in church-by that I don't mean a large wedding necessarily-they have one of the most beautiful experiences of their lives. . . . The thing which the church can teach youth is 'to choose. '" By this, she means principally the choice between right and wrong, but also to choose one's friends. "In a church group one meets the right kind of young people; not the kind who hang around the lake shore at night. "
F78: "It was just love at first sight. He has brown hair, brown eyes, white teeth, not handsome, but good clean-cut looking; beautiful smile; mixes well, easy to get along with but has a will of his own. He's lots of fun, interested in everything. He's a high school graduate, now a mechanic in the ground crew of the Naval Air Transport. He wants to go into something in the mechanical line. Before the war he was an apprentice in the auto industry. . . . " The vocation of her husband really wouldn't matter. She thinks boy friend has good chances of getting along, definitely. She would like a profession-"sort of middle class. "
F74: "Too much emotional feeling involved under these conditions. " (Desirable traits? ) Boy friend should be about the same socioeconomic status. They should enjoy doing the same things and get along without too many quarrels.
Or in high-scoring men:
Ms8: (Wife like? ) "Very good person. She has gone to church, and has con- tinued to . . . ever since the child was born. A very good wife, good mother, and darned good cook. Considerate of my folks . . . helped my mother with money, of her own accord. (What do wife and subject offer each other? ) Well, I'll be dog- goned if I know. Doesn't seem as if any bonds at all. Just she belongs there and so do I. "
M2o: "In my mind, there's no doubt about it. Woman's place is in the home. . . . To keep up a home and make it right and a man should be able to provide for the family. . . . A woman has no business working whatsoever. "
In contrast with the stereotyped and conventional description of their desired or real mates given by the high-scoring subjects, the typical low- scoring subject takes a much more individualized attitude, as shown in the following quotations:
M53: (What sort of girl appeals to you? ) "I don't know. . . . I think I like the ones with more independent spirit. (Q) Well, looks, charm (laughs), humor and a cer- tain freedom of spirit. In thought, I think, more than in action. . . . (Present fiancee? ) Awfully hard to say when you're sold on a girl. . . . Seems to have all the things I like . . . fun to be with, brains, pretty. She likes me, which is important. We share things together. Music, reading, swimming, dancing. Most of the things we do don't require too much energy, which makes it good. "
Mso: (What about your first wife? ) "She was an artist also and a really thorough- going individual.
She had a tremendous amount of scope, both intellectually and individually. She is looking for something too. Not as serious as my case, just the case of a girl marrying the wrong person. "
M44: (What sort of person is your wife? ) (laughs) "She's a little bit easy to hurt or touchy about some things. . . . The most admirable thing, the most attractive thing about her is her hands. She has very small, delicate hands. She uses them very well and they're very expressive . . . and she also does things very fast, adept, sews
? THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
very well, very domestic, very much the mother. She was never really herself until she had this child, never really complete. "
M2: (Ideal woman? ) "She has to be (I) intelligent, (2) mature, (3) emotionally stable, (4) have adequate physiological characteristics, as well as have (5) culture and personality that goes with this. She should have at least as broad an inter- est and experience as my own, if not broader. She should have a maximum of femi- ninity, since we're all bisexual. You can think of it in terms of a polyfactorial setup (subject then quotes Rosanoff's theory of four factors in sex). "
The preceding descriptions by low-scoring subjects of their real ~r ideal mates reveal a conception of real people and an expectation of finding a person with "independent opinions" and "independent spirit. "
8. SUMMARY
Summarizing the attitude of the typical high-scoring subject toward mem-
bers of the opposite sex, the following may be said: A lack of individuation and of real object relationship can be found in the field of sex as it was previously found in the attitude toward the parents. It is this lack which may be called upon to explain the attitudes described above, such as the relative isolation of sexual impulses from the rest of the personality, the paucity of affection, and the somewhat exploitive, manipulative approach in the choice of a mate. Much of this may be understood in terms of disappoint- ments which apparently had been experienced by many of the extreme high- scorers in their first love-relations, those with their parents.
The same ambivalence which was found in the attitude toward parents can be found again in the sexual domain. Again there is surface admiration, coupled with underlying resentment against the other sex. Ambivalence also tends to be handled by establishing two separate images, one positive and one negative (good and bad women), without, however, being able really to love either of them.
Status-concern and conventionalized values again become predominant and take the place of a genuine and individualized approach. The expecta- tions of qualities in oneself and in one's mate are quite stereotyped and rigid. Shortcomings in these respects are faced as little as they are in other fields. Thus, as pointed out above, high-scoring subjects often think of themselves as the ideal representation of the conventional conception of their sex role.
The attitudes of the low-scoring subjects reveal a rather different picture, though it is much less clear-cut than that of the high scorers. In other words, the "High" variants of the categories in question are often more typical for the high-scoring subjects than the "Low" variants are for the low-scoring sub- jects. On the whole, our low scorers tend toward a more individualized, more internalized, more love-oriented approach toward their mates. (See also Chapter X. )
This does not mean, however, that in most of the cases their problems in
? SEX, PEOPLE, AND SELF SEEN THROUGH INTERVIEWS 405
this field are readily solved. On the contrary, some of the records of low- scoring subjects quoted above reveal a great deal of conflict in this area. Such subjects refer rather frankly to their inadequacies, inhibitions, and failures in sex adjustment. There also is evidence of ambivalence toward one's own sex role and toward the opposite sex although this ambivalence is of a different, more internalized kind from the combination of overt admiration and underlying disrespect characteristic of high scorers. Its clearest repre- sentation is the conflict of the man about his passivity and of the woman about her tendency to follow masculine interests. Ambivalence toward the other sex seems in low scorers often to be the consequence of an overly intense search for love that is not easily satisfied.
Low-scoring men sometimes seem to long for a restoration, in a close relationship with a woman, of the type of love they received from the mother, and this may become a source of dissatisfaction. As Krout and Stagner (65) have shown, male liberals claim less . difficulty in expressing their affection for women and show preference for women of equal status. At the same time they experience more frustration in their love relations.
Low-scoring women, on the other hand, sometimes develop a conflict between the satisfactions derived from emotional dependence on the man and a striving for independence that leads to competition with men.
However, in spite of these conflicts, retardations, and ambivalences, there seems to be more actual or potential heterosexuality in low scorers. The interview material reveals a more genuine and more personalized relationship to members of the other sex, more fondness and ability to love in sexual relationships, more ego-accepted sensuality. Conflicts and inadequacies, being faced more openly, have a greater chance of being worked out successfully.
Since the typical low-scoring man more readily accepts his own femininity than the high scorer, and the low-scoring woman her masculine strivings, one important source of hidden aggression toward the opposite sex-and toward other people generally, as it seems-is reduced.
B. A TTITUDE TOW ARD PEOPLE
1. DEFINITION OF RA TING CA TEGORIES AND
QUANTITATIVE RESULTS
The part of the Scoring Manual covering social attitudes toward people in general is? as follows:
INTERVIEWSCORING MANUAL: A TTITUDE TOW ARD PEOPLE (to Table z(XI))
PRESUMABLY "HIGH" VARIANTS PRESUMABLY "Low" VARIANTS z8. Moralistic condemnation 28. Permissiveness toward individ- uals; rejections rationalized by
reference to principles.
? THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY 29a. Extrapunitiveness 29a. lmpunitiveness
29b.
30. Distrust-suspicion, people as 30. threatening; victimization; sur- vival of fittest idea, world as jungle
lntrapunitiveness; excessive guilt - feelings and self- re- proach
Trustingness. Openness; peo- ple essentially "good" until proved otherwise
3I a. Hierarchical conception of hu- man relations
3I b. Heroworshipofacquaintances 32a. Diffuse, ego-alien dependence;
non -love-seeking
32b. Exploitive- manipulative op-
3I a. Equalitarianism-mutuality
32a. Focal, love-seeking succorance
32b. Personalized nurturance
portunism
a. Status acceptable or admirable (economic or social)
b. Moral-conventional: clean-cut, good manners, emphasis on honesty, poise, control
a. Acceptable on grounds of in- trinsic worth; companionship and common interests; intel- lectual-aesthetic approach; "easy-going" traits; social awareness and insight; liberal
values
32c. Genuine object-cathexis 33? Traits desired in friends:
As can be seen from Table 2(XI), the eleven categories in this area dif- ferentiate satisfactorily, on the whole, the two extreme groups that make up our sample of interviewees.
2. MORALISTIC CONDEMNA TION VS. PERMISSIVENESS
High-scoring individuals were found to tend toward a moralistic con- demnation of other people while permissiveness toward individuals is more common in our low scorers (Category 28). For both men and women this difference is quite significant (I per cent level). For men there are 30 posi- tive instances as contrasted with only 4 negative ones ("positive" and "nega- tive" in the sense defined in the last section of Chapter IX); for women, the proportion is 24 to 6.
It is easy to understand why condemnation of people, based on an external and conventional set of values, should be closely connected with prejudice; in fact, such an attitude seems close to being the very essence of prejudice.
The records, quoted below, of subjects scoring high on overt ethno- centrism illustrate a readiness to condemn others on such external bases as absence of good manners, uncleanliness, "twitching the shoulders," saying "inappropriate" things (inappropriate, as will be seen, on a superficial level only), and so forth.
The statements show a great deal of indulgence in what is seen as "righteous indignation" about people considered as inferior. This indignation seems to serve the double purpose of externalizing what is unacceptable in oneself,
? Interview ratin~ cate~ories (abbreviated from Manual)
Sex
Number o f "High"(H} and "Low" (L} ratin~s received b~
Sums o{ instances Level 'of statistj. gal
"positive? ? negative? si~nificance reached
(percentage)
28. Moralistic condemnation(H) vs. Men
3 3
1 2
3 3
2 1
16 30 4 1 10 24 6 1
. . It 26 2 1
. ! . ! . ! ! . 4
1_~1 . ? _ . . . ? . . 2
14 285 1 . ll 28 7 1
11 233 1 11 243 1
permissiveness(L)
29a. Extrapunitiveness(H) \"S? impunitiveness(L)
29b. Intropunitiveness(L)
30. Distrust-suspicion(H) vs. trustingness
Women
Men Women
Men Women
Men Women
31a. Hierarchical conception(H) vs. Men equalitarianism-mutuality(L) Women
31b. Hero worship of acquaintances(H) Men Women
32a. Dependence, diffuse, ego-alien Men (H) vs~ focal, love-seeking(L) Women
32b. Exploitive-manipulation(H) vs. Men
1 . l1 0 . L0
personalized nurturance(L) 32c. Genuine object-cathexis(L)
Traits desired in friends: 33a. Status(H) vs. intrinsic
w o r t h ( L )
33b. Moral-convent ional(H)
Women
. ! l . ! .
3 3
3 1
1 0
TABLE 2 (XI)
INTERVIEW RATINGS ON ATTITUDE TOWARD PEOPLE
FUR 80 SUBJECTS SOORING EXTRFMELY "HIGH" OR "LOW" ON THE E'mNIC PREJUDICE QUESTIONNAIRE SCALE
20 men and 25 women ? high scorers" H L
14 1 14 3
17 1 15 2
1 2
14 2
. m 4
121 132
. 1 1
14 3 lQ 3
20 men and 15 women
? 1ow scorers" H L
10 24 6 1 1: I7 4 5
l! . ll. 4 . ! l ll 3
2 16234 1 0 10203 1
Men
Women 3 J! . 8 3
Men 7 Women 10
1
2 3
13 13 1 5
4 11 4
Men 11
Women11 3 IT3
? THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
and of displacing one's hostility which otherwise might turn against powerful "ingroups," e. g. , the parents.
Furthermore, the subsequent records presented in the following contain statements referring to a positive ideal of how one should behave, the essence of which is expressed by one of the subjects in this group who demands that everybody should have a "set of rules"; these rules turn out to be determined either by convention or by a shallow interpretation of church dogma. The emphasis on conventional values is found in the respectable as well as in the delinquent high scorer (prison inmate; see also Chapter XXI).
Examples, for the various aspects listed, from the records of high-scoring male prison inmates follow:
M4o: (What things offend you most in other people? ) "Just that they're people. (Meaning? ) Oh, the majority are ignorant, close to animals as anything else. I mean dumb animals. (Q) They haven't got sense enough to see things as they are; they are easily swayed, crude, uncouth; they are like a pack. Show 'em a leader and they
will go anywhere. (Are most people like this? ) Records show it. (What records? ) Statistics. (Q) Like in here (prison). The average IQ is something around 50 or 6o. Very, very low. . . . They carry a knife and cut some poor son-of-a-bitch, and think they're tough. . . . "
M41: (What do you find most offensive in others? ) "Well, some people are more attractive than others. Some people have no attraction. Don't take care of them? ? selves. Don't keep clean. Don't have manners. . . . "
M45: (What do you find most irritating in others? ) "Petty habits. (What do you mean? ) I've noticed some people have a habit of snorting or as if their nose is always running or twitching their shoulders or my wife's habit of picking at things with her fingernails. (Others? ) Not being able to tend to their own business, not having sense enough to understand, to know when they're imposing on you. . . . It's changed around here (in prison) now, getting so many of these young kids, zootsuiters, don't have any tact at all. . . . (What else? ) Greed, I can't stand anyone who will take something without thinking about the other person . . .
Low-scoring subjects, on the other hand, in seeking companionship with the opposite sex, more often manifest some measure of fondness. This at- titude, shown by the following protocols, tends to increase in longer and more intimate relationships, as indicated by the statement of M42 that "a successful marriage certainly leads to familiarity but not to contempt. "
The necessity of frankness in marriage is emphasized by Msg: "When I do meet the one girl for me, I shall explain all my past life to her, because I do not believe that happiness can be based on lies. " The frankness but also the compulsive feature in this statement are characteristic of the type of low scorer with neurotic features (see below).
Another low scorer shows love and respect for a woman in spite of the fact that the marriage did not work out:
Mso: " A t that time I was too self-centered t~ be in love with anyone. . . . I did admire and respect and like her . . . but we never should have gotten married. . . . Today I think we could have a better chance of making a go of it . . . because I have grown up sufficiently. "
This record further shows the inclination toward self-blame and intra- punitiveness often found in low scorers.
Real love and common interest with her husband is stressed by:
F3o: "I thought was wonderful. He was so brilliant and his ideas and aspirations and mine were just alike. . . . W e were all good companions and chums, and and I had settled all the world's problems but we had never really talked about ourselves. "
6. EXPLOITIVE MANIPULA TION FOR POWER
In their relations to the opposite sex as in other interpersonal relationships, high scorers tend toward an exploitive-manipulative type of power orienta- tion. There is more of a warm and affectionate "love-seeking" attitude in the low scorers. Differences with respect to this pair of opposites (Category
(26) are statistically highly significant (r per cent level) for both men and women.
Thus, the traits which high-scoring men tend to emphasize in women are the giving of material benefits and submissiveness ("sweet," "kind and gen- erous"), along with purity ("wholesome") and conventionality. They ex- pect to get something from women often without giving much in return. As in the attitude toward their parents, it is again a dependence oriented primarily toward material benefits rather than a dependence stemming from the wish to give or to receive love, although the latter tendencies are by no means completely squelched. Examples are:
M4o: (What sort of woman would you like to marry? ) "Wealthy woman? . Other
? SEX, PEOPLE, AND SELF SEEN THROUGH INTERVIEWS 40I
requirements? ) Well, I'd like . her to be maximum 35, preferably anywhere between 28 and 30. (Any other specifications? ) I'll take that as it comes. "
M45: "Was married three times. The first time in _ _ at eighteen. It lasted six weeks. My panner in a dance walkathon. Married on the floor, no love, but received money for it from the spectators. . . . Sex relationship was more enjoyable than with either of my other wives. "
In line with this, the traits which the typical high-scoring woman tends to desire in men are likewise primarily instrumental in getting the things she wants. They are: hard-working, "go-getting," energetic, "a good per- sonality," (conventionally) moral, "clean-cut," deferent toward women. The next record shows clearly the two-sided nature of the demands high-scoring women tend to make upon a man. On the one hand, he must have a strong drive in order to get things for her; on the other, he must be deferent and "thoughtful. "
F7z: (Q) "Fine boy. Father a writer; grandfather secretary of Canal; very wealthy family but he doesn't have the drive and ambition that I want; I just have to have more drive; somebody who doesn't have to lean on me. I had the feel- ing that if I walked away he would collapse. (War changed him? ) He has more ambition but not the drive-l haven't seen him for a long time; that's why I haven't
made any decision. Here you mingle with boys who have so much push and drive; another boy here has everything except that he isn't thoughtful like. . . . I've got to have someone who isn't selfish. I'm not critical-! know I'm not. "
This as well as the next two records of other high-scoring women illus- trate the inherently opportunistic point of view, the looking at men from the standpoint, above all, of social status and the ability to furnish support:
F22: "I'm going to look (among other things) for the fellow's views on support- ing me. I'd like to marry someone, for instance, who is going into a profession- maybe a doctor. (Engagement? ) It didn't take me long to get over it. His father died when he was 3; his mother was 40 when he was born. Father left mother lots of money. He was a playboy, worked but borrowed money from his mother. He was pretty much attached to his mother's apron strings. W e were engaged 7 or 8 months. I'm not demanding, but he was selfish. We argued more and more, broke up by mutual consent. I learned a lot from it-not to go into things blindly. "
F31: "But there is one thing that is bothering me. Saturday night I had a blind date, and I liked him a lot; only he is a sailor and my boy friend is an officer. It's not that I'm conscious of gold braid. . . . (Marriage? ) Well, I'd like someone . . . with a good personality who mixes well with people. Someone who at the same time is serious about the future. My boy friend is an engineer. "
By contrast, low-scoring subjects tend to emphasize as desired traits com- panionship, common interest, warmth, sociability, sexual love, understand- ing, presence of liberal values. Sometimes their quest for love is so intense and unrealistic that it becomes a source of disappointment to them. This search for the "great romantic love" seems to be based on a wish to restore a successful early relation with a parent, based on nurturance and succor-
? THE AUTHORIT ARIAN PERSONALITY
ance. As they were found to be for parents, expressions of passionate love for sex partners are generally infrequent in our interview material, however. Two records may suffice to illustrate, each in its own way, the different quality of what low-scoring subjects expect from their partners as well as a
certain pervasive tendency toward self-blame.
F34: She talks of looking forward to marriage and children eventually, but she has modest financial requirements for a husband. She has had many boy friends and is the "romantic type. " "I always want to feel this is my great love-and then it isn't. That sort of thing is all right when you are in school. But nowadays when your boy friend goes away to war and you write letters and build up a lot of things that may not even be there-it isn't fair to either person. " She has been "sort of engaged" for two years to a boy she knew in school. He has been overseas in the navy and they have written regularly-romantic letters. She goes out with other boys and he knows this and doesn't object. She hasn't fallen in love with anyone else, but her worry is that her feeling for him is not love. He came home on furlough, and his family, who live in now, had her come down to their home and stay there for several days while he was there. She feels that he sensed that she did not feel the same, and yet she could not bring herself to say anything. She believes this was very cowardly of her and shows an absence of character. She thinks it is quite possible the boy's feelings have changed too, "but why can't people be honest about things like that? And now he is gone and nothing is settled. "
M44: Subject says that in visiting someone at the hospital, his wife seems to know naturally just how to act toward the person, or, at a public meeting1mows just what kind of questions to ask to draw the person out further instead of shutting him up. "And she is a helper, she is the helpingest person, the most willing and helping person that I've ever known. "
7. CONVENTIONALITY VS. INDIVIDUALISM
Again, as in other areas of life, the values of high-scoring subjects with respect to sex tend to be conventionally determined as opposed to the more individualized values of low-scoring subjects (Category 2 7). This variable differentiates significantly (at the I per cent level) between high- and low- scoring men; a similar trend, I 8 positive and 7 negative instances, is found in women; because of the large proportion of "Neutrals," however, the dif- ference is not statistically significant.
The following records show that in the choice of their mates high-scoring subjects tend to place a great deal of emphasis on socioeconomic status, church membership, and conformity with conventional values. The accent is on what is generally socially approved and accepted. Thus the men expect their future wives to stay home, take care of house and children, and attend church. This tendency is often found in the same men who show evidence of primitive and crude sex experience, outside of marriage (see above).
The conventional approach to marriage is best illustrated by the follow- ing records of high-scoring women:
Fp: "Well, I think that because of the society in which we live, young people
? SEX, PEOPLE, AND SELF SEEN THROUGH INTERVIEWS 403
miss a great deal by not being married in the church of their faith. They lose the reverence for marriage and don't learn the true meaning of ? the marriage vows, when it is done so commercially (in a public office). I think that when people are married in church-by that I don't mean a large wedding necessarily-they have one of the most beautiful experiences of their lives. . . . The thing which the church can teach youth is 'to choose. '" By this, she means principally the choice between right and wrong, but also to choose one's friends. "In a church group one meets the right kind of young people; not the kind who hang around the lake shore at night. "
F78: "It was just love at first sight. He has brown hair, brown eyes, white teeth, not handsome, but good clean-cut looking; beautiful smile; mixes well, easy to get along with but has a will of his own. He's lots of fun, interested in everything. He's a high school graduate, now a mechanic in the ground crew of the Naval Air Transport. He wants to go into something in the mechanical line. Before the war he was an apprentice in the auto industry. . . . " The vocation of her husband really wouldn't matter. She thinks boy friend has good chances of getting along, definitely. She would like a profession-"sort of middle class. "
F74: "Too much emotional feeling involved under these conditions. " (Desirable traits? ) Boy friend should be about the same socioeconomic status. They should enjoy doing the same things and get along without too many quarrels.
Or in high-scoring men:
Ms8: (Wife like? ) "Very good person. She has gone to church, and has con- tinued to . . . ever since the child was born. A very good wife, good mother, and darned good cook. Considerate of my folks . . . helped my mother with money, of her own accord. (What do wife and subject offer each other? ) Well, I'll be dog- goned if I know. Doesn't seem as if any bonds at all. Just she belongs there and so do I. "
M2o: "In my mind, there's no doubt about it. Woman's place is in the home. . . . To keep up a home and make it right and a man should be able to provide for the family. . . . A woman has no business working whatsoever. "
In contrast with the stereotyped and conventional description of their desired or real mates given by the high-scoring subjects, the typical low- scoring subject takes a much more individualized attitude, as shown in the following quotations:
M53: (What sort of girl appeals to you? ) "I don't know. . . . I think I like the ones with more independent spirit. (Q) Well, looks, charm (laughs), humor and a cer- tain freedom of spirit. In thought, I think, more than in action. . . . (Present fiancee? ) Awfully hard to say when you're sold on a girl. . . . Seems to have all the things I like . . . fun to be with, brains, pretty. She likes me, which is important. We share things together. Music, reading, swimming, dancing. Most of the things we do don't require too much energy, which makes it good. "
Mso: (What about your first wife? ) "She was an artist also and a really thorough- going individual.
She had a tremendous amount of scope, both intellectually and individually. She is looking for something too. Not as serious as my case, just the case of a girl marrying the wrong person. "
M44: (What sort of person is your wife? ) (laughs) "She's a little bit easy to hurt or touchy about some things. . . . The most admirable thing, the most attractive thing about her is her hands. She has very small, delicate hands. She uses them very well and they're very expressive . . . and she also does things very fast, adept, sews
? THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
very well, very domestic, very much the mother. She was never really herself until she had this child, never really complete. "
M2: (Ideal woman? ) "She has to be (I) intelligent, (2) mature, (3) emotionally stable, (4) have adequate physiological characteristics, as well as have (5) culture and personality that goes with this. She should have at least as broad an inter- est and experience as my own, if not broader. She should have a maximum of femi- ninity, since we're all bisexual. You can think of it in terms of a polyfactorial setup (subject then quotes Rosanoff's theory of four factors in sex). "
The preceding descriptions by low-scoring subjects of their real ~r ideal mates reveal a conception of real people and an expectation of finding a person with "independent opinions" and "independent spirit. "
8. SUMMARY
Summarizing the attitude of the typical high-scoring subject toward mem-
bers of the opposite sex, the following may be said: A lack of individuation and of real object relationship can be found in the field of sex as it was previously found in the attitude toward the parents. It is this lack which may be called upon to explain the attitudes described above, such as the relative isolation of sexual impulses from the rest of the personality, the paucity of affection, and the somewhat exploitive, manipulative approach in the choice of a mate. Much of this may be understood in terms of disappoint- ments which apparently had been experienced by many of the extreme high- scorers in their first love-relations, those with their parents.
The same ambivalence which was found in the attitude toward parents can be found again in the sexual domain. Again there is surface admiration, coupled with underlying resentment against the other sex. Ambivalence also tends to be handled by establishing two separate images, one positive and one negative (good and bad women), without, however, being able really to love either of them.
Status-concern and conventionalized values again become predominant and take the place of a genuine and individualized approach. The expecta- tions of qualities in oneself and in one's mate are quite stereotyped and rigid. Shortcomings in these respects are faced as little as they are in other fields. Thus, as pointed out above, high-scoring subjects often think of themselves as the ideal representation of the conventional conception of their sex role.
The attitudes of the low-scoring subjects reveal a rather different picture, though it is much less clear-cut than that of the high scorers. In other words, the "High" variants of the categories in question are often more typical for the high-scoring subjects than the "Low" variants are for the low-scoring sub- jects. On the whole, our low scorers tend toward a more individualized, more internalized, more love-oriented approach toward their mates. (See also Chapter X. )
This does not mean, however, that in most of the cases their problems in
? SEX, PEOPLE, AND SELF SEEN THROUGH INTERVIEWS 405
this field are readily solved. On the contrary, some of the records of low- scoring subjects quoted above reveal a great deal of conflict in this area. Such subjects refer rather frankly to their inadequacies, inhibitions, and failures in sex adjustment. There also is evidence of ambivalence toward one's own sex role and toward the opposite sex although this ambivalence is of a different, more internalized kind from the combination of overt admiration and underlying disrespect characteristic of high scorers. Its clearest repre- sentation is the conflict of the man about his passivity and of the woman about her tendency to follow masculine interests. Ambivalence toward the other sex seems in low scorers often to be the consequence of an overly intense search for love that is not easily satisfied.
Low-scoring men sometimes seem to long for a restoration, in a close relationship with a woman, of the type of love they received from the mother, and this may become a source of dissatisfaction. As Krout and Stagner (65) have shown, male liberals claim less . difficulty in expressing their affection for women and show preference for women of equal status. At the same time they experience more frustration in their love relations.
Low-scoring women, on the other hand, sometimes develop a conflict between the satisfactions derived from emotional dependence on the man and a striving for independence that leads to competition with men.
However, in spite of these conflicts, retardations, and ambivalences, there seems to be more actual or potential heterosexuality in low scorers. The interview material reveals a more genuine and more personalized relationship to members of the other sex, more fondness and ability to love in sexual relationships, more ego-accepted sensuality. Conflicts and inadequacies, being faced more openly, have a greater chance of being worked out successfully.
Since the typical low-scoring man more readily accepts his own femininity than the high scorer, and the low-scoring woman her masculine strivings, one important source of hidden aggression toward the opposite sex-and toward other people generally, as it seems-is reduced.
B. A TTITUDE TOW ARD PEOPLE
1. DEFINITION OF RA TING CA TEGORIES AND
QUANTITATIVE RESULTS
The part of the Scoring Manual covering social attitudes toward people in general is? as follows:
INTERVIEWSCORING MANUAL: A TTITUDE TOW ARD PEOPLE (to Table z(XI))
PRESUMABLY "HIGH" VARIANTS PRESUMABLY "Low" VARIANTS z8. Moralistic condemnation 28. Permissiveness toward individ- uals; rejections rationalized by
reference to principles.
? THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY 29a. Extrapunitiveness 29a. lmpunitiveness
29b.
30. Distrust-suspicion, people as 30. threatening; victimization; sur- vival of fittest idea, world as jungle
lntrapunitiveness; excessive guilt - feelings and self- re- proach
Trustingness. Openness; peo- ple essentially "good" until proved otherwise
3I a. Hierarchical conception of hu- man relations
3I b. Heroworshipofacquaintances 32a. Diffuse, ego-alien dependence;
non -love-seeking
32b. Exploitive- manipulative op-
3I a. Equalitarianism-mutuality
32a. Focal, love-seeking succorance
32b. Personalized nurturance
portunism
a. Status acceptable or admirable (economic or social)
b. Moral-conventional: clean-cut, good manners, emphasis on honesty, poise, control
a. Acceptable on grounds of in- trinsic worth; companionship and common interests; intel- lectual-aesthetic approach; "easy-going" traits; social awareness and insight; liberal
values
32c. Genuine object-cathexis 33? Traits desired in friends:
As can be seen from Table 2(XI), the eleven categories in this area dif- ferentiate satisfactorily, on the whole, the two extreme groups that make up our sample of interviewees.
2. MORALISTIC CONDEMNA TION VS. PERMISSIVENESS
High-scoring individuals were found to tend toward a moralistic con- demnation of other people while permissiveness toward individuals is more common in our low scorers (Category 28). For both men and women this difference is quite significant (I per cent level). For men there are 30 posi- tive instances as contrasted with only 4 negative ones ("positive" and "nega- tive" in the sense defined in the last section of Chapter IX); for women, the proportion is 24 to 6.
It is easy to understand why condemnation of people, based on an external and conventional set of values, should be closely connected with prejudice; in fact, such an attitude seems close to being the very essence of prejudice.
The records, quoted below, of subjects scoring high on overt ethno- centrism illustrate a readiness to condemn others on such external bases as absence of good manners, uncleanliness, "twitching the shoulders," saying "inappropriate" things (inappropriate, as will be seen, on a superficial level only), and so forth.
The statements show a great deal of indulgence in what is seen as "righteous indignation" about people considered as inferior. This indignation seems to serve the double purpose of externalizing what is unacceptable in oneself,
? Interview ratin~ cate~ories (abbreviated from Manual)
Sex
Number o f "High"(H} and "Low" (L} ratin~s received b~
Sums o{ instances Level 'of statistj. gal
"positive? ? negative? si~nificance reached
(percentage)
28. Moralistic condemnation(H) vs. Men
3 3
1 2
3 3
2 1
16 30 4 1 10 24 6 1
. . It 26 2 1
. ! . ! . ! ! . 4
1_~1 . ? _ . . . ? . . 2
14 285 1 . ll 28 7 1
11 233 1 11 243 1
permissiveness(L)
29a. Extrapunitiveness(H) \"S? impunitiveness(L)
29b. Intropunitiveness(L)
30. Distrust-suspicion(H) vs. trustingness
Women
Men Women
Men Women
Men Women
31a. Hierarchical conception(H) vs. Men equalitarianism-mutuality(L) Women
31b. Hero worship of acquaintances(H) Men Women
32a. Dependence, diffuse, ego-alien Men (H) vs~ focal, love-seeking(L) Women
32b. Exploitive-manipulation(H) vs. Men
1 . l1 0 . L0
personalized nurturance(L) 32c. Genuine object-cathexis(L)
Traits desired in friends: 33a. Status(H) vs. intrinsic
w o r t h ( L )
33b. Moral-convent ional(H)
Women
. ! l . ! .
3 3
3 1
1 0
TABLE 2 (XI)
INTERVIEW RATINGS ON ATTITUDE TOWARD PEOPLE
FUR 80 SUBJECTS SOORING EXTRFMELY "HIGH" OR "LOW" ON THE E'mNIC PREJUDICE QUESTIONNAIRE SCALE
20 men and 25 women ? high scorers" H L
14 1 14 3
17 1 15 2
1 2
14 2
. m 4
121 132
. 1 1
14 3 lQ 3
20 men and 15 women
? 1ow scorers" H L
10 24 6 1 1: I7 4 5
l! . ll. 4 . ! l ll 3
2 16234 1 0 10203 1
Men
Women 3 J! . 8 3
Men 7 Women 10
1
2 3
13 13 1 5
4 11 4
Men 11
Women11 3 IT3
? THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY
and of displacing one's hostility which otherwise might turn against powerful "ingroups," e. g. , the parents.
Furthermore, the subsequent records presented in the following contain statements referring to a positive ideal of how one should behave, the essence of which is expressed by one of the subjects in this group who demands that everybody should have a "set of rules"; these rules turn out to be determined either by convention or by a shallow interpretation of church dogma. The emphasis on conventional values is found in the respectable as well as in the delinquent high scorer (prison inmate; see also Chapter XXI).
Examples, for the various aspects listed, from the records of high-scoring male prison inmates follow:
M4o: (What things offend you most in other people? ) "Just that they're people. (Meaning? ) Oh, the majority are ignorant, close to animals as anything else. I mean dumb animals. (Q) They haven't got sense enough to see things as they are; they are easily swayed, crude, uncouth; they are like a pack. Show 'em a leader and they
will go anywhere. (Are most people like this? ) Records show it. (What records? ) Statistics. (Q) Like in here (prison). The average IQ is something around 50 or 6o. Very, very low. . . . They carry a knife and cut some poor son-of-a-bitch, and think they're tough. . . . "
M41: (What do you find most offensive in others? ) "Well, some people are more attractive than others. Some people have no attraction. Don't take care of them? ? selves. Don't keep clean. Don't have manners. . . . "
M45: (What do you find most irritating in others? ) "Petty habits. (What do you mean? ) I've noticed some people have a habit of snorting or as if their nose is always running or twitching their shoulders or my wife's habit of picking at things with her fingernails. (Others? ) Not being able to tend to their own business, not having sense enough to understand, to know when they're imposing on you. . . . It's changed around here (in prison) now, getting so many of these young kids, zootsuiters, don't have any tact at all. . . . (What else? ) Greed, I can't stand anyone who will take something without thinking about the other person . . .
