2
Riddagshausen
is a small town east of Brunswick with a church from 1278, part of a Cistercian monastery; K6nigslutter, a small town on the river Lutter, has a Romanesque church dating from 1150.
Samuel Beckett
ustrierte has not been located.
"Illustrierte" (glossy magazine).
6 "Amicalement"(Allthebest).
MARY MANN ING HOWE CAMBRI DGE, MASS A CHUS ETTS
14/11/36
Hamburg
Dear Mary Congratulations.
1
Praised be the day before evening. Or not at all.
Send your poem. I know. It has the colour of lead and the texture of worn plush, and is rich in place-names. And Mons Venerillae? 2 Now you must be very careful, what you write, think, say, wish and fear. The appendix pain has gone, and will not return. The first communion glow steals over you from time to time. And impertinence you pity rather than pardon.
Reavey wrote enclosing a letter from Greensletandhindrance. I am exhorted to ablate 33. 3 recurring to all eternity of my work. I have thought of a better plan. Take every 500th word, punc tuate carefully and publish a poem in prose in the Paris Daily Mail.
382
14 November 1936, Manning Howe
Then the rest separately and privately, with a forewarning from
Geoffrey, as the ravings of a schizoid, or serially, in translation,
in the Zeitschrift fur Kitsch. 3 My next work shall be on rice
paper wound about a spool, with a perforated line every six inches
and on sale in Boots. The length of each chapter will be carefully
calculated to suit with the average free motion. And with every
copy a free sample of some laxative to promote sales. The Beckett
Bowel Books, Jesus in farto. Issued in imperishable tissue. Thistle
down end papers. All edges disinfected. 1000 wipes of clean fun.
4
I replied, dear agente provocatrice, that I would not have
a finger laid on the section entitled Amor intellectualis etc. , nor
on the Thema Coeli, nor on Endon's Affence, nor on the last
will and fundament, but that so far as the rest was concerned
I would willingly remove all ties and supports, dripstones, key
stones, cornerstones, buttresses, and, with especial pleasure,
the entire foundations, and accept full and entire responsibility
5
After all one is always flattered. It is only from the highest unities that a third can be negligently carved away and the remainder live. The amoeba's neck is not easily broken. Nor his countenance put out.
I dream, with the help of black coffee, of a lap the size of the fifteen acres, with all appurtenances strictly to scale, all to myself in my present deformity. Beauty is a blank wall with Paste No Bills. I am tired dashing my skull against it. I run the gauntlets of galleries, up and down the highly waxed calva ries, a cockshy and an Auunt [for Aunt] Sally of art. I go to an old woman this evening, whose house is a shrine to Schmidt-Rottluff,
383
Also in Braille for anal pruritics. All Sturm and no Drang.
fortheensuingdetritus. Theowls,cats,foxesandtoadsofthe higher criticism could be relied on to complete the picture, a romantic one.
14 November 1936, Manning Howe
a painter on Picasso's level, and it is like going to be keel hauled. 6 I should have been away from here this long time, there are so many other hoops to be gone through, and not another ball in sight. Ireland? I feel nothing but the dread at having to return.
I can't read, write, drink, think, feel, or move.
I seem impelled to address my friends when least in a con dition to.
People like me - for a little.
Mother was all set to join Susan in London & then of course
7
I am not obscure. Where it hurts? No aim need be taken. It doesn't hurt anywhere. And is worked up into a hurt every where. I feel like an anaesthetised Sebastian affecting to choke back his cries.
8
sf S
Through the wall come female Danish voices, two Jutland
tarts in colloquy. Pure chirping. They should be on a funeral
urn, in the Genesiacal period. Now I know how Ophelia
should speak the flower speech. And that Hamlet was mad.
9
1 SB's reference is not known. Mary Manning Howe was pregnant with her first child.
2 ThepoembyMaryManningHoweisnotidentified.
Mary Manning Howe was writing a novel, Mount Venus (1938); SB's use of the term Mons Venerillae in More Pricks Than Kicks is drawn from Burton, The Anatomy of
384
cried off. Frank still works every evening till 8.
That is worse than being disliked from the beginning. I hope
They will give the Nobel prize to Kurt Gotz next. Love
He is buried in no fewer than 54 Jutlandish localities. All the lavatory men say Heil Hitler. The best pictures are in the cellar. 10
TL! ; 1 leaf, 2 sides (ANS PS on verso); TxU.
14 November 1936, Manning Howe Melancholy (see Pilling, ed. , Beckett's Dream Notebook, 123; Pilling, A Companion to "Dream of
Fair to Middling Women," 263).
3 TheletterofFerrisGreenslet:13November1936,n. 1.
The Paris Daily Mail was the title of the continental edition of the Daily Mail (London)
published in Paris from 1905 to 1946.
As a trained psychiatrist, Geoffrey Thompson was competent to treat schizophrenia. "Zeitschrift furKitsch" (Magazine forKitsch), Beckett's invention.
4 SBwrote"<trimmed>disinfected. "Boots,chemists.
SB's pun refers to the "Sturm und Orang" (Storm and Stress) movement in the arts in
Germany in the late eighteenth century.
5 "Thema Coeli" refers to the horoscope section of Murphy (32-33), "Endon's Affence" to the chess game (243-245), and Murphy's "last will and fundament" to the reading of his will (268-269).
6 Thefifteenacres:29January[1935],n. 5.
On 15 November 1936, SB was invited for a second visit to the home of the art
historian Rosa Schapire (1874-1954). He knew that the intensity of her opinions was heightened by the fact that, as a Jew, she had been forbidden to publish or lecture (Beckett, Alles kommt auf so vie! an, 39-41).
Karl Schmidt-Rottluff(neKarl Schmidt, 1884-1976, who added the place of his birth to his name in 1905) was a member of the Briicke painters who formed a group from 1905 to 1913: Erich Heckel (1883-1970), Fritz Bleyl (1880-1966), EmstLudwigKirchner (1880-1938), Otto Mueller (1874-1930), Max Pechstein (1881-1955), and Emil Nolde. For photos of Schapire's home with Schmidt-Rottluff's portraits of her, as well as furniture and functional objects decorated by him, together with Schapire's extensive bibliography of his work, see Gerhard Wietek, "Rosa Schapire" in Jahrbuch der Hamburger Kunstsammlungen, IX (Hamburg: Dr. Ernst Hauswedell and Co. Verlag, 1964) 114-160.
The term "Aunt Sally," derived from fairground games, signifies an easy target.
7 SusanManning,motherofMaryManningHowe.
8 The 1936 Nobel Prize for Literature had just been awarded to American play wright Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953). German actor, director, novelist, and dramatist
Kurt Gatz (1888-1960) never received it.
9 TheentirePSishandwrittenininkontheversoofthetypedpage.
Danish tour groups resided in the Pension Hoppe in October and November 1936
(Beckett, Alles kommt auf so vie! an, 19, 40).
SB's allusion to a funeral um may be related to a lecture that he heard on 12
November 1936 by Dr. Eugen von Mercklin, Curator of Ancient Art, Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe (Arts and Crafts Museum), Hamburg, who spoke on the "Geometrische Periode," which he defined as 800 to 600 BC (Beckett, Alles kommt auf so vie! an, 37); SB imagines a vase from the "Genesiacal period" (the time of Genesis),
which, according to the Jewish Calendar, is c. 3761 BC.
SB alludes to Ophelia's flower speech (Shakespeare, Hamlet, IV. v. 175-177, 180-186).
10 Having bought the 1927 Hamburger Kunsthalle Katalog der neueren Meister, SB noted that many pictures were no longer on view, and that many were not described (Beckett, Alles kommt auf so vie! an, 28).
385
28 November 1937 {for 1936}, McGreevy THOMAS McGREEVY
LONDON
28/11/37 [for 1936] Hamburg
Dear Tom
Forgive my too long silence. I find it more & more difficult to
write, even letters to my friends.
The weather is appalling, a leaden yellow all day, and the
first drizzles of snow beginning. It will be colder in Berlin, but
1
The whole north Harz region is the richest in early Roman of all Germany. 3 If only I felt more up to looking at things, but for the past week I am in rotten form, grippe I think, with the old herpes & a slowly festering finger. I wanted to go to Bremen before leaving Hamburg, but the light is so frightful, and the constitution of the gallery there now so doubtful (I mean what pictures have they left hanging), & my apathy so enormous, that I have not made the trip. 4 From Brunswick I expect to go straight to Berlin, arriving there about a week or 10 days before Xmas. There I will remain at least a month. 5
I have met a lot of friendly people here, mostly painters. Kluth, Ballmer, Grimm, Bargheer, Hartmann - perhaps a name is familiar to you. It is an interesting group, especially Ballmer (a Swiss) & Grimm, for me. 6 They are all more or less suppressed, i. e. cannot exhibit publicly and dare sell only with precaution. The group was broken up in 1933, their library confiscated,
386
brighter. IleaveherenextThursdayorFriday. Iexpecttospend a night in Luneburg, perhaps a couple in Hanover, & then for a week sit down in Brunswick, from where excursions to Hildesheim, Goslar, Wolfenbiittel, Halberstadt, Quedlinburg, Riddagshausen, & Konigslutter. 2
28 November 1937 {for 1936}, McGreevy
etc. The influences are in every imaginable dosage Munch,
Nolde and the "Bridge" (Schmidt-Rottluff, Kirchner, Heckel,
etc. ). 7 I have seen several excellent private collections (where
alone living art is to be seen in Germany at present. The
Kronprinzenpalais in Berlin is closed, & that is typical for the
whole country, and the campaign against "Art-Bolschevism" is
only just beginning\ those of Fraulein Dr. Rosa Schapire, art
historian, exclusively Schmidt-Rottluff; 9 of Frau Sauerlandt,
widow of Professor Sauerlandt of the Art & Crafts Museum
here, whose banned book on the painting of the past 30 years I
succeeded in obtaining, mostly Nolde;10 and of a merchant
prince called Hudtwalcker, mostly Munch. 11 I also got permis
sion to view the Cellar of the Gallery, or rather one of the
cellars, & saw there in the twilight some excellent pictures of
the "Bridge" Group; in another cellar are some 60 pictures of the
German impressionist Liebermann. 12 I was refused permission
in the Art & Crafts Museum to inspect a carpet after design
by Schmidt-Rottluff. 13 I have introductions to Schmidt-Rottluff,
Nolde & Heckel in Berlin. 14 The fundamental antithesis, & the
two poles of influence, is Schmidt-Rottluff-Nolde. Spend [for
spent] a very interesting evening with Grimm & Ballmer, then
Grimm alone. Their enthusiasm for early Christian miniature
painting, especially the Irish Celtic. 15 Ballmer's painting is like
nothing I have seen, except some moods of the later Picasso (do
you remember the tremendous figure on a shore that I liked so
much in the big Paris Exhibition? ), metaphysical concrete. 16
Grimm draws like Lautrec, & then frail lyrical tempera colours.
Bargheer is very violent & intelligent & anatomical. Pollaiuolo,
whom I mentioned, he analyzed with admiral [for admirable]
17
justness & sensitiveness.
therefore only a very little disturbed by the official attitude
387
They are all profoundly serious and
28 November 1937 [for 1936}, McGreevy
towards them. I shall be surprised & lucky ifl find such energetic underground of painting in other parts of Germany. I hear on all
18
removed & leave a remainded [for remainder].
Drunken Boat was to have been published in New Poetry;
but I hear this has been deferred, to make room for an article by
20
sorry you have had to lay the Yeats aside. I'm afraid I couldn't write about pictures at all. I used never to be happy with a
21
I heard a lovely concert with the Berlin Philharmonic under
Sabata (pupil of Toscanini) from Milan: Strauss's Don Quixote,
which belongs to same period as Heldenleben & which therefore
I expected would be awful but which was exquisite; Bolero,
mistimed as usual, ejaculatio praecox as usual; & Brahms' �nd
Symphony superbly played, so that I understand Brahms (the
Brahms of the symphonies) a little for the first time & why I had
almost [for? always] found him so difficult to understand. Sabata
22
a Kraft <lurch Freude spinster from Altona. But Hindemith's
388
I meant to go home by Paris, but think now of going home the way I came. By April I expect to be far too tired for Paris. Perhaps I shall get off the boat at Southhampton or Plymouth or wherever it calls and have a short time in London & see you & Geoffrey. I suppose that will partly depend on what happens with Murphy. I hear from Reavey that Nott would take it if an American mug could be found, & furthermore that Houghton Mifflin are "on", but screaming for a cut of one third! 19 So the matter still pends, I not having refused blankly to change a syllable, but having replied with a polite request to be told how I was to remove more than I had already
sides that Hamburg is an island.
Ezra Pound.
I am glad you have got a translation from Heinemann, but
picture till it was literature, but now that need is gone.
was more conducted than conducting.
I was invited one evening to a Hausmusik. Wolf sung by
28 November 1937 [for 1936}, McGreevy
Matthias der Maler symphony on gramophone. 23 I so want to
see the Isenheimer Altar in Colmar, but don't see how it is to
be managed. There is something also in Aschaffenburg &
I think in Munich, but apparently trivial beside the
24
cent form. Mother has had no holiday & wont take one. Young
Sinclair has a job waiting in South Africa (I think thanks to
Dorothy Elvery), but is not well enough to travel. He is spending
a few days at Cooldrinagh! Boss has been moved to Rathdrum &
fallen in love with a nun. Cissie is beyond writing to me, & I have
25
Edinburgh, which he found appalling. And there is an Irishman
called Power, who has not been in Ireland, who was born in
Gibraltar, whose home is in Peru, whose interests are in Spain &
family in Marburg, whose family left Waterford, while the going
was good, in the 1s! li century. He stood me lunch in a vegetarian
26
in Brunswick would take me in. Only in ports does the new
27
Flamand] called Brulez, professor of French here, & gave
28
through him a real little German pedant Fraulein Tied[t]ke,
whose thesis on the Proustian Symbol I am at present skim
ming. She wrote me a long letter in crabbed French about
the shortcomings of my book, & I must meet here [for her]
Monday before a flowershop & render an account. But there is
something magnificent in doing a doctorate in 1936 with a
29
389
Isenheimer.
News from home is good. Frank seems to be in magnifi
this news from home.
We have an Icelander in the Pension now, fresh from
restaurant.
I am tired of this Pension. I wonder is there a whore left
Germany tolerate brothels.
I met a Proust fiend in the University, a Flamant [for
him my book, which released his compliments. And
work on not merely an "exquisite", but a non-Aryan.
Brulez
28 November 1937 {for 1936}, McGreevy
quoted with scorn Huxley's "mental masturbation". I said there were worst things, mental aspermatism for example. My Proust is apparently not positive & intellectual enough for the disciples of Curtius, I mean my presentation of Proust. They want to make his "solution" a little moral tri umph, the reward of endeavour & the crown of a life of striving a la Goethe. 30
Forgive this dry letter. It is all I can do to-day & to-morrow would be more than I could do.
Perhaps you would write in about a week to Poste Restante, Braunschweig. I expect to be there from about g! ! ! to 15! ! ! December.
Love ever Sam
31
ALS; 2 leaves, 4 sides; TCD, MS 10402/145. Dating: the letter is dated 193[7], the 7 added by AH; however, the year should be 1936, when SB was in Hamburg and Professor W. R. Fearon was appointed to the Irish Censorship of Publications Board (see n. 31 below).
1 SB left Hamburg for Luneburg on 4 December (Beckett, Alles kommt auf so viel an, 57).
2 Riddagshausen is a small town east of Brunswick with a church from 1278, part of a Cistercian monastery; K6nigslutter, a small town on the river Lutter, has a Romanesque church dating from 1150. In the end, SB did not visit Goslar (Lower Saxony), Halberstadt, or Quedlinburg (see 31 December 1936 below).
3 SBreferstoearlyRomanesquearchitecture.
4 "Grippe"(withflu). ThecollectionsoftheBremenKunsthallehadbecomedimin ished by circumspection in view of increasing government pressure (see Andreas Kreul, Oskar Kokoschka: Pariser Oper, Kunsthalle Bremen 30 June-30 August 1992 [Berlin: KulturStiftung der Lander and Kunstverein Bremen, 1992]; for the directive of 5 November 1936 to German gallery directors instructing them to remove decadent modern art, see Knowlson, Damned to Fame, 223).
5 SBmadesidetripsfromBrunswickandthenmadehiswaytoBerlin,arrivingon 11 December 1936 (Knowlson, Damned to Fame, 226).
390
I hear Fearon has been put on Censorship Committee.
28 November 1937 [for 1936], McGreevy
6 German painters Karl Kluth (1898-1972), Willem Grimm (1904-1986), Eduard Bargheer {1901-1979), Erich Hartmann (1886-1974), and Swiss painter Karl Ballmer (1891-1958).
SB met Kluth and Hartmann at a dinner on 23 November at the home of Margaritha (nee Hoffmann, 1883-1955) and Theodor Durrieu (1875-1967); SB met Kluth again on 25 November and also on that day he visited Grimm (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 27, 48-49, 50). As he wrote in his diary: "Grimm's painting most interesting I have yet seen of Hamburg group . . . Munch influence seems worked out . . . Exquisite colour & composition" (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 50). For Ballmer, see n. 16 below.
7 TheseartistsweremembersoftheHamburgSecessiongroupwhich"sawitself as the successor to Die Briicke"; it was established in 1919 and "disbanded itself on 16 May 1933 in response to the Nazi demand to expel its Jewish members" (Struan Robertson, "A History of the Jews in Hamburg: Three Jewish Women Hamburg Secessionists" [wwwl. uni-hamburg. de/rz3a035//secession. html], 27 October 2006). The Bibliothek der Anthroposophischen Gesellschaft had been closed on 16 November 1935 (Quadflieg, Beckett was here, 171).
8 TheKronprinzenpalaiswasthedepartmentformodemartoftheBerlinNational Gallery, Unter den Linden, 3; the upper rooms on its first floor "were closed on 30 October 1936" because works by "Barlach, Beckmann, Dix, Hofer, Nolde and other contemporary artists" were exhibited there (Professor Dr. Bernd Evers, Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 3 June 1993). Ernst Barlach {1870-1938), Max Beckmann (1884-1950), Otto Dix (1891-1969), Karl Hofer (also Carl, 1878-1955).
The Nazi campaign against "Art-Bolshevism" ("Kulturbolschewismus") perniciously linked Communists, Jews, and contemporary artists, attacking them as degenerate influences on Aryan culture.
SB adopts the German spelling of the root word (Bolsche-) and adds an English ending (-vism).
9 Dr. RosaSchapire:14November1936,n. 6.
10 SB visited Frau Alice Sauerlandt (nee Schmidt, 1880-1972), the widow of Max Sauerlandt, who had been Director of the Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe until 1933. SB's notes on his visits on 21 and 26 November mention work by Nolde, Schmidt-Rottluff, Kirchner, and Ballmer (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an. 46, 52). Aware that Sauerlandt's catalogue, Die Kunst der Letzten 30Jahre (1935) had been banned, SB asked Frau Sauerlandt if he could buy a copy from her (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 46).
11 ThroughRosaSchapire,SBmetDr. HeinrichC. Hudtwalcker(1880-1952),indus trialist and art patron in Hamburg, whose collection he visited on 22 November. SB admired Munch's Girls on the Bridge (1900; now HK 5052) and a painting of a man and a woman by Otto Muller; he noted works by the German-born Norwegian painter Rolf Nesch (1893-1975) and Munch's portraits of Hudtwalcker (1925, Oslo, Munch Museum 116) and Maria Agatha Hudtwalcker (1927; Oslo, Munch Museum 124) (Beckett. Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 47; Quadflieg, Beckett was here, 145-146; Maike Bruhns, Kunst in der Krise: Hamburger Kunst im "Dritten Reich" [Hamburg: Dolling und Galitz Verlag, 2001] 244; Ame Eggum, Edvard Munch: Portretter [Oslo: Munch-Musette / Labyrinth Press, 1994] 23, 244).
12 SBwenttotheHamburgerKunsthalleon19NovembertoviewSchmidt-Rottluff and Kirchner drawings in its Kupferstichkabinett or Print Gallery. Rosa Schapire was
391
28 November 1937 [for 1936}, McGreevy
there, and, through her intervention, SB was allowed to visit the storage area. SB's spontaneous visit broke with restrictions, and there were repercussions for the museum staff (see Matthias Miihling, Mit Samuel Beckett in der Hamburger Kunsthalle ! Hamburg: Hamburger Kunsthalle, 2003J, frontispiece and 29-30).
Here SB saw works by Schmidt-Rottluff, Kirchner, Pechstein; he specifically men tioned Windbride by Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980) (HK 2256, confiscated as degenerate art in 1937; now in the Basel Kunstmuseum, 1745) and Nolde's Christ Among the Children (also known as Christ and the Children, HK 1683, confiscated as degenerate art in 1937; now in MOMA 341. 55). The last ofthese moved SB to say: "Feel at once on terms with the picture, & that I want to spend a long time before it, & play it over & over much like the record ofa quartet" (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso viel an, 44; with appreciation to Mark Nixon and James KnowIson for their assistance with this transcription).
The Hamburg museum listed sixty-four paintings or studies by Max Liebermann (1847-1935). Liebermann's work was banned for its depiction of! aborers and because he was Jewish; he was pressured to resign as President ofthe Prussian Academy ofArt in 1932.
13 SBwenttotheMuseumfiirKunstundGewerbeon17November1936(Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 42).
14 FrauSauerlandtgaveSBaddressesforNolde,Schmidt-Rottluff,andHeckel,and permission to use her name in contacting them; she also encouraged SB to visit the collection of Gustav Schiefler (1857-1935) in Hamburg (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 52).
15 At the studio of Willem Grimm on 25 November, SB met the painter and graphic artist Gretchen Wohlwill (1878-1962), and artist Hans Martin Ruwoldt (1891-1969) (Quadflieg, Beckett was here, 155). Grimm and Ruwoldt were especially interested in the Celtic motifs found in the Book ofKells (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 51).
16 SB visited Ballmer in his studio on 26 November 1936. He described Ballmer's paintings: "Transparent figures before landscapes . . . Wonderful red Frauenkopf, skull earth sea & sky. " He continued: "Would not occur to me to call this painting abstract. A metaphysical concrete. Nor nature convention, but its source, fountain ofErscheinung. Fully a posteriori painting. Object not exploited to illustrate an idea . . . The communi cation exhausted by the optical experience that is its motive & content" (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso viel an, 51-52; Quadflieg, Beckett was here, 168-169; Ballmer's Head in Red IAargauer Kunsthaus, Aargau, Switzerland, 28471). "Erscheinung" (manifestation).
SB likens Ballmer's work to Picasso's Figure au bord de la mer (1929; MOMA, on loan, no. 187 in the Exposition Picasso at the Galeries Georges Petit, Paris, 16 June-30 July 1932 (Charles Vrancken, ed. , Exposition Picasso: 16 juin-30 juillet 1932 ! Paris: Galeries Georges Petit, 1932] 62, illus. follows 70).
17 SB was especially drawn to Grimm's "Rummelpott" series; he preferred "the stillness & the unsaid ofGrimm & Ballmer" to the preoccupation with the "dynamics ofmovement" in the work ofEduard Bargheer, which he called "the bull ofpainting by the horns" (Beckett, Alles kommt auf so vie! an, 50, 53; Quadflieg, Beckett was here, 175-176). SB met Eduard Bargheer at his studio on 27 November; as Bargheer had recently returned from Italy, SB asked him about the painting of Piero Pollaiuolo (1441-1496) (for their discussion see Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 53).
392
28 November 1937 [for 1936}, McGreevy
18 Ballmer had not been able to exhibit since 1933, and Bargheer had experi enced similar difficulties (Beckett, Alles kommt auf so viel an, 52-53; Quadflieg, Beckett was here, 170).
19 BothGeoffreyThompsonandMcGreevywereinLondon.
Attempts to publish Murphy: see SB to George Reavey, 13 November 1936, and to Mary Manning Howe, 14 November 1936.
20 CommissionedbyEdwardTitus,SBhadtranslatedRimbaud'spoem"LeBateauivre" as "The Drunken Boat" in 1932 (see 13 September 1932, n. 9). It was to be published not in New Poetry, but in Contemporary Poetry and Prose. However, SB's translation was displaced by a letter that Ezra Pound had written against surrealism, "The Coward Surrealists," to which the editor Roger Roughton (1916-1941) replied ("Eyewash, Do You? ," Contemporary Poetry and Prose 7 [November 1936] 137-138). The following number of Contemporary Poetry and Prose (8 [December 19361) was a short-story issue. The journal's final two numbers were issued as a quarterly in 1937.
21 McGreevy was translating Oasis interdites: de Pekin au Cachemire (1937) by Ella K. Maillart (1903-1997) for Heinemann; the translation was entitled Forbidden Journey: From Peking to Kashmir. Prior to this, he had been working on his study ofJack B. Yeats.
22 On20NovemberattheConventgartenTheatre,SBheardtheBerlinPhilharmonic conducted by Victor de Sabata (1892-1967), pupil of Italian-born conductor Arturo Toscanini (1867-1957). Don Qµixote, op. 35 ("Fantasy with Variations on a Theme of Knightly Character, for cello and orchestra"), and Bin Heldenleben (A Hero's Life), op. 40, by Richard Strauss are both tone poems. SB refers to Bolero by Maurice Ravel and Brahms's Symphony no. 2 in D major, op. 73 (see Beckett,AUes kommt aufso vie! an, 45-46).
23 SBwenttoa"Hausmusik"(homeconcert)atthehomeofOrs. MariaandPaul Riimker (n. d. ) on 24 November: the singer from Altona has not been identified. "Kraft <lurch Freude" (Strength through Joy) was a Nazi slogan and the name of a Nazi organization created in 1933 to sponsor "appropriate" recreation and leisure activities for the working population.
Austrian composer Hugo Wolf is known for his musical settings of poetry. The symphony Mathis der Maler (1934) was the first musical response by Paul Hindemith (1895-1963) to his interest in the north German painter Grunewald (ne Mathis Gothart, also called Nithart or Neithardt, c. 1475-1528), on whose life and work he later (1938) based his opera of the same name.
24 Grunewald'sIsenheimAltarpiece(MuseumUnterlinden,Colmar). SBalsorefersto the altar by Grunewald for the Mariaschnee Chapel in the Church of St. Peter and St. Alexander in Aschaffenburg and paintings in the collection of the Alte Pinakothek in Munich.
25 MorrisSinclairwenttoSouthAfricaasatutortotwoboysonasheepfarmnear GraaffReinet; Dorothy Kay (nee Elvery, 1886-1964), Irish-born South African artist, a girlhood friend of Morris's mother Cissie Beckett Sinclair, arranged this post for him (Morris Sinclair, 9 May 1991).
Boss Sinclair had been moved from the National Hospital for Consumption in Ireland (Newcastle Sanatorium) in Newtownmountkennedy in Co. Wicklow to St. Colman's Hospital, Rathdrum, Co. Wicklow, which was run by The Sisters of the Poor Servants of the Mother of God.
393
28 November 1937 [for 1936], McGreevy
26 TheIcelander is mentioned in SB's diary entry for 24November 1936, but not named (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso viel an, 50). Power's full name is not known; he and SB had lunch together on 17November (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso viel an, 26, 41).
27 Brothel regulation was an element inNazi policy from 1933 up until the War (see Julia Roose, "Backlash against Prostitutes' Rights: Origins and Dynamics ofNazi Prostitution Policy," Journal of the History of Sexuality 11. 1-2 [2002] 67-94).
28 Dr. LucienBrulez(1891-1982)wasaLektor(Lecturer)inFrenchattheUniversity of Hamburg from 1920 to 1956; he taught nineteenth-and twentieth-century French literature, although his publications were primarily in philosophy (Eckart Krause, 27 July 1993). SB met Brulez through Frau Durrieu, and attended his lecture on Diderot on 12November 1936; SB noted that Brulez was interested in Proust "as philosopher & symbolist" (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso viel an, 38).
Flamand (Fleming).
29 IrmaTiedtke(1910-? 1943)tookherdissertationoralexaminationsinJune1935; Dr. Brulez directed her thesis, which was published as Symbole und Bilder im Werke Marcel Prousts (1936) (Quadflieg, Beckett was here, 120). SB arranged on 28November to meet her on Monday, 1 December; she was also present on 16 November when SB met Brulez again.
30 On16November,Brulezdiscussed"Proust,Bergson,Plato&Kant"(Beckett,Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 44). Brulez apparently quoted from Aldous Huxley's Eyeless in Gaza a passage in which the narrator discusses meditation as one of many "bolt-holes" from unpleasant reality: "Charismata like masturbations. Masturbations, however, that are dignified, by the amateur mystics who practise them, with all the most sacred names of religion and philosophy. 'The contemplative life'" ([London: Chatto and Windus, 1936] 503).
ErnstRobert Curtius (1886-1956), German literary historian and Professor ofFrench at the universities of Bonn, Marburg, and Heidelberg.
31 W. R. FearonwasnamedtotheCensorshipofPublicationsBoardinIrelandon 23November1936("CensorshipBoard:ResignationofMr. Thrift,Dr. FearonAppointed as Successor," The Irish Times 24November 1936: 7).
BRIAN COFFEY DUB LIN
5/12/36
[no greeting]
C'est ici que pendant 50 ans il se faisait des idees distinctes,
ou, pire, s'en laissait faire. C'est maintenant musee des arts et desmetiers. 1 Solidementassisdansunelumierenordilbarraita tombeau ouvert. Je viens de subir une petite amende (lRM) pour
394
13 December 1936, Manning Howe
m'etre promene d'une fac;on dangereuse. Par consequent je pars, pour Braunschweig, en silence dore, d'ou je t'ecrirais.
Sam
APCS; 1 leaf, 1 side; "Hannover: Leibniz-Haus"; to Brian Coffey Esq, 41 Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin C 19, Irland; pm 5-12-36,Hannover, 7-12·36, Dublin; DeU, Coffey.
5/12/36
[no greeting]
This is where, for fifty years, he formed distinct ideas, or,
1
1 TheLeibnizhausinHanoverwasrestoredin1891-1892andatthistimehoused the Kunstgewerbe-Museum (Arts and Crafts Museum). The building was destroyed in World War II and subsequently rebuilt.
Leibniz administered the library that was moved from theHerrenhausen Palace into Hanover in 1679; from 1698, the library had its own building, and included living quarters for the librarian. From 1690, Leibniz was also librarian for the more impor
tant HerzogAugust Bibliothek in Wolfenbiittel.
worse, let them form in him. Now it is a museum ofarts and crafts. Solidly seated in a north light he did his deleting and striking out over an open tomb. I have just had a small fine (1 RM) imposed on me for walking in a dangerous fashion. As a result, I am leaving for Braunschweig, in golden silence. I would write to you from there.
Sam
MARY MANNI NG HOWE CAMBRIDGE, MAS SACHUSETTS
13/12/36
Hotel Deutsche Traube Berlin n 4, InvalidenstraBe 32
dear Mary
I'm writing this to you in a pub, because my room in the
picture gives me the chinks. I was very glad to have your long
395
13 December 1936, Manning Howe
letter, which reached me here, where I have been for 2 days,
1
I did not know I wrote you any unkind cryptograms, and am heartily sorry if so. I shall now try and be clear & pleasant. Even
2
I do not know Grene. If he is the person that was once pointed out to me in Dublin, he looks like a semicircumcised bugger.
4
The last I heard about the book from Reavey, as I thought I
wrote to you, was that Mifflin were suggesting that 1/3 should be
ablated, & enclosing a letter that I have forgotten. I replied to
Reavey, saying that I did not understand how more could be
taken away from the unfortunate book than I had already taken
away myself, & leave a remainder; but that I only asked to be in
this matter enlightened, by some critic more alive to the econ
omy of the work than I was myself. To this humble obeisance I
have received no reply. Nott was apparently prepared to take on
the book if an American mug could be found; & Mifflin if an
5
I also am very interested in the Johnson-Thrale-Piozzi arrangement, and often thought what a good subject was
6
having come slowly from Hamburg by Hannover & Brunswick. In a few weeks I shall go on to Dresden & from there to Munich & from there I suppose slowly home, probably the same way I came. For by April I expect to be far too tired for Paris. I am tired already.
an improvement in the script perhaps you may notice.
3
I am not on the lookout for a lap.
Englishmug. Itseemedtome,unfamiliarwiththeniceties,that my agent had merely to bring the mugs together & the abuse would begin to pour in. It seems I was wrong again.
there,perhapsonlyonelongact. Whatinterestedmeespecially was the breakdown ofJohnson as soon as Thrale disappeared. I do not think Piozzi enters Johnson's psychological situation at all. I think that his abuse of Piozzi is a blind. Piozzi was the
396
pretext that he needed, to get away with an appearance of
7
the Platonic gigolo or housefriend, with not a testicle, auricle
or ventricle to stand on when the bluff is called. His impotence
was mollified by Mrs Thrale so long as Thrale was there, then
suddenly exasperated when the licensed mentula was in the
connubial position for the first time for years, thanks to rigor
8
his den in Fleet Street after the last visit to Mrs Thrale, forgetting
a lamppost & hurrying back. Can't think why there hasn't been a
film ofJohnson, with Laughton. But I think one act, with some
thing like the psychology above, in an outburst to Mrs Thrale,
or in his house in confidence to the mysterious servant, would
9
scarce. I am tired all the time. All the modern pictures are in the cellars. I keep a pillar to post account, but have written nothing connected since I left home, nor disconnected. 10 And not the thart ofa book beginning. The physical mess is trivial, beside the intellectual mess. I do not care, & don't know, whether they are connected or not. It is enough that I can't imagine anything worse than the mental marasmus, in which I totter & sweat for months. It has turned out indeed to be a journey from, and not to, as I knew it was, before I began it. I can't begin to make it clear to you, I haven't the energy to make it clear to myself. An instinctive respect, at least, for what is real, & therefore has not in its nature, to be clear. Then when somehow this goes over into words, one is called an obscurantist. The classifiers are the obscurantists.
mortis.
6 "Amicalement"(Allthebest).
MARY MANN ING HOWE CAMBRI DGE, MASS A CHUS ETTS
14/11/36
Hamburg
Dear Mary Congratulations.
1
Praised be the day before evening. Or not at all.
Send your poem. I know. It has the colour of lead and the texture of worn plush, and is rich in place-names. And Mons Venerillae? 2 Now you must be very careful, what you write, think, say, wish and fear. The appendix pain has gone, and will not return. The first communion glow steals over you from time to time. And impertinence you pity rather than pardon.
Reavey wrote enclosing a letter from Greensletandhindrance. I am exhorted to ablate 33. 3 recurring to all eternity of my work. I have thought of a better plan. Take every 500th word, punc tuate carefully and publish a poem in prose in the Paris Daily Mail.
382
14 November 1936, Manning Howe
Then the rest separately and privately, with a forewarning from
Geoffrey, as the ravings of a schizoid, or serially, in translation,
in the Zeitschrift fur Kitsch. 3 My next work shall be on rice
paper wound about a spool, with a perforated line every six inches
and on sale in Boots. The length of each chapter will be carefully
calculated to suit with the average free motion. And with every
copy a free sample of some laxative to promote sales. The Beckett
Bowel Books, Jesus in farto. Issued in imperishable tissue. Thistle
down end papers. All edges disinfected. 1000 wipes of clean fun.
4
I replied, dear agente provocatrice, that I would not have
a finger laid on the section entitled Amor intellectualis etc. , nor
on the Thema Coeli, nor on Endon's Affence, nor on the last
will and fundament, but that so far as the rest was concerned
I would willingly remove all ties and supports, dripstones, key
stones, cornerstones, buttresses, and, with especial pleasure,
the entire foundations, and accept full and entire responsibility
5
After all one is always flattered. It is only from the highest unities that a third can be negligently carved away and the remainder live. The amoeba's neck is not easily broken. Nor his countenance put out.
I dream, with the help of black coffee, of a lap the size of the fifteen acres, with all appurtenances strictly to scale, all to myself in my present deformity. Beauty is a blank wall with Paste No Bills. I am tired dashing my skull against it. I run the gauntlets of galleries, up and down the highly waxed calva ries, a cockshy and an Auunt [for Aunt] Sally of art. I go to an old woman this evening, whose house is a shrine to Schmidt-Rottluff,
383
Also in Braille for anal pruritics. All Sturm and no Drang.
fortheensuingdetritus. Theowls,cats,foxesandtoadsofthe higher criticism could be relied on to complete the picture, a romantic one.
14 November 1936, Manning Howe
a painter on Picasso's level, and it is like going to be keel hauled. 6 I should have been away from here this long time, there are so many other hoops to be gone through, and not another ball in sight. Ireland? I feel nothing but the dread at having to return.
I can't read, write, drink, think, feel, or move.
I seem impelled to address my friends when least in a con dition to.
People like me - for a little.
Mother was all set to join Susan in London & then of course
7
I am not obscure. Where it hurts? No aim need be taken. It doesn't hurt anywhere. And is worked up into a hurt every where. I feel like an anaesthetised Sebastian affecting to choke back his cries.
8
sf S
Through the wall come female Danish voices, two Jutland
tarts in colloquy. Pure chirping. They should be on a funeral
urn, in the Genesiacal period. Now I know how Ophelia
should speak the flower speech. And that Hamlet was mad.
9
1 SB's reference is not known. Mary Manning Howe was pregnant with her first child.
2 ThepoembyMaryManningHoweisnotidentified.
Mary Manning Howe was writing a novel, Mount Venus (1938); SB's use of the term Mons Venerillae in More Pricks Than Kicks is drawn from Burton, The Anatomy of
384
cried off. Frank still works every evening till 8.
That is worse than being disliked from the beginning. I hope
They will give the Nobel prize to Kurt Gotz next. Love
He is buried in no fewer than 54 Jutlandish localities. All the lavatory men say Heil Hitler. The best pictures are in the cellar. 10
TL! ; 1 leaf, 2 sides (ANS PS on verso); TxU.
14 November 1936, Manning Howe Melancholy (see Pilling, ed. , Beckett's Dream Notebook, 123; Pilling, A Companion to "Dream of
Fair to Middling Women," 263).
3 TheletterofFerrisGreenslet:13November1936,n. 1.
The Paris Daily Mail was the title of the continental edition of the Daily Mail (London)
published in Paris from 1905 to 1946.
As a trained psychiatrist, Geoffrey Thompson was competent to treat schizophrenia. "Zeitschrift furKitsch" (Magazine forKitsch), Beckett's invention.
4 SBwrote"<trimmed>disinfected. "Boots,chemists.
SB's pun refers to the "Sturm und Orang" (Storm and Stress) movement in the arts in
Germany in the late eighteenth century.
5 "Thema Coeli" refers to the horoscope section of Murphy (32-33), "Endon's Affence" to the chess game (243-245), and Murphy's "last will and fundament" to the reading of his will (268-269).
6 Thefifteenacres:29January[1935],n. 5.
On 15 November 1936, SB was invited for a second visit to the home of the art
historian Rosa Schapire (1874-1954). He knew that the intensity of her opinions was heightened by the fact that, as a Jew, she had been forbidden to publish or lecture (Beckett, Alles kommt auf so vie! an, 39-41).
Karl Schmidt-Rottluff(neKarl Schmidt, 1884-1976, who added the place of his birth to his name in 1905) was a member of the Briicke painters who formed a group from 1905 to 1913: Erich Heckel (1883-1970), Fritz Bleyl (1880-1966), EmstLudwigKirchner (1880-1938), Otto Mueller (1874-1930), Max Pechstein (1881-1955), and Emil Nolde. For photos of Schapire's home with Schmidt-Rottluff's portraits of her, as well as furniture and functional objects decorated by him, together with Schapire's extensive bibliography of his work, see Gerhard Wietek, "Rosa Schapire" in Jahrbuch der Hamburger Kunstsammlungen, IX (Hamburg: Dr. Ernst Hauswedell and Co. Verlag, 1964) 114-160.
The term "Aunt Sally," derived from fairground games, signifies an easy target.
7 SusanManning,motherofMaryManningHowe.
8 The 1936 Nobel Prize for Literature had just been awarded to American play wright Eugene O'Neill (1888-1953). German actor, director, novelist, and dramatist
Kurt Gatz (1888-1960) never received it.
9 TheentirePSishandwrittenininkontheversoofthetypedpage.
Danish tour groups resided in the Pension Hoppe in October and November 1936
(Beckett, Alles kommt auf so vie! an, 19, 40).
SB's allusion to a funeral um may be related to a lecture that he heard on 12
November 1936 by Dr. Eugen von Mercklin, Curator of Ancient Art, Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe (Arts and Crafts Museum), Hamburg, who spoke on the "Geometrische Periode," which he defined as 800 to 600 BC (Beckett, Alles kommt auf so vie! an, 37); SB imagines a vase from the "Genesiacal period" (the time of Genesis),
which, according to the Jewish Calendar, is c. 3761 BC.
SB alludes to Ophelia's flower speech (Shakespeare, Hamlet, IV. v. 175-177, 180-186).
10 Having bought the 1927 Hamburger Kunsthalle Katalog der neueren Meister, SB noted that many pictures were no longer on view, and that many were not described (Beckett, Alles kommt auf so vie! an, 28).
385
28 November 1937 {for 1936}, McGreevy THOMAS McGREEVY
LONDON
28/11/37 [for 1936] Hamburg
Dear Tom
Forgive my too long silence. I find it more & more difficult to
write, even letters to my friends.
The weather is appalling, a leaden yellow all day, and the
first drizzles of snow beginning. It will be colder in Berlin, but
1
The whole north Harz region is the richest in early Roman of all Germany. 3 If only I felt more up to looking at things, but for the past week I am in rotten form, grippe I think, with the old herpes & a slowly festering finger. I wanted to go to Bremen before leaving Hamburg, but the light is so frightful, and the constitution of the gallery there now so doubtful (I mean what pictures have they left hanging), & my apathy so enormous, that I have not made the trip. 4 From Brunswick I expect to go straight to Berlin, arriving there about a week or 10 days before Xmas. There I will remain at least a month. 5
I have met a lot of friendly people here, mostly painters. Kluth, Ballmer, Grimm, Bargheer, Hartmann - perhaps a name is familiar to you. It is an interesting group, especially Ballmer (a Swiss) & Grimm, for me. 6 They are all more or less suppressed, i. e. cannot exhibit publicly and dare sell only with precaution. The group was broken up in 1933, their library confiscated,
386
brighter. IleaveherenextThursdayorFriday. Iexpecttospend a night in Luneburg, perhaps a couple in Hanover, & then for a week sit down in Brunswick, from where excursions to Hildesheim, Goslar, Wolfenbiittel, Halberstadt, Quedlinburg, Riddagshausen, & Konigslutter. 2
28 November 1937 {for 1936}, McGreevy
etc. The influences are in every imaginable dosage Munch,
Nolde and the "Bridge" (Schmidt-Rottluff, Kirchner, Heckel,
etc. ). 7 I have seen several excellent private collections (where
alone living art is to be seen in Germany at present. The
Kronprinzenpalais in Berlin is closed, & that is typical for the
whole country, and the campaign against "Art-Bolschevism" is
only just beginning\ those of Fraulein Dr. Rosa Schapire, art
historian, exclusively Schmidt-Rottluff; 9 of Frau Sauerlandt,
widow of Professor Sauerlandt of the Art & Crafts Museum
here, whose banned book on the painting of the past 30 years I
succeeded in obtaining, mostly Nolde;10 and of a merchant
prince called Hudtwalcker, mostly Munch. 11 I also got permis
sion to view the Cellar of the Gallery, or rather one of the
cellars, & saw there in the twilight some excellent pictures of
the "Bridge" Group; in another cellar are some 60 pictures of the
German impressionist Liebermann. 12 I was refused permission
in the Art & Crafts Museum to inspect a carpet after design
by Schmidt-Rottluff. 13 I have introductions to Schmidt-Rottluff,
Nolde & Heckel in Berlin. 14 The fundamental antithesis, & the
two poles of influence, is Schmidt-Rottluff-Nolde. Spend [for
spent] a very interesting evening with Grimm & Ballmer, then
Grimm alone. Their enthusiasm for early Christian miniature
painting, especially the Irish Celtic. 15 Ballmer's painting is like
nothing I have seen, except some moods of the later Picasso (do
you remember the tremendous figure on a shore that I liked so
much in the big Paris Exhibition? ), metaphysical concrete. 16
Grimm draws like Lautrec, & then frail lyrical tempera colours.
Bargheer is very violent & intelligent & anatomical. Pollaiuolo,
whom I mentioned, he analyzed with admiral [for admirable]
17
justness & sensitiveness.
therefore only a very little disturbed by the official attitude
387
They are all profoundly serious and
28 November 1937 [for 1936}, McGreevy
towards them. I shall be surprised & lucky ifl find such energetic underground of painting in other parts of Germany. I hear on all
18
removed & leave a remainded [for remainder].
Drunken Boat was to have been published in New Poetry;
but I hear this has been deferred, to make room for an article by
20
sorry you have had to lay the Yeats aside. I'm afraid I couldn't write about pictures at all. I used never to be happy with a
21
I heard a lovely concert with the Berlin Philharmonic under
Sabata (pupil of Toscanini) from Milan: Strauss's Don Quixote,
which belongs to same period as Heldenleben & which therefore
I expected would be awful but which was exquisite; Bolero,
mistimed as usual, ejaculatio praecox as usual; & Brahms' �nd
Symphony superbly played, so that I understand Brahms (the
Brahms of the symphonies) a little for the first time & why I had
almost [for? always] found him so difficult to understand. Sabata
22
a Kraft <lurch Freude spinster from Altona. But Hindemith's
388
I meant to go home by Paris, but think now of going home the way I came. By April I expect to be far too tired for Paris. Perhaps I shall get off the boat at Southhampton or Plymouth or wherever it calls and have a short time in London & see you & Geoffrey. I suppose that will partly depend on what happens with Murphy. I hear from Reavey that Nott would take it if an American mug could be found, & furthermore that Houghton Mifflin are "on", but screaming for a cut of one third! 19 So the matter still pends, I not having refused blankly to change a syllable, but having replied with a polite request to be told how I was to remove more than I had already
sides that Hamburg is an island.
Ezra Pound.
I am glad you have got a translation from Heinemann, but
picture till it was literature, but now that need is gone.
was more conducted than conducting.
I was invited one evening to a Hausmusik. Wolf sung by
28 November 1937 [for 1936}, McGreevy
Matthias der Maler symphony on gramophone. 23 I so want to
see the Isenheimer Altar in Colmar, but don't see how it is to
be managed. There is something also in Aschaffenburg &
I think in Munich, but apparently trivial beside the
24
cent form. Mother has had no holiday & wont take one. Young
Sinclair has a job waiting in South Africa (I think thanks to
Dorothy Elvery), but is not well enough to travel. He is spending
a few days at Cooldrinagh! Boss has been moved to Rathdrum &
fallen in love with a nun. Cissie is beyond writing to me, & I have
25
Edinburgh, which he found appalling. And there is an Irishman
called Power, who has not been in Ireland, who was born in
Gibraltar, whose home is in Peru, whose interests are in Spain &
family in Marburg, whose family left Waterford, while the going
was good, in the 1s! li century. He stood me lunch in a vegetarian
26
in Brunswick would take me in. Only in ports does the new
27
Flamand] called Brulez, professor of French here, & gave
28
through him a real little German pedant Fraulein Tied[t]ke,
whose thesis on the Proustian Symbol I am at present skim
ming. She wrote me a long letter in crabbed French about
the shortcomings of my book, & I must meet here [for her]
Monday before a flowershop & render an account. But there is
something magnificent in doing a doctorate in 1936 with a
29
389
Isenheimer.
News from home is good. Frank seems to be in magnifi
this news from home.
We have an Icelander in the Pension now, fresh from
restaurant.
I am tired of this Pension. I wonder is there a whore left
Germany tolerate brothels.
I met a Proust fiend in the University, a Flamant [for
him my book, which released his compliments. And
work on not merely an "exquisite", but a non-Aryan.
Brulez
28 November 1937 {for 1936}, McGreevy
quoted with scorn Huxley's "mental masturbation". I said there were worst things, mental aspermatism for example. My Proust is apparently not positive & intellectual enough for the disciples of Curtius, I mean my presentation of Proust. They want to make his "solution" a little moral tri umph, the reward of endeavour & the crown of a life of striving a la Goethe. 30
Forgive this dry letter. It is all I can do to-day & to-morrow would be more than I could do.
Perhaps you would write in about a week to Poste Restante, Braunschweig. I expect to be there from about g! ! ! to 15! ! ! December.
Love ever Sam
31
ALS; 2 leaves, 4 sides; TCD, MS 10402/145. Dating: the letter is dated 193[7], the 7 added by AH; however, the year should be 1936, when SB was in Hamburg and Professor W. R. Fearon was appointed to the Irish Censorship of Publications Board (see n. 31 below).
1 SB left Hamburg for Luneburg on 4 December (Beckett, Alles kommt auf so viel an, 57).
2 Riddagshausen is a small town east of Brunswick with a church from 1278, part of a Cistercian monastery; K6nigslutter, a small town on the river Lutter, has a Romanesque church dating from 1150. In the end, SB did not visit Goslar (Lower Saxony), Halberstadt, or Quedlinburg (see 31 December 1936 below).
3 SBreferstoearlyRomanesquearchitecture.
4 "Grippe"(withflu). ThecollectionsoftheBremenKunsthallehadbecomedimin ished by circumspection in view of increasing government pressure (see Andreas Kreul, Oskar Kokoschka: Pariser Oper, Kunsthalle Bremen 30 June-30 August 1992 [Berlin: KulturStiftung der Lander and Kunstverein Bremen, 1992]; for the directive of 5 November 1936 to German gallery directors instructing them to remove decadent modern art, see Knowlson, Damned to Fame, 223).
5 SBmadesidetripsfromBrunswickandthenmadehiswaytoBerlin,arrivingon 11 December 1936 (Knowlson, Damned to Fame, 226).
390
I hear Fearon has been put on Censorship Committee.
28 November 1937 [for 1936], McGreevy
6 German painters Karl Kluth (1898-1972), Willem Grimm (1904-1986), Eduard Bargheer {1901-1979), Erich Hartmann (1886-1974), and Swiss painter Karl Ballmer (1891-1958).
SB met Kluth and Hartmann at a dinner on 23 November at the home of Margaritha (nee Hoffmann, 1883-1955) and Theodor Durrieu (1875-1967); SB met Kluth again on 25 November and also on that day he visited Grimm (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 27, 48-49, 50). As he wrote in his diary: "Grimm's painting most interesting I have yet seen of Hamburg group . . . Munch influence seems worked out . . . Exquisite colour & composition" (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 50). For Ballmer, see n. 16 below.
7 TheseartistsweremembersoftheHamburgSecessiongroupwhich"sawitself as the successor to Die Briicke"; it was established in 1919 and "disbanded itself on 16 May 1933 in response to the Nazi demand to expel its Jewish members" (Struan Robertson, "A History of the Jews in Hamburg: Three Jewish Women Hamburg Secessionists" [wwwl. uni-hamburg. de/rz3a035//secession. html], 27 October 2006). The Bibliothek der Anthroposophischen Gesellschaft had been closed on 16 November 1935 (Quadflieg, Beckett was here, 171).
8 TheKronprinzenpalaiswasthedepartmentformodemartoftheBerlinNational Gallery, Unter den Linden, 3; the upper rooms on its first floor "were closed on 30 October 1936" because works by "Barlach, Beckmann, Dix, Hofer, Nolde and other contemporary artists" were exhibited there (Professor Dr. Bernd Evers, Kunstbibliothek, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 3 June 1993). Ernst Barlach {1870-1938), Max Beckmann (1884-1950), Otto Dix (1891-1969), Karl Hofer (also Carl, 1878-1955).
The Nazi campaign against "Art-Bolshevism" ("Kulturbolschewismus") perniciously linked Communists, Jews, and contemporary artists, attacking them as degenerate influences on Aryan culture.
SB adopts the German spelling of the root word (Bolsche-) and adds an English ending (-vism).
9 Dr. RosaSchapire:14November1936,n. 6.
10 SB visited Frau Alice Sauerlandt (nee Schmidt, 1880-1972), the widow of Max Sauerlandt, who had been Director of the Museum fur Kunst und Gewerbe until 1933. SB's notes on his visits on 21 and 26 November mention work by Nolde, Schmidt-Rottluff, Kirchner, and Ballmer (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an. 46, 52). Aware that Sauerlandt's catalogue, Die Kunst der Letzten 30Jahre (1935) had been banned, SB asked Frau Sauerlandt if he could buy a copy from her (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 46).
11 ThroughRosaSchapire,SBmetDr. HeinrichC. Hudtwalcker(1880-1952),indus trialist and art patron in Hamburg, whose collection he visited on 22 November. SB admired Munch's Girls on the Bridge (1900; now HK 5052) and a painting of a man and a woman by Otto Muller; he noted works by the German-born Norwegian painter Rolf Nesch (1893-1975) and Munch's portraits of Hudtwalcker (1925, Oslo, Munch Museum 116) and Maria Agatha Hudtwalcker (1927; Oslo, Munch Museum 124) (Beckett. Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 47; Quadflieg, Beckett was here, 145-146; Maike Bruhns, Kunst in der Krise: Hamburger Kunst im "Dritten Reich" [Hamburg: Dolling und Galitz Verlag, 2001] 244; Ame Eggum, Edvard Munch: Portretter [Oslo: Munch-Musette / Labyrinth Press, 1994] 23, 244).
12 SBwenttotheHamburgerKunsthalleon19NovembertoviewSchmidt-Rottluff and Kirchner drawings in its Kupferstichkabinett or Print Gallery. Rosa Schapire was
391
28 November 1937 [for 1936}, McGreevy
there, and, through her intervention, SB was allowed to visit the storage area. SB's spontaneous visit broke with restrictions, and there were repercussions for the museum staff (see Matthias Miihling, Mit Samuel Beckett in der Hamburger Kunsthalle ! Hamburg: Hamburger Kunsthalle, 2003J, frontispiece and 29-30).
Here SB saw works by Schmidt-Rottluff, Kirchner, Pechstein; he specifically men tioned Windbride by Oskar Kokoschka (1886-1980) (HK 2256, confiscated as degenerate art in 1937; now in the Basel Kunstmuseum, 1745) and Nolde's Christ Among the Children (also known as Christ and the Children, HK 1683, confiscated as degenerate art in 1937; now in MOMA 341. 55). The last ofthese moved SB to say: "Feel at once on terms with the picture, & that I want to spend a long time before it, & play it over & over much like the record ofa quartet" (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso viel an, 44; with appreciation to Mark Nixon and James KnowIson for their assistance with this transcription).
The Hamburg museum listed sixty-four paintings or studies by Max Liebermann (1847-1935). Liebermann's work was banned for its depiction of! aborers and because he was Jewish; he was pressured to resign as President ofthe Prussian Academy ofArt in 1932.
13 SBwenttotheMuseumfiirKunstundGewerbeon17November1936(Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 42).
14 FrauSauerlandtgaveSBaddressesforNolde,Schmidt-Rottluff,andHeckel,and permission to use her name in contacting them; she also encouraged SB to visit the collection of Gustav Schiefler (1857-1935) in Hamburg (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 52).
15 At the studio of Willem Grimm on 25 November, SB met the painter and graphic artist Gretchen Wohlwill (1878-1962), and artist Hans Martin Ruwoldt (1891-1969) (Quadflieg, Beckett was here, 155). Grimm and Ruwoldt were especially interested in the Celtic motifs found in the Book ofKells (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 51).
16 SB visited Ballmer in his studio on 26 November 1936. He described Ballmer's paintings: "Transparent figures before landscapes . . . Wonderful red Frauenkopf, skull earth sea & sky. " He continued: "Would not occur to me to call this painting abstract. A metaphysical concrete. Nor nature convention, but its source, fountain ofErscheinung. Fully a posteriori painting. Object not exploited to illustrate an idea . . . The communi cation exhausted by the optical experience that is its motive & content" (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso viel an, 51-52; Quadflieg, Beckett was here, 168-169; Ballmer's Head in Red IAargauer Kunsthaus, Aargau, Switzerland, 28471). "Erscheinung" (manifestation).
SB likens Ballmer's work to Picasso's Figure au bord de la mer (1929; MOMA, on loan, no. 187 in the Exposition Picasso at the Galeries Georges Petit, Paris, 16 June-30 July 1932 (Charles Vrancken, ed. , Exposition Picasso: 16 juin-30 juillet 1932 ! Paris: Galeries Georges Petit, 1932] 62, illus. follows 70).
17 SB was especially drawn to Grimm's "Rummelpott" series; he preferred "the stillness & the unsaid ofGrimm & Ballmer" to the preoccupation with the "dynamics ofmovement" in the work ofEduard Bargheer, which he called "the bull ofpainting by the horns" (Beckett, Alles kommt auf so vie! an, 50, 53; Quadflieg, Beckett was here, 175-176). SB met Eduard Bargheer at his studio on 27 November; as Bargheer had recently returned from Italy, SB asked him about the painting of Piero Pollaiuolo (1441-1496) (for their discussion see Beckett, Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 53).
392
28 November 1937 [for 1936}, McGreevy
18 Ballmer had not been able to exhibit since 1933, and Bargheer had experi enced similar difficulties (Beckett, Alles kommt auf so viel an, 52-53; Quadflieg, Beckett was here, 170).
19 BothGeoffreyThompsonandMcGreevywereinLondon.
Attempts to publish Murphy: see SB to George Reavey, 13 November 1936, and to Mary Manning Howe, 14 November 1936.
20 CommissionedbyEdwardTitus,SBhadtranslatedRimbaud'spoem"LeBateauivre" as "The Drunken Boat" in 1932 (see 13 September 1932, n. 9). It was to be published not in New Poetry, but in Contemporary Poetry and Prose. However, SB's translation was displaced by a letter that Ezra Pound had written against surrealism, "The Coward Surrealists," to which the editor Roger Roughton (1916-1941) replied ("Eyewash, Do You? ," Contemporary Poetry and Prose 7 [November 1936] 137-138). The following number of Contemporary Poetry and Prose (8 [December 19361) was a short-story issue. The journal's final two numbers were issued as a quarterly in 1937.
21 McGreevy was translating Oasis interdites: de Pekin au Cachemire (1937) by Ella K. Maillart (1903-1997) for Heinemann; the translation was entitled Forbidden Journey: From Peking to Kashmir. Prior to this, he had been working on his study ofJack B. Yeats.
22 On20NovemberattheConventgartenTheatre,SBheardtheBerlinPhilharmonic conducted by Victor de Sabata (1892-1967), pupil of Italian-born conductor Arturo Toscanini (1867-1957). Don Qµixote, op. 35 ("Fantasy with Variations on a Theme of Knightly Character, for cello and orchestra"), and Bin Heldenleben (A Hero's Life), op. 40, by Richard Strauss are both tone poems. SB refers to Bolero by Maurice Ravel and Brahms's Symphony no. 2 in D major, op. 73 (see Beckett,AUes kommt aufso vie! an, 45-46).
23 SBwenttoa"Hausmusik"(homeconcert)atthehomeofOrs. MariaandPaul Riimker (n. d. ) on 24 November: the singer from Altona has not been identified. "Kraft <lurch Freude" (Strength through Joy) was a Nazi slogan and the name of a Nazi organization created in 1933 to sponsor "appropriate" recreation and leisure activities for the working population.
Austrian composer Hugo Wolf is known for his musical settings of poetry. The symphony Mathis der Maler (1934) was the first musical response by Paul Hindemith (1895-1963) to his interest in the north German painter Grunewald (ne Mathis Gothart, also called Nithart or Neithardt, c. 1475-1528), on whose life and work he later (1938) based his opera of the same name.
24 Grunewald'sIsenheimAltarpiece(MuseumUnterlinden,Colmar). SBalsorefersto the altar by Grunewald for the Mariaschnee Chapel in the Church of St. Peter and St. Alexander in Aschaffenburg and paintings in the collection of the Alte Pinakothek in Munich.
25 MorrisSinclairwenttoSouthAfricaasatutortotwoboysonasheepfarmnear GraaffReinet; Dorothy Kay (nee Elvery, 1886-1964), Irish-born South African artist, a girlhood friend of Morris's mother Cissie Beckett Sinclair, arranged this post for him (Morris Sinclair, 9 May 1991).
Boss Sinclair had been moved from the National Hospital for Consumption in Ireland (Newcastle Sanatorium) in Newtownmountkennedy in Co. Wicklow to St. Colman's Hospital, Rathdrum, Co. Wicklow, which was run by The Sisters of the Poor Servants of the Mother of God.
393
28 November 1937 [for 1936], McGreevy
26 TheIcelander is mentioned in SB's diary entry for 24November 1936, but not named (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso viel an, 50). Power's full name is not known; he and SB had lunch together on 17November (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso viel an, 26, 41).
27 Brothel regulation was an element inNazi policy from 1933 up until the War (see Julia Roose, "Backlash against Prostitutes' Rights: Origins and Dynamics ofNazi Prostitution Policy," Journal of the History of Sexuality 11. 1-2 [2002] 67-94).
28 Dr. LucienBrulez(1891-1982)wasaLektor(Lecturer)inFrenchattheUniversity of Hamburg from 1920 to 1956; he taught nineteenth-and twentieth-century French literature, although his publications were primarily in philosophy (Eckart Krause, 27 July 1993). SB met Brulez through Frau Durrieu, and attended his lecture on Diderot on 12November 1936; SB noted that Brulez was interested in Proust "as philosopher & symbolist" (Beckett, Alles kommt aufso viel an, 38).
Flamand (Fleming).
29 IrmaTiedtke(1910-? 1943)tookherdissertationoralexaminationsinJune1935; Dr. Brulez directed her thesis, which was published as Symbole und Bilder im Werke Marcel Prousts (1936) (Quadflieg, Beckett was here, 120). SB arranged on 28November to meet her on Monday, 1 December; she was also present on 16 November when SB met Brulez again.
30 On16November,Brulezdiscussed"Proust,Bergson,Plato&Kant"(Beckett,Alles kommt aufso vie! an, 44). Brulez apparently quoted from Aldous Huxley's Eyeless in Gaza a passage in which the narrator discusses meditation as one of many "bolt-holes" from unpleasant reality: "Charismata like masturbations. Masturbations, however, that are dignified, by the amateur mystics who practise them, with all the most sacred names of religion and philosophy. 'The contemplative life'" ([London: Chatto and Windus, 1936] 503).
ErnstRobert Curtius (1886-1956), German literary historian and Professor ofFrench at the universities of Bonn, Marburg, and Heidelberg.
31 W. R. FearonwasnamedtotheCensorshipofPublicationsBoardinIrelandon 23November1936("CensorshipBoard:ResignationofMr. Thrift,Dr. FearonAppointed as Successor," The Irish Times 24November 1936: 7).
BRIAN COFFEY DUB LIN
5/12/36
[no greeting]
C'est ici que pendant 50 ans il se faisait des idees distinctes,
ou, pire, s'en laissait faire. C'est maintenant musee des arts et desmetiers. 1 Solidementassisdansunelumierenordilbarraita tombeau ouvert. Je viens de subir une petite amende (lRM) pour
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13 December 1936, Manning Howe
m'etre promene d'une fac;on dangereuse. Par consequent je pars, pour Braunschweig, en silence dore, d'ou je t'ecrirais.
Sam
APCS; 1 leaf, 1 side; "Hannover: Leibniz-Haus"; to Brian Coffey Esq, 41 Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin C 19, Irland; pm 5-12-36,Hannover, 7-12·36, Dublin; DeU, Coffey.
5/12/36
[no greeting]
This is where, for fifty years, he formed distinct ideas, or,
1
1 TheLeibnizhausinHanoverwasrestoredin1891-1892andatthistimehoused the Kunstgewerbe-Museum (Arts and Crafts Museum). The building was destroyed in World War II and subsequently rebuilt.
Leibniz administered the library that was moved from theHerrenhausen Palace into Hanover in 1679; from 1698, the library had its own building, and included living quarters for the librarian. From 1690, Leibniz was also librarian for the more impor
tant HerzogAugust Bibliothek in Wolfenbiittel.
worse, let them form in him. Now it is a museum ofarts and crafts. Solidly seated in a north light he did his deleting and striking out over an open tomb. I have just had a small fine (1 RM) imposed on me for walking in a dangerous fashion. As a result, I am leaving for Braunschweig, in golden silence. I would write to you from there.
Sam
MARY MANNI NG HOWE CAMBRIDGE, MAS SACHUSETTS
13/12/36
Hotel Deutsche Traube Berlin n 4, InvalidenstraBe 32
dear Mary
I'm writing this to you in a pub, because my room in the
picture gives me the chinks. I was very glad to have your long
395
13 December 1936, Manning Howe
letter, which reached me here, where I have been for 2 days,
1
I did not know I wrote you any unkind cryptograms, and am heartily sorry if so. I shall now try and be clear & pleasant. Even
2
I do not know Grene. If he is the person that was once pointed out to me in Dublin, he looks like a semicircumcised bugger.
4
The last I heard about the book from Reavey, as I thought I
wrote to you, was that Mifflin were suggesting that 1/3 should be
ablated, & enclosing a letter that I have forgotten. I replied to
Reavey, saying that I did not understand how more could be
taken away from the unfortunate book than I had already taken
away myself, & leave a remainder; but that I only asked to be in
this matter enlightened, by some critic more alive to the econ
omy of the work than I was myself. To this humble obeisance I
have received no reply. Nott was apparently prepared to take on
the book if an American mug could be found; & Mifflin if an
5
I also am very interested in the Johnson-Thrale-Piozzi arrangement, and often thought what a good subject was
6
having come slowly from Hamburg by Hannover & Brunswick. In a few weeks I shall go on to Dresden & from there to Munich & from there I suppose slowly home, probably the same way I came. For by April I expect to be far too tired for Paris. I am tired already.
an improvement in the script perhaps you may notice.
3
I am not on the lookout for a lap.
Englishmug. Itseemedtome,unfamiliarwiththeniceties,that my agent had merely to bring the mugs together & the abuse would begin to pour in. It seems I was wrong again.
there,perhapsonlyonelongact. Whatinterestedmeespecially was the breakdown ofJohnson as soon as Thrale disappeared. I do not think Piozzi enters Johnson's psychological situation at all. I think that his abuse of Piozzi is a blind. Piozzi was the
396
pretext that he needed, to get away with an appearance of
7
the Platonic gigolo or housefriend, with not a testicle, auricle
or ventricle to stand on when the bluff is called. His impotence
was mollified by Mrs Thrale so long as Thrale was there, then
suddenly exasperated when the licensed mentula was in the
connubial position for the first time for years, thanks to rigor
8
his den in Fleet Street after the last visit to Mrs Thrale, forgetting
a lamppost & hurrying back. Can't think why there hasn't been a
film ofJohnson, with Laughton. But I think one act, with some
thing like the psychology above, in an outburst to Mrs Thrale,
or in his house in confidence to the mysterious servant, would
9
scarce. I am tired all the time. All the modern pictures are in the cellars. I keep a pillar to post account, but have written nothing connected since I left home, nor disconnected. 10 And not the thart ofa book beginning. The physical mess is trivial, beside the intellectual mess. I do not care, & don't know, whether they are connected or not. It is enough that I can't imagine anything worse than the mental marasmus, in which I totter & sweat for months. It has turned out indeed to be a journey from, and not to, as I knew it was, before I began it. I can't begin to make it clear to you, I haven't the energy to make it clear to myself. An instinctive respect, at least, for what is real, & therefore has not in its nature, to be clear. Then when somehow this goes over into words, one is called an obscurantist. The classifiers are the obscurantists.
mortis.
