, and fiu^oc, "a female
breast," because it was believed that they burned off
the right breast in order to handle the bow more con-
veniently.
breast," because it was believed that they burned off
the right breast in order to handle the bow more con-
veniently.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
Univ.
, vol.
I, p.
657.
--Con-
sult Salvcrte, des Science) Occulles, vol. 2, p. 224. )
Alypcs. a statuary of Sicvon. pupil of . \aucydes,
the Argivc. He cast in brass the statues of certain
Lacedaemonians who fought with Lysander in the bat-
tle of ? ? gos Potamos. (Pausan. , 10, 9. )
AlyzIa ('Afai&a), a town of Acamania, about fif-
teen stadia from the sea, and, as Cicero informs us in
one of his letters (ad Fam. , 16, 2), one hundred and!
twenty stadia from Lcucas. It appears to have been
a place of some note, as it is noticed by several wri-
ters. The earliest of these are Scylax {Pcrtpl. , p. 13)
and Thucydides (7, 31). A naval" action was fought
in its vicinity, between the Athenians under Timothe-
us, and the Lacedaemonians, not long before the bat-
tle of Lcuctra. (Xcn, Hist. Gr, 5, 4,G5. ) Belong-
ing to Alyzia was a port consecrated to Hercules, with
a grove, where was at one time a celebrated group,
the work of Lysippus, representing the labours of Her-
cules; but a Roman general caused it to be removed
to Rome, as more worthy to possess such a chef-
d'oeuvre. (Strabo, 459. ) This port appears to an-
swer to the modern Porto Candili. (Cramer's Anc.
Greece, vol. 2, p. 18, seqq. )
Amagetobria. Vid. Magctobria.
Amalthjea, I. the name of the goat that suckled
Jupiter. The monarch of Olympus, as a reward for ,
this act of kindness, translated her to the skies, along
with her two young ones, whom she had put aside in or-
der to accommodate the infant deity, and he made them
stars in the northern hemisphere, on the arm of Auriga.
The whole legend appears to be of a mixed character,!
and from a simple origin, adapted to the rude ideas of
an early race, to have gradually assumed an astronomi-
cal character. Thus, according to the legend, the in-
fant Jove was nurtured by the milk of the goat, while
the wild-bees deposited their honey on his lips. We
have here the milk and the honey that play so conspic-
uous a part in Oriental imagery, as typifying the highest
degree of human felicity and abundance, and, there-
fore, well worthy to be the food of an infant deity ap-
pearing in human form. From the milk and honey,
moreover, of early fable, come the ambrosia and nec-
tar of a later age, since nectar was regarded as a quin-
tessence of honey, and ambrosia as an extract from the
purestmilk. (Bittigcr, Amalthira,\o\. l,p. 22. ) The
early legend goes on to state, that the infant Jove,
when playing with his four-footed foster parent, acci-
dentally broke off one of her horns. This was made
at first to serve as a drinking cup. and thus recalls the
custom of a primitive age, when the horns of animals
were generally employed for this purpose; the horn-
cup appearing as well in the earliest symposia and the
Bacchanalian orgies of the Greeks, as in the legends
of the Scandinavian Edda and in the halls of Odin.
With the progress of ideas, a new feature was added
to the fable. The horn of Amalthaea is no longer a
? ? mere cup. This use has ended, and Jupiter now or-
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? AMA
<<ame luminary. (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 164. )
Mount Amanus thus becomes the mountain of the sun,
even as Lebanon appears in the Phoenician Cosmog-
ony of Sanchoniathon
AsiARACt-s, a son of Cynaras, king of Cyprus, who,
having fallen and broken a vase of perfumes which he
was carrying, pined away, being either overpowered by
the strong fragrance, or struck with grief at the loss
he had sustained. The gods, out of compassion,
changed him into the amaracus, or sweet-marjoram.
Servius {ad Virg. , Jg? ; ^ 693) gives a somewhat dif-
ferent account, and makes Amaracus, not a son, but an
attendant, of the king's. As regards the plant amara-
cus itself, and its identity with the aufifvxov of the
Greeks, consult Fit, Flore de VirgUe, p. clxxxv.
Amardi, a nation of Asia. Ptolemy (5, 13) places
them m the greater Armenia, on the borders of Me-
dia; iVearchus. Piiny (6,17), and Strabo, in the mount-
ains of Elymaxs, in Persia. Others assign Margiana
as the country in which they lived. It is possible
that there were several tribes of this same name
spread over different countries, or perhaps several colo-
nies of this people. Vossius thinks that all robbers
and fugitives inhabiting the mountains were called
Amardi by the Persians. (Vosa. , ad Pomp. Mel. , b.
6- -- Compare famp. Mel. , French trawl. , vol. 1, p.
202. )
Axuvlus, the name of a female in Virgil's ec-
logues. Some commentators have supposed that the
poet spoke of Rome under this fictitious appellation,
but this supposition is a very improbable one. (Con-
sult Heync, ad Virg. , Eclog. , 1, 28, towards the con-
clusion of the note. )
Akaiv. ithiis, a town of Eulicra, seven stadia from
Eretria, celebrated for the temple and worship of Diana
Amarynthia. (Strob. , 448. --Liv. , 35, 38. --l'ausu* ,
1,31. )
AnASK. vce, a small river of Latium, crossing the
Pontine Marshes, and falling into the Tyrrhenian Sea,
now L. i Toppia. {Virg. , JEn. . , 7, 685. )
AhasTa or Amasea (k/uioua, by the later Greeks
'A/iaaia), a city of Pontus, on the river Iris, the ori-
gin of which is not, ascertained. It was the birthplace
of Mithradates the Great and of Strabo the geogra-
pher. At a later i ><<? riuil. when under the Roman sway,
it became the capital of Pontus Galaticus (Hkroclcs,
p. 701), and bore upon its coins the title of Metropo-
lis. Strabo (560) jgrxves us a particular description of
his native city. The modern Amasyah or Amassia
is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Amasea.
{Xajmerl, 6, pt. 2, p, 461, ttqq. )
Amasis, I. a ki r>> cr of Egypt, of one of the earlier
dynasties. He ren tiered himself odious to his subjects
by his violent ami t ,y mimical conduct, and, on the in-
vasion of Egypt by Actisanes, king of /Ethiopia, the
greater part of the inhabitants went over to the latter.
Such is the account given by Diodorus Siculus (1, 60),
where many think, we should read Amosis for Amasis.
(Consult Steph. arxcl Wcueltng, ad Diod. , I. c. ) Jus-
tin Martyr (Purdnc*-. p. 10) makes him to have been
the first Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. Eusebius
[Ckron. ) asserts that he was the same king during
whose reign Jacob died. Olearius (ad Philostr. , Vit.
Apall. , 4. 2) maintain s that he was monarch of Egypt
in the time of the E xodus. AH is uncertainty respect-
ing him. II. An Egyptian, who, from having been a
common soldier, becamo king of Egypt. He succeed-
ed in gaining the favour of king Apries, and was de-
? ? spatched by that monarch to quell a sedition which
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? AMAZONES.
AMAZONES.
chus for the unnatural deed. --II. A city on tho coast
of Paphlagonia. near the mouth of the Parthenius. It
was founded by Aniastris, the niece of Darius Codo-
mannus, and wife of Dionysius, tyrant of Heraclea,
who gave her name to the new settlement. The ear-
lier town of Sesamus, mentioned by Homer (//. , 2,
853), served for its citadel. It is praised as a beauti-
ful city by both the younger Pliny (Ep. , 10, 99) and
the later ecclesiastical writers. (Compare J\icct<c
I'aph. Or. ,in S. Hyacint. , 17. ) Aniastris, like Sinope,
was built on a small peninsula, and had, in conse-
quence, a double harbour. (Strabo, 544. ) The mod-
ern name is Amastra. (Manner! , 6,-pt. 3, p. 25. )
Amata, the wife of King Latinus, and mother of
Lavinia. She hung herself in despair, on finding that
she could not prevent the marriage of her daughter
with^Eneas. (Virg. , JEn. , 12, 603. )
A m inn s (gen. units), a city on the southern side
of the island of Cyprus, and of great antiquity. Ado-
nis was worshipped here as well as Venus. Scylax
affirms that the Amathusians were autochthonous (Per-
ipl. , p. 41); and it appears from Hesychius that they
had a peculiar dialect (*. u. 'EtSAoi, KvdtiMa, Mu-
/. iko). Amathus was celebrated as a favourite resi-
dence of Venus. (JEn. , 10, 51. --CatuU. , Ep. , 36. )
The goddess, as an author who wrote a history of
Amathus, and is quoted by Hesychius (*. v. 'AQpodi-
toc), reported, was represented with a beard. Ama-
thus was the see of a Christian bishop under the By-
zantine emperors. (Hierocl. , p. 706. ) Its ruins are
to be seen near the little town of Limmeson or Ltm-
mesol, somewhat to the north of Cape Gatto. (Cra-
mer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 377, scqq. )
Amazones, a name given by the ancient writers to
certain female warriors, and derived, according to ths
popular opinion, from a, priv.
, and fiu^oc, "a female
breast," because it was believed that they burned off
the right breast in order to handle the bow more con-
veniently. The men among them were held in an in-
ferior, and, as it were, servile condition, attending to all
the employments which occupy the time and care of
females in other nations, while the Amazons them-
selves took charge of all things relating to government
and warfare. (Diod. Sic. , 2, 45. --Id. , 3, 62. ) The
Greek writers speak of African and Asiatic Amazons.
(Diod. Sic, I. c. ) The Amazons of Africa were the
more ancient, and were also the more remarkable for
the number and splendour of their warlike achieve-
ments. They dwelt in the western regions of Africa,
occupying an island in a lake called Tritonis, and
which was near the main ocean. Diodorus describes
this island as beautiful and productive, and names it
Hesperia. Under the guidance of a warlike queen,
whom he calls Myrina, they conquered the people of
Atlantis, their neighbours, traversed a large portion of
Africa, established friendly relations with Horns, son
of Isis, then on the throne of Egypt, subdued Arabia,
Syria, various parts of Asia Minor, and penetrated
even into Thrace. After this long career of conquest
they returned to Africa, and were annihilated by Her-
cules. At this same time, too, the Lake Tritonis dis-
appeared as such, and became part of the ocean, the
intervening land having been swallowed up. (Diod.
Sic, 3, 54. )--The Amazons of Asia arc described by
the same writer (2, 45) as having dwelt originally on
the banks of the Thermodon in Pontus, and with this
statement the ancient poets all agree. Herodotus
? ? also (9, 27) places the Amazons on this same river,
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? AMAZONES.
to this explanation, will be a band of warlike priest-
esses or Hierodulae, who, in renouncing maternity, and
in firing themselves up to martial exercises, sought
to imitate the periodical sterility of the great powers
of light, the sun and moon, and the combats in which
these were from time to time engaged, against the
gloomy energies of night and winter. (Crcuzer, Sym-
bolik. par Gaigniajit, vol. 3, p. 90, scqq ) That the
legend of the Amazons rests on a religious basis, we
readily admit, but that any Amazons ever existed,
wen as warlike priestesses, we do not at all believe.
The first source of error respecting them is the ety-
mology commonly assigned to the name. To derive
this from the negative a and /iil(oc, and to make
it indicate the loss of one of the breasts, is, we think,
altogether erroneous. If a Greek derivation is to be
assigned to the term Amazon, it is far more correct to
deduce tin- word from the intensive a, and fiuioc, and
to regard it as denoting, not the absence of one breast,
but the presence of many. The name 'Aiia. 'ur
(Amizon) then becomes equivalent to the Greek
Hohw inroe- (Polymastus) and the Latin Multimam-
aua. both of which epithets are applied by the ancient
mrthologists to the Ephesian Diana, with her numer-
ous breasts, as typifying the great mother and nurse
of all created beings. It is curious to connect with
this th2 well-known tradition, that the Amazons found-
ed th? city of Ephesus, and at a remote period sacri-
ficed to the goddess there. (Callim. , H. in Dian. ,
233. -- Dionys. Perie<r. , 828. ) But how does the
view which wc have just taken of the erroneous nature
o( the common etymology, in the case of the name
Amizon, harmonize with the remains of ancient sculp-
ture! In the most satisfactory manner. No monu-
ment of antiquity represents the Amazons with a mu-
tilated bosom, but, wherever their figures are given,
they have both breasts fully and plainly develo|>ed.
Thus, for example, the Amazons on the Phigaleian
frieze have both breasts entire, one being generally ex-
posed, while the other is concealed by drapery, but
still in the latter the roundness of form is very percept-
ible. Both breasts appear also in the fine figure of
the Amazon belonging to the Lansdowne collection;
and so again in the basso-relievo described by Winckel-
mann in his Monumrnti Inediti. The authorities, in-
deed on this head are altogether incontrovertible.
( Winckelmann. Gcsch. der Kunst des Allerlhums, vol.
2, p. 131. -- Id. , Mon. Ined. , pt. 2, c. 18, p. 184. --
Mailer, Arckdologie der Kunst, p. 530. -- Elgin and
Phigaleian Marbles, vol. 2, p. 179. --Heyne, ad Apol-
! :? ? ! . 2, 5, 9. ) The first Greek writer that made men-
tion of females who removed their right breast was
Hippocrates (Hcpl uepuv, k. t. X. , y 43). His remarks.
however, were meant to apply merely to the females
of the SauromaUe, a Scythian tribe; but subsequent
writers made them extend to the fabled race of the
Amazon*. --It appears to us, then, from a careful ex-
amination of the subject, that the term Amazon origi-
nally indicated neither a warlike female, nor a race of
such females, but was merely an epithet applied to the
Ephesian Diana, the great parent and source of nur-
ture, and was intended to express the most striking
of her attributes. The victories and conquests of the
Amazonian race are nothing more, then, than a figura-
tive allusion to the spread of her worship over a large
portion of the globe, and the contests with Bacchus,
Hercules, and Theseus refer in reality to the struggles
of this worship with other rival systems of faith, for
? ? Bacchus, Hercules, and Theseus are nothing more
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? AMB
AMBROSIUS.
Ambluareti. The ancient geographical writers are
silent respecting them.
AmbivarIti, a tribe of Gallia Belgica, a short dis-
tance beyond the Mosa or Meuse. ((? >>>. , B. G. , 4, 9. )
Amdbacia, a celebrated city of Epirus, the capital
of the country, and the royal residence of Pyrrhus
and his descendants. It was situate on the banks of
the Aracthus or Arethon, a short distance from the
waters of the Ambracian Gulf. The founders of the
place were said to have been a colony of Corinthians,
headed by Tolgus or Torgus, 650 B. C. , who was
either the brother or the son of Cvpselus, chief of
Corinth. (Strabo, 325. -- Scymn. , 'Ch. , v. 452. ) It
early acquired some maritime celebrity, by reason of
its advantageous position, and was a powerful and in-
dependent city towards the commencement of the Pe-
loponncsian war, in which it espoused the cause of Co-
rinth and Sparta. At a later period we find its in-
dependence threatened by Philip, who seems to have
entertained the project of annexing it to the dominions
of his brother-in-law, Alexander, king of the Molos-
sians. (Dcmosth , Phil. , 3. 85. ) Whether it actually
fell into the possession of that monarch is uncertain,
but there can be no doubt of its having been in the
occupation of Philip, since Diodorus Siculus (17, 3)
ass. -rtsthat the Ambraciots, on the accession of Alex-
ander the Great to the throne, ejected the Macedonian
garrison stationed in their city. Amliracia, however,
aid not long enjoy the freedom which it thus regained,
for, having fallen into the hands of Pyrrhus, we are
told that it was selected by that prince as his usual
place of residence. (Strabo, 325. -- lav , 38, 9. )
Ovid (Ibis, v. 306) seems to imply that he was inter-
red there. Many years after, being under the domin-
ion of the . Etolians, who were at that time involved
in hostilities with the Romans, this city sustained a
siege against the latter almost unequalled in the an-
nals of ancient warfare for the gallantry and perseve-
rance displayed in defence of the place. (Polyb. , Fraij. ,
22, 13. ) Ambracia, at last, opened its gates to the
foe. on a truce being concluded, and was stripped by
the Roman consul, M. Fulvius Nobilior, of all the
statues and pictures with whirh it had been so richly
adorned by Pyrrhus. From this time Ambracia began
to sink into a state of insignificance, and Augustus,
by transferring its inhabitants to Nicopolis, completed
its desolation. (Strabo, 325--Pausan , 5, 23. ) In
regard to the topography of this ancient city, most
travellers and antiquaries arc of opinion, that it must
have stood near the town of Aria, which now gives
its name to the gulf. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol.
1, p 145, seqq. )
AmrracTus Sinus, a gulf of the Ionian Sea be-
tween Epirus and Acarnania. Scylax (Pcripl, p. 13)
calls it the Bay of Anactorium, and observes that the
distance from its mouth to the farthest extremity was
one hundred and twenty stadia, while the entrance was
scarcely four stadia broad. Strabo (325) makes the
whole circuit three hundred stadia. (Cramer's Ancient
Greece, vol. 1, p. 153. )
Ambroses, a Gallic horde, who invaded the Roman
territories along with the Teutones and Cimbri, and
were defeated with great slaughter by Marius. The
name is thought to mean, "dwellers on the Rhone"
(Amb-rones). So Ambidravii, "dwellers'on the
Draavc;" Sigambri, "dwellers on the Sieg," <Stc.
(Compare Pfisler, Gesch. der Tcutschen, vol. 1, p.
? ? 35. )
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? AMI
totwoik is -;Dc Oflictt,," intended to explain the
Jnuei of Christian ministers The most accurate
afeionofhisworks is that of the Benedictines, Pans,
J<<U. fot , 1682-90. (. Gorton's Bioer. Diet , vol. 1, p.
<<? . ) ";
Antrim, a city of Phocis, said to have been
founded by the hero Anibrvssus, situate between two
etas of mountains, west of Lebedas, and north-
>>eaof Anticyra It was destroyed by the Amphic-
tjons. bat rebuilt and fortified by the Thebans. before
He iaiUe of Uhssronea. (Pausan. , 10, 3, and 36. )
Its rains were first discovered by Chandler, near the
n%e ofDyttamo. ( Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol 2,
p. 159. )
AUCBMA female minstrels, of Syrian origin, who
exercised their vocation at Rome, and were also of
dissolute lives. (Acron, ad. Herat. , Scrm. , 1,9,1. --
Kurt. Etymol. Ha. ndicortcrbu. ch, vol. 1, p. 45, seq. )
The name is supposed to be derived from the Syriac
i6iiorun6uA, " a flute. "
Anou, a surname of Castor and Pollux, in Sparta,
mi also of Jupiter and Minerva. They were so
B3'EEJ. it is said, from tlubi>~Ai'/, delay, because it was
thought that they could delay the approach of death.
Some, on the other hand, consider the term in ques-
tion to be of Latin origin, and derived from ambularc.
(Compare the remarks of Vollmer, Worterb. der My-
tU,f. T. )
AIKLES, a river of the lower world, according to
Plato, whose waters no vessel could contain: rov
'A(tt>j|7a ircrrafiov, ov rd v6tjp uyyeiov oiiiev oreyeiv.
(D; Ktf. , 1O, vol. 7, p. 229, ed. Bekk.
sult Salvcrte, des Science) Occulles, vol. 2, p. 224. )
Alypcs. a statuary of Sicvon. pupil of . \aucydes,
the Argivc. He cast in brass the statues of certain
Lacedaemonians who fought with Lysander in the bat-
tle of ? ? gos Potamos. (Pausan. , 10, 9. )
AlyzIa ('Afai&a), a town of Acamania, about fif-
teen stadia from the sea, and, as Cicero informs us in
one of his letters (ad Fam. , 16, 2), one hundred and!
twenty stadia from Lcucas. It appears to have been
a place of some note, as it is noticed by several wri-
ters. The earliest of these are Scylax {Pcrtpl. , p. 13)
and Thucydides (7, 31). A naval" action was fought
in its vicinity, between the Athenians under Timothe-
us, and the Lacedaemonians, not long before the bat-
tle of Lcuctra. (Xcn, Hist. Gr, 5, 4,G5. ) Belong-
ing to Alyzia was a port consecrated to Hercules, with
a grove, where was at one time a celebrated group,
the work of Lysippus, representing the labours of Her-
cules; but a Roman general caused it to be removed
to Rome, as more worthy to possess such a chef-
d'oeuvre. (Strabo, 459. ) This port appears to an-
swer to the modern Porto Candili. (Cramer's Anc.
Greece, vol. 2, p. 18, seqq. )
Amagetobria. Vid. Magctobria.
Amalthjea, I. the name of the goat that suckled
Jupiter. The monarch of Olympus, as a reward for ,
this act of kindness, translated her to the skies, along
with her two young ones, whom she had put aside in or-
der to accommodate the infant deity, and he made them
stars in the northern hemisphere, on the arm of Auriga.
The whole legend appears to be of a mixed character,!
and from a simple origin, adapted to the rude ideas of
an early race, to have gradually assumed an astronomi-
cal character. Thus, according to the legend, the in-
fant Jove was nurtured by the milk of the goat, while
the wild-bees deposited their honey on his lips. We
have here the milk and the honey that play so conspic-
uous a part in Oriental imagery, as typifying the highest
degree of human felicity and abundance, and, there-
fore, well worthy to be the food of an infant deity ap-
pearing in human form. From the milk and honey,
moreover, of early fable, come the ambrosia and nec-
tar of a later age, since nectar was regarded as a quin-
tessence of honey, and ambrosia as an extract from the
purestmilk. (Bittigcr, Amalthira,\o\. l,p. 22. ) The
early legend goes on to state, that the infant Jove,
when playing with his four-footed foster parent, acci-
dentally broke off one of her horns. This was made
at first to serve as a drinking cup. and thus recalls the
custom of a primitive age, when the horns of animals
were generally employed for this purpose; the horn-
cup appearing as well in the earliest symposia and the
Bacchanalian orgies of the Greeks, as in the legends
of the Scandinavian Edda and in the halls of Odin.
With the progress of ideas, a new feature was added
to the fable. The horn of Amalthaea is no longer a
? ? mere cup. This use has ended, and Jupiter now or-
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? AMA
<<ame luminary. (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p. 164. )
Mount Amanus thus becomes the mountain of the sun,
even as Lebanon appears in the Phoenician Cosmog-
ony of Sanchoniathon
AsiARACt-s, a son of Cynaras, king of Cyprus, who,
having fallen and broken a vase of perfumes which he
was carrying, pined away, being either overpowered by
the strong fragrance, or struck with grief at the loss
he had sustained. The gods, out of compassion,
changed him into the amaracus, or sweet-marjoram.
Servius {ad Virg. , Jg? ; ^ 693) gives a somewhat dif-
ferent account, and makes Amaracus, not a son, but an
attendant, of the king's. As regards the plant amara-
cus itself, and its identity with the aufifvxov of the
Greeks, consult Fit, Flore de VirgUe, p. clxxxv.
Amardi, a nation of Asia. Ptolemy (5, 13) places
them m the greater Armenia, on the borders of Me-
dia; iVearchus. Piiny (6,17), and Strabo, in the mount-
ains of Elymaxs, in Persia. Others assign Margiana
as the country in which they lived. It is possible
that there were several tribes of this same name
spread over different countries, or perhaps several colo-
nies of this people. Vossius thinks that all robbers
and fugitives inhabiting the mountains were called
Amardi by the Persians. (Vosa. , ad Pomp. Mel. , b.
6- -- Compare famp. Mel. , French trawl. , vol. 1, p.
202. )
Axuvlus, the name of a female in Virgil's ec-
logues. Some commentators have supposed that the
poet spoke of Rome under this fictitious appellation,
but this supposition is a very improbable one. (Con-
sult Heync, ad Virg. , Eclog. , 1, 28, towards the con-
clusion of the note. )
Akaiv. ithiis, a town of Eulicra, seven stadia from
Eretria, celebrated for the temple and worship of Diana
Amarynthia. (Strob. , 448. --Liv. , 35, 38. --l'ausu* ,
1,31. )
AnASK. vce, a small river of Latium, crossing the
Pontine Marshes, and falling into the Tyrrhenian Sea,
now L. i Toppia. {Virg. , JEn. . , 7, 685. )
AhasTa or Amasea (k/uioua, by the later Greeks
'A/iaaia), a city of Pontus, on the river Iris, the ori-
gin of which is not, ascertained. It was the birthplace
of Mithradates the Great and of Strabo the geogra-
pher. At a later i ><<? riuil. when under the Roman sway,
it became the capital of Pontus Galaticus (Hkroclcs,
p. 701), and bore upon its coins the title of Metropo-
lis. Strabo (560) jgrxves us a particular description of
his native city. The modern Amasyah or Amassia
is supposed to occupy the site of the ancient Amasea.
{Xajmerl, 6, pt. 2, p, 461, ttqq. )
Amasis, I. a ki r>> cr of Egypt, of one of the earlier
dynasties. He ren tiered himself odious to his subjects
by his violent ami t ,y mimical conduct, and, on the in-
vasion of Egypt by Actisanes, king of /Ethiopia, the
greater part of the inhabitants went over to the latter.
Such is the account given by Diodorus Siculus (1, 60),
where many think, we should read Amosis for Amasis.
(Consult Steph. arxcl Wcueltng, ad Diod. , I. c. ) Jus-
tin Martyr (Purdnc*-. p. 10) makes him to have been
the first Pharaoh of the 18th dynasty. Eusebius
[Ckron. ) asserts that he was the same king during
whose reign Jacob died. Olearius (ad Philostr. , Vit.
Apall. , 4. 2) maintain s that he was monarch of Egypt
in the time of the E xodus. AH is uncertainty respect-
ing him. II. An Egyptian, who, from having been a
common soldier, becamo king of Egypt. He succeed-
ed in gaining the favour of king Apries, and was de-
? ? spatched by that monarch to quell a sedition which
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? AMAZONES.
AMAZONES.
chus for the unnatural deed. --II. A city on tho coast
of Paphlagonia. near the mouth of the Parthenius. It
was founded by Aniastris, the niece of Darius Codo-
mannus, and wife of Dionysius, tyrant of Heraclea,
who gave her name to the new settlement. The ear-
lier town of Sesamus, mentioned by Homer (//. , 2,
853), served for its citadel. It is praised as a beauti-
ful city by both the younger Pliny (Ep. , 10, 99) and
the later ecclesiastical writers. (Compare J\icct<c
I'aph. Or. ,in S. Hyacint. , 17. ) Aniastris, like Sinope,
was built on a small peninsula, and had, in conse-
quence, a double harbour. (Strabo, 544. ) The mod-
ern name is Amastra. (Manner! , 6,-pt. 3, p. 25. )
Amata, the wife of King Latinus, and mother of
Lavinia. She hung herself in despair, on finding that
she could not prevent the marriage of her daughter
with^Eneas. (Virg. , JEn. , 12, 603. )
A m inn s (gen. units), a city on the southern side
of the island of Cyprus, and of great antiquity. Ado-
nis was worshipped here as well as Venus. Scylax
affirms that the Amathusians were autochthonous (Per-
ipl. , p. 41); and it appears from Hesychius that they
had a peculiar dialect (*. u. 'EtSAoi, KvdtiMa, Mu-
/. iko). Amathus was celebrated as a favourite resi-
dence of Venus. (JEn. , 10, 51. --CatuU. , Ep. , 36. )
The goddess, as an author who wrote a history of
Amathus, and is quoted by Hesychius (*. v. 'AQpodi-
toc), reported, was represented with a beard. Ama-
thus was the see of a Christian bishop under the By-
zantine emperors. (Hierocl. , p. 706. ) Its ruins are
to be seen near the little town of Limmeson or Ltm-
mesol, somewhat to the north of Cape Gatto. (Cra-
mer's Asia Minor, vol. 2, p. 377, scqq. )
Amazones, a name given by the ancient writers to
certain female warriors, and derived, according to ths
popular opinion, from a, priv.
, and fiu^oc, "a female
breast," because it was believed that they burned off
the right breast in order to handle the bow more con-
veniently. The men among them were held in an in-
ferior, and, as it were, servile condition, attending to all
the employments which occupy the time and care of
females in other nations, while the Amazons them-
selves took charge of all things relating to government
and warfare. (Diod. Sic. , 2, 45. --Id. , 3, 62. ) The
Greek writers speak of African and Asiatic Amazons.
(Diod. Sic, I. c. ) The Amazons of Africa were the
more ancient, and were also the more remarkable for
the number and splendour of their warlike achieve-
ments. They dwelt in the western regions of Africa,
occupying an island in a lake called Tritonis, and
which was near the main ocean. Diodorus describes
this island as beautiful and productive, and names it
Hesperia. Under the guidance of a warlike queen,
whom he calls Myrina, they conquered the people of
Atlantis, their neighbours, traversed a large portion of
Africa, established friendly relations with Horns, son
of Isis, then on the throne of Egypt, subdued Arabia,
Syria, various parts of Asia Minor, and penetrated
even into Thrace. After this long career of conquest
they returned to Africa, and were annihilated by Her-
cules. At this same time, too, the Lake Tritonis dis-
appeared as such, and became part of the ocean, the
intervening land having been swallowed up. (Diod.
Sic, 3, 54. )--The Amazons of Asia arc described by
the same writer (2, 45) as having dwelt originally on
the banks of the Thermodon in Pontus, and with this
statement the ancient poets all agree. Herodotus
? ? also (9, 27) places the Amazons on this same river,
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? AMAZONES.
to this explanation, will be a band of warlike priest-
esses or Hierodulae, who, in renouncing maternity, and
in firing themselves up to martial exercises, sought
to imitate the periodical sterility of the great powers
of light, the sun and moon, and the combats in which
these were from time to time engaged, against the
gloomy energies of night and winter. (Crcuzer, Sym-
bolik. par Gaigniajit, vol. 3, p. 90, scqq ) That the
legend of the Amazons rests on a religious basis, we
readily admit, but that any Amazons ever existed,
wen as warlike priestesses, we do not at all believe.
The first source of error respecting them is the ety-
mology commonly assigned to the name. To derive
this from the negative a and /iil(oc, and to make
it indicate the loss of one of the breasts, is, we think,
altogether erroneous. If a Greek derivation is to be
assigned to the term Amazon, it is far more correct to
deduce tin- word from the intensive a, and fiuioc, and
to regard it as denoting, not the absence of one breast,
but the presence of many. The name 'Aiia. 'ur
(Amizon) then becomes equivalent to the Greek
Hohw inroe- (Polymastus) and the Latin Multimam-
aua. both of which epithets are applied by the ancient
mrthologists to the Ephesian Diana, with her numer-
ous breasts, as typifying the great mother and nurse
of all created beings. It is curious to connect with
this th2 well-known tradition, that the Amazons found-
ed th? city of Ephesus, and at a remote period sacri-
ficed to the goddess there. (Callim. , H. in Dian. ,
233. -- Dionys. Perie<r. , 828. ) But how does the
view which wc have just taken of the erroneous nature
o( the common etymology, in the case of the name
Amizon, harmonize with the remains of ancient sculp-
ture! In the most satisfactory manner. No monu-
ment of antiquity represents the Amazons with a mu-
tilated bosom, but, wherever their figures are given,
they have both breasts fully and plainly develo|>ed.
Thus, for example, the Amazons on the Phigaleian
frieze have both breasts entire, one being generally ex-
posed, while the other is concealed by drapery, but
still in the latter the roundness of form is very percept-
ible. Both breasts appear also in the fine figure of
the Amazon belonging to the Lansdowne collection;
and so again in the basso-relievo described by Winckel-
mann in his Monumrnti Inediti. The authorities, in-
deed on this head are altogether incontrovertible.
( Winckelmann. Gcsch. der Kunst des Allerlhums, vol.
2, p. 131. -- Id. , Mon. Ined. , pt. 2, c. 18, p. 184. --
Mailer, Arckdologie der Kunst, p. 530. -- Elgin and
Phigaleian Marbles, vol. 2, p. 179. --Heyne, ad Apol-
! :? ? ! . 2, 5, 9. ) The first Greek writer that made men-
tion of females who removed their right breast was
Hippocrates (Hcpl uepuv, k. t. X. , y 43). His remarks.
however, were meant to apply merely to the females
of the SauromaUe, a Scythian tribe; but subsequent
writers made them extend to the fabled race of the
Amazon*. --It appears to us, then, from a careful ex-
amination of the subject, that the term Amazon origi-
nally indicated neither a warlike female, nor a race of
such females, but was merely an epithet applied to the
Ephesian Diana, the great parent and source of nur-
ture, and was intended to express the most striking
of her attributes. The victories and conquests of the
Amazonian race are nothing more, then, than a figura-
tive allusion to the spread of her worship over a large
portion of the globe, and the contests with Bacchus,
Hercules, and Theseus refer in reality to the struggles
of this worship with other rival systems of faith, for
? ? Bacchus, Hercules, and Theseus are nothing more
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? AMB
AMBROSIUS.
Ambluareti. The ancient geographical writers are
silent respecting them.
AmbivarIti, a tribe of Gallia Belgica, a short dis-
tance beyond the Mosa or Meuse. ((? >>>. , B. G. , 4, 9. )
Amdbacia, a celebrated city of Epirus, the capital
of the country, and the royal residence of Pyrrhus
and his descendants. It was situate on the banks of
the Aracthus or Arethon, a short distance from the
waters of the Ambracian Gulf. The founders of the
place were said to have been a colony of Corinthians,
headed by Tolgus or Torgus, 650 B. C. , who was
either the brother or the son of Cvpselus, chief of
Corinth. (Strabo, 325. -- Scymn. , 'Ch. , v. 452. ) It
early acquired some maritime celebrity, by reason of
its advantageous position, and was a powerful and in-
dependent city towards the commencement of the Pe-
loponncsian war, in which it espoused the cause of Co-
rinth and Sparta. At a later period we find its in-
dependence threatened by Philip, who seems to have
entertained the project of annexing it to the dominions
of his brother-in-law, Alexander, king of the Molos-
sians. (Dcmosth , Phil. , 3. 85. ) Whether it actually
fell into the possession of that monarch is uncertain,
but there can be no doubt of its having been in the
occupation of Philip, since Diodorus Siculus (17, 3)
ass. -rtsthat the Ambraciots, on the accession of Alex-
ander the Great to the throne, ejected the Macedonian
garrison stationed in their city. Amliracia, however,
aid not long enjoy the freedom which it thus regained,
for, having fallen into the hands of Pyrrhus, we are
told that it was selected by that prince as his usual
place of residence. (Strabo, 325. -- lav , 38, 9. )
Ovid (Ibis, v. 306) seems to imply that he was inter-
red there. Many years after, being under the domin-
ion of the . Etolians, who were at that time involved
in hostilities with the Romans, this city sustained a
siege against the latter almost unequalled in the an-
nals of ancient warfare for the gallantry and perseve-
rance displayed in defence of the place. (Polyb. , Fraij. ,
22, 13. ) Ambracia, at last, opened its gates to the
foe. on a truce being concluded, and was stripped by
the Roman consul, M. Fulvius Nobilior, of all the
statues and pictures with whirh it had been so richly
adorned by Pyrrhus. From this time Ambracia began
to sink into a state of insignificance, and Augustus,
by transferring its inhabitants to Nicopolis, completed
its desolation. (Strabo, 325--Pausan , 5, 23. ) In
regard to the topography of this ancient city, most
travellers and antiquaries arc of opinion, that it must
have stood near the town of Aria, which now gives
its name to the gulf. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol.
1, p 145, seqq. )
AmrracTus Sinus, a gulf of the Ionian Sea be-
tween Epirus and Acarnania. Scylax (Pcripl, p. 13)
calls it the Bay of Anactorium, and observes that the
distance from its mouth to the farthest extremity was
one hundred and twenty stadia, while the entrance was
scarcely four stadia broad. Strabo (325) makes the
whole circuit three hundred stadia. (Cramer's Ancient
Greece, vol. 1, p. 153. )
Ambroses, a Gallic horde, who invaded the Roman
territories along with the Teutones and Cimbri, and
were defeated with great slaughter by Marius. The
name is thought to mean, "dwellers on the Rhone"
(Amb-rones). So Ambidravii, "dwellers'on the
Draavc;" Sigambri, "dwellers on the Sieg," <Stc.
(Compare Pfisler, Gesch. der Tcutschen, vol. 1, p.
? ? 35. )
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? AMI
totwoik is -;Dc Oflictt,," intended to explain the
Jnuei of Christian ministers The most accurate
afeionofhisworks is that of the Benedictines, Pans,
J<<U. fot , 1682-90. (. Gorton's Bioer. Diet , vol. 1, p.
<<? . ) ";
Antrim, a city of Phocis, said to have been
founded by the hero Anibrvssus, situate between two
etas of mountains, west of Lebedas, and north-
>>eaof Anticyra It was destroyed by the Amphic-
tjons. bat rebuilt and fortified by the Thebans. before
He iaiUe of Uhssronea. (Pausan. , 10, 3, and 36. )
Its rains were first discovered by Chandler, near the
n%e ofDyttamo. ( Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol 2,
p. 159. )
AUCBMA female minstrels, of Syrian origin, who
exercised their vocation at Rome, and were also of
dissolute lives. (Acron, ad. Herat. , Scrm. , 1,9,1. --
Kurt. Etymol. Ha. ndicortcrbu. ch, vol. 1, p. 45, seq. )
The name is supposed to be derived from the Syriac
i6iiorun6uA, " a flute. "
Anou, a surname of Castor and Pollux, in Sparta,
mi also of Jupiter and Minerva. They were so
B3'EEJ. it is said, from tlubi>~Ai'/, delay, because it was
thought that they could delay the approach of death.
Some, on the other hand, consider the term in ques-
tion to be of Latin origin, and derived from ambularc.
(Compare the remarks of Vollmer, Worterb. der My-
tU,f. T. )
AIKLES, a river of the lower world, according to
Plato, whose waters no vessel could contain: rov
'A(tt>j|7a ircrrafiov, ov rd v6tjp uyyeiov oiiiev oreyeiv.
(D; Ktf. , 1O, vol. 7, p. 229, ed. Bekk.
