The people had been
clamorous for a code of laws, a demand which the
patneians, in whom the whole judiciary power was
rested, and to whom the knowledge of the few laws
which then existed was confined, had always very
strenuously opposed.
clamorous for a code of laws, a demand which the
patneians, in whom the whole judiciary power was
rested, and to whom the knowledge of the few laws
which then existed was confined, had always very
strenuously opposed.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
net/2027/uva.
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? DARIUS.
DARIUS.
he Tyr>>s, in ;he present Bessarabia, where, in after
days, Antigonus was taken prisoner by the Scythians,
with his whole army. (Uteri, Geogr. , vol. 1, p. 69. )
-To wipe away the disgrace of this unfortunate en-
terprise, we find the Persian monarch shortly after un-
dertaking an expedition against India. In this he was
more successful, and conquered a part of the Pendjab;
not, however, the whole country, as some modern wri-
ters erroneously represent. Some time after thia,
Miletus having revolted, and Aristagoras, its ruler,
having solicited aid from the Athenians for the purpose
of enabling it to maintain its independence, they sent
twenty ships, to which the Eretrians added five more,
in order to requite a kindness previously received from
the Milesians. Aristagoras, upon this succour's arri-
ving, resolved to make an expedition against Sardis, the
residence of the Persian satrap. Accordingly, landing
at Ephesus, the confederates marched inland, took Sar-
dis, and drove the governor into the citadel. Most of
the houses in Sardis were made of reeds, and even
those which were built of brick were roofed with
reeds. One of these was set on fire by a soldier, and
immediately the (lames spread from house to house,
and consumed the whole city. The light of the con-
flagration showing to the Greeks the great numbers of
their opponents, who were beginning to rally, being
constrained by necessity to defend themselves, as their
retreat was cut off by the river Pactolus, the former
retired through fear, and regained their ships. Upon
the receipt of this intelligence, Darius, having called
"or a how, put an arrow into it, and shot it into the
air, with theae words: " Grant, oh Jupiter, that I may
3e able to revenge myself upon the Athenians. " After
be had thus spoken, he commanded one of his attend-
ants thrice every time dinner was set before him, to
exclaim, "Master! remember the Athenians. " Mar-
donius, the king's son-in-law, was intrusted with the
care of the war. After crossing the Hellespont, he
marched down through Thrace, but, in endeavouring
to double Mount Athos, he lost 300 vessels, and, it is
said, more than 20,000 men. After this he was at-
tacked in the night by the Brygi, who killed many of
his men, and wounded Mardonius himself. He suc-
ceeded, however, in defeating and reducing them un-
der his power, but his army was so weakened by these
circumstances that he was compelled to return inglo-
riously to Asia. Darius, only animated by thia loas,
sent a more considerable force, under the command of
Datis and Artapherncs, with orders to sack the cities
of Athens and Eretria, and to send to him all the sur-
viving inhabitants in fetters. The Persians took the
isle of Naxos and the city of Eretria in Eubcea, but
were defeated with great slaughter by the Athenians
and Platxans under the celebrated Miltiades at Mara-
thon. Their fleet was also completely unsuccessful in
an attempt to surprise Athens after the battle. (Vid.
Miltiades and Marathon. ) The anger of Darius was
doubly inflamed against Athens by the event of Mara-
thon; and he resolved that the insolent people, who
had invaded his territories, violated the persons of his
messengers, and driven his generals to a shameful
flight, should feel the whole weight of his arm. The
preparations he now set on foot were on a vast scale,
and demanded a longer time. For three years all Asia
was kept in a continual stir: in the fourth, however,
Darius was distracted by other causes; by a quarrel
tetween his two sons respecting the succession to the
? ? throne, and by an insurrection in Egypt. In the fol-
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? DAT
UN tone. Darius expired before Alexander saw him.
The conqueror threw his cloak over the corpse. --Al-
tiioder ordered his body to be buried in the sepulchre
of his ancestors with roya! magnificence, took charge
of the education of hia children, and married his daugh-
ter. (Plut. , Vit. Alex. --Arrian,Ezp. Al. --Thirlwall'i
Hulory of Greece, vol. 6, p. 237, scyq. )--IV. Eldest
ion of Artaxerxes Mnemon, put to death for conspi-
mg against his father. (Plot. , Vit. Artax. )
DiM YLICM. a city of Bithynia, in the district Olym-
pena, placed by D'Anville on a lake at the mouth of
the (mall river Horisius; which runs, according to
aim, into the Propontis. Mannert, however, makes it
to have been situated to the west of the mouth of the
river Gebcs or Gelbcs. and gives the Horisius as flow-
jij; to the west towards the Khyndacus. (Gcogr. ,
vol. 6, pi. 3, p. 559. ) This city is named by Strabo
ind Ptolemy Dascylium, as it it here given, but by
Mela and Pliny, Dascyloa. (Strata, 575. --Plin. , 5,
33. --Jtf<</a, 1, 19. ) During the continuance of the
Persian empire, it was the residence of the satrap of
Mnii and Phrygia Minor; hence, immediately after
the battle of the Granicuc, Alexander despatched Par-
nenio to take possession of it. (Arrian, Exp. Alex. ,
1,18. ) The modern name, according to D'Anville, is
Dvuhtta. -
DiTiMEs, a satrap of Cappadocia, in the reign of
Aruienes Mnemon. He was a man of extraordinary
ibiliues, had served the king with the utmost loyalty,
and might have proved the firmest bulwark of his
throne. Bui the calumnies of some envious courtiers
bid excited the suspicious of Artaxerxcs against him,
udDaUmes saw himself obliged to revolt, to escape
disgrace and ruin. He long maintained his independ-
ence, but waa at length entrapped and slain by Mith-
radates, a son of Ariobarzanes, satrap of Phrygia.
Tk<< event took place after the death of Artaxerxes,
and when Ochushad succeeded to the throne. Ncpos
las written the life of Datames. (Nep. , Vit. J)iU. --
Compare Pol-yon. , 7, 29, 1. )
DATIS, a general of Darius Hystaspis, sent, in run -
y r. ction with Artaphemes, to punish Eretria and Ath-
ens. Datis was a Mode, and Artapherncs son of the
satrap of I. ydia, and nephew of Darius. He was hence
superior in rank, but inferior probably to Datis both in
agt and military experience. The latter, therefore,
would seem to be the real leader of the expedition.
The whole armament consisted of 600 ships, accord-
ing to Herodotus; this, on the footing which he fixes
tJsxwhere, of 200 men to each trireme, would give
130,000 men as the strength of the Persian land
force transported in the fleet. After accomplishing
one object of the expedition in the capture of Eretria,
Datis and Artaphemes then invaded Attica, but were
defeated in the memorable battle of Marathon. Ac-
cording to Ctesias (Per*. , c. 18), Datis fell on the
field of battle; bat Herodotus (6, 119) makes him to
have returned to Asia. Larcher sides with the latter
(Hut. f Herod. , TO! . 9, p. 272), and Bihr with the
former (. (// Cla. , p. 148). This commander, in the
exultation which he felt on occasion of his first suc-
cess in reducing Naxos (fid. Darius), exclaimed, <jf
ttoptu KOI ripnopiu xal ^otoo/iai! The word xa'P? -
uai is a barbarism, for the Greeks always said VCI'/JM.
These kinds of barbarisms were afterward called Da-
H*mi. (Compare Aristoph. , Pac. , v 290, and the
remarks of the scholiast on v. 288. )
D*Tos,a town of Europe, which, after having belong-
? ? ed to Thrace, was transferred to Macedonia when the
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? DEC
DECEMVIRI
yjosepnus. Ant. , 17, 12. --Id. , Bell. Jud. , 2 4. ) The
inhabitants were for the most part of Grecian origin.
These ten cities, according to Ptolemy, were Scy-
tbopolis, Hippos, Gadara, Dion, Pella, Geraaa, Philadel-
phia, Canatha, Capitolias, and Gadora. Pliny, instead
of the last two, gives Damascus and Kaphana; in the
rest his account agrees with that of Ptolemy, who
seems more worthy of reliance in this instance than
the Roman writer. (PUn. , 6, 18. )
Decebalus, a warlike and enterprising monarch of
the Dacians, who prosecuted a successful war against
Domitian, and drove him to a disgraceful peace. He
was unable, however, to cope with Trajan, and de-
stroyed himself when all was lost. His head was sent
by t'. e emperor to Rome, and his treasures were found
by the Romans, on the information of one of his confi-
dants, in the bed of the river Sargetia (now the Istrig),
and in various secret caverns. (Dio Cass. ,67,6. --Id ,
68,6, seqq. ) Lazius, cited by Pabretli, says, that some
Wallachian fishermen, in the middle of the sixteenth
century, found a part of these treasures, which had es-
caped thesearch of Trajan. (Fabr. ,deCol. Traj. ,c. 8. )
Decelea, a borough and fortress of Attica, about
135 stadia from Athens, and the same distance from
the Boeotian frontier. This town was always consid-
ered of great importance, from its situation on the road
to Euboea, whence the Athenians derived most of their
supplies; when, therefore, by the advice of Alcibia-
des, it was seized and garrisoned by a Lacedaimonian
force, they became exposed to great loss and inconve-
nience. (Thucyd. , 6, 91. --Id. , 7, 19. --Slrabo, 396. )
Thucydides reports, that Decelea was visible from Ath-
ens; and Xenophon observes that the sea and Piraeus
could be seen from it. (Hist. Gr. , 1, 1,25. ) Herodo-
tus states, that the lands of the Deceleans were always
spared by the Peloponnesian army in their invasions of
Attica, because they had pointed out to the Tyndaridae
the place were Helen was secreted by Theseus, when
they came to Attica in search of her. (Herodot. , 9,
73--Alex. ,op. Aiken , 2,76. ) Sir W. Gelldescribes
Decelea as situate on a round detached hill, connected
by a sort of isthmus with Mount Parnes. From the
lop is an extensive view of the plains of both Athens
and Eleusis. The fortress is at the mouth of a pass
through Parnes to Oropus. The nearest place is Va-
ribobi. (Ilin. , p. 106. ) Mr. Hawkins gives the mod-
ern name of the spot on which the ruins of Decelea
stand as XupionXciiia. (Walpolc's Collection, vol.
I, p. 338, in notis. --Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2,
p. 403. )
Decemviri, I. ten commissioners appointed to frame
a code of laws for the Roman stale. --The history of
this affair is as follows: The intestine feuds between
the patricians and plebeians were continuing with un-
abated animosity. Occasionally one of the consuls
favoured the plebeians, and proposed some mitigation
of the hardships under which they were labouring, or
some increase of their privileges, but generally with
little success. The Agrarian law, brought forward by
Spurius Cassius, continued to be the main demand
of the commons and their supporters, but its passage
was, on every occasion, either directly or indirectly
prevented. At last the commons became convinced,
that they need hope for no complete redress of griev-
ances, until they should have previously secured the es-
tablishment of some constitutional principle, from which
equal justice would, of necessity and from its very na-
? ? ture, emanate. Accordingly, CaiuaTerentillus Harsa,
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? OECEMVIRI.
by the gradual encroachments of the commons, and
was only frustrated by the selfish and inordinate am-
bition of the leading agents.
The people had been
clamorous for a code of laws, a demand which the
patneians, in whom the whole judiciary power was
rested, and to whom the knowledge of the few laws
which then existed was confined, had always very
strenuously opposed. After violent altercations be-
tween the two orders, the patneians on a sudden yield-
ed to the popular wish, and became apparently as de-
sirous of a code of laws as the people themselves were:
when, however, it came to the choice of commissioners,
who should be sent abroad for the purpose of inspecting
foreign codes, the nobility insisted that all three depu-
ties should be of patrician rank. They gained their
point, and three of their own order were sent. That
these deputies actually went to Greece is a point far
from being well established; indeed, the contrary would
seem much nearer the truth. We have, it is true, the
authority of Floras, Orosius, and Aurelius Victor, in
favour of the Roman laws having been compiled from
the code of Solon; but, on the other hand, Diodorus
Siculus (12, 23), who makes mention of the Decem-
viri, and of the laws compiled by them, says nothing
of the Romans having sent to Athens for that purpose;
<<nd in none of the works of Cicero is any account
given of this deputation. It must not be denied,
oowever, that Dio Cassius (44, 26) makes Cicero
remark, a little after the death of Caesar, that their
forefathers had not disdained to borrow some laws
from Athens; and Cicero himself, in his treatise Dc
hrgibus (2, 23), speaking of a funeral law of the
twelve tables, states that it was nearly all borrowed
from one of the laws of Solon. In opposition to this,
however, it may be urged, that a comparison of the
fragments we possess of the decemviral laws with the
cede of Solon, shows so striking a discrepance in gen-
eral, as to lead at once to the belief that the coinci-
dences mentioned by Cicero are to be explained on
wher and different grounds. Why, it may bo asked,
if the Roman code were borrowed from the Greek, did
u breathe so little of the spirit of Grecian legislation,
and contain so many things peculiar to the Romans
and foreign to the Greeks 1 How came it that Her-
modoros of Kphesus, who is reported to have inter-
preted and explained the Attic laws to the Roman
commissioners, used many Latin terms, such as auc-
torites, libripcns, assiduus proletarius, and many
others, for which there were no equivalent expressions
among the Greeks'--But the authority of Cicero him-
self is conclusive on this point. He hesitates not to
rank the laws of the twelve tables far abate those of
Greece. "It is easy," he observes, "to perceive how
much the wisdom and prudence of our forefathers sur-
passed that of other nations, if you compare our laws
with those of Lycurgus. Draco, and Solon. It is in-
credible how ill digested and almost ridiculous every
system of civil law is excepting our own. This I
repeat every day, when in my discourses I prefer the
wisdom of our Romans to that of other men, and in
particular of the Greeks. " (Cic ,de Oral, 1, 44. ) Is
this the language of a man who believed that the De-
cemviri had been indebted to the legislators of Greece
ibr the code which they promulgated 1--The truth ap-
pears to be, that whatever admixture of Grecian laws
there was in the Roman code, was derived from Gre-
cian customs and usages prevalent at the time both
in the vicinity of Rome and in the city itself. To
? ? hese Grecian customs were added others peculiar to
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? DEI
toe Danube, in the vicinity of Mons Abnoba, which
paid the tenth part of their value to the Romans. (Ta-
cit. , G. , 29. ) Much interesting information relative to
these lands will be found in the work of Leichtlen, en-
titled "SchwabenunierdenRbmern. ," Fribourg, 8vo,
1825.
Deianira, a daughter of CEneus, king of ^Etolia.
Her beauty procured many admirers, and her father
promised to give her in marriage to him only who
oroved superior in prowess to all his competitors. Her-
cules obtained her hand, after a contest with the god
of the Acheloiis. (Fid. Acheloiis. ) On his way toTra-
ehis, after his union with the daughter of CEneus,
Hercules came in company with Deianira to the river
Evenus, where Nessus, the Centaur, had taken his
abode, and carried over travellers, saying that he had re-
ceived this office from the gods as a reward for his
uprightness. Hercules went across through the water
himself, having agreed on the price for the conveyance
of Deianira. Nessus attempted the honour of his fair
freight. She resisted, and Hercules, hearing her cries,
shot Nessus to the heart as he came on shore. The
dying Centaur thought on revenge: he called Deianira
to him, and told her, if she wished to possess a philtre,
or means of securing the love of Hercules, to keep
carefully the blood which flowed from his wound; an
advice with which she incautiously complied. When
Hercules, subsequently, had erected an altar to Ju-
piter at the promontory of Ccnnuin in Eubcea, and,
wishing to offer a sacrifice, had sent for a splendid robe
to wear, Deianira, having heard from the messenger of
a female captive named Iola, whom Hercules had
taken, and fearing the effect of her ehaifns on the _
heart of her husband, resolved to try the cilicSW(of the o
philtre of Nessus, and tinged with it the tunic tflsjch p
was sent. Hercules, suspecting nothing, put on tn>. ? 1
fatal garment, and prepared to sacrifice. At first he
felt no effect from it; but, when it became warm, the
venom of the hydra, which had been communicated
by his arrow to the blood of the Centaur, began to
consume his flesh, and eventually compelled him, in
order to put an end to his sufferings, to ascend the
funeral pile at CEta. (Vid. Hercules. )--Another le-
gend made Deianira to have been the offspring of
Bacchus and Althaea, queen of CEneus. Apollodorus
speaks also of her skill in driving the chariot, and her
acquaintance generally with martial exercises, a state-
ment which he appears to have borrowed from some
old poet. (Apollod. , 1, 8. 1. --Heyne, ad loc. --Apol-
tod. , 2, 7, 5-- Id. , 2, 7, 7. --Ovid, Met. , 9, 9. -- Id.
ib. , 9,137. )--M tiller, in his explanation of the myth of
Hercules, makes the marriage of that hero with Deia-
nira a figurative allusion to the league between the
Dorians and ^Etolians for the invasion of the Pe-
loponnesus. (Dorians, vol. 1, p. 70, Eng. tram. )
Oreuzer, on the other hand, gives a mystic interpre-
tation to the legend. According to him, Hercules
represents the power of the sun in drying up and fertil-
zing the wet places. Hence CEneus (Qivtic, olvoc),
he wine-man (or cultivator of the vine), gives his
offspring in marriage to Hercules (or, in other words,
gives the vine to the protecting care of that power
which imparts the principle of production), and Her-
cules rescues her from the Centaur, the type, according
to Creuzer and others, of the water or morasses. (Sym-
bolik, vol 2, p. 251. )
Deihamia, a daughter of Lycomedes, king of Scy-
ros. She bore a son called Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus,
? ? to Achilles, who was disguised at her father's court in
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? DEL
to put any condemned person to death, which was the
reason that Socrates was reprieved for thirty days after
his condemnation, as we learn from Plato and Xen-
ophon. 'With regard to tae sacred vessel itself,
which was called Oeupic, it was preserved by the
Athenians to the time of Demetrius Phalereus, they
restoring always what was decayed, and changing the
old rotten planks for others that were new and entire;
to that it furnished philosophers with matter of dispute,
whether, after so many repairs and alterations, it still re-
named the same identical ship; and it served as an in-
stance to illustrate the opinion of those, who held that
the body atill remained the same numerical substance,
notwithstanding the continual decay of old parts and the
acquisition of new ones, through the several stages of
life. (Plat. , Phadon. , <) 2, eeqq. --Schol. , ad tor. . --
Pint, Vtt. Ties. , c. 23--Xen. , Mem. , 4, 8, 2--Cal-
ttm , H. in Del. , 278, &c. )--III. A surname of Diana,
from her having been bom in the island of Delos.
Delioh, a city of Boeotia, on the seacoast, north of
the mouth of the Asopus. It was celebrated for its
temple of Apollo, and also for the battle which took
place in its vicinity between the Athenians and Boeo-
tians, when the former were totally routed. It was in
this engagement that Socrates, according to some ac-
counts, saved the life of Xenophon, or, according to
others, of Alcibiades. (Strabo, 403. --Diog. Lacrt. ,
2, 22--Thucyd , 4, 96. ) Some vestiges of this an-
cient town have been observed by modern travellers
near the village of Dramisi, on the Euripus. (Gell's
Ilia. , p. 134. --Dodttell'i Tour, vol. 2, p. 155. )
Delius, a surname of Apollo, because born in Delos.
Delmixiom, the ancient capital of Dalmatia. (Vid.
Dalminium. )
Delos, an island of the . ? gean, situate nearly in
he centre of the Cyclodes. This island was called
also Asteria, Pelasgia, Chlamydias, Lagia, Pyrpilis,
dcythias, Mydia, and Ortygia. (P/tn. ,4, 12. --Stcph.
Byx, t. v. A;/ ? . oc. ) It was named Ortygia from 6prvS,
a f v*i/, and Lagia from Xoyuc, a hare, the island for-
merly abounding with both these creatures. On this
account, according to Strabo, it was not allowed to
have dog* at Delos, because they destroyed the quails
and hares. (Strabo, 485. ) The name Delos is com-
monly derived from d;//. nf, manifest, in allusion to the
island having floated under the surface of the sea until
made to appear and stand firm by order of Neptune.
This was done for the purpose of receiving Latona,
who was on the eve of delivery, and could find no
asylum on the earth, Juno having bound it by an oath
not to receive her; as Delos at the time was floating
beneath the waters, it was freed from the obligation.
Once fixed in its place, it continued, according to pop-
ular belief, to remain so firm as even to bo unmoved
by the shocks of an earthquake. This, however, is
contradicted by Thucydides and Herodotus, who re-
port that a shock was felt there before the Peloponnesian
war. (Thueyd. , 2, S. --Herodot. , 6, 98. --Compare
Orac , ap Eustalh. ad Dion. Perieg. , 525, and Pindar,
up. Phil. Jwl, 2, p. 511. ) Pliny quotes, among oth-
ers, Aristotle, who pretends that its name was given to
Delos, because the island rose unexpectedly out of
the tea, and appeared to view. Many other opinions
have been advanced respecting its origin. According,
however, to Olivier, it is at the present day everywhere
schistose o. granitical, exhibiting no traces of a volca-
no, and nothing that can explain, by the laws of physics,
the wonders which the Greeks have transmitted to us
? ? respecting it. --It appears from Thucydides, that as
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? DEL
t. i the Athenians the sovereignty of the island and
the administration of the temple. (I'olyb. , 30, 18. )
But, on the occupation of Athens by the generals of
Mithradates, they landed troops in Delos, and com-
mitted the greatest devastations there in consequence
of the inhabitants refusing to espouse their cause.
After this calamity it remained in an impoverished and
deserted state. (Strabo, 4S6. --Appian, Bell. Milk-
rod. , c. 28. --Fausan , 3, 23. --Antip. , Thes>>. Anal. ,
vol. 2, p. 118. ) The town of Delos was situate in a
plain watered by the little river Inopus (Strabo, I. c.
--Collin. , Hymn, in Del. , 206), and by a lake, called
Trochoeides by Herodotus (2, 170), and Theognis
(v. 7). Callimachus and Euripides also allude to it.
(Hymn, in Del. , 261. --/pA. Taur. , 1097. ) The isl-
and is now called Delo or Sdille, and is so covered
with ruins and ruobish as to admit of little or no cul-
ture. (Wheeler, vol. 1, p. 88. --Spon. , vol. 1, p. 176.
--Tournefort, vol. 1, p. 307. -- Choitev. l Govjjficr,
Voyage Piltoresque, vol.
? DARIUS.
DARIUS.
he Tyr>>s, in ;he present Bessarabia, where, in after
days, Antigonus was taken prisoner by the Scythians,
with his whole army. (Uteri, Geogr. , vol. 1, p. 69. )
-To wipe away the disgrace of this unfortunate en-
terprise, we find the Persian monarch shortly after un-
dertaking an expedition against India. In this he was
more successful, and conquered a part of the Pendjab;
not, however, the whole country, as some modern wri-
ters erroneously represent. Some time after thia,
Miletus having revolted, and Aristagoras, its ruler,
having solicited aid from the Athenians for the purpose
of enabling it to maintain its independence, they sent
twenty ships, to which the Eretrians added five more,
in order to requite a kindness previously received from
the Milesians. Aristagoras, upon this succour's arri-
ving, resolved to make an expedition against Sardis, the
residence of the Persian satrap. Accordingly, landing
at Ephesus, the confederates marched inland, took Sar-
dis, and drove the governor into the citadel. Most of
the houses in Sardis were made of reeds, and even
those which were built of brick were roofed with
reeds. One of these was set on fire by a soldier, and
immediately the (lames spread from house to house,
and consumed the whole city. The light of the con-
flagration showing to the Greeks the great numbers of
their opponents, who were beginning to rally, being
constrained by necessity to defend themselves, as their
retreat was cut off by the river Pactolus, the former
retired through fear, and regained their ships. Upon
the receipt of this intelligence, Darius, having called
"or a how, put an arrow into it, and shot it into the
air, with theae words: " Grant, oh Jupiter, that I may
3e able to revenge myself upon the Athenians. " After
be had thus spoken, he commanded one of his attend-
ants thrice every time dinner was set before him, to
exclaim, "Master! remember the Athenians. " Mar-
donius, the king's son-in-law, was intrusted with the
care of the war. After crossing the Hellespont, he
marched down through Thrace, but, in endeavouring
to double Mount Athos, he lost 300 vessels, and, it is
said, more than 20,000 men. After this he was at-
tacked in the night by the Brygi, who killed many of
his men, and wounded Mardonius himself. He suc-
ceeded, however, in defeating and reducing them un-
der his power, but his army was so weakened by these
circumstances that he was compelled to return inglo-
riously to Asia. Darius, only animated by thia loas,
sent a more considerable force, under the command of
Datis and Artapherncs, with orders to sack the cities
of Athens and Eretria, and to send to him all the sur-
viving inhabitants in fetters. The Persians took the
isle of Naxos and the city of Eretria in Eubcea, but
were defeated with great slaughter by the Athenians
and Platxans under the celebrated Miltiades at Mara-
thon. Their fleet was also completely unsuccessful in
an attempt to surprise Athens after the battle. (Vid.
Miltiades and Marathon. ) The anger of Darius was
doubly inflamed against Athens by the event of Mara-
thon; and he resolved that the insolent people, who
had invaded his territories, violated the persons of his
messengers, and driven his generals to a shameful
flight, should feel the whole weight of his arm. The
preparations he now set on foot were on a vast scale,
and demanded a longer time. For three years all Asia
was kept in a continual stir: in the fourth, however,
Darius was distracted by other causes; by a quarrel
tetween his two sons respecting the succession to the
? ? throne, and by an insurrection in Egypt. In the fol-
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? DAT
UN tone. Darius expired before Alexander saw him.
The conqueror threw his cloak over the corpse. --Al-
tiioder ordered his body to be buried in the sepulchre
of his ancestors with roya! magnificence, took charge
of the education of hia children, and married his daugh-
ter. (Plut. , Vit. Alex. --Arrian,Ezp. Al. --Thirlwall'i
Hulory of Greece, vol. 6, p. 237, scyq. )--IV. Eldest
ion of Artaxerxes Mnemon, put to death for conspi-
mg against his father. (Plot. , Vit. Artax. )
DiM YLICM. a city of Bithynia, in the district Olym-
pena, placed by D'Anville on a lake at the mouth of
the (mall river Horisius; which runs, according to
aim, into the Propontis. Mannert, however, makes it
to have been situated to the west of the mouth of the
river Gebcs or Gelbcs. and gives the Horisius as flow-
jij; to the west towards the Khyndacus. (Gcogr. ,
vol. 6, pi. 3, p. 559. ) This city is named by Strabo
ind Ptolemy Dascylium, as it it here given, but by
Mela and Pliny, Dascyloa. (Strata, 575. --Plin. , 5,
33. --Jtf<</a, 1, 19. ) During the continuance of the
Persian empire, it was the residence of the satrap of
Mnii and Phrygia Minor; hence, immediately after
the battle of the Granicuc, Alexander despatched Par-
nenio to take possession of it. (Arrian, Exp. Alex. ,
1,18. ) The modern name, according to D'Anville, is
Dvuhtta. -
DiTiMEs, a satrap of Cappadocia, in the reign of
Aruienes Mnemon. He was a man of extraordinary
ibiliues, had served the king with the utmost loyalty,
and might have proved the firmest bulwark of his
throne. Bui the calumnies of some envious courtiers
bid excited the suspicious of Artaxerxcs against him,
udDaUmes saw himself obliged to revolt, to escape
disgrace and ruin. He long maintained his independ-
ence, but waa at length entrapped and slain by Mith-
radates, a son of Ariobarzanes, satrap of Phrygia.
Tk<< event took place after the death of Artaxerxes,
and when Ochushad succeeded to the throne. Ncpos
las written the life of Datames. (Nep. , Vit. J)iU. --
Compare Pol-yon. , 7, 29, 1. )
DATIS, a general of Darius Hystaspis, sent, in run -
y r. ction with Artaphemes, to punish Eretria and Ath-
ens. Datis was a Mode, and Artapherncs son of the
satrap of I. ydia, and nephew of Darius. He was hence
superior in rank, but inferior probably to Datis both in
agt and military experience. The latter, therefore,
would seem to be the real leader of the expedition.
The whole armament consisted of 600 ships, accord-
ing to Herodotus; this, on the footing which he fixes
tJsxwhere, of 200 men to each trireme, would give
130,000 men as the strength of the Persian land
force transported in the fleet. After accomplishing
one object of the expedition in the capture of Eretria,
Datis and Artaphemes then invaded Attica, but were
defeated in the memorable battle of Marathon. Ac-
cording to Ctesias (Per*. , c. 18), Datis fell on the
field of battle; bat Herodotus (6, 119) makes him to
have returned to Asia. Larcher sides with the latter
(Hut. f Herod. , TO! . 9, p. 272), and Bihr with the
former (. (// Cla. , p. 148). This commander, in the
exultation which he felt on occasion of his first suc-
cess in reducing Naxos (fid. Darius), exclaimed, <jf
ttoptu KOI ripnopiu xal ^otoo/iai! The word xa'P? -
uai is a barbarism, for the Greeks always said VCI'/JM.
These kinds of barbarisms were afterward called Da-
H*mi. (Compare Aristoph. , Pac. , v 290, and the
remarks of the scholiast on v. 288. )
D*Tos,a town of Europe, which, after having belong-
? ? ed to Thrace, was transferred to Macedonia when the
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? DEC
DECEMVIRI
yjosepnus. Ant. , 17, 12. --Id. , Bell. Jud. , 2 4. ) The
inhabitants were for the most part of Grecian origin.
These ten cities, according to Ptolemy, were Scy-
tbopolis, Hippos, Gadara, Dion, Pella, Geraaa, Philadel-
phia, Canatha, Capitolias, and Gadora. Pliny, instead
of the last two, gives Damascus and Kaphana; in the
rest his account agrees with that of Ptolemy, who
seems more worthy of reliance in this instance than
the Roman writer. (PUn. , 6, 18. )
Decebalus, a warlike and enterprising monarch of
the Dacians, who prosecuted a successful war against
Domitian, and drove him to a disgraceful peace. He
was unable, however, to cope with Trajan, and de-
stroyed himself when all was lost. His head was sent
by t'. e emperor to Rome, and his treasures were found
by the Romans, on the information of one of his confi-
dants, in the bed of the river Sargetia (now the Istrig),
and in various secret caverns. (Dio Cass. ,67,6. --Id ,
68,6, seqq. ) Lazius, cited by Pabretli, says, that some
Wallachian fishermen, in the middle of the sixteenth
century, found a part of these treasures, which had es-
caped thesearch of Trajan. (Fabr. ,deCol. Traj. ,c. 8. )
Decelea, a borough and fortress of Attica, about
135 stadia from Athens, and the same distance from
the Boeotian frontier. This town was always consid-
ered of great importance, from its situation on the road
to Euboea, whence the Athenians derived most of their
supplies; when, therefore, by the advice of Alcibia-
des, it was seized and garrisoned by a Lacedaimonian
force, they became exposed to great loss and inconve-
nience. (Thucyd. , 6, 91. --Id. , 7, 19. --Slrabo, 396. )
Thucydides reports, that Decelea was visible from Ath-
ens; and Xenophon observes that the sea and Piraeus
could be seen from it. (Hist. Gr. , 1, 1,25. ) Herodo-
tus states, that the lands of the Deceleans were always
spared by the Peloponnesian army in their invasions of
Attica, because they had pointed out to the Tyndaridae
the place were Helen was secreted by Theseus, when
they came to Attica in search of her. (Herodot. , 9,
73--Alex. ,op. Aiken , 2,76. ) Sir W. Gelldescribes
Decelea as situate on a round detached hill, connected
by a sort of isthmus with Mount Parnes. From the
lop is an extensive view of the plains of both Athens
and Eleusis. The fortress is at the mouth of a pass
through Parnes to Oropus. The nearest place is Va-
ribobi. (Ilin. , p. 106. ) Mr. Hawkins gives the mod-
ern name of the spot on which the ruins of Decelea
stand as XupionXciiia. (Walpolc's Collection, vol.
I, p. 338, in notis. --Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 2,
p. 403. )
Decemviri, I. ten commissioners appointed to frame
a code of laws for the Roman stale. --The history of
this affair is as follows: The intestine feuds between
the patricians and plebeians were continuing with un-
abated animosity. Occasionally one of the consuls
favoured the plebeians, and proposed some mitigation
of the hardships under which they were labouring, or
some increase of their privileges, but generally with
little success. The Agrarian law, brought forward by
Spurius Cassius, continued to be the main demand
of the commons and their supporters, but its passage
was, on every occasion, either directly or indirectly
prevented. At last the commons became convinced,
that they need hope for no complete redress of griev-
ances, until they should have previously secured the es-
tablishment of some constitutional principle, from which
equal justice would, of necessity and from its very na-
? ? ture, emanate. Accordingly, CaiuaTerentillus Harsa,
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? OECEMVIRI.
by the gradual encroachments of the commons, and
was only frustrated by the selfish and inordinate am-
bition of the leading agents.
The people had been
clamorous for a code of laws, a demand which the
patneians, in whom the whole judiciary power was
rested, and to whom the knowledge of the few laws
which then existed was confined, had always very
strenuously opposed. After violent altercations be-
tween the two orders, the patneians on a sudden yield-
ed to the popular wish, and became apparently as de-
sirous of a code of laws as the people themselves were:
when, however, it came to the choice of commissioners,
who should be sent abroad for the purpose of inspecting
foreign codes, the nobility insisted that all three depu-
ties should be of patrician rank. They gained their
point, and three of their own order were sent. That
these deputies actually went to Greece is a point far
from being well established; indeed, the contrary would
seem much nearer the truth. We have, it is true, the
authority of Floras, Orosius, and Aurelius Victor, in
favour of the Roman laws having been compiled from
the code of Solon; but, on the other hand, Diodorus
Siculus (12, 23), who makes mention of the Decem-
viri, and of the laws compiled by them, says nothing
of the Romans having sent to Athens for that purpose;
<<nd in none of the works of Cicero is any account
given of this deputation. It must not be denied,
oowever, that Dio Cassius (44, 26) makes Cicero
remark, a little after the death of Caesar, that their
forefathers had not disdained to borrow some laws
from Athens; and Cicero himself, in his treatise Dc
hrgibus (2, 23), speaking of a funeral law of the
twelve tables, states that it was nearly all borrowed
from one of the laws of Solon. In opposition to this,
however, it may be urged, that a comparison of the
fragments we possess of the decemviral laws with the
cede of Solon, shows so striking a discrepance in gen-
eral, as to lead at once to the belief that the coinci-
dences mentioned by Cicero are to be explained on
wher and different grounds. Why, it may bo asked,
if the Roman code were borrowed from the Greek, did
u breathe so little of the spirit of Grecian legislation,
and contain so many things peculiar to the Romans
and foreign to the Greeks 1 How came it that Her-
modoros of Kphesus, who is reported to have inter-
preted and explained the Attic laws to the Roman
commissioners, used many Latin terms, such as auc-
torites, libripcns, assiduus proletarius, and many
others, for which there were no equivalent expressions
among the Greeks'--But the authority of Cicero him-
self is conclusive on this point. He hesitates not to
rank the laws of the twelve tables far abate those of
Greece. "It is easy," he observes, "to perceive how
much the wisdom and prudence of our forefathers sur-
passed that of other nations, if you compare our laws
with those of Lycurgus. Draco, and Solon. It is in-
credible how ill digested and almost ridiculous every
system of civil law is excepting our own. This I
repeat every day, when in my discourses I prefer the
wisdom of our Romans to that of other men, and in
particular of the Greeks. " (Cic ,de Oral, 1, 44. ) Is
this the language of a man who believed that the De-
cemviri had been indebted to the legislators of Greece
ibr the code which they promulgated 1--The truth ap-
pears to be, that whatever admixture of Grecian laws
there was in the Roman code, was derived from Gre-
cian customs and usages prevalent at the time both
in the vicinity of Rome and in the city itself. To
? ? hese Grecian customs were added others peculiar to
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? DEI
toe Danube, in the vicinity of Mons Abnoba, which
paid the tenth part of their value to the Romans. (Ta-
cit. , G. , 29. ) Much interesting information relative to
these lands will be found in the work of Leichtlen, en-
titled "SchwabenunierdenRbmern. ," Fribourg, 8vo,
1825.
Deianira, a daughter of CEneus, king of ^Etolia.
Her beauty procured many admirers, and her father
promised to give her in marriage to him only who
oroved superior in prowess to all his competitors. Her-
cules obtained her hand, after a contest with the god
of the Acheloiis. (Fid. Acheloiis. ) On his way toTra-
ehis, after his union with the daughter of CEneus,
Hercules came in company with Deianira to the river
Evenus, where Nessus, the Centaur, had taken his
abode, and carried over travellers, saying that he had re-
ceived this office from the gods as a reward for his
uprightness. Hercules went across through the water
himself, having agreed on the price for the conveyance
of Deianira. Nessus attempted the honour of his fair
freight. She resisted, and Hercules, hearing her cries,
shot Nessus to the heart as he came on shore. The
dying Centaur thought on revenge: he called Deianira
to him, and told her, if she wished to possess a philtre,
or means of securing the love of Hercules, to keep
carefully the blood which flowed from his wound; an
advice with which she incautiously complied. When
Hercules, subsequently, had erected an altar to Ju-
piter at the promontory of Ccnnuin in Eubcea, and,
wishing to offer a sacrifice, had sent for a splendid robe
to wear, Deianira, having heard from the messenger of
a female captive named Iola, whom Hercules had
taken, and fearing the effect of her ehaifns on the _
heart of her husband, resolved to try the cilicSW(of the o
philtre of Nessus, and tinged with it the tunic tflsjch p
was sent. Hercules, suspecting nothing, put on tn>. ? 1
fatal garment, and prepared to sacrifice. At first he
felt no effect from it; but, when it became warm, the
venom of the hydra, which had been communicated
by his arrow to the blood of the Centaur, began to
consume his flesh, and eventually compelled him, in
order to put an end to his sufferings, to ascend the
funeral pile at CEta. (Vid. Hercules. )--Another le-
gend made Deianira to have been the offspring of
Bacchus and Althaea, queen of CEneus. Apollodorus
speaks also of her skill in driving the chariot, and her
acquaintance generally with martial exercises, a state-
ment which he appears to have borrowed from some
old poet. (Apollod. , 1, 8. 1. --Heyne, ad loc. --Apol-
tod. , 2, 7, 5-- Id. , 2, 7, 7. --Ovid, Met. , 9, 9. -- Id.
ib. , 9,137. )--M tiller, in his explanation of the myth of
Hercules, makes the marriage of that hero with Deia-
nira a figurative allusion to the league between the
Dorians and ^Etolians for the invasion of the Pe-
loponnesus. (Dorians, vol. 1, p. 70, Eng. tram. )
Oreuzer, on the other hand, gives a mystic interpre-
tation to the legend. According to him, Hercules
represents the power of the sun in drying up and fertil-
zing the wet places. Hence CEneus (Qivtic, olvoc),
he wine-man (or cultivator of the vine), gives his
offspring in marriage to Hercules (or, in other words,
gives the vine to the protecting care of that power
which imparts the principle of production), and Her-
cules rescues her from the Centaur, the type, according
to Creuzer and others, of the water or morasses. (Sym-
bolik, vol 2, p. 251. )
Deihamia, a daughter of Lycomedes, king of Scy-
ros. She bore a son called Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus,
? ? to Achilles, who was disguised at her father's court in
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? DEL
to put any condemned person to death, which was the
reason that Socrates was reprieved for thirty days after
his condemnation, as we learn from Plato and Xen-
ophon. 'With regard to tae sacred vessel itself,
which was called Oeupic, it was preserved by the
Athenians to the time of Demetrius Phalereus, they
restoring always what was decayed, and changing the
old rotten planks for others that were new and entire;
to that it furnished philosophers with matter of dispute,
whether, after so many repairs and alterations, it still re-
named the same identical ship; and it served as an in-
stance to illustrate the opinion of those, who held that
the body atill remained the same numerical substance,
notwithstanding the continual decay of old parts and the
acquisition of new ones, through the several stages of
life. (Plat. , Phadon. , <) 2, eeqq. --Schol. , ad tor. . --
Pint, Vtt. Ties. , c. 23--Xen. , Mem. , 4, 8, 2--Cal-
ttm , H. in Del. , 278, &c. )--III. A surname of Diana,
from her having been bom in the island of Delos.
Delioh, a city of Boeotia, on the seacoast, north of
the mouth of the Asopus. It was celebrated for its
temple of Apollo, and also for the battle which took
place in its vicinity between the Athenians and Boeo-
tians, when the former were totally routed. It was in
this engagement that Socrates, according to some ac-
counts, saved the life of Xenophon, or, according to
others, of Alcibiades. (Strabo, 403. --Diog. Lacrt. ,
2, 22--Thucyd , 4, 96. ) Some vestiges of this an-
cient town have been observed by modern travellers
near the village of Dramisi, on the Euripus. (Gell's
Ilia. , p. 134. --Dodttell'i Tour, vol. 2, p. 155. )
Delius, a surname of Apollo, because born in Delos.
Delmixiom, the ancient capital of Dalmatia. (Vid.
Dalminium. )
Delos, an island of the . ? gean, situate nearly in
he centre of the Cyclodes. This island was called
also Asteria, Pelasgia, Chlamydias, Lagia, Pyrpilis,
dcythias, Mydia, and Ortygia. (P/tn. ,4, 12. --Stcph.
Byx, t. v. A;/ ? . oc. ) It was named Ortygia from 6prvS,
a f v*i/, and Lagia from Xoyuc, a hare, the island for-
merly abounding with both these creatures. On this
account, according to Strabo, it was not allowed to
have dog* at Delos, because they destroyed the quails
and hares. (Strabo, 485. ) The name Delos is com-
monly derived from d;//. nf, manifest, in allusion to the
island having floated under the surface of the sea until
made to appear and stand firm by order of Neptune.
This was done for the purpose of receiving Latona,
who was on the eve of delivery, and could find no
asylum on the earth, Juno having bound it by an oath
not to receive her; as Delos at the time was floating
beneath the waters, it was freed from the obligation.
Once fixed in its place, it continued, according to pop-
ular belief, to remain so firm as even to bo unmoved
by the shocks of an earthquake. This, however, is
contradicted by Thucydides and Herodotus, who re-
port that a shock was felt there before the Peloponnesian
war. (Thueyd. , 2, S. --Herodot. , 6, 98. --Compare
Orac , ap Eustalh. ad Dion. Perieg. , 525, and Pindar,
up. Phil. Jwl, 2, p. 511. ) Pliny quotes, among oth-
ers, Aristotle, who pretends that its name was given to
Delos, because the island rose unexpectedly out of
the tea, and appeared to view. Many other opinions
have been advanced respecting its origin. According,
however, to Olivier, it is at the present day everywhere
schistose o. granitical, exhibiting no traces of a volca-
no, and nothing that can explain, by the laws of physics,
the wonders which the Greeks have transmitted to us
? ? respecting it. --It appears from Thucydides, that as
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? DEL
t. i the Athenians the sovereignty of the island and
the administration of the temple. (I'olyb. , 30, 18. )
But, on the occupation of Athens by the generals of
Mithradates, they landed troops in Delos, and com-
mitted the greatest devastations there in consequence
of the inhabitants refusing to espouse their cause.
After this calamity it remained in an impoverished and
deserted state. (Strabo, 4S6. --Appian, Bell. Milk-
rod. , c. 28. --Fausan , 3, 23. --Antip. , Thes>>. Anal. ,
vol. 2, p. 118. ) The town of Delos was situate in a
plain watered by the little river Inopus (Strabo, I. c.
--Collin. , Hymn, in Del. , 206), and by a lake, called
Trochoeides by Herodotus (2, 170), and Theognis
(v. 7). Callimachus and Euripides also allude to it.
(Hymn, in Del. , 261. --/pA. Taur. , 1097. ) The isl-
and is now called Delo or Sdille, and is so covered
with ruins and ruobish as to admit of little or no cul-
ture. (Wheeler, vol. 1, p. 88. --Spon. , vol. 1, p. 176.
--Tournefort, vol. 1, p. 307. -- Choitev. l Govjjficr,
Voyage Piltoresque, vol.
