The part which
he look in this unfortunate controversy caused him to
be stigmatized as an Arian, though it appears that he
fully admitted the divinity of Christ; a'.
he look in this unfortunate controversy caused him to
be stigmatized as an Arian, though it appears that he
fully admitted the divinity of Christ; a'.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
), and throughout a large portion of this coun-
try the worship of the moon was firmly established.
Without stopping to discover any traces of this in the
Phrygian rites, or in those of the goddess of Comana,
it will be sufficient to refer to Artemis Tauropolos, who
we old seem, in many respects, to have been the same
with the Phoenician Astarte. (Compare Creuztr, Sym-
bolik, vol. 4, p. 199. --Millm, Galerie Myth. , vol. 1,
pi 34, Nr. 121. ) It is curious to observe, moreover,
that Artemis Tauropolos was worshipped on the shores
of the Persian Gulf, the primitive seat of the Phoenician
race. (Euslath. ad Dionys. Perieg. , 609. -- Com-
pare Dupuis, Memoires it Vinslit. not. , an. XII. ,
Lilt, ct b. arts, vol. 5, p. 11. ) Nor should we omit
to notice, that, from the researches of Creuzer, the
worship of Diana Luna would appear to have extended
not only along the Persian Gulf, but also in various parts
of middle Asia; and that the symbolical mode of rep-
resenting this goddess was a female figure riding on a
bull, with a crescent-shaped veil over her head. Such
Is the way in which she appears on a medal of the Isl-
and Icaria (Harduin, de Num. Anliq. , p. 217), where
this worship also prevailed. (Strab. , 638. ) It is ex-
tremely probable, that some early statue of Diana Luna,
represented in precisely the same posture as the figure
on the Icarian medal, gave rise to the my thus of the car-
rying away of Europa by a bull; and thus Europa be-
longs, as an imaginary personage, to the cycle of the
lunar worship. To place this in a still clearer light,
let us turn our attention to the testimony afforded by
ancient works of art. Achilles Tatius (p. 10. --Corn-
paw Plin. , 36, 10) saw, in the Sidonian temple of As-
lartf, among the sacred offerings, a painting which
had for its subject the carrying off of Europa. The
description of this differs only in some collateral points
from that of a painting preserved to us in the tomb of
tho Nasonii, of which Belloir makes mention. (Pic-
turaz Antiqua scpuichri Nasonidrum in via Flaminia.
--Gratn. , Thcs. Ant. Rom. , vol. 12, p. 1059. ) The
scene is laid on the shore near Sidon: the bull hastens
with his lovely burden over the waves, and the play-
mates of Europa stand lost in astonishment and grief.
The bearing away of Europa is the subject also of
many sculptured stones that have come down to us.
(Consult Montfaucon, Ant. Ezpl. , vol. 1, pi. 19, Nr.
4. --Gori, Museum. Florent. , vol. 1, tab. 58, Nr. 9. --
Augustini Gemma, ed. Gron. , tab. 185. --Gcmme An-
ticlie, p. 2, tab. 27. --Winckelmann, Catal. de Siosch. ,
P- 57. -- Thesaurus Brandenb. , p. 195. )--Even the
name Europa itself has reference to this female's iden-
tity with the moon. It is derired, most probably, from
ibpiuty, " broad- visaged," and alludes to the appear-
irce of the moon when at its full. Her mother's name,
moreover, is TnfaQuooa, "she . that enlightens from
? far. " In Crete she subsequently marries 'A,"'tf! iK,
? the Starry," and gives birth to Minos, wl::? h ;;? '. -
? ? Afcts her name with that of Pasiphae (Enr^w,),
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? EUR
EUR
c. i kvrp ints, a Spartan, commander of the com-
Mieil Grecian fleet at the battles of Artemiaium and
Salarais. He was appointed to this office, although
Sparta sent only ten ships, by the desire of the allies,
wno refused to obey an Athenian. (Herod. , 8, 3. --
Bahr, ad lot. ) An allusion to the famous scene be-
tween Eurybiades and Themistoclea will be found
under tho latter article. (Vid. Themistocles. )
EueroicB, I. the wife of Amyntas, king of Mace-
donia. She had, by her husband Alexander, Perdiccas
inJ Philip, and one daughter called Euryone, who was
married to Ptolemy Aloriles. A criminal partiality
for her daughter's husband, to whom she offered her
hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against
Amyntas, who must have fallen a victim to her infi-
delity, bad not Euryone discovered it. Amyntas for-
gave her. Alexander ascended the throne after his
lather's death, and perished by the ambition of his
mother. Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his
fate; but Philip, who was the next in succession, se-
cured himself against all attempts from his mother,
and ascended tho throne wilh peace snd universal
satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphicratcs, the Athe-
nian general, for protection. The manner of her death
is unknown. (C. JVep. , Vit. Iphicl. , 3. )--II. A daugh-
ter of Antipatcr, and the wife of Ptolemy I. of Egypt,
jy whom she had several children. After the death
of Alexander the Great, she proceeded to Alexandrea
for the purpoae of rejoining her husband, and she
brought with ber Berenice, her niece, who proved the
source of all her misfortunes. For Berenice inspired
Ptolemy with so strong a passion, that he took her as
his second wife, and allowed himself to be controlled
entirely bv her influence Eurydice and her children
retired to the court of Selcucus, king of Syria. One
of ber daughters subsequently married Agathocles, son
of Lysimachus; and another, Demetrius Poliorcetcs.
Ptolemy Ceraunus, the eldest of her sons, seized upon
the kingdom of Macedonia. Eurydice followed him
to that country, and contributed to conciliate towards
him the minds of the Macedonians, through the respect
which they entertained for the memory of her father
? Antipaler. Ptolemy Ceraunus having been slain, B. C.
290, in a battle against the Gauls, Macedonia was de-
livered up to the ravages of these barbarians, and Eu-
rydice fled for protection to the city of Cassandrca.
In order to attach the inhabitants more strongly to her
interests, she gave them their freedom; and they,
through gratitude, established a festival called after
ber Eurydice a. The rest of her history is not knowc.
--III. A daughter of Amyntas and Cynane. Her pre-
vious name was Adea, afterward changed to Eurydice.
(Annan, ap. Phot. , cod. , 92--vol. 1, p. 70, ed. Br. kker. )
She married Aridseus, the half-brother of Alexander,
and for some time, through the aid of Cassander, de-
fended Macedonia against Polysperchon and Olympias.
Having been forsaken, at length, by her own troops,
she fell into the hands of Olympias, together with her
husband. Both were put to death by that queen.
Justin. 14. 5. )--IV. Wife of Orpheus. As she fled
before Aristays she was bitten by a serpent in the
grass, and died of the wound. Her disconsolate hus-
band determined to descend to the lower world, to en-
deavour to procure her restoration to life. Pluto and
Proserpina listened to his prayer; and Eurydice was
allowed to return, on the express condition that Or-
pheus should not look back upon her till they were ar-
? ? rived in the regions of day. Fearing that she might
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? r. u s
EUSEBIUS.
sns, and received protection from the inhabitants, who
refused to deliver them up to Eurystheua. A war en-
sued, in which Eurystheus and his five sons were slain,
the former by the hand of Hyllus, son of Hercules.
The head of the monarch was sent to Alcmena, who
dug out the eyes with a weaving-shuttle. (Apollod. ,
2, 8, 1, where for KtpKioi we are to read KCpKcdi. )
Other accounts of his end, however, are given by other
writers. (Eurip. , Heraclid. , 928, tcqq. -- Compare
hocr. , Paneg. , 15. )
Eurytis (idos), a patronvmic of Iole, daugnter of
Eurytus. {Ovid, Met. , 9, 395. )
Eorytus, a monarch of CEchalia, who taught Her-
cules the use of the bow. (Apollod. , 2,4,9. --Heyne,
id loc. ) He offered his daughter Iole to him who
should surpass himself and his sons in archery. Her-
cules conquered, but Eurytus refused to give his
daughter to the hero, who therefore put him and his
sons to death, and led away Iole captive. (Apollod. ,
2, 6, 1. --Id. , 2, 7, 7. )
EusrbTus Pamphili, I. one of the most distinguished
among the earlier Christian writers, and the friend of
Constantine, was born in Palestine, probably at Cmsa-
rea, about 264 A. D. He pursued his studies at Anti-
och, and is believed to have received holy orders from
Agapius, bishop of C;rsarea. After having been or-
dained presbyter, he set up a school in his native city,
and formed an intimate acquaintance with Pamphilus,
bishop of Csesarca, who suffered martyrdom under
Galerius, A. D. 309, and in memory of whose friendship
he added to his name the term Pamphili, i. c , "(the
friend) of Pamphilus. " After the martyrdom of his
friend he removed to Tyre, and thence to Egypt, where
he himself was imprisoned. On hia return from
Egypt, he succeeded Agapius in the sei of Cssarea,
AJ[). 315. In common with many other biahops of
Palestine, he at first espoused the cause of Arius; but
at the council of Nice, in 325, where the Emperor Con-
namine assigned to Eusebius the office of opening the
session of the assembly, the opinions of the heresiarch
were condemned. He is said, however, to have raised
iome objections to the words " consubstantial with the
Father," as applied to the Son in the Nicene creed.
His intimacy with his namesake Eusebius, bishop of
Nicomedia, who openly espoused the cause of Arius,
led him also to favour the same, and to use his influ-
ence with the emperor for the purpose of reinstating
Arius in the church, in defiance of the opposition of
Athanasius. The party to which he attached himself
were called Eusebians, from their leader Eusebius of
Nicomedia, and they seem to have acted in a great
degree through hostility towards Athanasius ana his
supporters, as they did not, as yet, openly advocate the
objectionable tenets of Arius, who had himself appa-
rently submitted to the decrees of the council of Nice.
Eusebius afterward, in 330, assisted at the council of
Antioch, where the Arians triumphed, and he was pres-
ent at the council of Tyre in 335, and joined those
bishops who censured the proceedings of Athanasius,
the great champion of orthodoxy. Eusebius was de-
puted by this council to defend before Constantine the
judgment which they had passed against Athanasius;
and he appears to have used his influence with the em-
peror to have Athanasius banished.
The part which
he look in this unfortunate controversy caused him to
be stigmatized as an Arian, though it appears that he
fully admitted the divinity of Christ; a'. :J all thru his
? ? accusers can prove is, that he believed there was a cer-
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? EISE13IUS.
EUSEP-IUS.
in sufficiently novel in its ntture to merit such notice.
An account of the Armenian version is also given by
Saint Martin (Journal des Savant, 1820, p. 106).
Tbe conclusion to which the last-mentioned writer ar-
rives, is as follows: that the great advantages ex-
pected to have been derived from the version to which
we are referring, must be graduated much lower than
lhey originally were; and yet, at the same time, that
ihis discovery is of sufficient importance to merit hon-
ourable mention, since it givea a great degree of cer-
tainty lo many particulars, of which we were before
put in possession relative to ancient history, and ren-
ders incontestable the authority of the Greek fragments
published by Scaliger. --Eusebius was also the author
of an Ecclesiastical History ('EKKknaiaOTiidi loropia),
in ten books, from the origin of Christianity down lo
A. D. 324, a year which immediately preceded the
triumph of the Catholic church over Arianism. This
work contains no express history of church dogmas.
The author proposed to himself a different object,
which he specifies in the first book. It was to make
known the succession of the apostles, and the individ-
uals who, placed a* the head of the different churches,
distinguished themselves by their firmness and apos-
tolic virtues, or who defended the word of God by their
writings; to make mention of the persons who had
endeavoured to propagate false doctrines; to describe
the misfortunes and sufferings that had befallen the
Jewish nation, as a punishment for their rejection of
the Saviour; as well as the persecutions to which the
faithful had been exposed, and the triumph procured
for Christianity by the Emperor Constantine. A sec-
ondary object which Eusebius bad in view, although
he does not expressly mention it, was to transmit to
posterity literary notices of those writers who had
treated before him of detached portions of the sacred
history. What he proposed to himself, however, was
leu to instruct and edify the faithful, than to place in
the bands of the Gentiles a work which might induce
them to renounce the errors of their religious systems
and the prejudices of education. One is tempted, at
least, to ascribe this intention to him, when we call to
mind that his work contains a number of things known
lo every Christian reader; such as, for example, all
that relates to the person of our Saviour, and the au-
thenticity of the sacred writings; and also when we
consider the skill he has displayed in placing in a
prominent point of view the claims of Christianity,
without, at the same time, making any direct attack on
he absurdities of paganism. As Eusebius makes no
mention of the troubles occasioned in the church by
the doctrines of Arianism, it has been concluded that
his history was not continued by him during the last
sixteen years of his life (for he lived until 340); but
that, being brought down by him to an epoch anterior
to the council of Nice, it was concluded in 324. In
support of this opinion it may be remarked, that Pan-
inus, tbe bishop, to whom he addresses himself at the
commencement of the tenth book, was dead in 325.
(Consult Haake. dc Byzantinarum rerum seriptoribus
liber. Lips. , 1677, 4-to, pt. I, c. \, t 222. ) In gen-
eral, Eusebius may be called a moderate, impartial,
and judicious writer. His history was translated into
Latin by Rufinuo, a priest of Aquileia, in the fourth cen-
tury: he has made, however, retrenchments as well as
additions, and has added a supplement in two books,
which extends to the death of Theodosius the Great.
? ? This a jpplement was, in turn, translated into Greek by
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? u t; s
BUT
m> Igilowing books, down to (he thirteenth inclusive,
the author undertakes to show, that the Greek writers
have derived from the Sacred volume whatever they
have taught of valuable or good in matters of philoso-
phy: such) according to him, is the case especially
with Plato. Th2 fourteenth ajid fifteenth books la-
bour to prove, that in the philosophical opinions of the
Greeks there reign evident contradictions; that the
ma :rity of these opinions have no belter foundation
'. ban mere hypothesis, and swarm with errors. --We
must not omit another work of our author's, entitled,
Hepl tuv tokikCiv 'Ovo/iutuv iv ry oVp ypatyy, "Of
the places mentioned in the sacred writings. " It was
in two books. The second book, which treats of Pal-
estine, has alone reached us; we have it in Greek, and
ilso in a Latin vcrsicn by St. Jerome. The version
would be preferable to the original, by reason of the
corrections which Jerome made in the work, from his
intimate acquaintance with the country, if it had not
reached us u a very corrupt state. --The best editions
of the work on chronology are, that of Scaliger, Lugd.
Bat. , 1659, fol. , and that of Mai and Zohrab, Medio-
lan. , 1818, 4to: the best editions of the Ecclesiasti-
cal History are, that of H. Stephens, Paris, 1544,
fol. , reprinted with the Latin version of Christophor-
son, at Geneva, 1612; and that of Heinichen, Lips. ,
1827, 1 vol. 8vo. The life of Constantino accom-
panies the first of these. --The best edition of the
Prsparatio Evangelica is that of Vigier, Paris, 1628,
fol. , reprinted at Leipzig, 1688, fol. --II. A native
of Emeaa, surnamed Pittacus, slain in 554 by order
of the Emperor Gallus, and to whom Ammianus Mar-
cellinus (14, 7) gives the title of " eonatatus orator. "
--III. A native of Myndus, in (. 'ana, a contemporary
of the preceding. Eunapius makes mention of him in
the life of Maximus; and, according to Wyttenbach
(Eunap. , cd. Boissonade, p. 171), he is the same with
a third Euscbius, of whom Stobsus has left us two
fragments.
Kisnniirs. I. archbishop of Thessalonica, nour-
ished in the 12th century under the emperors Manuel,
Alexius, and Andronicus Comnenus. He is celebra-
ted for his erudition as a grammarian, and is especially
knewn as a commentator on Homer and Dionysius
the geographer. It must be confessed, however, that
in the former of these commentaries he is largely
indebted to the Deipnosophislae of Athcnasus, and
Schweighaeuser holds the following strong language
relative to the extent of these obligations (Prof, ad.
Atlien. , p. xix. ): "In Eustathii in Homtrum Com-
mentariis Athcnaus noster a capite ad calcem (verts-
stmt dixcris) utrami/uc paginam facil: adeoque est
inrrediUIis et pane xnfinitus locorum Humerus, quibus
doctus iUe prasul ex uno Athcnai fonte hortulos suos
irrigavit, ul sapc etiam notissimorum nobilissimorum-
que auctorum, quorum ubivis obvia ipsa scripta sunt,
unius ejusdem Athcnai verbis produxerit testimonia;
utque, nisi de viri doctnna aliunde satis constaret,
subindc propemodum vidcri Me posset c solo Naucrat-
vii Deipnosophisla sapuis. se. " (Compare the note of
the same editor, and Fabricius, Bibl. Grac. , vol. 1,
p. 316, seqq. ) The commentary of Euslathius was
united to the edition of Homer which appeared it
Rome in 1542. 1548, 1550, in 3 vols, folio: tr. . S was
reprinted at Bale in 1560, also in 3 vols, fv'io. The
latest edition is the Leipzigoneof 1825-30,6 to':j. i:o:
for that of Politus, undertaken in 1730, with a I. aiiri
? ? version, was never finished. The three volumes jf
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? FAB
FAB
rated style, inasmuch as be will have to traat of great
personages still living; "quia ad inelytos principcs
tenerandosque pervenlum est. " It does not appear
that be ever carried this plan into execution. The
tat. edition is that of Tzschucke, Lips. , 1797, 8vo. --
II. A eunuch and minister of the Emperor Arcadius,
*ho rose by base and infamous practices from the vilest
? tradition to the highest pitch of opulence and power.
He was probably a native of Asia, was made chamber-
lain to the emperor in the year 395, and, after the fall of
Rufinus, succeeded that minister in the confidence of
bis mas>? r, and rose to unlimited authority. He even
was created consul, a disgrace to Rome never before
equalled. An insult offered to the empress was the
cause of his overthrow; and he was sent into perpet-
ual exile to Cyprus. He was soon afterward, however,
Drought back on another charge; and, after being con-
demned, was beheaded A. D. 399. (Zosim. , 5, 10. --
Id. , b, 18, &c. )
EdxLnxs Pontus. Vid. Pontus Euxinus.
Ex. ishvecs, a fountain which, according to Herod-
otus, flows into the Hypanis, where the river is four
days' journey from the sea, and renders its waters bit-
ter, that before were sweet. Herodotus places this
fountain in the country of the ploughing Scythians,
and of the Alazones. It takes, he adds, the name of
the place where it springs, which, in the Scythian
tongue, is Examrneus, corresponding in Greek to icpal
Hot, or " the sacred mays. " (Herodot. , 4, 62. )
F.
Fababis, now far/a, a river of Italy, in the terri-
rry of the Sabines, called also Farfaris. ( Virg. , . En. ,
. 715. )
Fabia Gens, a numerous and powerful patrician
jioe of ancient Rome, which became subdivided into
leveral families or branches, distinguished by their re-
spective cognomina, such as Fabii Maximi, Fabii Am-
busti, Fabii Vibulani, <5cc. Pliny says that the name
of Ibis bouse arose from the circumstance of its found-
en having excelled in the culture of the bean (faba),
the early Romans having been remarkable for their at-
tachment to agricultural pursuits. (P'm. , 18,3. ) Ac-
cording to Fcslua, however, the Fabii traced their ori-
gin to Hercules (Fest. , s. r. Fabii), and their name,
therefore, is thought to have come rather from the
Etrurian term Fains <rr Fabia, which Passeri makes
equivalent to "august" or "venerable. " (Tab. Eu-
cubin, vii , tin. 22. ) But this etymology is less prob-
able, since the Fabii are B<<-:d, by the ordinary author-
ities, to have been of Sab. nc origin, and to have set-
tled on the Quirinal from the time of the earliest Ro-
man kings. After the expulsion of the Tarquinii, the
Fabian, as one of the older houses, exercised consider-
able influence in the senate. Casso Fabius, being
quaestor with L. Valerius, impeached Spurius Cassius,
B C. 486. A. U. C. 268, and had him evecuted. It has
been noted as a remarkable fact, that, for seven consec-
utive years from that time, one of the two annual con-
sulships was filled by three brothers Fabii in rotation.
Niebuhr has particularly investigated this oeriod of
Roman history, and speculated on the causes of this
long retention of office by the Fabii, as connected with
the straggle then pending between the patricians and
plebeians, and the attempt of the former to monopolize
'be elections. (Rom. Hist, vol. 2, p. 174, scqq. )
Oae of the three brothers, Q. Fabius Vibulanus, fell in
battle against the Veicntes in the year of Rome 274.
? ? In the following year, under the consulship of Caeso
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? FADIUS.
FAB
pofunity of availing himself of any error or neglect on
the part of the Carthaginians. This mode of warfare,
which was new to the Romans, acquired for Fabius
the name of Cunetator or "delayer," and was cen-
sured by the yong, the rash, and the ignorant; but
* probably was the means of saving Koine from ruin.
Uinucius, who shared with Fabius the command of the
army, having imprudently engaged Hannibal, was
saved from total destruction by the timely assistance
tf tha dictator. In the following year, however,
A U. C. 636, Fabius being recalled to Rome, the com-
? and of the army was intrusted to the consul Tcren-
tus Varro, who rushed imprudently to battle, and the
defeat at Carina made manifest the wisdom of the dic-
tator's previous caution. Fabius was chosen consul
the next year, and was again employed in keeping
Hannibal in check. In A. U. C. 543, being consul for
the fifth time, he retook Tarentum by stratagem, after
which he narrowly escaped being caught himself in a
snare by Hannibal near Metapontum. (Lit. , 27, 15,
seq. ) When, some years after, the question was dis-
cussed in the senate, of sending Scipio with an army
into Africa, Fabius opposed it, saying that Italy ought
first to be rid of Hannibal. Fabius died some time
after at a very advanced age. His son, called likewise
Quintus Fabius Maximus, who had also been consul,
died before him. His grandson Quintus Fabius Max-
imus Servilianus, being proconsul, fought against Vir-
iathus in Spain, and concluded with him an honour-
able peace. (Livy, Epit? 54. ) He was afterward
consul repeatedly, and also censor. He wrote An-
nals, which are quoted by Macrobius. (Sal. , 1, 16. )
His brother by adoption, Quintus Fabius Maximus
yErmlianus, the son of Paulus jEmilius (Lie. , 45,41),
was consul A. U.
try the worship of the moon was firmly established.
Without stopping to discover any traces of this in the
Phrygian rites, or in those of the goddess of Comana,
it will be sufficient to refer to Artemis Tauropolos, who
we old seem, in many respects, to have been the same
with the Phoenician Astarte. (Compare Creuztr, Sym-
bolik, vol. 4, p. 199. --Millm, Galerie Myth. , vol. 1,
pi 34, Nr. 121. ) It is curious to observe, moreover,
that Artemis Tauropolos was worshipped on the shores
of the Persian Gulf, the primitive seat of the Phoenician
race. (Euslath. ad Dionys. Perieg. , 609. -- Com-
pare Dupuis, Memoires it Vinslit. not. , an. XII. ,
Lilt, ct b. arts, vol. 5, p. 11. ) Nor should we omit
to notice, that, from the researches of Creuzer, the
worship of Diana Luna would appear to have extended
not only along the Persian Gulf, but also in various parts
of middle Asia; and that the symbolical mode of rep-
resenting this goddess was a female figure riding on a
bull, with a crescent-shaped veil over her head. Such
Is the way in which she appears on a medal of the Isl-
and Icaria (Harduin, de Num. Anliq. , p. 217), where
this worship also prevailed. (Strab. , 638. ) It is ex-
tremely probable, that some early statue of Diana Luna,
represented in precisely the same posture as the figure
on the Icarian medal, gave rise to the my thus of the car-
rying away of Europa by a bull; and thus Europa be-
longs, as an imaginary personage, to the cycle of the
lunar worship. To place this in a still clearer light,
let us turn our attention to the testimony afforded by
ancient works of art. Achilles Tatius (p. 10. --Corn-
paw Plin. , 36, 10) saw, in the Sidonian temple of As-
lartf, among the sacred offerings, a painting which
had for its subject the carrying off of Europa. The
description of this differs only in some collateral points
from that of a painting preserved to us in the tomb of
tho Nasonii, of which Belloir makes mention. (Pic-
turaz Antiqua scpuichri Nasonidrum in via Flaminia.
--Gratn. , Thcs. Ant. Rom. , vol. 12, p. 1059. ) The
scene is laid on the shore near Sidon: the bull hastens
with his lovely burden over the waves, and the play-
mates of Europa stand lost in astonishment and grief.
The bearing away of Europa is the subject also of
many sculptured stones that have come down to us.
(Consult Montfaucon, Ant. Ezpl. , vol. 1, pi. 19, Nr.
4. --Gori, Museum. Florent. , vol. 1, tab. 58, Nr. 9. --
Augustini Gemma, ed. Gron. , tab. 185. --Gcmme An-
ticlie, p. 2, tab. 27. --Winckelmann, Catal. de Siosch. ,
P- 57. -- Thesaurus Brandenb. , p. 195. )--Even the
name Europa itself has reference to this female's iden-
tity with the moon. It is derired, most probably, from
ibpiuty, " broad- visaged," and alludes to the appear-
irce of the moon when at its full. Her mother's name,
moreover, is TnfaQuooa, "she . that enlightens from
? far. " In Crete she subsequently marries 'A,"'tf! iK,
? the Starry," and gives birth to Minos, wl::? h ;;? '. -
? ? Afcts her name with that of Pasiphae (Enr^w,),
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? EUR
EUR
c. i kvrp ints, a Spartan, commander of the com-
Mieil Grecian fleet at the battles of Artemiaium and
Salarais. He was appointed to this office, although
Sparta sent only ten ships, by the desire of the allies,
wno refused to obey an Athenian. (Herod. , 8, 3. --
Bahr, ad lot. ) An allusion to the famous scene be-
tween Eurybiades and Themistoclea will be found
under tho latter article. (Vid. Themistocles. )
EueroicB, I. the wife of Amyntas, king of Mace-
donia. She had, by her husband Alexander, Perdiccas
inJ Philip, and one daughter called Euryone, who was
married to Ptolemy Aloriles. A criminal partiality
for her daughter's husband, to whom she offered her
hand and the kingdom, made her conspire against
Amyntas, who must have fallen a victim to her infi-
delity, bad not Euryone discovered it. Amyntas for-
gave her. Alexander ascended the throne after his
lather's death, and perished by the ambition of his
mother. Perdiccas, who succeeded him, shared his
fate; but Philip, who was the next in succession, se-
cured himself against all attempts from his mother,
and ascended tho throne wilh peace snd universal
satisfaction. Eurydice fled to Iphicratcs, the Athe-
nian general, for protection. The manner of her death
is unknown. (C. JVep. , Vit. Iphicl. , 3. )--II. A daugh-
ter of Antipatcr, and the wife of Ptolemy I. of Egypt,
jy whom she had several children. After the death
of Alexander the Great, she proceeded to Alexandrea
for the purpoae of rejoining her husband, and she
brought with ber Berenice, her niece, who proved the
source of all her misfortunes. For Berenice inspired
Ptolemy with so strong a passion, that he took her as
his second wife, and allowed himself to be controlled
entirely bv her influence Eurydice and her children
retired to the court of Selcucus, king of Syria. One
of ber daughters subsequently married Agathocles, son
of Lysimachus; and another, Demetrius Poliorcetcs.
Ptolemy Ceraunus, the eldest of her sons, seized upon
the kingdom of Macedonia. Eurydice followed him
to that country, and contributed to conciliate towards
him the minds of the Macedonians, through the respect
which they entertained for the memory of her father
? Antipaler. Ptolemy Ceraunus having been slain, B. C.
290, in a battle against the Gauls, Macedonia was de-
livered up to the ravages of these barbarians, and Eu-
rydice fled for protection to the city of Cassandrca.
In order to attach the inhabitants more strongly to her
interests, she gave them their freedom; and they,
through gratitude, established a festival called after
ber Eurydice a. The rest of her history is not knowc.
--III. A daughter of Amyntas and Cynane. Her pre-
vious name was Adea, afterward changed to Eurydice.
(Annan, ap. Phot. , cod. , 92--vol. 1, p. 70, ed. Br. kker. )
She married Aridseus, the half-brother of Alexander,
and for some time, through the aid of Cassander, de-
fended Macedonia against Polysperchon and Olympias.
Having been forsaken, at length, by her own troops,
she fell into the hands of Olympias, together with her
husband. Both were put to death by that queen.
Justin. 14. 5. )--IV. Wife of Orpheus. As she fled
before Aristays she was bitten by a serpent in the
grass, and died of the wound. Her disconsolate hus-
band determined to descend to the lower world, to en-
deavour to procure her restoration to life. Pluto and
Proserpina listened to his prayer; and Eurydice was
allowed to return, on the express condition that Or-
pheus should not look back upon her till they were ar-
? ? rived in the regions of day. Fearing that she might
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? r. u s
EUSEBIUS.
sns, and received protection from the inhabitants, who
refused to deliver them up to Eurystheua. A war en-
sued, in which Eurystheus and his five sons were slain,
the former by the hand of Hyllus, son of Hercules.
The head of the monarch was sent to Alcmena, who
dug out the eyes with a weaving-shuttle. (Apollod. ,
2, 8, 1, where for KtpKioi we are to read KCpKcdi. )
Other accounts of his end, however, are given by other
writers. (Eurip. , Heraclid. , 928, tcqq. -- Compare
hocr. , Paneg. , 15. )
Eurytis (idos), a patronvmic of Iole, daugnter of
Eurytus. {Ovid, Met. , 9, 395. )
Eorytus, a monarch of CEchalia, who taught Her-
cules the use of the bow. (Apollod. , 2,4,9. --Heyne,
id loc. ) He offered his daughter Iole to him who
should surpass himself and his sons in archery. Her-
cules conquered, but Eurytus refused to give his
daughter to the hero, who therefore put him and his
sons to death, and led away Iole captive. (Apollod. ,
2, 6, 1. --Id. , 2, 7, 7. )
EusrbTus Pamphili, I. one of the most distinguished
among the earlier Christian writers, and the friend of
Constantine, was born in Palestine, probably at Cmsa-
rea, about 264 A. D. He pursued his studies at Anti-
och, and is believed to have received holy orders from
Agapius, bishop of C;rsarea. After having been or-
dained presbyter, he set up a school in his native city,
and formed an intimate acquaintance with Pamphilus,
bishop of Csesarca, who suffered martyrdom under
Galerius, A. D. 309, and in memory of whose friendship
he added to his name the term Pamphili, i. c , "(the
friend) of Pamphilus. " After the martyrdom of his
friend he removed to Tyre, and thence to Egypt, where
he himself was imprisoned. On hia return from
Egypt, he succeeded Agapius in the sei of Cssarea,
AJ[). 315. In common with many other biahops of
Palestine, he at first espoused the cause of Arius; but
at the council of Nice, in 325, where the Emperor Con-
namine assigned to Eusebius the office of opening the
session of the assembly, the opinions of the heresiarch
were condemned. He is said, however, to have raised
iome objections to the words " consubstantial with the
Father," as applied to the Son in the Nicene creed.
His intimacy with his namesake Eusebius, bishop of
Nicomedia, who openly espoused the cause of Arius,
led him also to favour the same, and to use his influ-
ence with the emperor for the purpose of reinstating
Arius in the church, in defiance of the opposition of
Athanasius. The party to which he attached himself
were called Eusebians, from their leader Eusebius of
Nicomedia, and they seem to have acted in a great
degree through hostility towards Athanasius ana his
supporters, as they did not, as yet, openly advocate the
objectionable tenets of Arius, who had himself appa-
rently submitted to the decrees of the council of Nice.
Eusebius afterward, in 330, assisted at the council of
Antioch, where the Arians triumphed, and he was pres-
ent at the council of Tyre in 335, and joined those
bishops who censured the proceedings of Athanasius,
the great champion of orthodoxy. Eusebius was de-
puted by this council to defend before Constantine the
judgment which they had passed against Athanasius;
and he appears to have used his influence with the em-
peror to have Athanasius banished.
The part which
he look in this unfortunate controversy caused him to
be stigmatized as an Arian, though it appears that he
fully admitted the divinity of Christ; a'. :J all thru his
? ? accusers can prove is, that he believed there was a cer-
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? EISE13IUS.
EUSEP-IUS.
in sufficiently novel in its ntture to merit such notice.
An account of the Armenian version is also given by
Saint Martin (Journal des Savant, 1820, p. 106).
Tbe conclusion to which the last-mentioned writer ar-
rives, is as follows: that the great advantages ex-
pected to have been derived from the version to which
we are referring, must be graduated much lower than
lhey originally were; and yet, at the same time, that
ihis discovery is of sufficient importance to merit hon-
ourable mention, since it givea a great degree of cer-
tainty lo many particulars, of which we were before
put in possession relative to ancient history, and ren-
ders incontestable the authority of the Greek fragments
published by Scaliger. --Eusebius was also the author
of an Ecclesiastical History ('EKKknaiaOTiidi loropia),
in ten books, from the origin of Christianity down lo
A. D. 324, a year which immediately preceded the
triumph of the Catholic church over Arianism. This
work contains no express history of church dogmas.
The author proposed to himself a different object,
which he specifies in the first book. It was to make
known the succession of the apostles, and the individ-
uals who, placed a* the head of the different churches,
distinguished themselves by their firmness and apos-
tolic virtues, or who defended the word of God by their
writings; to make mention of the persons who had
endeavoured to propagate false doctrines; to describe
the misfortunes and sufferings that had befallen the
Jewish nation, as a punishment for their rejection of
the Saviour; as well as the persecutions to which the
faithful had been exposed, and the triumph procured
for Christianity by the Emperor Constantine. A sec-
ondary object which Eusebius bad in view, although
he does not expressly mention it, was to transmit to
posterity literary notices of those writers who had
treated before him of detached portions of the sacred
history. What he proposed to himself, however, was
leu to instruct and edify the faithful, than to place in
the bands of the Gentiles a work which might induce
them to renounce the errors of their religious systems
and the prejudices of education. One is tempted, at
least, to ascribe this intention to him, when we call to
mind that his work contains a number of things known
lo every Christian reader; such as, for example, all
that relates to the person of our Saviour, and the au-
thenticity of the sacred writings; and also when we
consider the skill he has displayed in placing in a
prominent point of view the claims of Christianity,
without, at the same time, making any direct attack on
he absurdities of paganism. As Eusebius makes no
mention of the troubles occasioned in the church by
the doctrines of Arianism, it has been concluded that
his history was not continued by him during the last
sixteen years of his life (for he lived until 340); but
that, being brought down by him to an epoch anterior
to the council of Nice, it was concluded in 324. In
support of this opinion it may be remarked, that Pan-
inus, tbe bishop, to whom he addresses himself at the
commencement of the tenth book, was dead in 325.
(Consult Haake. dc Byzantinarum rerum seriptoribus
liber. Lips. , 1677, 4-to, pt. I, c. \, t 222. ) In gen-
eral, Eusebius may be called a moderate, impartial,
and judicious writer. His history was translated into
Latin by Rufinuo, a priest of Aquileia, in the fourth cen-
tury: he has made, however, retrenchments as well as
additions, and has added a supplement in two books,
which extends to the death of Theodosius the Great.
? ? This a jpplement was, in turn, translated into Greek by
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? u t; s
BUT
m> Igilowing books, down to (he thirteenth inclusive,
the author undertakes to show, that the Greek writers
have derived from the Sacred volume whatever they
have taught of valuable or good in matters of philoso-
phy: such) according to him, is the case especially
with Plato. Th2 fourteenth ajid fifteenth books la-
bour to prove, that in the philosophical opinions of the
Greeks there reign evident contradictions; that the
ma :rity of these opinions have no belter foundation
'. ban mere hypothesis, and swarm with errors. --We
must not omit another work of our author's, entitled,
Hepl tuv tokikCiv 'Ovo/iutuv iv ry oVp ypatyy, "Of
the places mentioned in the sacred writings. " It was
in two books. The second book, which treats of Pal-
estine, has alone reached us; we have it in Greek, and
ilso in a Latin vcrsicn by St. Jerome. The version
would be preferable to the original, by reason of the
corrections which Jerome made in the work, from his
intimate acquaintance with the country, if it had not
reached us u a very corrupt state. --The best editions
of the work on chronology are, that of Scaliger, Lugd.
Bat. , 1659, fol. , and that of Mai and Zohrab, Medio-
lan. , 1818, 4to: the best editions of the Ecclesiasti-
cal History are, that of H. Stephens, Paris, 1544,
fol. , reprinted with the Latin version of Christophor-
son, at Geneva, 1612; and that of Heinichen, Lips. ,
1827, 1 vol. 8vo. The life of Constantino accom-
panies the first of these. --The best edition of the
Prsparatio Evangelica is that of Vigier, Paris, 1628,
fol. , reprinted at Leipzig, 1688, fol. --II. A native
of Emeaa, surnamed Pittacus, slain in 554 by order
of the Emperor Gallus, and to whom Ammianus Mar-
cellinus (14, 7) gives the title of " eonatatus orator. "
--III. A native of Myndus, in (. 'ana, a contemporary
of the preceding. Eunapius makes mention of him in
the life of Maximus; and, according to Wyttenbach
(Eunap. , cd. Boissonade, p. 171), he is the same with
a third Euscbius, of whom Stobsus has left us two
fragments.
Kisnniirs. I. archbishop of Thessalonica, nour-
ished in the 12th century under the emperors Manuel,
Alexius, and Andronicus Comnenus. He is celebra-
ted for his erudition as a grammarian, and is especially
knewn as a commentator on Homer and Dionysius
the geographer. It must be confessed, however, that
in the former of these commentaries he is largely
indebted to the Deipnosophislae of Athcnasus, and
Schweighaeuser holds the following strong language
relative to the extent of these obligations (Prof, ad.
Atlien. , p. xix. ): "In Eustathii in Homtrum Com-
mentariis Athcnaus noster a capite ad calcem (verts-
stmt dixcris) utrami/uc paginam facil: adeoque est
inrrediUIis et pane xnfinitus locorum Humerus, quibus
doctus iUe prasul ex uno Athcnai fonte hortulos suos
irrigavit, ul sapc etiam notissimorum nobilissimorum-
que auctorum, quorum ubivis obvia ipsa scripta sunt,
unius ejusdem Athcnai verbis produxerit testimonia;
utque, nisi de viri doctnna aliunde satis constaret,
subindc propemodum vidcri Me posset c solo Naucrat-
vii Deipnosophisla sapuis. se. " (Compare the note of
the same editor, and Fabricius, Bibl. Grac. , vol. 1,
p. 316, seqq. ) The commentary of Euslathius was
united to the edition of Homer which appeared it
Rome in 1542. 1548, 1550, in 3 vols, folio: tr. . S was
reprinted at Bale in 1560, also in 3 vols, fv'io. The
latest edition is the Leipzigoneof 1825-30,6 to':j. i:o:
for that of Politus, undertaken in 1730, with a I. aiiri
? ? version, was never finished. The three volumes jf
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? FAB
FAB
rated style, inasmuch as be will have to traat of great
personages still living; "quia ad inelytos principcs
tenerandosque pervenlum est. " It does not appear
that be ever carried this plan into execution. The
tat. edition is that of Tzschucke, Lips. , 1797, 8vo. --
II. A eunuch and minister of the Emperor Arcadius,
*ho rose by base and infamous practices from the vilest
? tradition to the highest pitch of opulence and power.
He was probably a native of Asia, was made chamber-
lain to the emperor in the year 395, and, after the fall of
Rufinus, succeeded that minister in the confidence of
bis mas>? r, and rose to unlimited authority. He even
was created consul, a disgrace to Rome never before
equalled. An insult offered to the empress was the
cause of his overthrow; and he was sent into perpet-
ual exile to Cyprus. He was soon afterward, however,
Drought back on another charge; and, after being con-
demned, was beheaded A. D. 399. (Zosim. , 5, 10. --
Id. , b, 18, &c. )
EdxLnxs Pontus. Vid. Pontus Euxinus.
Ex. ishvecs, a fountain which, according to Herod-
otus, flows into the Hypanis, where the river is four
days' journey from the sea, and renders its waters bit-
ter, that before were sweet. Herodotus places this
fountain in the country of the ploughing Scythians,
and of the Alazones. It takes, he adds, the name of
the place where it springs, which, in the Scythian
tongue, is Examrneus, corresponding in Greek to icpal
Hot, or " the sacred mays. " (Herodot. , 4, 62. )
F.
Fababis, now far/a, a river of Italy, in the terri-
rry of the Sabines, called also Farfaris. ( Virg. , . En. ,
. 715. )
Fabia Gens, a numerous and powerful patrician
jioe of ancient Rome, which became subdivided into
leveral families or branches, distinguished by their re-
spective cognomina, such as Fabii Maximi, Fabii Am-
busti, Fabii Vibulani, <5cc. Pliny says that the name
of Ibis bouse arose from the circumstance of its found-
en having excelled in the culture of the bean (faba),
the early Romans having been remarkable for their at-
tachment to agricultural pursuits. (P'm. , 18,3. ) Ac-
cording to Fcslua, however, the Fabii traced their ori-
gin to Hercules (Fest. , s. r. Fabii), and their name,
therefore, is thought to have come rather from the
Etrurian term Fains <rr Fabia, which Passeri makes
equivalent to "august" or "venerable. " (Tab. Eu-
cubin, vii , tin. 22. ) But this etymology is less prob-
able, since the Fabii are B<<-:d, by the ordinary author-
ities, to have been of Sab. nc origin, and to have set-
tled on the Quirinal from the time of the earliest Ro-
man kings. After the expulsion of the Tarquinii, the
Fabian, as one of the older houses, exercised consider-
able influence in the senate. Casso Fabius, being
quaestor with L. Valerius, impeached Spurius Cassius,
B C. 486. A. U. C. 268, and had him evecuted. It has
been noted as a remarkable fact, that, for seven consec-
utive years from that time, one of the two annual con-
sulships was filled by three brothers Fabii in rotation.
Niebuhr has particularly investigated this oeriod of
Roman history, and speculated on the causes of this
long retention of office by the Fabii, as connected with
the straggle then pending between the patricians and
plebeians, and the attempt of the former to monopolize
'be elections. (Rom. Hist, vol. 2, p. 174, scqq. )
Oae of the three brothers, Q. Fabius Vibulanus, fell in
battle against the Veicntes in the year of Rome 274.
? ? In the following year, under the consulship of Caeso
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? FADIUS.
FAB
pofunity of availing himself of any error or neglect on
the part of the Carthaginians. This mode of warfare,
which was new to the Romans, acquired for Fabius
the name of Cunetator or "delayer," and was cen-
sured by the yong, the rash, and the ignorant; but
* probably was the means of saving Koine from ruin.
Uinucius, who shared with Fabius the command of the
army, having imprudently engaged Hannibal, was
saved from total destruction by the timely assistance
tf tha dictator. In the following year, however,
A U. C. 636, Fabius being recalled to Rome, the com-
? and of the army was intrusted to the consul Tcren-
tus Varro, who rushed imprudently to battle, and the
defeat at Carina made manifest the wisdom of the dic-
tator's previous caution. Fabius was chosen consul
the next year, and was again employed in keeping
Hannibal in check. In A. U. C. 543, being consul for
the fifth time, he retook Tarentum by stratagem, after
which he narrowly escaped being caught himself in a
snare by Hannibal near Metapontum. (Lit. , 27, 15,
seq. ) When, some years after, the question was dis-
cussed in the senate, of sending Scipio with an army
into Africa, Fabius opposed it, saying that Italy ought
first to be rid of Hannibal. Fabius died some time
after at a very advanced age. His son, called likewise
Quintus Fabius Maximus, who had also been consul,
died before him. His grandson Quintus Fabius Max-
imus Servilianus, being proconsul, fought against Vir-
iathus in Spain, and concluded with him an honour-
able peace. (Livy, Epit? 54. ) He was afterward
consul repeatedly, and also censor. He wrote An-
nals, which are quoted by Macrobius. (Sal. , 1, 16. )
His brother by adoption, Quintus Fabius Maximus
yErmlianus, the son of Paulus jEmilius (Lie. , 45,41),
was consul A. U.
