No More Learning

(Polyb. xxx. 10; Liv. xlv. (Diog. Laërt. i. 68–73; Menag. ad loc. ; Plat.
31; Diod. Erc. p. 578; see p. 569, b. ) The Protag. p. 343; Plut. de Ei ap. Delph. 3 ; Ael. V. H.
power thus obtained Charops in particular so bar- iii. 17; Perizon. ad loc. ; Plin. H. N. vii. 32 ;
barously abused, that Polybius has recorded his Diod. Exc. de Virt. et Vit. p. 552, ed. Wess;
belief is that there never had been before and Arist. Rhet. ii. 12. & 14; Herod. vii. 235; comp.
never would be again a greater monster of cruelty. ” Thuc. iv. 53; Arnold, ad loc. )
But even his cruelty did not surpass his rapacity 2. A Spartan of the royal house of the Eury-
and extortion, in which he was fully aided and pontids. On the death of Cleomenes III. in B. C.
seconded by his mother, Philotis. (Diod. Exc. 220, his claim to the throne was disregarded, and
p. 587. ) His proceedings, however, were dis- the election fell on one Lycurgus, who was not a
countenanced at Rome, and when he went thither Heracleid. Cheilon was so indignant at this, that
to obtain the senate's confirmation of his iniquity, he devised a revolution, holding out to the people
be not only received from them an unfavourable the hope of a division of landed property-a plan
and threatening answer, but the chief men of the which Agis IV. and Cleomenes Ill. had succes-
state, and Aemilius Paullus among the number, sively failed to realize. Being joined by about
refused to receive him into their houses. Yet on 200 adherents, he surprised the ephori at supper,
his return to Epeirus he had the audacity to falsify and murdered them. Lycurgus, however, whose
the senate's sentence. The year 157 B. c. is com- house he next attacked, effected his escape, and
memorated by Polybius as one in which Greece Cheilon, having in vain endeavoured to rouse the
was purged of many of her plagues: as an instance people in his cause, was compelled to take refuge
of this, he mentions the death of Charops at Brun- in Achaia. (Polyb. iv. 35, 81. ) [E. E. ]
disium. (Polyb. XXX. 14, xxxi. 8, xxxii. 21, 22. ) CHEILO'NIS (Xeuwvis). 1. Daughter of
Both this man and his grandfather are called Cheilon of Lacedaemon, is mentioned by Iambli-
· Charopus” by Livy.
(E. E. ] chus (de Vit. Pyth. 36, ad fin. ) as one of the most
CHAROʻPUS. [CHAROPS. ]
distinguished women of the school of Pythagoras.
CHARTAS (Xdpras) and SYADRAS (Eva- 2. Daughter of Leonidas II. , king of Sparta,
Opas), statuaries at Sparta, were the teachers of and wife to Cleombrotus II. When Leonidas,
Eucheirus of Corinth, and he of Clearchus of alarmed at the prosecution instituted against him
Rhegium, and he of the great statuary Pythagoras by Lysander (Agis IV. ), took refuge in the tem-
of Rhegium. (Paus. vi. 4. & 2. ) Hence it is cal- ple of Athena Chalcioecus, Cheilonis left her hus-
culated that Chartas and Syadras flourished about band, who was made king on the deposition of
540 B. C. , a little before which time the Spartans Leonidas, and, preferring to comfort her father in
sent to Croesus a crater of bronze ornamented with his adversity, accompanied him in his flight to
figures. (Herod. i. 70. )
[P. S. ] Tegea. Afterwards, when Leonidas was restored,
CHARYBDIS. (SCYLLA. ]
and Cleombrotus in his turn was driven to take
CHEILON or CHILON (Xelaw, Xlaw). refuge in the temple of Poseidon, Cheilonis joined him
1. Of Lacedaemon, son of Damagetus, and one of in his altered fortunes, saved his life by her entreaties
the Seven Sages, flourished towards the commence from her father's vengeance, and, again refusing
ment of the 6th century B. C. Herodotus (i. 59) to share the splendour of throne, went with him
speaks of him as contemporary with Hippocrates, into banishment ; " so that, bad not Cleombrotus,
the father of Peisistratus, and Diogenes Laërtius says Plutarch, “ been spoilt by vain ambition, his
tells
us, that he was an old man in the 52nd Olym- wife's love would have made him deem his exile a
piad (8. c. 572), and held the office of Ephor more blessed lot than the kingdom which he lost. ”
Eponymus ir Ol. 56. (B. C. 556. ) In the same (Plut. Agis, 11, 12, 16-18. )
[E. E. )
author there is a passage which appears to ascribe
CHEIRI'SOPHUS (X exploooos), a Lacedae-
to Cheilon the institution of the Ephoralty, but monian, was sent by the Ephors with 700 heavy-
this contradicts the other well known and more armed men (800 according to Diodorus), to aid
authentic traditions. On the authority also of Cyrus in his expedition against his brother Arta-
Alcidamas the rhetorician (ap. Arist. Rhet. ü. 23. / xerxes, B. C. 401, and joined the prince on his
1
:
16
2 y 2


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692
CHEIRISOPHUS.
CHEIRON.
march at Issus in Cilicia. (Diod. xiv 19, 21; / statue, is not satisfactory. (Epochen, pp. 137–
Xen. Anab. i. 4. & 3. ) After the battle of Cunaxa, 139. ) Thiersch has also observed, that the name
Clearchus sent him with others to Ariaeus to make of Cheirisophus, like many other names of the
an offer, which however was declined, of placing early artists, is significant of skill in art (reip,
him on the Persian throne (p. 283, b. ). After opós). Other names of the same kind are, Dae-
the arrest of Clcarchus and the other generals, dalus (Daidalos) the son of Eupalamus (Evráda-
through the treachery of Tissaphernes, Cheirisophus uos), Eucheir (Eřxeip), Chersiphiron (Xepoiopwv),
took an active part in encouraging the troops and and others. Now, granting that Daedalus is no
in otherwise providing for the emergency, and, on thing more than a mythological personage, and that
the motion of Xenophon, was appointed, as being his name was merely symbolical, there can be no
a Lacedaemonian, to lead the van of the retreating doubt that others of these artists really existed and
army. In this post we find him subsequently bore these names, which were probably given to
acting throughout the retreat, and cordially co them in their infancy because they belonged to
operating with Xenophon. In fact it was only families in which art was hereditary. Thiersch
once that any difference arose between them, and quotes a parallel case in the nanies taken from
that was caused by Cheirisophus having struck, in navigation among the maritime people of Phaencia.
a fit of angry suspicion, an Armenian who was (Hom. Od, viii, 112, &c. )
guiding them, and who left them in consequence Pausanias mentions also two shrines of Dionysus,
of the indignity. (Diod. xiv. 27 ; Xen. Anab. iii. an altar of Cora, and a temple of Apollo, but the
2. $ 33, &c. , 3. SS 3, 11, 4. SS 38–43, 5. SS way in which he speaks leaves it doubtful whether
1-6, iv. 1. SS 6, 15–22, 2. & 23, &c. , iii. SS 8, Cheirisophus erected these, as well as the statue of
25, &c. , 6. SS 1-3. ) When the Greeks had Apollo, or only the statue.
[P. S. ]
arrived at Trapezus on the Euxine, Cheirisophus CHEIRON (Xelpwv), the wisest and justest of
volunteered to go to his friend Anaxibius, the all the centaurs. (Hom. Il. xi. 831. ) He was the
Spartan admiral at Byzantium, to obtain a sufficient instructor of Achilles, whose father Peleus was a
number of ships to transport them to Europe ; but friend and relative of Cheiron, and received at his
he was not successful in his application. (Diod. wedding with Thetis the heary lance which was
xiv. 30, 31; Xen. Anal. v. 1. § 4, vi. l. § 16. ) subsequently used by Achilles. (Il. xvi. 143, xix.
On his return to the army, which he found at 390.
) According to Apollodorus (i. 2. & 4), Cheiron
Sinope, he was chosen commander-in-chief, Xeno- was the son of Cronus and Philyra. He lived on
phon baring declined for himself the proffered mount Pelion, from which he, like the other cen-
honour on the express ground of the prior claim of taurs, was expelled by the Lapithae ; but sacrifices
a Lacedaemonian. (Anub. vi. 1. SS 18–33. ) were offered to him there by the Magnesians un-
Cheirisophus, however, was unable to enforce sub- til a very late period, and the family of the Chei-
mission to his authority, or to restrain the Arca- ronidae in that neighbourhood, who were distin-
dian and Achaean soldiers from their profligate guished for their knowledge of medicine, were
attempt to plunder the hospitable Heracleots; and, regarded as his descendants. (Plut. Sympos. iii. l; .
on the sixth or seventh day from his election, Müller, Orchom. p. 249. ) Cheiron himself had
these troops, who formed more than half the been instructed by Apollo and Artemis, and was
army, separated themselves from the rest, and de renowned for his skill in hunting, medicine, music,
parted by sea under ten generals whom they had gymnastics, and the art of prophecy. (Xen. Cyncg.
appointed. Xenophon then offered to continue 1; Philostr. Her. 9, Icon. ii. 2; Pind. Pyth. ix. 65. )
the march with the remainder of the forces, under All the most distinguished heroes of Grecian story
the command of Cheirisophus, but the latter de- are, like Achilles, described as the pupils of Chei-
clined the proposal by the advice of Neon, who ron in these arts. His friendship with Peleus, who
hoped to find vessels at Calpe furnished by Clean- was his grandson, is particularly celebrated. Chei-
der, the Spartan Harmost at Byzantium, and ron saved him from the hands of the other centaurs,
wished to reserve them exclusively for their own who were on the point of killing him, and he also
portion of the army. With the small division yet restored to him the sword which Acastus had con-
under his command, Cheirisophus arrived safely at cealed. (Apollod. iii. 13. $ 3, &c. ) Cheiron fur-
Calpe, where he died from the effects of a medicine ther informed him in wbat manner he might gain
which he had taken for a fever. (Xen. Anab. vi. possession of Thetis, who was doomed to marry a
2. $ 4, 4. $ 11. )
[E. E. ] mortal. He is also connected with the story of
CHEIRI'SOPHUS (Xerpigopos), a statuary in the Argonauts, whom he received kindly when
wood and probably in stone. A gilt wooden they came to his residence on their voyage, for
statue of Apollo Agyieus, made by him, stood at many of the heroes were his friends and pupils.
Tegea, and near it was a statue in stone of the (Apollon. Rhod. i. 554; Orph. Argon. 375, &c. )
artist himself, which was most probably also his Heracles too was connected with him by friend-
own work. (Paus. viii. 53. $ 3. ) Pausanias knew ship; but one of the poisoned arrows of this hero
nothing of his age or of his teacher; but from the was nevertheless the cause of his death, for during
way in which he mentions him in connexion with his struggle with the Erymanthian boar, Heracles
the Cretan school of Daedalus, and from his work- / became involved in a fight with the centaurs, who
ing both in wood and stone, he is probably to be filed to Cheiron, in the neighbourhood of Malea.
placed with the latest of the Daedalian sculptors, Heracles shot at them, and one of his arrows struck
such as Dipoenus and Scyllis (about B. C. 566). Cheiron, who, although immortal, would not live
Böckh considers the erection by the artist of his any longer, and gave his immortality to Prome-
own statue as an indication of a later date (Corp. theus. According to others, Cheiron, in looking
Inscrip. i. p. 19); but his arguments are satisfac- at one of the arrows, dropped it on his foot, and
torily answered by Thiersch, who also shews that wounded himself. (Ovid. Fast. v. 397; Hygin.
the 'reply of Hernann to Böckh, that Pausanias Poet. Astr. ii. 38. ) Zeus placed Cheiron among
does not say that Cheirisophus made his own | the stars. He had been married to Naïs or Cha-
;


## p. 693 (#713) ############################################

CHERA.
693
CHERSIPHRON.
riclo, and his daughter Endcis was the mother of she was called mais ; to her as the wife of Zcus, a
Peleus. (Apollod. jii. 12. $ 6. ) Cheiron is the second in which she bore the name of Télela; and
noblest specimen of a combination of the human a third in which she was worshipped as the xípa,
and animal forms in the ancient works of art; for the widow, alluding to her separation from Zeus.
while the centaurs generally express the sensual (Paus, viii. 22. $ 2. )
(L. S. ]
and savage features of a man combined with the CHE'RSIPHRON (Xepolopwv), or, as the namo
strength and swiftness of a horse, Cheiron, who is written in Vitruvius and one passage of Pliny,
possesses the latter likewise, combines with it a CTESIPHON, an architect of Cnossus in Crete, in
mild wisdom. He was represented on the Amy- conjunction with his son Metagenes, built or com-
clacan throne of Apollo, and on the chest of Cyp- menced building the great temple of Artemis at
selus. (Paus. iii. 18. $ 7, . 19. & 2. ) Some repre- Ephesus. The worship of Artemis was most proba-
sentations of_him are still extant, in which young bly established at Ephesus before the time of the
Achilles or Erotes are riding on his back. (Mus. Ionian colonization (ARTEMIS, p. 376, a. ); and it
Pio-Clement. i. 52 ; Böttiger, Vasengemälde, iii. would seem, that there was already at that distant
p. 144, &c. )
(L. S. ) period some temple to the goddess. (Paus. vii. 2. $ 4. )
CHE’LIDON, the mistress of C. Verres, who We are not told what had become of this temple,
is said by Cicero to have given all his decisions when, about the beginning of the 6th century B. C. ,
during his city praetorship (B. c. 74) in accordance the Jonian Greeks undertook the erection of a new
with her wishes. She died two years afterwards, temple, which was intended for the centre of their
when Verres was propraetor in Sicily, leaving him national worship, like the temple of Hera at Samos,
her heir. She is called by the Pseudo-Asconius a which was built about the same time by the Dorian
plebeian female client of Verres. (Cic. Verr. i. 40, colonies. The preparation of the foundations was
52, v. 13, 15, ii. 47, iv. 32; Pseudo-Ascon. p. 193; commenced about B. C. 600. To guard against
Scho). Vatic. p. 376, ed. Orelli. )
earthquakes, a marsh was chosen for site of
CHELI'DONIS (Xexidovis), a Spartan woman the teniple, and the ground was made firm by
of great beauty and royal blood, daughter of Leo- layers of charcoal rammed down, over which were
tychides. She married Cleonymus, who was much laid fleeces of wool. This contrivance was sug-
older than herself, and to whom she proved un- gested by Theodorus of Samos. (THEODORUS]
faithful in consequence of a passion for Acrotatus, The work proceeded very slowly. The erection of
son of Areus I. It was partly on account of this the colunins did not take place till about 40 years
injury that Cleonymus, offended also by his exclu- later. (B. C. 560. ) This date is fixed by the state-
sion from the throne, invired Pyrrhus to attempt ment of Herodotus (i. 92), that most of the pillars
the conquest of Sparta in B. c. 272. Chelidonis, were presented by Croesus. This therefore is the
alarmed for the result, was prepared to put an end date of Chersiphron, since it is to him and to his
to her own life rather than fall into her husband's son Metagenes that the ancient writers attribute
hands; but Pyrrhus was beaten off from the city, the erection of the pillars and the architrave. Of
chiefly through the valour of Acrotatus. If we course the plan could not be extended after the
may trust the account of Plutarch, the Spartans erection of the pillars; and therefore, when Strabo
generally of both sexes exhibited more sympatby (xiv. p. 640) says, that the temple was enlarged
with the lovers than indignation at their guilt,-a by another architect, he probably refers to the
proof of the corruption of manners, which Phylar- building of the courts round it. It was finally
chus (ap. Athen. iv. p. 142, b. ) ascribes principally completed by Demetrius and Paeonius of Ephesus,
to Acrotatus and his father. (Plut. Pyrrh. 26– about 220 years after the foundations were laid ;
28. )
(E. E. ) but it was shortly afterwards burnt down by
CHELO'NE (XeAcvn), the tortoise. When all | HEROSTRATUS on the same night in which Alex-
the gods, men, and animals were invited by Hermes ander the Great was born, B. C. 356. It was re-
to attend the wedding of Zeus and Hera, the nymph built with greater magnificence by the contribu-
Chelone alone remained at home, to shew her dis- tions of all the states of Asia Minor. It is said,
regard of the solemnity. But Hermes then des that Alexander the Great offered to pay the cost
cended from Olympus, threw Chelone's house, of the restoration on the condition that his name
which stood on the bank of a river, together with should be inscribed on the temple, but that the
the nymph, into the water, and changed her into Ephesians evaded the offer by replying, that it was
a tortoise, who had henceforth to carry her house not right for a god to make offerings to gods. The
on her back. (Serv. ad Aen. i. 509. ) [L. S. ] architect of the new temple was DEINOCRATES.
CHEOPS (Xéow), an early king of Egypt, god- The edifice has now entirely disappeared, except
less and tyrannical, who, according to Herodotus some remnants of its foundations. Though Pliny
and Diodorus, reigned for fifty years, and built the (like others of the ancient writers) has evidently
first and largest pyramid by the compulsory labour confounded the two buildings, yet his description
of his subjects. Diodorus calls him Chembes or is valuable, since the restored temple was probably
Chemmis. His account agrees with that of Hero- built on the same foundations and after the same
dotus, except that he supposes seven generations to general plan as the old one. We have also de-
have intervened between Remphis or Rhampsinitus scriptions of it by Vitruvius, who took his state-
and Cheops. (Herod. ii. 124–127; Larcher, ad ments from a work on the temple, which was said
loc. ; Diod. i. 63. ) (CEPHREN. ) [E. E.