For by the working of the same
Spirit this also should be said which was said, The gods of the Gentiles are devils, that we might understand what had been expressed in the Hebrew, the gods of the Gentiles are idols, meaning rather the devils which dwell in the idols'.
Spirit this also should be said which was said, The gods of the Gentiles are devils, that we might understand what had been expressed in the Hebrew, the gods of the Gentiles are idols, meaning rather the devils which dwell in the idols'.
Augustine - Exposition on the Psalms - v6
And of a surety already thou hast killed Christ,
VOL. VI. L
have come judgment into this world, that John 9, for
saying,
they who see not may see, and they who see may be made
blind. The proud are made blind, the lowly are enlightened. Therefore, He hath judged His people. Isaiah spake the Ts. 2, 8.
146 in the rejection of the unbelieving Jews
Psalm thou house of Jacob, thou hast killed Christ; already thou cxxxv. l]ast waggecl tl,y head before the cross; hast marked Him as He hung there; hast said, If He be the Son of God, let Him come down from the Cross. Already the Physician has
John 9,
prayed for the madmen, Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do. Surely already thou hast done all these things; and now believe on Him Whom thou hast slain, drink the Blood which thou hast poured out. And now, thou house of Jacob, I would expound the witness of Isaiah, which he hath said here, For the Lord hath judged His people, and He will be called upon among His servants. For He is understood to judge His people, by separating in that very people of His the good from the bad, the faithful from the unfaithful, the Apostles from the lying Jews. He signified this, as I began to say, when He spake by the Prophet, now after all these ill-doings of thine, O thou house of Jacob, come, let us walk in the light of the Lord. Wherefore do I say to you, Come, let us walk in the light of the Lord? Lest by remaining in Judaism, ye come not to Christ. But why ? Did not Christ always prophesy there ? But now He hath sent away His people, the house of Israel. Come, O house of Jacob, for He hath sent away His people the house of Jacob ; come, O house of Israel, for He hath sent away His people the house of Israel. Who hath come, who hath been sent away, save that this is the judgment, that they who see not may see, and they who see may become blind? There fore the Lord hath judged His people. Therefore He hath separated them, and will He not find there them whom He may restore to His kingdom ? Surely He will find, and
liom. 1l, ffe shall be called upon among His servants. He cast not away, says the Apostle, His people whom He knew. And
how does he prove this ? For I
also am an Israelite. There fore God had judged His people, by separating the evil and the good ; that is to say, He shall be called upon among His servants. By whom? By the Gentiles. For how vast
are the nations who have come in by faith. How many farms and desert places now come in to us? They come thence no one can tell how numerously; they would believe. We say to them, What will ye ? They answer, To know the glory of God. Believe, my brethren,
and Conversion of the Gentiles. 147
that we wonder and rejoice at such a claim of these Ver. rustic people. They come I know not whither, roused lo"~1"" up by I know not whom. How shall I say, I know not
by whom ? I know indeed by whom, because He savs,
Xo one cometh to Me, save whom the Father draweth. John 6, They come suddenly from the woods, the desert, the44' most distant and lofty mountains, to the Church ; and
many of them, nay, near all hold this language, so that we
see of a truth that God teacheth them within. The pro
phecy of Scripture is fulfilled, when it says, And they shall 1a. 54, all be taught of God. We say to them, What do ye longj^g for? And they answer, To see the glory of God. For all^- ' ' hare sinned, and come short of the glory of God. They 23. believe, they are sanctified, they will to have clergy ordained
for them. Is it not fulfilled, and He will be called upon
among His servants 1
23. Lastly, after all that arrangement and dispensation, the Spirit of God turns itself to reproaching and ridiculing those idols, which are now ridiculed by their very wor shippers. The idols of the Gentiles are silter and gold. ,. 15. As God made all these things, Who made whatever He would in heaven and earth, Who hath judged His people, and
will be called upon by His servants, what can any thing that man maketh be, but an object of ridicule, not adoration? Was He perchance about to speak of the idols of the Gentiles, that we might despise them all ? was He about to speak of the idols of the heathen, stones and wood, plaster and pottery ? I say not these, they are mean materials. I speak of that which they specially love, that which they specially
honour. The idols of the Gentiles are silver and gold. Surely it is gold, surely it is silver: because silver glitters,
and gold glitters, have they therefore eyes, or do they see? As it is silver, as it is gold, it is useful not to the religious, but to the covetous; nay not even useful to the covetous, but useful to him who useth it well, and who gains by spending it celestial treasure. But as these things are senseless, why make ye men of silver and gold to be gods?
See ye not that the gods which ye make see not? They V. 16. 17. have eyes, and will not see; they have ears, and will not
hear; they have nostrils, and will not smell; they have a
L2
149 The blood of Martyrs the seed of the Church.
Psalm month, and will not speak ; they have hands, and will not cx xs- work; they have feet, and will not walk. All these things could the carpenter, the silversmith, the goldsmith make, both eyes, and ears, and nostrils, and mouth, and hands, and feet, but he could give neither sight to the eyes, nor hearing to the ears, nor speech to the mouth, nor smell to
v. 18.
the nostrils, nor motion to the hands, or going to the feet. 24. And man, thou laughest doubtless at what thou hast made, if thou knowest by Whom thou art made. But of them who know not, what is said ? All they who make
them, and all they who trust in them, are like them. And ye believe, brethren, that there is a likeness to these idols expressed not in their flesh, but in their inner man. For
Mat. 11, they have ears, and hear not. God calls to them indeed, He who hath ears to hear, let him hear. They have eyes, and see not, for they have the eyes of the body, and not the eyes of faith. Lastly, this prophecy is fulfilled among all the nations. See how it hath been said by the prophet. It is nothing allegorical or figurative I mention. Listen to a
peculiar, express, simple, plain prophecy, behold its fulfil- Zeph. ? ,ment. The Lord, says he, hath prevailed against them:
1''
so saith the prophet Zephaniah. Against the gainsayers, and rebellious, and them who make martyrs by the murder of the faithful, but know not, against them the Lord hath pre vailed. And how hath He prevailed? We shall see in His Church that He hath prevailed. They wished to slay, to de stroy a few Christians; they poured out their blood ; from the blood of the slain so many rose up, that by them they, the murderers of the Martyrs, were overcome. And now they ask where they may hide their idols, who of yore killed Christians for the sake of their idols. Hath not the Lord prevailed against them ? See whether He does what follows. The Lord hath prevailed against them. And what did He do ?
Zeph. at He hath destroyed all the gods of the Gentiles, and every man SUp' shall worship Him in his own place, all the isles of the Gentiles. What is this ? Was it not prophesied ? Is it not fulfilled? Is it not seen, as it is written? And they who remain have eyes, and see not; have nostrils, and smell
2 Cor. '
not. They perceive not that savour. We are a good savour of Christ, as the apostle says every where. What profiteth
Christians the true house of Israel. 149
that they have nostrils, and smell not thai so sweet savour Ver.
'i0'
of Christ? Truly done in them, and truly said of them, All they who make them, and all they who trust in them, are like to them.
25. But daily do men believe through the miracles of Christ our Lord daily the eyes of the blind, the ears of the deaf are opened, the nostrils of the senseless are breathed into, the tongues of the dumb are loosed, the hands of the palsied are strengthened, the feet of the lame are guided sons of
Abraham are raised up of these stones, to all of whom be
Matt. said, Bless the Lord, ye house of Israel. All are sons of^. ' 19,
Abraham and sons of Abraham are raised up from these stones, plain that they are rather the house of Israel who belong to the house of Israel, the seed of Abraham, not
the flesh, but by faith. Bless the Lord, ye house Israel. But even granting that said of that house, and the people
of Israel meant, from thence did the Apostles and thou sands of the circumcised believe? Bless the Lord, ye house7-20. of Israel; bless the Lord, ye house of Aaron; bless the Lord,
ye house Levi. Bless the Lord, ye nations, this is, the house of Israel generally bless Him, ye leaders, this is,
the house of Aaron; bless Him, ye servants, this is, the house of Levi. W hat of the other nations? Ye that fear
the Lord, bless the Lord.
26. Let us also with one voice say what follows: Blessed be the Lord out of Zion, who dwelleth in Jerusalem . Out of Zion Jerusalem too. Zion 'watching,' Jerusalem the 'vision of peace. ' In what Jerusalem will He dwell now In that which has fallen Nay, but in that which our mother, which in the heavens, of which said,
The desolate hath more children than she which hath als. 54,1, husband. For now the Lord from Zion, because we
watch when He will come; now as long as we live in hope,
we are in Zion. When our way ended, we shall dwell in
that city which will never fall, because the Lord dwelleth
in her, and keepeth her, which the vision of peace, the
eternal Jerusalem; for the praise of which, my brethren, language sufficeth not; where we shall find no enemy, either
within the Church or without the Church, neither iu our
flesh, nor in our thoughts. For death shall be swallowed iCor. 15,
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150 God's mercy, how for ever.
Tsaim up in victory, and we shall be free to see God in >xxxvi. etenial peace, being made citizens of Jerusalem, the city
of God. exxxir.
PSALM CXXXVI. EXPOSITION.
ver. 1.
1. Give thanks unto the Lord, for He is good, for His mercy endure th for ever. This Psalm contains the praise of God, and all its verses finish in the same way. Wherefore although many things are related here in praise of God, yet His mercy is most commended; for without this plain commendation, he, whom the Holy Spirit used to utter this Psalm, would have no verse be ended. 1 remem-
Ps. 106, ber, in the hundred and fifth Psalm, which begins in the same way, because the manuscript which I read had not
l"E" for ever, but, for ages1 His mercy, that I enquired what we had better understand. For, in the Greek language, it is written, elg tov alwvx, which may be interpreted, for ages,
'inaeter- and, for ever1. But it would be tedious to renew the enquiries I made as best I could in that place. But in this Psalm, the same manuscript has not for ages, which most have, but, for ever His mercy. Although after the
judgment, by which at the end of the world the quick and
Mat. 25, the dead must be judged, the just being sent into life
1
''
eternal, the unjust into everlasting fire, there will not afterwards be those, whom God will have mercy on, yet rightly may His future mercy be understood to be for ever, which He bestows on His saints and faithful ones, not because they will be miserable for ever, and therefore will need His mercy for ever, but because that very blessedness, which He mercifully bestows on the miserable, that they cease to be miserable, and begin to be happy, will have no end, and therefore His mercy is for ever. For that we shall be just from being unjust, whole from being unsound, alive from being dead, immortal from being mortal, happy from being wretched, is of His mercy. But this that we
Who are 'gods' in Scripture. 151
shall be, will be for ever, and therefore His mercy is for Vgu.
ever. Wherefore, give thanks to the Lord ; that praise the Lord by giving thanks, for He good: nor any tem poral good you will gain from this confession, for, His mercy
3' .
endureth for ever; that the benefit which He bestows mercifully upon you, for ever. The expression, for He is good, in the Greek ayaQo; not as in the hundred and fifth Psalm, for there He good,' in Greek
X? 1<rT0J- And so some have expounded the former, Since He
sweet. ' For ayoSo; not good any how, but good most excellently.
Then follows, Give thanks to the God gods, for Hisver. 2. mercy endureth for ever. Give thanks to the Lord of lords, ver. 3.
for His mercy endureth for ever. We may well enquire,
Who are these gods and lords, of whom He Who the true
God God and Lord And we find written in another
Psalm, that men even are called gods as is, God stood in Pk. 82,1. the congregation of the gods, He discerneth between the gods.
And little afterwards, children of the High One
have said, Ye are gods, and. all lb. 6. but ye shall die like men, and
The Lord even takes note of
fall as one of the princes.
this testimony in the Gospel, saying, Ls not written in Johnio,
your Law, have said, Ye are gods If He called them 34' gods, for whom the word of God was sent, and the Scrip tures cannot be broken, how say ye, Thou blasphemest,
because said, am the Son of God? not therefore because they are all good, but because the word of God came to them, that they were called gods. For were be cause they are all good, He would not thus distinguish between them. For when He said, God standeth in the congregation
gods, He does not say, He distinguishes between God and men, as He shewed what was the difference between gods and men; but He saith, He judgeth between the gods. Then follows, How long do ye judge iniquity and the rest,
Ps. 82,2.
not to all, but to some, because He saith in distinguishing, and yet He distinguisheth
between the gods.
3. But asked, If men are called gods to whom the
word of the Lord came, are the Angels to be called gods, when the greatest reward which promised to just and
which He says certainly
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152 Angels not called ' gods,' and why.
Psalm holy men is the being equal to Angels? In the Scriptures
'i*""'" 1 know not whether it can, at least easily, be found, that
the Angels are openly called gods ; but when it had been said
Ps. 96,4of the Lord God, He is terrible, above all gods, he adds, as
seq'
by way of exposition why he says this, for the gods of the heathen are devils. Over such gods as these, he says, that the Lord is terrible among His holy places, the heavens which He hath made, from which the devils are frightened. For so it follows. But the Lord made the heavens. It is not therefore the gods without addition ; but the gods of the Gentiles are devils; but above He says, He is terrible above all gods. He does not say, above all the gods of the Gentiles, although He would have this understood, by adding what follows, For the gods of the Gentiles are devils. It is said that this is not the reading in Hebrew, but the gods of the Gentiles are idols. If this be true, much the more must the Seventy be believed to have interpreted by the Divine Spirit, the same Spirit as He by whom these things were said in the Hebrew.
For by the working of the same
Spirit this also should be said which was said, The gods of the Gentiles are devils, that we might understand what had been expressed in the Hebrew, the gods of the Gentiles are idols, meaning rather the devils which dwell in the idols'. For as regards images, which in Greek are called idols,
i Mmu-
irSalw a name we now use in Latin, they have eyes and see not,
and all the other things which are said of them, because they are utterly without sense ; wherefore they cannot be frightened, for nothing which has no sense can be frightened. How then can it be said of the Lord, He is terrible above all gods, because the gods of the Gentiles are idols, if the devils which may be frightened are not understood to be in these images. Whence also the Apostle says, We know that
l Cor.
B' *' an idol is nothing. This refers to its earthy senseless
material. But that no one may think, that there is no living
and sentient nature, which delights in the Gentile sacrifices, l Cor. he adds, But what the GIentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to 10, 20' devils, and not to God : would not have you partakers
with devils. If therefore we never find in the divine words that the holy Angels are called gods, I think the best reason is, that men may not be induced by the name to pay
Thanksgiving the note of the whole Psalm. 153
that ministry and service of religion (which in Greek is Ver. called AsiTOti^yi'a or Aargia) to the holy Angels, which neither -- would they have paid by man at all, save to that God,
Who is the God of themselves and men. Hence they are
much more correctly called Angels, which in Latin is
' Nuntii,' that by the name of their function, not their substance, we may plainly understand that they would have
us worship the God, Whom they announce. The whole
then of that question the Apostle has briefly expounded,
when he says, For though there be who are called gods, l Cot. 8, whether in heaven or in earth, as there are gods many and5- 6" lords many ; yet we have one God the Father, from Whom are
all, and we in Him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by Whom are all things, and we by Him.
4. Let us therefore give thanks to the God of gods, and
the Lord of lords, for His mercy endureth for ever. Who ver. 4. alone did wonderful things. As at the last part of every
verse, it is written, For His mercy endureth for ever, so we
must understand at the beginning of each, though it be not written, Give thanks. Which indeed in the Greek is very
plain. It would be so in Latin, if our translators had been
able to make use of that expression. Which indeed they
could have done in this verse, if they had said, 'To Him
Who doeth 1 wonderful things. ' For where we have, Who rfirf'facienti wonderful things, the Greek has raj 7roiqo-avr/, where we must {^abl"
understand, give thanks. And I would they
had added the pronoun, and said to Him, Who did, or to
Him Who doeth, or to Him Who made sure ; because then
one might easily understand, let us give thanks. For now
it is so obscurely rendered, that He who either knows not or
cares not to examine a Greek manuscript may think, Who ver. 5. made the heavens, Who made sure the earth, Who made the luminaries, for His mercy endureth for ever, has been so
said, because He did these things for this reason, because
His mercy endureth for ever : whereas they, whom He has
freed from misery, belong to His Mercy: but not that we should believe that He makes sky, earth, and luminaries, of
His Mercy; since they are marks of His Goodness, Who Gen. l, created all things very good. For He created all things, that^d they might have their being ; but it is the work of His Mercy, 14.
necessarily
154 All God's works made by His Wisdom,
Psalm to cleanse us from our sins, and deliver us from everlasting - -- -misery. And so the Psalm thus addresses us, Give thanks unto the God of Gods, give thanks unto the Lord of Lords. Give thanks to Him, Who alone doeth great wonders ; give thanks to Him, Who by His wisdom made the heavens; give thanks to Him, Who stretched out the earth above the waters ;
give thanks to Him, Who alone made great lights. Hut why
we are to praise, he setteth down at the end of all theverses, for His mercy endureth for ever.
5. But what meaneth, Who alone doeth great wonders ? Is it because many wonderful things He hath done by means of angels and men ? Some wonderful things there are which God doeth alone, and these he enumerates, saying,
v. 5--7. Who by His wisdom made the heavens, Who stretched out the earth above the waters, Who alone made great lights. For this reason did he add alone in this verse also, because the other wonders which he is about to tell of, God did by means of man. For having said, Who alone made great
v. 8. 9. lights, he goes on to explain what these are, the sun to rule the day, the moon and stars to govern the night; then he begins to tell the wonders which He did by means of angels
v. io. and men ; Who smote Egypt with their first-born, and the rest. The whole creation then God manifestly made, not by means of any creature, but alone ; and of this creation he hath mentioned certain more eminent parts, that they might
1 intelii- make us think on the whole; the heavens we can understand1,
effilos. <<
anfl tne earth we see. And as there are visible heavens too, by mentioning the lights in them, he has bid us look on the whole body of the heavens as made by Him.
6. However, whether by what he saith, Who made the heavens in understanding, or, as others have rendered in intelligence, he meant to signify, the heavens we can under stand, or that He in His understanding or intelligence, that is, in His wisdom made the heavens, (as elsewhere
Ps. 104, written, in wisdom hast Thou made them all,) implying
24'
thereby the only-begotten Word, may be question. But be so, that we are to understand that God His wisdom made the heavens, why saith He this only of the
heavens, whereas God made all things by the same wisdom? Is that needed only to be expressed there, so that in
it it
if it
by
it,
a
it is
that is, His Word.
the rest it might be understood without being written ; so Ver.
^~10'
that he means to say, Who by His wisdom made the heavens: Who laid out the earth above the waters, here under standing, by His wisdom: Who alone made great lights;
the sun to rule the day, the moon and stars to govern the night, that is, by His wisdom. How then could it be alone, if in understanding or in intelligence means by His wisdom, that by the only-begotten Word Is that, inasmuch as the Trinity not three Gods, but one God, he states that God made these things alone, because He made not creation by means of any creature
But what is, Who laid out the earth above the waters
For a difficult question, because the earth seemeth to
be the heavier, so that should be believed not so much to
be borne on the waters, as to bear the waters. And that
we may not seem contentiously to maintain our Scriptures against those who think that they have discovered these matters on sure principles, we have second interpretation
to give, that the earth which inhabited by men, and contains the living creatures of the earth, (which in another
way called the dry land, as written, Let the dry land Gen.
appear; and God called the dry land earth,) laid out9'10' above the waters because stands out above the waters which surround it. For when we speak of city on the sea being built above the waters, not meant that the sea
under in the same way as the waters are under the chambers of caverns, or under ships sailing over them
but said to be above the sea, because stands up above
the sea below it. Thus Pharaoh said to have gone outExod. 7, over the water, (for so in the Greek, where some Latin versions have, to the water,) and the Lord sat on the weU,Mrb because both were higher than the river and the well, the ,
But these words further signify something else which more closely concerns us, God His wisdom made the heavens, that is, His saints, spiritual men, to whom He has given not only to believe, but also to under stand things divine; those who cannot yet attain to this, and only hold their faith firmly, as being beneath the
John one beside the river, the other beside the well. 6.
by
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156 The mystical meaning of the
Psalm heavens, are figured by the name of earth. And because C"xVI- lhey abide with unshaken belief upon the baptism they have received, therefore it is said, He laid out the earth above the waters. Further, since it is written of our Lord
Col. 2, 3. Jesus Christ, that in Him are hid all the treasures wisdom and knowledge, and that these two, wisdom and knowledge, differ somewhat from one another is testified by other utterances of Scripture, especially in the words of
holy Job, where both are in a manner defined ; (for he saith, But unto man He said, Behold, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom, and to depart from evil is understanding ;) not unsuitably then do we understand wisdom to consist in the knowledge and love of That Which ever is and abideth
1 pieta>>, unchangeable, Which is God. For where he saith, 1piety
is wisdom, in Greek is fleotre/3sia, and to express the whole of this in Latin, we may call it ' Dei cultns,' (worship of God. ) But to depart from evil, which he calls knowledge, what else
Phil. 2, is it but to walk cautiously and heedfully in the midst of a '''' crooked and perverse generation, in the night, as it were, of
this world, that each one by keeping himself from iniquity may avoid being confounded with the darkness, distinguished by the light of his proper gift. And so, when in a certain
the Apostle would shew the harmonious variety of
graces in men ofGod, he placed these two in the front rank,
iCor. 12, saying, To one is given by the Spirit the word of wisdom;
8--10.
John
shining either by day or by night; and regard of spiritual gifts, this means that He gave them power to become the
tnis l Supp0Se i)ie tun t0 rule the day: to another the word of knowledge the same Spirit this, the moon. And then imagine the stars to be in certain sense mentioned in what follows, To another faith, the same Spirit to another the gift healing, the same Spirit to another the working of miracles; to another prophecy to another discerning of spirits to another divers kinds of tongues to another the
interpretation of tongues for there none not necessary in the night of this world
of these which
but when
therefore
and the night, he says, that there might be the power of
passed, they will not be necessary, and said, to govern the night. To govern the day
of
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Works of God's Creation. 157
sons of God. Who smote Egypt with their first-born. He Ver. smote too the world, with the things which are held chief in 11--27- the world.
9. Who brought out Israel from the midst of them. He v. n. brought out also His saints and faithful ones from the midst
of the wicked. With a mighty Hand and st retch ed-out v. 12. Arm. What more powerful, what more out-stretched, than
that of which is said, To whom is the Arm of the Lordn>>. hZ,\. revealed? It 'ho divided the Red Sea in two parts. He v. 13. divided also in such wise, that the same baptism should be
to some unto life, to others unto death. And brought outv. u. Israel through the midst of it. So too He brings out His renewed people through the laver of regeneration. And\. 15. overthrew Pharaoh and his power in the Red Sea. He quickly destroyeth both the sin of His people and the guilt thereof by baptism. Who led His people through thei. \<,. wilderness. Us too He leadeth through the drought and barrenness of this world, that we perish not therein. Whov. 17. 18. smote great kings, and slew famous kings. From us too
He smites and slays the deadly powers of the devil. Sehonv. 19. king of the Amoriles, an ' useless shoot,' or ' fiery temptation,'
for so is Sehon interpreted: the king of 'them who cause bitterness,' for such is the meaning of Amorites. And Og, v. 20. the king of Basan. The ' heaper-together,' such is the meaning of Og, and, king of 'confusion,' which Basan signifies.
For what else doth the devil heap together but confusion ?
And gave away their land for an heritage, even an heritage v. 21. 22. unto Israel His servant. For He giveth them, whom once
the devil owned, for an heritage to the seed of Abraham,
that is, Christ. Who remembered us in our low estate, a>>d? . 23. 2i. redeemed us from our enemies by the Blood of His only- begotten Son. Who giveth food to all flesh, that to the v. 25. whole race of mankind, not Israelites only, but Gentiles
too; and of this Food said, My Flesh meat indeed. Givev. 26 27. thanks unto the God of Heaven, for His mercy endureth
for ever. Give thanks unto the Lord of lords, for His mercy endureth for ever. For what he here says, the God
Heaven, suppose that he meant to express in other words what He had before said, the God of gods. For what there he subjoined, he has here also repeated. Give thanks
of
I
is
is
is,
158 Babylon, and Jerusalem .
Psalm unto the Lord of lords. But though there be that are i? Cor" coated gods, whether in heaven or in earth, (as there be 8, 5. 6. gods many and lords many,) but to us there is but one God,
the Father, of Whom are all things, and we in Him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by Whom are all things, and we by Him ; to Whom we confess that His mercy endureth for
Lat. CxxxVJ.
psalm cxxxvll.
A Sermon to the People.
ever.
I think ye have not forgotten, that I brought to your notice, or rather to your recollection, that every one who is trained in the holy Church ought to know of what place we are citizens, and where we are wandering, and that the cause of our wandering is sin, the gift of our return, the remission of our sins, and our justification by the grace of God. Ye have heard and know that there are two cities, for the present outwardly mingled together, yet separated in heart, running together through the course of time until the end ; one whose end is everlasting peace, and it is called Jerusalem ; the other whose joy is peace in this world, and it is called Babylon. The meanings of these names too ye remember, that Jerusalem means ' vision of peace ;' Babylon, ' confusion. ' Jerusalem was held captive in Babylon, but not all, for the Angels too are its citizens. But as regards men predestined to the glory of God, to become by adoption
joint-heirs with Christ, whom He has redeemed from this very captivity by His own Blood, that this part, I say, of the citizens of Jerusalem are held captive in Babylon on account of sin, but first begin to go forth from thence in spirit by confession of sin and love of righteousness, and then afterwards at the end of the world are to be separated in body also ; this we set before you in that Psalm, which we first handled here with you, beloved, which begins thus :
Ps. 65, For Thee, O God, a hymn is meet in Sion, and to Thee shall 1. See
vol. iii. the vow be performed in Jerusalem. But to-day we have
P"
sung, By the waters Babylon we sat down and wept, when we remembered Sion. Observe, that in the former
it
25^.
of
Worldly men citizens of Babylon. 159
is said, For Thee, O God, a hymn is meet in Sion; but here, Ver.
----
2. What then are the waters of Babylon ? and what is
our sitting and weeping in remembrance of Sion ? For if
we be citizens of Sion, we not only chant this, but do it.
If we are citizens of Jerusalem, that is Sion, and in this life,
in the confusion of this world, in this Babylon, do not
dwell as citizens, but are detained as captives, it befits us
not only to chant these things, but also to do them, with affectionate regard, with religious longing for our ever
lasting city. This city too which is called Babylon hath
its lovers, who look for peace in this world, and hope for nothing beyond, but fix their whole joy in this, end it in
this, and we see them toil exceedingly for their earthly country: but whosoever live faithfully even therein, if they
seek not therein pride, and perishable elation, and hateful boasting, but exhibit true faith, such as they can, as long
they can, to whom they can, so far as they see earthly
things, and understand the nature of their citizenship, God suffereth them not to perish in Babylon ; He hath pre destinated them to be citizens of Jerusalem. He under- standeth their captivity, and sheweth to them another city,
for which they ought truly to sigh, for which they ought to
use every endeavour, to win which they ought to the utmost
of their power to urge their fellow-citizens, now their fellow- wanderers. Therefore saith the Lord Jesus Christ, He that Lukei6,
is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much ; I0' and again He saith, If ye have not been faithful in that which is another mans, who will give you that which is your own ?
3. However, brethren, observe the waters of Babylon. The waters of Babylon are all things which here are loved, and pass away. One man, for example, loveth to practise husbandry, to grow rich thereby, to employ his mind therein,
thence to gain pleasure : let him observe the issue, and see that what he hath loved is not a foundation of Jerusalem, but a stream of Babylon. Another saith, It is a grand thing to be a soldier : all husbandmen fear those who are soldiers,
By the waters of Babylon we sat down and wept, when we remembered Sion, that Sion where a hymn is meet for God.
ICO Worldly cares, streams of Babylon.
Psalm obey them, tremble at them : if I be a husbandman, I shall -- --' fear soldiers ; if a soldier, farmers will fear me. Madman ! Thou hast cast thyself headlong into another stream of
Babylon, and that still more boisterous and sweeping. Thou wishest to be feared by thine inferior ; fear Him that is greater than thou. He who fears thee may on a sudden become greater than thou, but never will He Whom thou oughtest to fear become less. To be a pleader, saith another, is a grand thing, ever to have clients hanging on the tongue of their eloquent advocate, and from his words looking for loss or gain, death or life, ruin or safety. Thou knowest not whither thou hast cast thyself; this too is another stream of Babylon, and its loud sound is the
din of the waters dashing against the rocks. Mark that it flows, it glides on ; and if thou markest that it flows and glides on, mark also that it carries things along with it. To traverse the seas, saith another, and to trade, is a grand thing, to know many lands, to make gains from every
never to be obnoxious in thy country to any powerful man, and to feed thy mind with the various habits of the nations thou visitest, and to return enriched with the increase of thy gains. This too is a stream of Babylon ; when will thy gains stop ? When wilt thou rely upon and be secure in the gains thou makest? The richer thou art, the more fearful wilt thou be. Once shipwrecked, thou wilt come forth stripped of all, and deservedly wilt thou bewail thyself in the rivers of Babylon, because thou wouldest not sit down and weep by the waters of Babylon.
4. But then other citizens of the holy Jerusalem, under standing their captivity, mark how the natural wishes and the various lusts of men hurry and drag them hither and thither, and drive them into the sea ; they see this, and they throw not themselves into the waters of Babylon, but sit down by the waters of Babylon, and by the waters of Babylon weep, either for those who are being carried away by them, or themselves whose deserts have placed them in Babylon, but sitting, that is, humbling themselves. By the waters of Babylon then we sat down and wept, when we re membered Sion. O holy Sion, where all stands firm and nothing flows ! Who hath thrown us headlong into this ?
quarter,
True Christians weep by the waters.
VOL. VI. L
have come judgment into this world, that John 9, for
saying,
they who see not may see, and they who see may be made
blind. The proud are made blind, the lowly are enlightened. Therefore, He hath judged His people. Isaiah spake the Ts. 2, 8.
146 in the rejection of the unbelieving Jews
Psalm thou house of Jacob, thou hast killed Christ; already thou cxxxv. l]ast waggecl tl,y head before the cross; hast marked Him as He hung there; hast said, If He be the Son of God, let Him come down from the Cross. Already the Physician has
John 9,
prayed for the madmen, Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do. Surely already thou hast done all these things; and now believe on Him Whom thou hast slain, drink the Blood which thou hast poured out. And now, thou house of Jacob, I would expound the witness of Isaiah, which he hath said here, For the Lord hath judged His people, and He will be called upon among His servants. For He is understood to judge His people, by separating in that very people of His the good from the bad, the faithful from the unfaithful, the Apostles from the lying Jews. He signified this, as I began to say, when He spake by the Prophet, now after all these ill-doings of thine, O thou house of Jacob, come, let us walk in the light of the Lord. Wherefore do I say to you, Come, let us walk in the light of the Lord? Lest by remaining in Judaism, ye come not to Christ. But why ? Did not Christ always prophesy there ? But now He hath sent away His people, the house of Israel. Come, O house of Jacob, for He hath sent away His people the house of Jacob ; come, O house of Israel, for He hath sent away His people the house of Israel. Who hath come, who hath been sent away, save that this is the judgment, that they who see not may see, and they who see may become blind? There fore the Lord hath judged His people. Therefore He hath separated them, and will He not find there them whom He may restore to His kingdom ? Surely He will find, and
liom. 1l, ffe shall be called upon among His servants. He cast not away, says the Apostle, His people whom He knew. And
how does he prove this ? For I
also am an Israelite. There fore God had judged His people, by separating the evil and the good ; that is to say, He shall be called upon among His servants. By whom? By the Gentiles. For how vast
are the nations who have come in by faith. How many farms and desert places now come in to us? They come thence no one can tell how numerously; they would believe. We say to them, What will ye ? They answer, To know the glory of God. Believe, my brethren,
and Conversion of the Gentiles. 147
that we wonder and rejoice at such a claim of these Ver. rustic people. They come I know not whither, roused lo"~1"" up by I know not whom. How shall I say, I know not
by whom ? I know indeed by whom, because He savs,
Xo one cometh to Me, save whom the Father draweth. John 6, They come suddenly from the woods, the desert, the44' most distant and lofty mountains, to the Church ; and
many of them, nay, near all hold this language, so that we
see of a truth that God teacheth them within. The pro
phecy of Scripture is fulfilled, when it says, And they shall 1a. 54, all be taught of God. We say to them, What do ye longj^g for? And they answer, To see the glory of God. For all^- ' ' hare sinned, and come short of the glory of God. They 23. believe, they are sanctified, they will to have clergy ordained
for them. Is it not fulfilled, and He will be called upon
among His servants 1
23. Lastly, after all that arrangement and dispensation, the Spirit of God turns itself to reproaching and ridiculing those idols, which are now ridiculed by their very wor shippers. The idols of the Gentiles are silter and gold. ,. 15. As God made all these things, Who made whatever He would in heaven and earth, Who hath judged His people, and
will be called upon by His servants, what can any thing that man maketh be, but an object of ridicule, not adoration? Was He perchance about to speak of the idols of the Gentiles, that we might despise them all ? was He about to speak of the idols of the heathen, stones and wood, plaster and pottery ? I say not these, they are mean materials. I speak of that which they specially love, that which they specially
honour. The idols of the Gentiles are silver and gold. Surely it is gold, surely it is silver: because silver glitters,
and gold glitters, have they therefore eyes, or do they see? As it is silver, as it is gold, it is useful not to the religious, but to the covetous; nay not even useful to the covetous, but useful to him who useth it well, and who gains by spending it celestial treasure. But as these things are senseless, why make ye men of silver and gold to be gods?
See ye not that the gods which ye make see not? They V. 16. 17. have eyes, and will not see; they have ears, and will not
hear; they have nostrils, and will not smell; they have a
L2
149 The blood of Martyrs the seed of the Church.
Psalm month, and will not speak ; they have hands, and will not cx xs- work; they have feet, and will not walk. All these things could the carpenter, the silversmith, the goldsmith make, both eyes, and ears, and nostrils, and mouth, and hands, and feet, but he could give neither sight to the eyes, nor hearing to the ears, nor speech to the mouth, nor smell to
v. 18.
the nostrils, nor motion to the hands, or going to the feet. 24. And man, thou laughest doubtless at what thou hast made, if thou knowest by Whom thou art made. But of them who know not, what is said ? All they who make
them, and all they who trust in them, are like them. And ye believe, brethren, that there is a likeness to these idols expressed not in their flesh, but in their inner man. For
Mat. 11, they have ears, and hear not. God calls to them indeed, He who hath ears to hear, let him hear. They have eyes, and see not, for they have the eyes of the body, and not the eyes of faith. Lastly, this prophecy is fulfilled among all the nations. See how it hath been said by the prophet. It is nothing allegorical or figurative I mention. Listen to a
peculiar, express, simple, plain prophecy, behold its fulfil- Zeph. ? ,ment. The Lord, says he, hath prevailed against them:
1''
so saith the prophet Zephaniah. Against the gainsayers, and rebellious, and them who make martyrs by the murder of the faithful, but know not, against them the Lord hath pre vailed. And how hath He prevailed? We shall see in His Church that He hath prevailed. They wished to slay, to de stroy a few Christians; they poured out their blood ; from the blood of the slain so many rose up, that by them they, the murderers of the Martyrs, were overcome. And now they ask where they may hide their idols, who of yore killed Christians for the sake of their idols. Hath not the Lord prevailed against them ? See whether He does what follows. The Lord hath prevailed against them. And what did He do ?
Zeph. at He hath destroyed all the gods of the Gentiles, and every man SUp' shall worship Him in his own place, all the isles of the Gentiles. What is this ? Was it not prophesied ? Is it not fulfilled? Is it not seen, as it is written? And they who remain have eyes, and see not; have nostrils, and smell
2 Cor. '
not. They perceive not that savour. We are a good savour of Christ, as the apostle says every where. What profiteth
Christians the true house of Israel. 149
that they have nostrils, and smell not thai so sweet savour Ver.
'i0'
of Christ? Truly done in them, and truly said of them, All they who make them, and all they who trust in them, are like to them.
25. But daily do men believe through the miracles of Christ our Lord daily the eyes of the blind, the ears of the deaf are opened, the nostrils of the senseless are breathed into, the tongues of the dumb are loosed, the hands of the palsied are strengthened, the feet of the lame are guided sons of
Abraham are raised up of these stones, to all of whom be
Matt. said, Bless the Lord, ye house of Israel. All are sons of^. ' 19,
Abraham and sons of Abraham are raised up from these stones, plain that they are rather the house of Israel who belong to the house of Israel, the seed of Abraham, not
the flesh, but by faith. Bless the Lord, ye house Israel. But even granting that said of that house, and the people
of Israel meant, from thence did the Apostles and thou sands of the circumcised believe? Bless the Lord, ye house7-20. of Israel; bless the Lord, ye house of Aaron; bless the Lord,
ye house Levi. Bless the Lord, ye nations, this is, the house of Israel generally bless Him, ye leaders, this is,
the house of Aaron; bless Him, ye servants, this is, the house of Levi. W hat of the other nations? Ye that fear
the Lord, bless the Lord.
26. Let us also with one voice say what follows: Blessed be the Lord out of Zion, who dwelleth in Jerusalem . Out of Zion Jerusalem too. Zion 'watching,' Jerusalem the 'vision of peace. ' In what Jerusalem will He dwell now In that which has fallen Nay, but in that which our mother, which in the heavens, of which said,
The desolate hath more children than she which hath als. 54,1, husband. For now the Lord from Zion, because we
watch when He will come; now as long as we live in hope,
we are in Zion. When our way ended, we shall dwell in
that city which will never fall, because the Lord dwelleth
in her, and keepeth her, which the vision of peace, the
eternal Jerusalem; for the praise of which, my brethren, language sufficeth not; where we shall find no enemy, either
within the Church or without the Church, neither iu our
flesh, nor in our thoughts. For death shall be swallowed iCor. 15,
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150 God's mercy, how for ever.
Tsaim up in victory, and we shall be free to see God in >xxxvi. etenial peace, being made citizens of Jerusalem, the city
of God. exxxir.
PSALM CXXXVI. EXPOSITION.
ver. 1.
1. Give thanks unto the Lord, for He is good, for His mercy endure th for ever. This Psalm contains the praise of God, and all its verses finish in the same way. Wherefore although many things are related here in praise of God, yet His mercy is most commended; for without this plain commendation, he, whom the Holy Spirit used to utter this Psalm, would have no verse be ended. 1 remem-
Ps. 106, ber, in the hundred and fifth Psalm, which begins in the same way, because the manuscript which I read had not
l"E" for ever, but, for ages1 His mercy, that I enquired what we had better understand. For, in the Greek language, it is written, elg tov alwvx, which may be interpreted, for ages,
'inaeter- and, for ever1. But it would be tedious to renew the enquiries I made as best I could in that place. But in this Psalm, the same manuscript has not for ages, which most have, but, for ever His mercy. Although after the
judgment, by which at the end of the world the quick and
Mat. 25, the dead must be judged, the just being sent into life
1
''
eternal, the unjust into everlasting fire, there will not afterwards be those, whom God will have mercy on, yet rightly may His future mercy be understood to be for ever, which He bestows on His saints and faithful ones, not because they will be miserable for ever, and therefore will need His mercy for ever, but because that very blessedness, which He mercifully bestows on the miserable, that they cease to be miserable, and begin to be happy, will have no end, and therefore His mercy is for ever. For that we shall be just from being unjust, whole from being unsound, alive from being dead, immortal from being mortal, happy from being wretched, is of His mercy. But this that we
Who are 'gods' in Scripture. 151
shall be, will be for ever, and therefore His mercy is for Vgu.
ever. Wherefore, give thanks to the Lord ; that praise the Lord by giving thanks, for He good: nor any tem poral good you will gain from this confession, for, His mercy
3' .
endureth for ever; that the benefit which He bestows mercifully upon you, for ever. The expression, for He is good, in the Greek ayaQo; not as in the hundred and fifth Psalm, for there He good,' in Greek
X? 1<rT0J- And so some have expounded the former, Since He
sweet. ' For ayoSo; not good any how, but good most excellently.
Then follows, Give thanks to the God gods, for Hisver. 2. mercy endureth for ever. Give thanks to the Lord of lords, ver. 3.
for His mercy endureth for ever. We may well enquire,
Who are these gods and lords, of whom He Who the true
God God and Lord And we find written in another
Psalm, that men even are called gods as is, God stood in Pk. 82,1. the congregation of the gods, He discerneth between the gods.
And little afterwards, children of the High One
have said, Ye are gods, and. all lb. 6. but ye shall die like men, and
The Lord even takes note of
fall as one of the princes.
this testimony in the Gospel, saying, Ls not written in Johnio,
your Law, have said, Ye are gods If He called them 34' gods, for whom the word of God was sent, and the Scrip tures cannot be broken, how say ye, Thou blasphemest,
because said, am the Son of God? not therefore because they are all good, but because the word of God came to them, that they were called gods. For were be cause they are all good, He would not thus distinguish between them. For when He said, God standeth in the congregation
gods, He does not say, He distinguishes between God and men, as He shewed what was the difference between gods and men; but He saith, He judgeth between the gods. Then follows, How long do ye judge iniquity and the rest,
Ps. 82,2.
not to all, but to some, because He saith in distinguishing, and yet He distinguisheth
between the gods.
3. But asked, If men are called gods to whom the
word of the Lord came, are the Angels to be called gods, when the greatest reward which promised to just and
which He says certainly
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152 Angels not called ' gods,' and why.
Psalm holy men is the being equal to Angels? In the Scriptures
'i*""'" 1 know not whether it can, at least easily, be found, that
the Angels are openly called gods ; but when it had been said
Ps. 96,4of the Lord God, He is terrible, above all gods, he adds, as
seq'
by way of exposition why he says this, for the gods of the heathen are devils. Over such gods as these, he says, that the Lord is terrible among His holy places, the heavens which He hath made, from which the devils are frightened. For so it follows. But the Lord made the heavens. It is not therefore the gods without addition ; but the gods of the Gentiles are devils; but above He says, He is terrible above all gods. He does not say, above all the gods of the Gentiles, although He would have this understood, by adding what follows, For the gods of the Gentiles are devils. It is said that this is not the reading in Hebrew, but the gods of the Gentiles are idols. If this be true, much the more must the Seventy be believed to have interpreted by the Divine Spirit, the same Spirit as He by whom these things were said in the Hebrew.
For by the working of the same
Spirit this also should be said which was said, The gods of the Gentiles are devils, that we might understand what had been expressed in the Hebrew, the gods of the Gentiles are idols, meaning rather the devils which dwell in the idols'. For as regards images, which in Greek are called idols,
i Mmu-
irSalw a name we now use in Latin, they have eyes and see not,
and all the other things which are said of them, because they are utterly without sense ; wherefore they cannot be frightened, for nothing which has no sense can be frightened. How then can it be said of the Lord, He is terrible above all gods, because the gods of the Gentiles are idols, if the devils which may be frightened are not understood to be in these images. Whence also the Apostle says, We know that
l Cor.
B' *' an idol is nothing. This refers to its earthy senseless
material. But that no one may think, that there is no living
and sentient nature, which delights in the Gentile sacrifices, l Cor. he adds, But what the GIentiles sacrifice, they sacrifice to 10, 20' devils, and not to God : would not have you partakers
with devils. If therefore we never find in the divine words that the holy Angels are called gods, I think the best reason is, that men may not be induced by the name to pay
Thanksgiving the note of the whole Psalm. 153
that ministry and service of religion (which in Greek is Ver. called AsiTOti^yi'a or Aargia) to the holy Angels, which neither -- would they have paid by man at all, save to that God,
Who is the God of themselves and men. Hence they are
much more correctly called Angels, which in Latin is
' Nuntii,' that by the name of their function, not their substance, we may plainly understand that they would have
us worship the God, Whom they announce. The whole
then of that question the Apostle has briefly expounded,
when he says, For though there be who are called gods, l Cot. 8, whether in heaven or in earth, as there are gods many and5- 6" lords many ; yet we have one God the Father, from Whom are
all, and we in Him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by Whom are all things, and we by Him.
4. Let us therefore give thanks to the God of gods, and
the Lord of lords, for His mercy endureth for ever. Who ver. 4. alone did wonderful things. As at the last part of every
verse, it is written, For His mercy endureth for ever, so we
must understand at the beginning of each, though it be not written, Give thanks. Which indeed in the Greek is very
plain. It would be so in Latin, if our translators had been
able to make use of that expression. Which indeed they
could have done in this verse, if they had said, 'To Him
Who doeth 1 wonderful things. ' For where we have, Who rfirf'facienti wonderful things, the Greek has raj 7roiqo-avr/, where we must {^abl"
understand, give thanks. And I would they
had added the pronoun, and said to Him, Who did, or to
Him Who doeth, or to Him Who made sure ; because then
one might easily understand, let us give thanks. For now
it is so obscurely rendered, that He who either knows not or
cares not to examine a Greek manuscript may think, Who ver. 5. made the heavens, Who made sure the earth, Who made the luminaries, for His mercy endureth for ever, has been so
said, because He did these things for this reason, because
His mercy endureth for ever : whereas they, whom He has
freed from misery, belong to His Mercy: but not that we should believe that He makes sky, earth, and luminaries, of
His Mercy; since they are marks of His Goodness, Who Gen. l, created all things very good. For He created all things, that^d they might have their being ; but it is the work of His Mercy, 14.
necessarily
154 All God's works made by His Wisdom,
Psalm to cleanse us from our sins, and deliver us from everlasting - -- -misery. And so the Psalm thus addresses us, Give thanks unto the God of Gods, give thanks unto the Lord of Lords. Give thanks to Him, Who alone doeth great wonders ; give thanks to Him, Who by His wisdom made the heavens; give thanks to Him, Who stretched out the earth above the waters ;
give thanks to Him, Who alone made great lights. Hut why
we are to praise, he setteth down at the end of all theverses, for His mercy endureth for ever.
5. But what meaneth, Who alone doeth great wonders ? Is it because many wonderful things He hath done by means of angels and men ? Some wonderful things there are which God doeth alone, and these he enumerates, saying,
v. 5--7. Who by His wisdom made the heavens, Who stretched out the earth above the waters, Who alone made great lights. For this reason did he add alone in this verse also, because the other wonders which he is about to tell of, God did by means of man. For having said, Who alone made great
v. 8. 9. lights, he goes on to explain what these are, the sun to rule the day, the moon and stars to govern the night; then he begins to tell the wonders which He did by means of angels
v. io. and men ; Who smote Egypt with their first-born, and the rest. The whole creation then God manifestly made, not by means of any creature, but alone ; and of this creation he hath mentioned certain more eminent parts, that they might
1 intelii- make us think on the whole; the heavens we can understand1,
effilos. <<
anfl tne earth we see. And as there are visible heavens too, by mentioning the lights in them, he has bid us look on the whole body of the heavens as made by Him.
6. However, whether by what he saith, Who made the heavens in understanding, or, as others have rendered in intelligence, he meant to signify, the heavens we can under stand, or that He in His understanding or intelligence, that is, in His wisdom made the heavens, (as elsewhere
Ps. 104, written, in wisdom hast Thou made them all,) implying
24'
thereby the only-begotten Word, may be question. But be so, that we are to understand that God His wisdom made the heavens, why saith He this only of the
heavens, whereas God made all things by the same wisdom? Is that needed only to be expressed there, so that in
it it
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that is, His Word.
the rest it might be understood without being written ; so Ver.
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that he means to say, Who by His wisdom made the heavens: Who laid out the earth above the waters, here under standing, by His wisdom: Who alone made great lights;
the sun to rule the day, the moon and stars to govern the night, that is, by His wisdom. How then could it be alone, if in understanding or in intelligence means by His wisdom, that by the only-begotten Word Is that, inasmuch as the Trinity not three Gods, but one God, he states that God made these things alone, because He made not creation by means of any creature
But what is, Who laid out the earth above the waters
For a difficult question, because the earth seemeth to
be the heavier, so that should be believed not so much to
be borne on the waters, as to bear the waters. And that
we may not seem contentiously to maintain our Scriptures against those who think that they have discovered these matters on sure principles, we have second interpretation
to give, that the earth which inhabited by men, and contains the living creatures of the earth, (which in another
way called the dry land, as written, Let the dry land Gen.
appear; and God called the dry land earth,) laid out9'10' above the waters because stands out above the waters which surround it. For when we speak of city on the sea being built above the waters, not meant that the sea
under in the same way as the waters are under the chambers of caverns, or under ships sailing over them
but said to be above the sea, because stands up above
the sea below it. Thus Pharaoh said to have gone outExod. 7, over the water, (for so in the Greek, where some Latin versions have, to the water,) and the Lord sat on the weU,Mrb because both were higher than the river and the well, the ,
But these words further signify something else which more closely concerns us, God His wisdom made the heavens, that is, His saints, spiritual men, to whom He has given not only to believe, but also to under stand things divine; those who cannot yet attain to this, and only hold their faith firmly, as being beneath the
John one beside the river, the other beside the well. 6.
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156 The mystical meaning of the
Psalm heavens, are figured by the name of earth. And because C"xVI- lhey abide with unshaken belief upon the baptism they have received, therefore it is said, He laid out the earth above the waters. Further, since it is written of our Lord
Col. 2, 3. Jesus Christ, that in Him are hid all the treasures wisdom and knowledge, and that these two, wisdom and knowledge, differ somewhat from one another is testified by other utterances of Scripture, especially in the words of
holy Job, where both are in a manner defined ; (for he saith, But unto man He said, Behold, the fear of the Lord, that is wisdom, and to depart from evil is understanding ;) not unsuitably then do we understand wisdom to consist in the knowledge and love of That Which ever is and abideth
1 pieta>>, unchangeable, Which is God. For where he saith, 1piety
is wisdom, in Greek is fleotre/3sia, and to express the whole of this in Latin, we may call it ' Dei cultns,' (worship of God. ) But to depart from evil, which he calls knowledge, what else
Phil. 2, is it but to walk cautiously and heedfully in the midst of a '''' crooked and perverse generation, in the night, as it were, of
this world, that each one by keeping himself from iniquity may avoid being confounded with the darkness, distinguished by the light of his proper gift. And so, when in a certain
the Apostle would shew the harmonious variety of
graces in men ofGod, he placed these two in the front rank,
iCor. 12, saying, To one is given by the Spirit the word of wisdom;
8--10.
John
shining either by day or by night; and regard of spiritual gifts, this means that He gave them power to become the
tnis l Supp0Se i)ie tun t0 rule the day: to another the word of knowledge the same Spirit this, the moon. And then imagine the stars to be in certain sense mentioned in what follows, To another faith, the same Spirit to another the gift healing, the same Spirit to another the working of miracles; to another prophecy to another discerning of spirits to another divers kinds of tongues to another the
interpretation of tongues for there none not necessary in the night of this world
of these which
but when
therefore
and the night, he says, that there might be the power of
passed, they will not be necessary, and said, to govern the night. To govern the day
of
Vul8-
place
l,
it it is
in ;
is is
;
of
iS, by
;;
is
;
;;
by
a
by
;
I
Works of God's Creation. 157
sons of God. Who smote Egypt with their first-born. He Ver. smote too the world, with the things which are held chief in 11--27- the world.
9. Who brought out Israel from the midst of them. He v. n. brought out also His saints and faithful ones from the midst
of the wicked. With a mighty Hand and st retch ed-out v. 12. Arm. What more powerful, what more out-stretched, than
that of which is said, To whom is the Arm of the Lordn>>. hZ,\. revealed? It 'ho divided the Red Sea in two parts. He v. 13. divided also in such wise, that the same baptism should be
to some unto life, to others unto death. And brought outv. u. Israel through the midst of it. So too He brings out His renewed people through the laver of regeneration. And\. 15. overthrew Pharaoh and his power in the Red Sea. He quickly destroyeth both the sin of His people and the guilt thereof by baptism. Who led His people through thei. \<,. wilderness. Us too He leadeth through the drought and barrenness of this world, that we perish not therein. Whov. 17. 18. smote great kings, and slew famous kings. From us too
He smites and slays the deadly powers of the devil. Sehonv. 19. king of the Amoriles, an ' useless shoot,' or ' fiery temptation,'
for so is Sehon interpreted: the king of 'them who cause bitterness,' for such is the meaning of Amorites. And Og, v. 20. the king of Basan. The ' heaper-together,' such is the meaning of Og, and, king of 'confusion,' which Basan signifies.
For what else doth the devil heap together but confusion ?
And gave away their land for an heritage, even an heritage v. 21. 22. unto Israel His servant. For He giveth them, whom once
the devil owned, for an heritage to the seed of Abraham,
that is, Christ. Who remembered us in our low estate, a>>d? . 23. 2i. redeemed us from our enemies by the Blood of His only- begotten Son. Who giveth food to all flesh, that to the v. 25. whole race of mankind, not Israelites only, but Gentiles
too; and of this Food said, My Flesh meat indeed. Givev. 26 27. thanks unto the God of Heaven, for His mercy endureth
for ever. Give thanks unto the Lord of lords, for His mercy endureth for ever. For what he here says, the God
Heaven, suppose that he meant to express in other words what He had before said, the God of gods. For what there he subjoined, he has here also repeated. Give thanks
of
I
is
is
is,
158 Babylon, and Jerusalem .
Psalm unto the Lord of lords. But though there be that are i? Cor" coated gods, whether in heaven or in earth, (as there be 8, 5. 6. gods many and lords many,) but to us there is but one God,
the Father, of Whom are all things, and we in Him; and one Lord Jesus Christ, by Whom are all things, and we by Him ; to Whom we confess that His mercy endureth for
Lat. CxxxVJ.
psalm cxxxvll.
A Sermon to the People.
ever.
I think ye have not forgotten, that I brought to your notice, or rather to your recollection, that every one who is trained in the holy Church ought to know of what place we are citizens, and where we are wandering, and that the cause of our wandering is sin, the gift of our return, the remission of our sins, and our justification by the grace of God. Ye have heard and know that there are two cities, for the present outwardly mingled together, yet separated in heart, running together through the course of time until the end ; one whose end is everlasting peace, and it is called Jerusalem ; the other whose joy is peace in this world, and it is called Babylon. The meanings of these names too ye remember, that Jerusalem means ' vision of peace ;' Babylon, ' confusion. ' Jerusalem was held captive in Babylon, but not all, for the Angels too are its citizens. But as regards men predestined to the glory of God, to become by adoption
joint-heirs with Christ, whom He has redeemed from this very captivity by His own Blood, that this part, I say, of the citizens of Jerusalem are held captive in Babylon on account of sin, but first begin to go forth from thence in spirit by confession of sin and love of righteousness, and then afterwards at the end of the world are to be separated in body also ; this we set before you in that Psalm, which we first handled here with you, beloved, which begins thus :
Ps. 65, For Thee, O God, a hymn is meet in Sion, and to Thee shall 1. See
vol. iii. the vow be performed in Jerusalem. But to-day we have
P"
sung, By the waters Babylon we sat down and wept, when we remembered Sion. Observe, that in the former
it
25^.
of
Worldly men citizens of Babylon. 159
is said, For Thee, O God, a hymn is meet in Sion; but here, Ver.
----
2. What then are the waters of Babylon ? and what is
our sitting and weeping in remembrance of Sion ? For if
we be citizens of Sion, we not only chant this, but do it.
If we are citizens of Jerusalem, that is Sion, and in this life,
in the confusion of this world, in this Babylon, do not
dwell as citizens, but are detained as captives, it befits us
not only to chant these things, but also to do them, with affectionate regard, with religious longing for our ever
lasting city. This city too which is called Babylon hath
its lovers, who look for peace in this world, and hope for nothing beyond, but fix their whole joy in this, end it in
this, and we see them toil exceedingly for their earthly country: but whosoever live faithfully even therein, if they
seek not therein pride, and perishable elation, and hateful boasting, but exhibit true faith, such as they can, as long
they can, to whom they can, so far as they see earthly
things, and understand the nature of their citizenship, God suffereth them not to perish in Babylon ; He hath pre destinated them to be citizens of Jerusalem. He under- standeth their captivity, and sheweth to them another city,
for which they ought truly to sigh, for which they ought to
use every endeavour, to win which they ought to the utmost
of their power to urge their fellow-citizens, now their fellow- wanderers. Therefore saith the Lord Jesus Christ, He that Lukei6,
is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much ; I0' and again He saith, If ye have not been faithful in that which is another mans, who will give you that which is your own ?
3. However, brethren, observe the waters of Babylon. The waters of Babylon are all things which here are loved, and pass away. One man, for example, loveth to practise husbandry, to grow rich thereby, to employ his mind therein,
thence to gain pleasure : let him observe the issue, and see that what he hath loved is not a foundation of Jerusalem, but a stream of Babylon. Another saith, It is a grand thing to be a soldier : all husbandmen fear those who are soldiers,
By the waters of Babylon we sat down and wept, when we remembered Sion, that Sion where a hymn is meet for God.
ICO Worldly cares, streams of Babylon.
Psalm obey them, tremble at them : if I be a husbandman, I shall -- --' fear soldiers ; if a soldier, farmers will fear me. Madman ! Thou hast cast thyself headlong into another stream of
Babylon, and that still more boisterous and sweeping. Thou wishest to be feared by thine inferior ; fear Him that is greater than thou. He who fears thee may on a sudden become greater than thou, but never will He Whom thou oughtest to fear become less. To be a pleader, saith another, is a grand thing, ever to have clients hanging on the tongue of their eloquent advocate, and from his words looking for loss or gain, death or life, ruin or safety. Thou knowest not whither thou hast cast thyself; this too is another stream of Babylon, and its loud sound is the
din of the waters dashing against the rocks. Mark that it flows, it glides on ; and if thou markest that it flows and glides on, mark also that it carries things along with it. To traverse the seas, saith another, and to trade, is a grand thing, to know many lands, to make gains from every
never to be obnoxious in thy country to any powerful man, and to feed thy mind with the various habits of the nations thou visitest, and to return enriched with the increase of thy gains. This too is a stream of Babylon ; when will thy gains stop ? When wilt thou rely upon and be secure in the gains thou makest? The richer thou art, the more fearful wilt thou be. Once shipwrecked, thou wilt come forth stripped of all, and deservedly wilt thou bewail thyself in the rivers of Babylon, because thou wouldest not sit down and weep by the waters of Babylon.
4. But then other citizens of the holy Jerusalem, under standing their captivity, mark how the natural wishes and the various lusts of men hurry and drag them hither and thither, and drive them into the sea ; they see this, and they throw not themselves into the waters of Babylon, but sit down by the waters of Babylon, and by the waters of Babylon weep, either for those who are being carried away by them, or themselves whose deserts have placed them in Babylon, but sitting, that is, humbling themselves. By the waters of Babylon then we sat down and wept, when we re membered Sion. O holy Sion, where all stands firm and nothing flows ! Who hath thrown us headlong into this ?
quarter,
True Christians weep by the waters.
