Sailing from the Hellespont
illustrious
poets of his time.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
LYSANDER (Avoavopos), of Sparta, was the
14). The cause of Hypermnestra sparing Lynceus son of Aristocleitus or Aristocritos, and, according
is not the same in all accounts (Schol. ad Pind. to Plutarch, of an lleracleid family. Aclian and
Nem. x. 10, au Eurip. Ilecub. 869, ad Pind. Pyth. Athenaeus tell us that he rose to the privileges of
ix. 200). It is also said that she assisted her hus- citizenship from the condition of a slave (ušowr),
band in his escape from the vengeance of Dannus, and Müller thinks that he was of a servile origin,
that he fled to Lyrceia (Lynceia), and froin thence as well as Callicratidas and Gylippus ; wbile Thirl-
gave a sign with a torch that he had safely arrived wall supposes them to have been the offspring of
there ; Hypermnestra returned the sign from the marriages contracted by friemen with women of
citadel of Argos, and in commemoration of this inferior condition, and to have been originally in
cvent the Argives celebrated every year a festival legal estimation on a level with the wóbwves, or
with torches (Paus. ii. 25. § 4; comp. ii. 19. § 6, favoured helot children, who were educated in their
21. § 1, 20. § 5). When Lynceus received the master's family together with his sons. (Plut. Lys.
news of the death of Danaus from his son Abas, 2 ; Paus. vi. 3 ; Ael. V. H. xii. 43; Athen. vi.
Lynceus gave to A bas the shield of Danaus, which p. 271, f; Müller, Dor. iii. 3. & 5; Thirlwall's
had been dedicated in the temple of Hera, and in Greece, vol. iv. p. 374 ; Mitford's Greece, ch. xx.
stituted games in honour of Hera, in which the sect. 2, note 4. )
victor received a shield as his prize (Hygin. Fab. In B. C. 407, Lysander was sent out to succeed
273). According to some, Lynceus slew Danaus Cratesippidas in the command of the fleet, the
and all the sisters of Hypermnestra, in revenge for Spartans, as it would appear, having been induced
his brothers (Schol. ad Eurip. Hecub. 869 ; Serv. to appoint him, partly because his ability marked
ad Aen. x. 497). Lynceus and his wife were re him as fit to cope with Alcibiades, partly that they
vered at Argos as heroes, and had a common sanc- might have the advantage of his peculiar talents of
tuary, and their tomb was shown there not far supple diplomacy at the court of Cyrus the Younger.
from the altar of Zeus Phyxius (Hygin. Fab. 168; (Comp. Cic. De Off. i. 30, De Senect. 17. ) Having
Paus. ii. 21. § 2). Their statues stood in the increased his fleet to seventy ships by reinforce-
temple at Delphi, as a present from the Argives. ments gathered at Rhodes, Cos, and Miletus, he
(Paus. x. 10. S 2. )
sailed to Ephesus; and, when Cyrus arrived at
2. A son of Aphareus and Arene, and brother of Sardis, he proceeded thither, and so won upon the
Idas, was one of the Argonauts and famous for his prince as to obtain from him an increase in the pay
keen sight, whence the proverb jgútepov BNémew of the sailors ; nor could Tissaphernes, acting
TOû Auskéws (Apollod. i. 8. § 2, 4. § 17, iii. 10. S doubtless under the instructions of Alcibiades,
3). He is also mentioned among the Calydonian succeed in his efforts to induce Cyrus even to re-
hunters, and was slain by Pollux (i. 8. $ 2, iji. ll. ceive an Athenian embassy. Lysander fixed his
$ 2; comp. Pind. Nem. x. 21, 115, &c. ; Apollon. head-quarters at Ephesus, of the later prosperity
Rhod. i. 151, &c. , iv. 1466, &c. ; Aristoph. Plut. and magnificence of which he is said by Plutarch
210).
to have laid the foundation, by the numbers he
There are two other mythical personages of this attracted thither as to a focus of trade. After his
name. (Hygin. Fab. 173; Apollod. ii. 7. $ 8. ) [L. S. ) victory at Notium over Antiochus (see Vol. I.
LYNCEUS (Avykeús), of Samos, the disciple pp. 100, b, 193, b], he proceeded to organise a
of Theophrastus, and the brother of the historian number of oligarchical clubs and factions in the
Duris, was a contemporary of Menander, and his several states, by means of the men who seemed
rival in comic poetry. He survived Menander, fittest for the purpose in each ; and the jealousy
upon whom he wrote a book. He seems to have with which he regarded CALLICRATIDAS, his suc-
been more distinguished as a grammarian and his cessor in B. C. 400, and the attempts he made to
torian than as a comic poet; for, while only one of thwart and hamper him, may justify the suspicion
his comedies is mentioned (the Kévtaups), we that his object, in the establishment of these asso-
have the titles of the following works of his: - ciations, was rather the extension of his own per-
Αίγυπτιακά, Απομνημονεύματα, 'Αποφθέγματα, | sonal influence than the advancement of his coun-
Επιστολαί δειπνητικαί, τέχνη όψωνητική. (Suid. I try's cause. His power and reputation among the
8. V. ; Athen. viii. p. 337, d. , et passim ; Plut. De Spartan allies in Asia were certainly great, for, in
metr. 27; Vossius, de llist. Gruec. p. 134, ed. a congress at Ephesus, they determined to send
Westermann ; Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Gracc. , ambassadors to Lacedaemon requesting that Ly-
p. 458; Clinton, Fust. TIcll. vol. iii. p. 195. ) [P. S. ] / sander might be appointed to the command of the
## p. 862 (#878) ############################################
862
LYSANDER.
LYSANDER.
3
fleet, an application which was supported also by sent notice of his approach to Agis and to the
Cyrus. The Lacedaemonian law, however, did Spartan government, and the land-forces of the
not allow the office of admiral to be lield twice by Peloponnesian confederacy had entered Athens
the same person ; and, accordingly, in order to under Pausanias, and encamped in the Academy
comply with the wish of the allies, without con- (comp. Schneider, ad Xen. Ilell. ii. 2. $ 8). In thic
travening the established custom, Aracus was sent spring of 404 Athens capitulated, and Lysander,
out, in B. C. 405, as the nominal commander-in- sailing into the Peiraeeus, began to destroy the long
chief, while Lysander, virtually invested with the walls and the fortifications of the harbour to the
supreme direction of affairs, had the title of vice- sound of joyful music, and (according to Plutarch)
admiral. Having arrived at Ephesus with 35 ships, on the 16th of Munychion, the very day of the
he assembled from different quarters all the avail Greek victory over the feet of Xerxes at Salamis.
able navy of Lacedaemon, and proceeded to build The several aćcounts of the events immediately
fresh gallies besides. For this purpose, as well as ensuing are not very consistent with ench other.
for the pay of the men, he was again furnished From Xenophon, it would appear (Hell. ii. 3. $ 3;
with money by Cyrus, who, being soon after sum- comp. Thirlwall's Greece, vol. iv. p. 174, note 2),
moned to court by his father Dareius, even in that Lysander did not quit Athens for Samos be-
trusted Lysander with authority over his province, fore the establishment of the thirty tyrants; but it
and assigned to him the tribute from its several scems more probable that, as we gather from Lysias
cities. Thus amply provided with the means of and Diodorus, he sailed forthwith to Samos, to re-
prosecuting the war, Lysander commenced offensive duce it, before the complete demolition of the
operations. Sailing to Miletus, where he had ex- Athenian walls, but soon returned to Athens to
cited the oligarchical faction to atuck their oppo- support the oligarchical party in the contemplated
nents in defiance of a truce between them, he pre- revolution (Lys. c. Eratosth. p. 126 ; Diod. xiv. 4).
tended to act as mediator, and, by his treacherous Accordingly, we find bim sternly quelling the ex-
professions, induced the majority of the popular pression of popular discontent at the proposal to
party to abandon their intention of fleeing from subvert democracy, by declaring that the Athenians
the city. Having thus placed themselves in the could no longer appeal to the treaty of capitulation,
power of their enemies, they were massacred, and since they had themselves infringed it by omitting
Lysander's faction held undisputed ascendancy in to throw down their walls within the appointed
Miletus. Thence he proceeded to Cedreae, on the time. All opposition was thus overbome, and the
Ceramic gulf, which he took by storm, and sold the creatures of Sparta were put in possession of the
inhabitants for slaves. He then directed his course government. Plutarch tells us that Lysander,
to the Saronic gulf, over-ran Aegina and Salamis, having thus settled matters in Athens, went to
and even made a descent on the coast of Attica, Thrace ; but this, perhaps, is only a mis-placed re-
where he was visited by Agis, then in command ference to his expedition to Byzantium before-men-
at Deceleia, and had an opportunity of exhibiting tioned. It seems nearly certain that he returned
to the Spartan army an appearance of supremacy immediately to Samos. The island capitulated
by sea But, when he heard that the Athenian after a short siege, and the conqueror sailed home in
fleet from Samos was in chace of him, he sailed triumph with the spoils and trophies of the war.
away to the Hellespont. Here he took Lampsacus The introduction of so much wealth into Sparta
by storm, and soon after the Athenian navy, of called forth the censure of many, as tending to
180 ships, arrived, and stationed itself opposite foster corruption and cupidity-an opinion which
Lampsacus at Aegos-potami. Within a few days the recent case of GYLIPPUS might be thought to
from this time the unaccountable rashness and support,—and it required all the efforts of Lysander
negligence of the Athenian commanders, with the and his party to defeat a proposal for dedicating
single exception of Conon, enabled Lysander to the whole of the spoil to the Delphic god, instead
capture all their fleet, saving eight ships, which of retaining it in the public treasury. As it was,
escaped with Conon to Cyprus, and the Paralus, a number of statues were erected at Delphi, and
which conveyed to Athens the tidings of the other offerings made there, as well as at Sparta and
virtual conclusion of the war and the utter Amyclae, in commemoration of Lysander's victories
ruin of her fortunes. Lysander then sailed suc- and the close of the struggle with Athens. (See
cessively to Byzantium and Chalcedon, both Paus. ii. 17, 18, x. 9; Athen. vi. p. 233, f. )
of which opened their gates to
him. The Lysander was now by far the most powerful
Athenian garrisons he permitted to depart, on man in Greece, and he displayed more than the
condition of their going to Athens; and the usual pride and haughtiness which distinguished
same course he adopted with all the Athenians the Spartan commanders in foreign countries. He
whom he found elsewhere ; his object being to in- was passionately fond of praise, and took care that
crease the number of mouths in the city, and so to his exploits should be celebrated by the most
shorten the siege.
Sailing from the Hellespont illustrious poets of his time. He always kept the
with 200 ships, he proceeded to the south, estab- poet Choerilus in his retinue ; and his praises were
lishing in the sereral states on his way oligarchical also sung by Antilochus, Antimachus of Colophon,
governments, composed of his own partisans, and Niceratus of Heracleia. He was the first of
members of the political clubs he had already the Greeks to whom Greek cities erected altars as
taken so much care to form-and thus everywhere, to a god, offered sacrifices, and celebrated festivals.
except for a time at Samos, the friends of Athens (Plut. Lys. 18; Paus, vi. 3. &$ 14, 15; Athen.
and democracy were overborne. He settled also xv. p. 696 ; Hesych. s. v. Avoávopla. ) Possessing
in their ancient homes a remnant of the Aeginetans, such unlimited power, and receiving such extra-
Scionaeans, and Melians who had been driven out ordinary marks of honour from the rest of Greece, a
by the Athenians (comp. Thuc. ii. 27, v. 32, 116), residence at Sparta, where he must have been under
and he then sailed to the mouth of the Peiraecus, and restraint, could not be agreeable to him. We
blockaded it with 150 gallies. He had previously accordingly find that he did not remain long at
## p. 863 (#879) ############################################
LYSANDER.
863
LYSANDRA.
Sparta, but again repaired to Asia Minor, where him to the Ilellespont, where he did the Greek
he was almost adored by the oligarchical clubs cause some service, by inducing Spithridates, a Per-
he had established in the Greek cities. But sian of high rank, to revolt from Pharnabazus, and
his excessive power, and the homage that was join the Spartans. (Plut. Lys. 23, 24, Agcsil. 7,
paid to him everywhere, awakened the envy and 8; Xen. Hell. iii. 4. & 7, &c. )
jealousy even of the kings and ephors in Sparta. Lysander soon afterwards returned to Sparta,
When, therefore, Pharnabazus sent ambassadors to highly incensed against Agesilaus and the kingly
Sparta to complain of Lysander having plundered form of government in general, and firmly resolved
his territory, the ephors recalled him to Sparta, and to bring about the change he had long meditated
at the same time, to make him feel their power, in the Spartan constitution, by abolishing hereditary
they put to death his friend and colleague Thorax, royalty, and throwing the throne open to all the
for having money in his private possession. Alarmed Heraclcidne, or, according to sonic accounts, to all
at these indications of hostility, Lysander hastened the Spartans without exception. lle is said to
to Pharnabazus and prayed him to give him an have got Cleon of Ilalicarnassus, to compose an
exculpatory letter for the Spartan government ; but oration in recommendation of the measure, which
the Persian satrap, while he promised compliance he intended to deliver himself; and he is further
with his request, craftily substituted another letter stated to have attempted to obtain the sainction of
in place of the one he had promised, in which he the gods in favour of his scheme, and to have tried
repeated his former complaints. This letter, which in succession the oracles of Delphi, Dodona, and
Lysander carried himself to Sparta, placed him Zeus Ammon, but without success. Plutarch in-
in no small difficulty and danger. (Plut. Lys. deed relates, on the authority of Ephorus, a still
20; Polyaen. vii. 19. ) Fearing to be brought more extraordinary expedient to which he had
to trial, and anxious to escape from Sparta, he recourse, but which also failed. (Plut. Lys. 24,
obtained, with great trouble, permission from the &c. , Ages. 8 ; Diod. xiv. 13 ; Cic. de Divin. i. 43. )
ephors to visit the temple of Zeus Ammon, in Of the history of these events, however, we know
Libya, in order to fulfil a vow which he pre- but little. (Comp. Thirlwall's Greece, vol. iv.
tended to have made before his battles. But the Appendix 4, “ On Lysander's Revolutionary Pro-
attempts of Thrasybulus and of the democratical jects. ") He does not seem to have ventured upon
party to orerthrow the oligarchical government any overt act, and his enterprise was cut short by
which had been established at Athens, soon re- his death in the fullowing year. On the breaking
called him to Sparta, where he seems to have again out of the Boeotian war in B. C. 395, Lysander
acquired his wonted influence ; for, although the was placed at the head of one army, and the king
government refused to send an army to the support Pausanias at the head of another. The two armies
of the oligarchs, they appointed Lysander barmost, were to meet in the neighbourhood of Haliartus ;
allowed him to raise troops, advanced a hundred but as Pausanias did not arrive there at the time
talents from the treasury, and nominated his brother that had been agreed upon, Lysander marched
Libys admiral, with a fleet of forty ships. As against the town, and perished in battle under the
soon, however, as Lysander had left Sparta, the walls, B. C. 395. His body was delivered up to
party opposed to him again obtained the upper Pausanias, who arrived there a few hours after his
hand; and the king, Pausanias, who was his bit- death, and was buried in the territory of Panopeus
terest enemy, concerted measures, in conjunction in Phocis, on the road from Delphi to Chaeroneia,
with three of the ephors, to thwart his enterprise, where his monument was still to be seen in the
and deprive him of the glory which he would ac- time of Plutarch. Lysander died poor, which
quire from a second conquest of Athens. Under proves that his ambition was not disgraced by the
pretence of raising an army to co-operate with love of money, which sullied the character of Gy-
Lysander, Pausanias marched into Attica ; but soon lippus and so many of his contemporaries. It is
after his arrival at the Peiraeeus the Spartan king related that after his death Agesilaus discovered in
made terms with Thrasybulus and his party, and the house of Lysander the speech of Cleon, which
thus prevented Lysander from again establishing has been mentioned above, and would have pub-
the oligarchical government. (Plut. Lys. 21; lished it, had he not been persuaded to suppress
Xen. Hell. ii. 4. § 28, &c. ; Lys. c. Eratosth. p. such a dangerous document. (Plut. Lys. 27, &c. ;
106. )
Xen. Hell. iii. 5. § 6, &c. ; Diod. xiv. 81 ; Paus.
From this time Lysander continued in obscurity ii. 5. § 3, ix. 32. & 5. )
for some years. He is again mentioned on the LYSANDRA (Avo avopa), daughter of Ptolemy
death of Agis II. in B. C. 398, when he exerted Soter and Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater.
himself to secure the succession for Agesilaus, the She was married first to Alexander, the son of
brother of Agis, in opposition to Leotychides, the Cassander, king of Macedonia, and after his
reputed son of the latter. (LEOTYCHIDES, No. 3. ) death to Agathocles, the son of Lysimachus.
In these eiforts he was successful, but he did not (Dexippus, ap. Syncell. p. 265 ; Euseb. Arm. p.
receive from Agesilaus the gratitude he had ex- 155; Paus. i. 9. § 6; Plut. Demetr. 31. ) By
pected. He was one of the members of the council, this second marriage (which took place, accord-
thirty in number, which was appointed to accom- ing to Pausanias, after the return of Lysimachus
pany the new king in his expedition into Asia in from his expedition against the Getae, B. C. 291)
B. C. 396. Lysander had fondly hoped to renew she had several children, with whom she fled to
his intrigues among the Asiatic Greeks, and to re- Asia after the murder of her husband, at the in-
gain his former power and consequence in that stigation of Arsinoë (AGATHOCLES), and besought
country ; but he was bitterly disappointed : Agesi- assistance from Seleucus. The latter in consequence
laus purposely thwarted all his designs, and re- marched against Lysimachus, who was defeated
fused all the favours which he asked ; and Lysander and slain in battle B. c. 281. From an expression
was so deeply mortified that he begged for an ap- of Pausanias, it appears that Lysandra must at
pointment to some other place. Agesilaus sent this time have accompanied Seleucus, and was
a
ܪ
## p. 864 (#880) ############################################
864
LYSIAS.
LYSIADES.
He died pro-
possessed of much influence, but in the confusion “homo festivus," and attacks his appointment by
that followed the death of Seleucis a few months Antony as a judge. (Philipp. v. 5, viii. 9. )
after we hear no more either of her or her children. 3. A Pythagorean philosopher of Catana (lam-
(Paus. i. 10. § 3-5. )
(E. H. B. ] blich. Vit. Pyth. 36. )
[P. S. ]
LYSA'NIAS (Avoavias). 1. An Athenian of LYSIANASSA (Avorávao oa), the name of
the deme Sphettus who, according to some acccunts, three mythical personages, none of whom is of any
was the father of Aeschines, the disciple of Socrates, interest. (Hesiod. Theog. 258 ; Apollod. ii. 5. §
(Plat. Apol. Socr. c. 22 ; Diog. Laërt. ii. 60. ) 11 ; Paus. ii. 6. $ 3. )
(L. S. )
2. The father of Cephalus, one of the inter- LY'SIAS (Avoias). 1. An Athenian, who, ac-
locutors in the republic of Plato. (Plat. Polit. p. cording to Diodorus (xiii. 74), was one of the ten
330, b. )
generals appointed to succeed Alcibiades in the
3. A friend of Alexander the Great. In con- command of the flect, B. C. 406. His name indeed
junction with Philotas he was sent to the coast, in does not occur in the list of them as given by
charge of the booty taken after the victory over the Xenophon (Icl. i. 5. $ 16), but that author agrees
Thracians, B. C. 335. (Arrian.
14). The cause of Hypermnestra sparing Lynceus son of Aristocleitus or Aristocritos, and, according
is not the same in all accounts (Schol. ad Pind. to Plutarch, of an lleracleid family. Aclian and
Nem. x. 10, au Eurip. Ilecub. 869, ad Pind. Pyth. Athenaeus tell us that he rose to the privileges of
ix. 200). It is also said that she assisted her hus- citizenship from the condition of a slave (ušowr),
band in his escape from the vengeance of Dannus, and Müller thinks that he was of a servile origin,
that he fled to Lyrceia (Lynceia), and froin thence as well as Callicratidas and Gylippus ; wbile Thirl-
gave a sign with a torch that he had safely arrived wall supposes them to have been the offspring of
there ; Hypermnestra returned the sign from the marriages contracted by friemen with women of
citadel of Argos, and in commemoration of this inferior condition, and to have been originally in
cvent the Argives celebrated every year a festival legal estimation on a level with the wóbwves, or
with torches (Paus. ii. 25. § 4; comp. ii. 19. § 6, favoured helot children, who were educated in their
21. § 1, 20. § 5). When Lynceus received the master's family together with his sons. (Plut. Lys.
news of the death of Danaus from his son Abas, 2 ; Paus. vi. 3 ; Ael. V. H. xii. 43; Athen. vi.
Lynceus gave to A bas the shield of Danaus, which p. 271, f; Müller, Dor. iii. 3. & 5; Thirlwall's
had been dedicated in the temple of Hera, and in Greece, vol. iv. p. 374 ; Mitford's Greece, ch. xx.
stituted games in honour of Hera, in which the sect. 2, note 4. )
victor received a shield as his prize (Hygin. Fab. In B. C. 407, Lysander was sent out to succeed
273). According to some, Lynceus slew Danaus Cratesippidas in the command of the fleet, the
and all the sisters of Hypermnestra, in revenge for Spartans, as it would appear, having been induced
his brothers (Schol. ad Eurip. Hecub. 869 ; Serv. to appoint him, partly because his ability marked
ad Aen. x. 497). Lynceus and his wife were re him as fit to cope with Alcibiades, partly that they
vered at Argos as heroes, and had a common sanc- might have the advantage of his peculiar talents of
tuary, and their tomb was shown there not far supple diplomacy at the court of Cyrus the Younger.
from the altar of Zeus Phyxius (Hygin. Fab. 168; (Comp. Cic. De Off. i. 30, De Senect. 17. ) Having
Paus. ii. 21. § 2). Their statues stood in the increased his fleet to seventy ships by reinforce-
temple at Delphi, as a present from the Argives. ments gathered at Rhodes, Cos, and Miletus, he
(Paus. x. 10. S 2. )
sailed to Ephesus; and, when Cyrus arrived at
2. A son of Aphareus and Arene, and brother of Sardis, he proceeded thither, and so won upon the
Idas, was one of the Argonauts and famous for his prince as to obtain from him an increase in the pay
keen sight, whence the proverb jgútepov BNémew of the sailors ; nor could Tissaphernes, acting
TOû Auskéws (Apollod. i. 8. § 2, 4. § 17, iii. 10. S doubtless under the instructions of Alcibiades,
3). He is also mentioned among the Calydonian succeed in his efforts to induce Cyrus even to re-
hunters, and was slain by Pollux (i. 8. $ 2, iji. ll. ceive an Athenian embassy. Lysander fixed his
$ 2; comp. Pind. Nem. x. 21, 115, &c. ; Apollon. head-quarters at Ephesus, of the later prosperity
Rhod. i. 151, &c. , iv. 1466, &c. ; Aristoph. Plut. and magnificence of which he is said by Plutarch
210).
to have laid the foundation, by the numbers he
There are two other mythical personages of this attracted thither as to a focus of trade. After his
name. (Hygin. Fab. 173; Apollod. ii. 7. $ 8. ) [L. S. ) victory at Notium over Antiochus (see Vol. I.
LYNCEUS (Avykeús), of Samos, the disciple pp. 100, b, 193, b], he proceeded to organise a
of Theophrastus, and the brother of the historian number of oligarchical clubs and factions in the
Duris, was a contemporary of Menander, and his several states, by means of the men who seemed
rival in comic poetry. He survived Menander, fittest for the purpose in each ; and the jealousy
upon whom he wrote a book. He seems to have with which he regarded CALLICRATIDAS, his suc-
been more distinguished as a grammarian and his cessor in B. C. 400, and the attempts he made to
torian than as a comic poet; for, while only one of thwart and hamper him, may justify the suspicion
his comedies is mentioned (the Kévtaups), we that his object, in the establishment of these asso-
have the titles of the following works of his: - ciations, was rather the extension of his own per-
Αίγυπτιακά, Απομνημονεύματα, 'Αποφθέγματα, | sonal influence than the advancement of his coun-
Επιστολαί δειπνητικαί, τέχνη όψωνητική. (Suid. I try's cause. His power and reputation among the
8. V. ; Athen. viii. p. 337, d. , et passim ; Plut. De Spartan allies in Asia were certainly great, for, in
metr. 27; Vossius, de llist. Gruec. p. 134, ed. a congress at Ephesus, they determined to send
Westermann ; Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Gracc. , ambassadors to Lacedaemon requesting that Ly-
p. 458; Clinton, Fust. TIcll. vol. iii. p. 195. ) [P. S. ] / sander might be appointed to the command of the
## p. 862 (#878) ############################################
862
LYSANDER.
LYSANDER.
3
fleet, an application which was supported also by sent notice of his approach to Agis and to the
Cyrus. The Lacedaemonian law, however, did Spartan government, and the land-forces of the
not allow the office of admiral to be lield twice by Peloponnesian confederacy had entered Athens
the same person ; and, accordingly, in order to under Pausanias, and encamped in the Academy
comply with the wish of the allies, without con- (comp. Schneider, ad Xen. Ilell. ii. 2. $ 8). In thic
travening the established custom, Aracus was sent spring of 404 Athens capitulated, and Lysander,
out, in B. C. 405, as the nominal commander-in- sailing into the Peiraeeus, began to destroy the long
chief, while Lysander, virtually invested with the walls and the fortifications of the harbour to the
supreme direction of affairs, had the title of vice- sound of joyful music, and (according to Plutarch)
admiral. Having arrived at Ephesus with 35 ships, on the 16th of Munychion, the very day of the
he assembled from different quarters all the avail Greek victory over the feet of Xerxes at Salamis.
able navy of Lacedaemon, and proceeded to build The several aćcounts of the events immediately
fresh gallies besides. For this purpose, as well as ensuing are not very consistent with ench other.
for the pay of the men, he was again furnished From Xenophon, it would appear (Hell. ii. 3. $ 3;
with money by Cyrus, who, being soon after sum- comp. Thirlwall's Greece, vol. iv. p. 174, note 2),
moned to court by his father Dareius, even in that Lysander did not quit Athens for Samos be-
trusted Lysander with authority over his province, fore the establishment of the thirty tyrants; but it
and assigned to him the tribute from its several scems more probable that, as we gather from Lysias
cities. Thus amply provided with the means of and Diodorus, he sailed forthwith to Samos, to re-
prosecuting the war, Lysander commenced offensive duce it, before the complete demolition of the
operations. Sailing to Miletus, where he had ex- Athenian walls, but soon returned to Athens to
cited the oligarchical faction to atuck their oppo- support the oligarchical party in the contemplated
nents in defiance of a truce between them, he pre- revolution (Lys. c. Eratosth. p. 126 ; Diod. xiv. 4).
tended to act as mediator, and, by his treacherous Accordingly, we find bim sternly quelling the ex-
professions, induced the majority of the popular pression of popular discontent at the proposal to
party to abandon their intention of fleeing from subvert democracy, by declaring that the Athenians
the city. Having thus placed themselves in the could no longer appeal to the treaty of capitulation,
power of their enemies, they were massacred, and since they had themselves infringed it by omitting
Lysander's faction held undisputed ascendancy in to throw down their walls within the appointed
Miletus. Thence he proceeded to Cedreae, on the time. All opposition was thus overbome, and the
Ceramic gulf, which he took by storm, and sold the creatures of Sparta were put in possession of the
inhabitants for slaves. He then directed his course government. Plutarch tells us that Lysander,
to the Saronic gulf, over-ran Aegina and Salamis, having thus settled matters in Athens, went to
and even made a descent on the coast of Attica, Thrace ; but this, perhaps, is only a mis-placed re-
where he was visited by Agis, then in command ference to his expedition to Byzantium before-men-
at Deceleia, and had an opportunity of exhibiting tioned. It seems nearly certain that he returned
to the Spartan army an appearance of supremacy immediately to Samos. The island capitulated
by sea But, when he heard that the Athenian after a short siege, and the conqueror sailed home in
fleet from Samos was in chace of him, he sailed triumph with the spoils and trophies of the war.
away to the Hellespont. Here he took Lampsacus The introduction of so much wealth into Sparta
by storm, and soon after the Athenian navy, of called forth the censure of many, as tending to
180 ships, arrived, and stationed itself opposite foster corruption and cupidity-an opinion which
Lampsacus at Aegos-potami. Within a few days the recent case of GYLIPPUS might be thought to
from this time the unaccountable rashness and support,—and it required all the efforts of Lysander
negligence of the Athenian commanders, with the and his party to defeat a proposal for dedicating
single exception of Conon, enabled Lysander to the whole of the spoil to the Delphic god, instead
capture all their fleet, saving eight ships, which of retaining it in the public treasury. As it was,
escaped with Conon to Cyprus, and the Paralus, a number of statues were erected at Delphi, and
which conveyed to Athens the tidings of the other offerings made there, as well as at Sparta and
virtual conclusion of the war and the utter Amyclae, in commemoration of Lysander's victories
ruin of her fortunes. Lysander then sailed suc- and the close of the struggle with Athens. (See
cessively to Byzantium and Chalcedon, both Paus. ii. 17, 18, x. 9; Athen. vi. p. 233, f. )
of which opened their gates to
him. The Lysander was now by far the most powerful
Athenian garrisons he permitted to depart, on man in Greece, and he displayed more than the
condition of their going to Athens; and the usual pride and haughtiness which distinguished
same course he adopted with all the Athenians the Spartan commanders in foreign countries. He
whom he found elsewhere ; his object being to in- was passionately fond of praise, and took care that
crease the number of mouths in the city, and so to his exploits should be celebrated by the most
shorten the siege.
Sailing from the Hellespont illustrious poets of his time. He always kept the
with 200 ships, he proceeded to the south, estab- poet Choerilus in his retinue ; and his praises were
lishing in the sereral states on his way oligarchical also sung by Antilochus, Antimachus of Colophon,
governments, composed of his own partisans, and Niceratus of Heracleia. He was the first of
members of the political clubs he had already the Greeks to whom Greek cities erected altars as
taken so much care to form-and thus everywhere, to a god, offered sacrifices, and celebrated festivals.
except for a time at Samos, the friends of Athens (Plut. Lys. 18; Paus, vi. 3. &$ 14, 15; Athen.
and democracy were overborne. He settled also xv. p. 696 ; Hesych. s. v. Avoávopla. ) Possessing
in their ancient homes a remnant of the Aeginetans, such unlimited power, and receiving such extra-
Scionaeans, and Melians who had been driven out ordinary marks of honour from the rest of Greece, a
by the Athenians (comp. Thuc. ii. 27, v. 32, 116), residence at Sparta, where he must have been under
and he then sailed to the mouth of the Peiraecus, and restraint, could not be agreeable to him. We
blockaded it with 150 gallies. He had previously accordingly find that he did not remain long at
## p. 863 (#879) ############################################
LYSANDER.
863
LYSANDRA.
Sparta, but again repaired to Asia Minor, where him to the Ilellespont, where he did the Greek
he was almost adored by the oligarchical clubs cause some service, by inducing Spithridates, a Per-
he had established in the Greek cities. But sian of high rank, to revolt from Pharnabazus, and
his excessive power, and the homage that was join the Spartans. (Plut. Lys. 23, 24, Agcsil. 7,
paid to him everywhere, awakened the envy and 8; Xen. Hell. iii. 4. & 7, &c. )
jealousy even of the kings and ephors in Sparta. Lysander soon afterwards returned to Sparta,
When, therefore, Pharnabazus sent ambassadors to highly incensed against Agesilaus and the kingly
Sparta to complain of Lysander having plundered form of government in general, and firmly resolved
his territory, the ephors recalled him to Sparta, and to bring about the change he had long meditated
at the same time, to make him feel their power, in the Spartan constitution, by abolishing hereditary
they put to death his friend and colleague Thorax, royalty, and throwing the throne open to all the
for having money in his private possession. Alarmed Heraclcidne, or, according to sonic accounts, to all
at these indications of hostility, Lysander hastened the Spartans without exception. lle is said to
to Pharnabazus and prayed him to give him an have got Cleon of Ilalicarnassus, to compose an
exculpatory letter for the Spartan government ; but oration in recommendation of the measure, which
the Persian satrap, while he promised compliance he intended to deliver himself; and he is further
with his request, craftily substituted another letter stated to have attempted to obtain the sainction of
in place of the one he had promised, in which he the gods in favour of his scheme, and to have tried
repeated his former complaints. This letter, which in succession the oracles of Delphi, Dodona, and
Lysander carried himself to Sparta, placed him Zeus Ammon, but without success. Plutarch in-
in no small difficulty and danger. (Plut. Lys. deed relates, on the authority of Ephorus, a still
20; Polyaen. vii. 19. ) Fearing to be brought more extraordinary expedient to which he had
to trial, and anxious to escape from Sparta, he recourse, but which also failed. (Plut. Lys. 24,
obtained, with great trouble, permission from the &c. , Ages. 8 ; Diod. xiv. 13 ; Cic. de Divin. i. 43. )
ephors to visit the temple of Zeus Ammon, in Of the history of these events, however, we know
Libya, in order to fulfil a vow which he pre- but little. (Comp. Thirlwall's Greece, vol. iv.
tended to have made before his battles. But the Appendix 4, “ On Lysander's Revolutionary Pro-
attempts of Thrasybulus and of the democratical jects. ") He does not seem to have ventured upon
party to orerthrow the oligarchical government any overt act, and his enterprise was cut short by
which had been established at Athens, soon re- his death in the fullowing year. On the breaking
called him to Sparta, where he seems to have again out of the Boeotian war in B. C. 395, Lysander
acquired his wonted influence ; for, although the was placed at the head of one army, and the king
government refused to send an army to the support Pausanias at the head of another. The two armies
of the oligarchs, they appointed Lysander barmost, were to meet in the neighbourhood of Haliartus ;
allowed him to raise troops, advanced a hundred but as Pausanias did not arrive there at the time
talents from the treasury, and nominated his brother that had been agreed upon, Lysander marched
Libys admiral, with a fleet of forty ships. As against the town, and perished in battle under the
soon, however, as Lysander had left Sparta, the walls, B. C. 395. His body was delivered up to
party opposed to him again obtained the upper Pausanias, who arrived there a few hours after his
hand; and the king, Pausanias, who was his bit- death, and was buried in the territory of Panopeus
terest enemy, concerted measures, in conjunction in Phocis, on the road from Delphi to Chaeroneia,
with three of the ephors, to thwart his enterprise, where his monument was still to be seen in the
and deprive him of the glory which he would ac- time of Plutarch. Lysander died poor, which
quire from a second conquest of Athens. Under proves that his ambition was not disgraced by the
pretence of raising an army to co-operate with love of money, which sullied the character of Gy-
Lysander, Pausanias marched into Attica ; but soon lippus and so many of his contemporaries. It is
after his arrival at the Peiraeeus the Spartan king related that after his death Agesilaus discovered in
made terms with Thrasybulus and his party, and the house of Lysander the speech of Cleon, which
thus prevented Lysander from again establishing has been mentioned above, and would have pub-
the oligarchical government. (Plut. Lys. 21; lished it, had he not been persuaded to suppress
Xen. Hell. ii. 4. § 28, &c. ; Lys. c. Eratosth. p. such a dangerous document. (Plut. Lys. 27, &c. ;
106. )
Xen. Hell. iii. 5. § 6, &c. ; Diod. xiv. 81 ; Paus.
From this time Lysander continued in obscurity ii. 5. § 3, ix. 32. & 5. )
for some years. He is again mentioned on the LYSANDRA (Avo avopa), daughter of Ptolemy
death of Agis II. in B. C. 398, when he exerted Soter and Eurydice, the daughter of Antipater.
himself to secure the succession for Agesilaus, the She was married first to Alexander, the son of
brother of Agis, in opposition to Leotychides, the Cassander, king of Macedonia, and after his
reputed son of the latter. (LEOTYCHIDES, No. 3. ) death to Agathocles, the son of Lysimachus.
In these eiforts he was successful, but he did not (Dexippus, ap. Syncell. p. 265 ; Euseb. Arm. p.
receive from Agesilaus the gratitude he had ex- 155; Paus. i. 9. § 6; Plut. Demetr. 31. ) By
pected. He was one of the members of the council, this second marriage (which took place, accord-
thirty in number, which was appointed to accom- ing to Pausanias, after the return of Lysimachus
pany the new king in his expedition into Asia in from his expedition against the Getae, B. C. 291)
B. C. 396. Lysander had fondly hoped to renew she had several children, with whom she fled to
his intrigues among the Asiatic Greeks, and to re- Asia after the murder of her husband, at the in-
gain his former power and consequence in that stigation of Arsinoë (AGATHOCLES), and besought
country ; but he was bitterly disappointed : Agesi- assistance from Seleucus. The latter in consequence
laus purposely thwarted all his designs, and re- marched against Lysimachus, who was defeated
fused all the favours which he asked ; and Lysander and slain in battle B. c. 281. From an expression
was so deeply mortified that he begged for an ap- of Pausanias, it appears that Lysandra must at
pointment to some other place. Agesilaus sent this time have accompanied Seleucus, and was
a
ܪ
## p. 864 (#880) ############################################
864
LYSIAS.
LYSIADES.
He died pro-
possessed of much influence, but in the confusion “homo festivus," and attacks his appointment by
that followed the death of Seleucis a few months Antony as a judge. (Philipp. v. 5, viii. 9. )
after we hear no more either of her or her children. 3. A Pythagorean philosopher of Catana (lam-
(Paus. i. 10. § 3-5. )
(E. H. B. ] blich. Vit. Pyth. 36. )
[P. S. ]
LYSA'NIAS (Avoavias). 1. An Athenian of LYSIANASSA (Avorávao oa), the name of
the deme Sphettus who, according to some acccunts, three mythical personages, none of whom is of any
was the father of Aeschines, the disciple of Socrates, interest. (Hesiod. Theog. 258 ; Apollod. ii. 5. §
(Plat. Apol. Socr. c. 22 ; Diog. Laërt. ii. 60. ) 11 ; Paus. ii. 6. $ 3. )
(L. S. )
2. The father of Cephalus, one of the inter- LY'SIAS (Avoias). 1. An Athenian, who, ac-
locutors in the republic of Plato. (Plat. Polit. p. cording to Diodorus (xiii. 74), was one of the ten
330, b. )
generals appointed to succeed Alcibiades in the
3. A friend of Alexander the Great. In con- command of the flect, B. C. 406. His name indeed
junction with Philotas he was sent to the coast, in does not occur in the list of them as given by
charge of the booty taken after the victory over the Xenophon (Icl. i. 5. $ 16), but that author agrees
Thracians, B. C. 335. (Arrian.
