103-31; the
contrast between moral sentiment and moral
science in Europe, 103; the basis of a moral
science, 104; the problem of morality hitherto
omitted in every science of morals, 104; systems
of, as merely a sign-language of the emotions,
106; essentials in every system of—long con-
straint, 106; longobedience in thesamedirection,
109; the necessity of fasting, 109; the sublima-
tion of sexual impulse into love, 110; our
aversion to the new, 113; the Jews and the
commencement of the slave insurrection in
morals, 117; the psychologist of, 117; as timid-
ity, 118; the value of systems critically estimated,
118; as timidity again, 119; the morality of
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow :—I, Birth
of Tragedy.
contrast between moral sentiment and moral
science in Europe, 103; the basis of a moral
science, 104; the problem of morality hitherto
omitted in every science of morals, 104; systems
of, as merely a sign-language of the emotions,
106; essentials in every system of—long con-
straint, 106; longobedience in thesamedirection,
109; the necessity of fasting, 109; the sublima-
tion of sexual impulse into love, 110; our
aversion to the new, 113; the Jews and the
commencement of the slave insurrection in
morals, 117; the psychologist of, 117; as timid-
ity, 118; the value of systems critically estimated,
118; as timidity again, 119; the morality of
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow :—I, Birth
of Tragedy.
Nietzsche - v18 - Epilogue, Index
63; a contribution to the characterisation of,
64; favourite obstacles and remedies of, 103-4-
— a criticism of, xvi. 96; the escape from, 127; toe
hyperboreans, 127.
— Beyond Good and Evil (1886), a criticism of, xvii. 115.
Modesty, on, vi. 376.
— of the mature philosopher, ix. 340.
— the danger of, xv. 371.
Mohammed, the god of, viii. 165.
— instanced, ix. 381.
— alluded to, xv. 375.
— the " holy lie" as common to, xvi. 214.
Mohammedanism and its use of a " beyond," xiv. 125; an
affirmative religion of the Semitic order, 126.
Moira, the Greek conception of, vi. 117.
— the realm of, ix. 135.
Moliere, a delineator of moral character masks, vii. 230;
the exponent of a fixed idea, 314.
— quoted, xii. 18.
— Nietzsche's artistic taste defends, xvii. 38.
Moltke and David Strauss, iv. 57.
Mommsen, the confessions of, iv. 23.
Monarchy, the representative belief of, xv. 206.
Monastery, the, spoilt through having been abused by the
church, xv. 337.
Money, banquets that represent, ix. 209.
Monotheism perhaps the greatest danger of mankind in
the past, x. 179.
Mont Blanc, the view of, from Geneva, vii. 296.
Montaigne and the use made of history to-day, iv. 118.
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow :—I, Birth
of Tragedy. II, Early Greek Philosophy. Ill, Future of Educa-
tional Institutions. IV, Thoughts out of Season, i. V, Thoughts out
of Season, ii. VI, Human, all-too-Human, i. VII, Human, ail-too-
I84
## p. 185 (#259) ############################################
MONTAIGNE—MORALITY
Montaigne, the rank held by, for honesty, v. 116.
— as Shakespeare's model, vi. 177.
— a guide to the understanding of Socrates, vii. 242;
his books praised, 302; alluded to, 178.
— on doubt, ix. 52-3.
— his loquacity, x. 130; alluded to, 61.
— Nietzsche's affinity to, xvii. 38.
Monnmentum are perennius, the, the non-belief in, vi. 36.
Moon, the, lunar love—immaculate perception, xi. 145.
Moore (Thomas), afraid to publish Byron's autobiography,
so he burnt it, xiii. 179.
Moral evolution, the tendency of, xiv. 279.
Moral ideal, the, (Sec. v. Part ii. Book ii. ) xiv. 264-311.
Moral idiosyncratist, the, xiv. 223.
Moral observation, the necessity of, vi. 56 et seg.
Moral sentiments, the history of {a. series of aphorisms), vi.
53-i10-
Moral valuations, the history of, is the history of the error
of responsibility, vi. 60.
Moralisation, the history of, xv. 229-38.
Moralist, the, concerning the ideal of, xiv. 248-51.
— characterised, xvi. 31.
Moralists, the analytical, not to be confused with the petty-
minded, vii. 199-200.
— on moral mosquitoes, ix. 286; two kinds of, 312.
Morality, denned as the will to disown life, i. 10.
— the current of, flowing through Wagner's characters,
iv. 11o.
— of Christian and the antique virtues, v. 112; the ne-
cessity for teachers of, 113.
— private and oecumenical, vi. 40; and the order of
Human, ii. VIII, Case of Wagner. IX, Dawn of Day. X, Joyful
Wisdom. XI, Zarathustra. XII, Beyond Good and Evil. XIII,
Genealogy of Morals. XIV, Will to Power, i. XV, Will to Power,
ii. XVI, Antichrist. XVII, Ecce Homo.
! 85
## p. 186 (#260) ############################################
INDEX—NIETZSCHE
possessions, vi. 62 ; what it is to be immoral, 63;
the suspicion thrown on, for faith's sake, 73; the
noble acts, desires, and aspirations of, 75; the
glamour and shadow cast upon actions by suc-
cess and failure, 80; the moral sense, 84; the
pleasure given by, 90; the three phasesof, hither-
to existing, 92; the morality of the mature
individual, 93; its relation to custom and tradi-
tion, 94 et seq. ; alluded to, 61.
Morality, against the "triers of the reins " of, vii. 31; the art
of, 32; why the sceptics offend, 42; its origin
traced, 46; its sacrifice, 46; mercantile morality
a refinement of piratical, 201; the significance
of oblivion in, 218; the heirs to its wealth, 219;
on its grades and motives, 221 ; the intellectual
versus the instinctive, 222 ; the traces of its de-
velopment found in literature, 252; Greek
literature instanced, 252 ; alluded to, 300.
— the antithesis between Master and Christian, viii.
48; Greek morality not founded on religion but
on the polis, 165.
— the arts and weapons of defence used by, ix. 3; the
veritable Circe of philosophers, 3; the conception
of the morality of custom, 14; the most moral
man, 15; on immoralists, 16; counter-motion
between the sense of causality and the sense of
morality, 17; the significance of madness in the
history of, 20; the morality of voluntary
suffering, 24; its opposition to amendments,
27; the various consequences of the observance
of its principles, 28; on refined cruelty, and the
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow :—I, Birth
of Tragedy. II, Early Greek Philosophy. Ill, Future of Educa-
tional Institutions. IV, Thoughts out of Season, i. V, Thoughts out
of Season, ii. VI, Human, all-too-Human, i. VII, Human, ail-too-
186
## p. 187 (#261) ############################################
MORALITY
thirst for distinction in the practice of, 36; the
most ancient moral judgments, 98; two classes
of people who deny, 99 ; on picturesque morality
—more beautiful but less valuable, 150; the
organisation of deviating people perhaps prema-
ture, 167; a morality which does not bore one,
168; the attitude of the Germans to, 21. 7; the
capacity of the German to raise himself above,
221 ; enthusiastic sacrifice, and the morality of
victims, 226; the morality of sacrifice, 231; a
moral interregnum, 324.
Morality,as the herd instinct in the individual, x. 160; advice
addressed to the preachers of, 226; considered
as a problem, 280; moral criticism and valuation,
281; its value remains untested, 282; the indis-
pensability of the disguise of, 293; vengeance
on intellect and other backgrounds of, 315 ; on
viewing, from a position outside, 347 ; conditions
of getting there, 348.
— The Thousand and one Goals {Za. ra. thustra. 's discourse),
xi. 65-8.
— the surmounting of, xii. 47; the calling to account of
popular, 48; the herding animal morality at
present in Europe, 127; on love for one's
enemies, 160; the morally tactful, 161; the dis-
tinction of rank between man and man, and con-
sequently between morality and morality, 175;
the two primary types of master morality, 227-
30; slave morality, 230-2; and mediocrity,
237-
— Nietzsche on his first explorations in, xiii. 10; the
Human, ii. VIII, Case of Wagner. IX, Dawn of Day. X, Joyful
Wisdom. XI, Zarathustra. XII, Beyond Good and Evil. XIII,
Genealogy of Morals. XIV, Will to Power, i. XV, Will to Power,
i<. XVI, Antichrist. XVII, Ecce Homo.
187
## p. 188 (#262) ############################################
INDEX—NIETZSCHE
English psychologists and the history of, 17; the
origin of the concept "good," 19.
Morality, advantages offered by the Christian hypothesis of,
xiv. 8-9; the recoil of truth upon, 9; the con-
sequent antinomy of, 10; every moral value
terminates in Nihilism, 19; its attitude to all will
to power, 50; the protection offered by, to the
botched and bungled, against nihilism, 51; our
more natural attitude to, 98; as part of the in-
vention of the "holy lie," 122; religion and
culture ultimately wrecked by the belief in, 128;
a criticism of, (Part ii. Bk. ii. ) 210-326; the new
task—to see and reveal the problem of, 218; as
a work of immorality, 219; its usefulness to life,
220; the two types of, not to be confounded,
221; the moral essentially the same as the im-
moral, 224; an illustrative parable, 225; as the
will to power of the herd, 226; European,
based upon the values which are useful to the
herd, 228; general observations concerning, (Sec
iii. Pt. ii. Bk. ii. ) 237-47; regarded as an at-
temptat establishinghuman pride, 237; acounter-
movement, 238; morality for its own sake, 245;
a form of immorality, 251 ; in the valuation of
races and classes, 254-6; as a means of seduction,
280; Christian morality, 306 ; intolerance on the
part of, a sign of weakness, 307; as a counter
movementopposing nature's endeavours to arrive
at a higher type, 321; the illusion of a species,
325; as faced by the higher men, 325; regarded
as the highest form of protection, 329; the Circe
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow :—I, Birth
of Tragedy. II, Early Greek Philosophy. Ill, Future of Educa-
tional Institutions. IV, Thoughts out of Season, i. V, Thoughts out
of Season, ii. VI, Human, all-too-Human, i. VII, Human, ail-too-
ISS
## p. 189 (#263) ############################################
MORALITY—MORALS
of philosophers, 380; moral values transvalued,
381.
Morality, a means of defence, xv. 188; essentially the means
of making something survive the individual, 190;
liberal-mindedness regarding, one of the best
signs of our age, 202; a decadent human institu-
tion, 239; he who would elevate the type
"man" must place himself beyond morality,
326; on new forms of, 335.
— must be shot at, xvi. 6; as the enemy of nature, (Chap.
iv. ) 26-32; the villainy of its mutiny against
life, 30; as formulated by Schopenhauer, 31;
Indian, 46; have we really become more moral,
90-4; Christian-Jewish, 157 ; as Jewish priestly
historical falsification, 158; its dissolution, 260;
why it has to be overcome, 263; no limit
hitherto to the species, 269.
— has falsified everything psychological and even called
love unselfish, xvii. 64; the campaign against,
opened in The Dawn of Day, 91; Nietzsche the
first to deny Christian morality, 134; to feel it
beneath him, 138; to unmask it, 139; the
idiosyncrasy of decadents actuated by a desire
- to avenge themselves with success upon life, 141.
Morals, popular medicines and popular morals closely
related, ix. 18; animal equivalents of, 33;
may be described as of animal origin, 34; on
moral feelings and conceptions, 40; impulses
transformed by moral judgments, 43; on sub-
mission to, 97 ; against definitions of moral aims,
102; authoritative morals and the right to act,
Human, ii. VIII, Case of Wagner. IX, Dawn of Day. X, Joyful
Wisdom. XI, Zaraihustra. XII, Beyond Good and Evil. XIII,
Genealogy of Morals. XIV, Will to Power, i. XV, Will to Power,
ii. XVI, Antichrist. XVII, Ecce Homo.
189
## p. 190 (#264) ############################################
INDEX—NIETZSCHE
ix. 103 ; some theses of, 104; on the natural his-
tory of duty and right, 110; the last echoes of
Christianity in, 138; moral fashions, 138; on
looking beyond one's neighbour, 156; looking
far ahead, 158; effects of fashionable morals on
the community, 177; applied to parliamentary
systems, 183; French esprit and German morals,
192; vanity of the teachers of, 193; the instinct
of fear behind the fashion in, 177; the value of
professing strictest theories regarding, 223; a
hint to moralists, from modern musical develop-
ment, 236; on self-satisfaction and cowardice,
282; moral pampering, 300; the illusion of the
moral order of the universe, 390.
Morals, the extent of the moral, x. 159; on actions, moral
judgments, and new tables of value, 259-63.
— The natural history of, (Chap, v. ) xii.
103-31; the
contrast between moral sentiment and moral
science in Europe, 103; the basis of a moral
science, 104; the problem of morality hitherto
omitted in every science of morals, 104; systems
of, as merely a sign-language of the emotions,
106; essentials in every system of—long con-
straint, 106; longobedience in thesamedirection,
109; the necessity of fasting, 109; the sublima-
tion of sexual impulse into love, 110; our
aversion to the new, 113; the Jews and the
commencement of the slave insurrection in
morals, 117; the psychologist of, 117; as timid-
ity, 118; the value of systems critically estimated,
118; as timidity again, 119; the morality of
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow :—I, Birth
of Tragedy. II, Early Greek Philosophy. Ill, Future of Educa-
tional Institutions. IV, Thoughts out of Season, i. V, Thoughts out
of Season, ii. VI, Human, all-too-Human, i. VII, Human, ail-too-
)
190
## p. 191 (#265) ############################################
MORALS—MOTHER
love to one's neighbour, 123; fear as the
mother of, 124; the timidity of the herd, 125;
the deliverers of moral judgments, 162; the
fallacy—what is right for one is right for another,
165; symptoms of, as soporific appliances, 173;
the English Utilitarians instanced, 174; the
distinction of rank between man and man, and
consequently between morality and morality,
175-
Morals, the revolt of the slaves in, xiii. 34; the historic in-
stinct lacking in current genealogists of, 68.
— moral valuations terminate in Nihilism, xiv. 19; moral
corruption as a result of decadence, 35; Chris-
tian moral quackery, 204; the value of Christian
morals, 207; Nietzsche's leadingdoctrine, moral
phenomena, 214; the moral essentially the same
as the immoral, 224; a parable, 225; moral
naturalism, 246.
— a moral defined, xv. 28; moral values in epistemo-
logy itself, 78; the antithesis moral—immoral,
229-38.
— rungs in the ladder, xvi. 7; the non-existence of
moral facts, 44.
Moses, the law of, and the act of life, x. 68.
— and the Jewish priests, xvi. 160.
Mother, the great, Christianity and the cult of, xvi. 223.
Mother tongue, the, and the duty of higher education,
iii. 47; how now treated, 55; the very begin-
ning of all real culture, 58; the natural starting-
point of a classical education, 60; on translating
into, 64; the hope of the German spirit, 67.
Human, ii. VIII, Case of Wagner. IX, Dawn of Day. X, Joyful
Wisdom. XI, Zarathustra. XII, Beyond Good and Evil. XIII,
Genealogy of Morals. XIV, Will to Power, i. XV, Will to Power,
ii. XVI. Antichrist. XVII, Ecce Homo.
191
## p. 192 (#266) ############################################
INDEX—NIETZSCHE
Motives often sanctified by results, vii. 48.
— the combat of, and the comparison of consequences
preceding an action, ix. 132.
— the belief in, x. 81.
Mountains, the, the soliloquy of the wanderer in, vii
.
127; the warmth on the heights of truth, 160.
Mozart, David Strauss and, iv. 41.
— his biographers, v. 60.
— and the age of Louis xiv. , vii. 88; his cheerfulness,
143; the inspiration of his music, 268; and his
interpreters, 273.
— his relation to music, viii. 17; prevalent tastes ap-
plied to, 62; the golden seriousness of, 63; the
epoch which found expression in, 64; Wagner
lacks the German charm of, 92; his Requiem,
101.
— the music of, ix. 229.
— the "good old" past and the music of, xii. 200; as
an European event, 202.
— alluded to, xiii. 218.
— a delicate and lovable soul, but quite eighteenth
century, xv. 279.
— the libretto of the Magic Flute quoted, xvi. 81.
Miiller (Ottfried) alluded to, viii. 162.
Multatuli, quoted (note), xvi. 207.
Mummery, why does everything become? xvi. 61; on
modern, 66; in the arts, 66; rudimentary psy-
chology and, 356.
Munich, its alcoholic drinks—there live my antipodes, xvii.
3o-3i-
Murat, Napoleon's opinion of, x. 189.
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow:—I, Birth
of Tragedy. II, Early Greek Philosophy. Ill, Future of Educa-
tional Institutions. IV, Thoughts out of Season, i. V. Thoughts out
of Season, ii. VI, Human, all-too-Human, i. VII, Human, ail-too-
192
## p. 193 (#267) ############################################
MUSIC
Music, the " Dionysian "art, i. 21 ; the essence of Diony-
sian music and music in general, 32 ; of Apollo,
32; Schiller's musical mood preceding practical
ideas, 44; the copy of the primordial unity pro-
duced by the lyrist, 45 ; the relation of lan-
guage to, 55 ; the Heracleian power of, 84; the
antithesis between music and plastic art, 121;
the key to the symbolism of the Hellenic di-
vinities, 121; a direct copy of the will itself, 121
et seq. ; how related to image and concept, 123;
as the language of the will, 123; its capacity to
give birth to myth, 127; as realising the spiritual
and ideal in Attic tragedy—then disappearing,
130; the truly " Dionysian," compared with the
dithyrambic, 132; the association of words with,
—recitative—the opera, 143 et seq. ; manners
of German music and German philosophy, 152;
brought to perfection by tragedy, 159; the signi-
ficance imparted to, by tragic myth, 160; Apol-
lonian and Dionysian—an analysis of the third
act of Tristan und Isolde, 161-7; the insepara-
bility of, from tragic myth, 185; the united
function of, 185.
— tlu relationship between words and, ii. 29-47; the
futility of endeavouring to illustrate a poem by,
33; will, as the object of, 35 ; its origin as lying
beyond all individuation, 36.
— the most moral, iv. no; its sphere in the Wagner-
ian drama, 177 ; Wagnerian, 179; on music be-
fore Wagner, 180; Wagner's discovery of the
connection between life, drama, and music, 131;
Human, ii. VITI, Case of Wagner. IX, Dawn of Day. X, Joyful
Wisdom. XI, Zarathustra. XII, Beyond Good and Evil. XIII,
Genealogy of Morals. XIV, Will to Power, i. XV, Will to Power,
ii. XVI, Antichrist. XVII, Ecce Homo.
N 193
## p. 194 (#268) ############################################
INDEX—NIETZSCHE
its relationship to the perfect worlds ofsound and
sight, iv. 135; the rediscovered language of cor-
rect feeling, 137; the new educational force,
138 ; the abject slaves of incorrect feeling, 141;
its presence among us not to be attributed to
meaningless fate, 145; the development of, re-
viewed, 146; the nature fore-ordained through
which music expresses itself, 147; and Beet-
hoven, 181; mood music, 182 ; the harmony re-
sulting from strife in Wagner's, 183.
Music, the value of a good hearing, vi. 17 7; a definition of,
192; its development, 194; the ugly side of the
world conquered by, 194-6 ; the religious source
of the newer, 197; its development alluded to
again, 200.
— the old and the new, vii. 71; how the soul should be
moved by, 71; and the baroque style, 75; the
danger of the new, 80; as a late comer in every
culture, 87-90; as the sound architecture of the
Middle Ages — the posthumous sister of the
Gothic, 88 ; its cultivation, 109 ; Bach, 267 ; the
methods of Handel, 267 ; genius of Haydn, 268;
music of Beethoven and Mozart, 268; recitative,
268; cheerful music, 268; Schubert, 269; modern
musical execution, 269; Mendelssohn, 270;
critical estimates of Chopin and Schumann, 2 71;
its home, among genuine musical souls, 273 ; on
sentimentality in, 274-6.
— the music of Bizet, viii. 1; Wagner, the corrupter
of, 14; hypnotism in,—the prelude to Lohengrin
instanced, 22; and the practice of Wagner, 60;
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow %—I, Birth
of Tragedy. II, Early Greek Philosophy. Ill, Future of Educa-
tional Institutions. IV, Thoughts out of Season, i. V, Thoughts out
of Season, ii. VI, Human, ail-too-Human, i. VII, Human, ail-too-
tV
194
## p. 195 (#269) ############################################
MUSIC
modern ideas of, and those who would be
affected by them, 63; of all arts the last to
make its appearance, 63; all real music, a swan
song, 64.
Music, and the subtle divination of feelings and sympathy,
ix. 151; on soul expression by, 174; and
tragedy, 175; on the approaching of a better
age for, 176; the cult of feeling and the German
musicians, 199; and evil people, 227; as the
interpreter of love, 228; modern discoveries
regarding interesting ugliness and, 236; night
and music, 242; a conversation on, 244-6; on
sublimity, light, rapture, and music, 328-9;
Hie Rhodus, Hie salta, 328; when marching
against an enemy, 387.
— woman in, x. 100; art and nature in music, 111-4;
powers issuing from the rhythmical element in,
118; magic song and incantation appear to be
the original form of poetry, 119; its advantage
as an advocate for new doctrines, 145; as the
expression of the sorrow of profound happiness,
193; on acquiring a love for, 258; first questions
concerning the value of a piece of, 325; physio-
logical objections to Wagner's, 328; as a means
of elucidating dramatic poses, 329.
— by its means the passions enjoy themselves, xii. 91;
on Mozart, Beethoven, Schumann, andothers, 200-
2; a super-European music imagined and out-
lined, 217.
— as the last breath of every culture, xiv. 74; the pre-
eminence of, in the Romanticists, 88; of 1830,40.
Human, ii. VIII, Case of Wagner. IX, Dawn of Day. X, Joyful
Wisdom. XI, Zarathustra. XII, Beyond Good and Evil. XIII,
Genealogy of Morals. XIV, Will to Power, i. XV. Will to Power,
ii. XVI, Antichrist. XVII, Ecce Homo.
195
## p. 196 (#270) ############################################
INDEX—NIETZSCHE
Music, on false accentuation in, xv. 266; descriptive, 271;
concerning modern, 272; religion in, 275; the
grand style in, 277-9; the cardinal question of
its classification, 278; has not yet had such an
artist as Rubens, 280.
_ its necessity to life, xvi. 6; the remnant of a much
richer world of emotional expression, 68; its
normal " Dionysian" state, 68.
— Nietzsche's exactions from, xvii. 45; the hope for a
"Dionysian" future for, 73.
See also under " German Music. "
Musical execution, modern, vii. 269; the abuse of the dra-
matic element in, 273.
Musician, the best work of, often hidden from himself
by his conceit, x. 122; the, as the Orpheus of all
secret misery, 123; consolatory words of, 202.
Musset (Alfred de), instanced, viii. 76.
— again, ix. 380.
— alluded to, xii. 245.
Mutability, the stability of science amidst, x. 82-3.
Mystery, St. Paul's teaching based on, xiv. 137.
Mystical explanations, x. 169.
Myth, placed alongside music by tragedy, i. 159; the
significance imparted to by music, 160; the use
of, in Tristan und Isolde, 162; tragic,—a sym-
bolisationof" Dionysian" wisdomonlyby " Apol-
lonian" art, 168; the understanding of, 174;
as the most powerful unwritten law known to the
State, 174; the mythless man imagined, 175;
the re-birth of German myth, 176; its ruin also
the ruin of tragedy, 177; the function of tragic
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow:—I, Birth
ni Traeedv. II. Early Greek Philosophy. Ill, Future of Educa-
tional Institutions. IV, Thoughts out of Season i. V, Thoughts out
of Season, ii. VI, Human, all-too-Human, 1. VII, Human, all-too-
196
## p. 197 (#271) ############################################
MYTH—NAPOLEON
myth, 183; its nature, 184; its inseparability
from music, 185; their united function, 185.
Myth, the giving way of, before the brighter sun of truth, vi.
239 et seq.
— the Greek divinities are accumulations of, viii. 162; the
origin of the envy of the gods, 164; the expendi-
ture of intelligence in Greek polytheism, 165.
Naivete", the introduction of the term naive by Schiller, i. 36.
— on not taking a thing pathetically, ix. 353.
Names of things more important than the things them-
selves, x. 96; the original meaning of "Deut-
schen" and German hopes, 181.
Napoleon, Goethe's remark on, i. 137.
— his faith in his star, vi. 170.
— instanced, ix. 107; the subtlety of his feeling of power,
240; the romantic hero-worship he inspired,
264; instanced, 381.
— an utterance of, to his wife, x. 66; his opinion concern-
ing bravery, 189; the deportment of, 218; and the
classical age of war, 320; one of the greatest con-
tinuators of the Renaissance, 321; his ideal, 321.
— his appearance and influence, xii. 121; his meeting
with Goethe, 149; a remark made to Madame
de Stael on women, 184; as a master of new
modes of speech, 218-9.
— the most unique and violent anachronism that ever
existed—the synthesis of monster and superman,
xiii. 56; the coming century will follow in his
footsteps, 225; alluded to, 224.
— his attitude towards civilisation, xiv. 34; his attempt
Human, ii. VIII, Case of Wagner. IX, Dawn of Day. X, Joyful
Wisdom. XI, Zarathustra. XII, Beyond Good and Evil. XIII,
Genealogy of Morals. XIV, Will to Power, i.
64; favourite obstacles and remedies of, 103-4-
— a criticism of, xvi. 96; the escape from, 127; toe
hyperboreans, 127.
— Beyond Good and Evil (1886), a criticism of, xvii. 115.
Modesty, on, vi. 376.
— of the mature philosopher, ix. 340.
— the danger of, xv. 371.
Mohammed, the god of, viii. 165.
— instanced, ix. 381.
— alluded to, xv. 375.
— the " holy lie" as common to, xvi. 214.
Mohammedanism and its use of a " beyond," xiv. 125; an
affirmative religion of the Semitic order, 126.
Moira, the Greek conception of, vi. 117.
— the realm of, ix. 135.
Moliere, a delineator of moral character masks, vii. 230;
the exponent of a fixed idea, 314.
— quoted, xii. 18.
— Nietzsche's artistic taste defends, xvii. 38.
Moltke and David Strauss, iv. 57.
Mommsen, the confessions of, iv. 23.
Monarchy, the representative belief of, xv. 206.
Monastery, the, spoilt through having been abused by the
church, xv. 337.
Money, banquets that represent, ix. 209.
Monotheism perhaps the greatest danger of mankind in
the past, x. 179.
Mont Blanc, the view of, from Geneva, vii. 296.
Montaigne and the use made of history to-day, iv. 118.
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow :—I, Birth
of Tragedy. II, Early Greek Philosophy. Ill, Future of Educa-
tional Institutions. IV, Thoughts out of Season, i. V, Thoughts out
of Season, ii. VI, Human, all-too-Human, i. VII, Human, ail-too-
I84
## p. 185 (#259) ############################################
MONTAIGNE—MORALITY
Montaigne, the rank held by, for honesty, v. 116.
— as Shakespeare's model, vi. 177.
— a guide to the understanding of Socrates, vii. 242;
his books praised, 302; alluded to, 178.
— on doubt, ix. 52-3.
— his loquacity, x. 130; alluded to, 61.
— Nietzsche's affinity to, xvii. 38.
Monnmentum are perennius, the, the non-belief in, vi. 36.
Moon, the, lunar love—immaculate perception, xi. 145.
Moore (Thomas), afraid to publish Byron's autobiography,
so he burnt it, xiii. 179.
Moral evolution, the tendency of, xiv. 279.
Moral ideal, the, (Sec. v. Part ii. Book ii. ) xiv. 264-311.
Moral idiosyncratist, the, xiv. 223.
Moral observation, the necessity of, vi. 56 et seg.
Moral sentiments, the history of {a. series of aphorisms), vi.
53-i10-
Moral valuations, the history of, is the history of the error
of responsibility, vi. 60.
Moralisation, the history of, xv. 229-38.
Moralist, the, concerning the ideal of, xiv. 248-51.
— characterised, xvi. 31.
Moralists, the analytical, not to be confused with the petty-
minded, vii. 199-200.
— on moral mosquitoes, ix. 286; two kinds of, 312.
Morality, denned as the will to disown life, i. 10.
— the current of, flowing through Wagner's characters,
iv. 11o.
— of Christian and the antique virtues, v. 112; the ne-
cessity for teachers of, 113.
— private and oecumenical, vi. 40; and the order of
Human, ii. VIII, Case of Wagner. IX, Dawn of Day. X, Joyful
Wisdom. XI, Zarathustra. XII, Beyond Good and Evil. XIII,
Genealogy of Morals. XIV, Will to Power, i. XV, Will to Power,
ii. XVI, Antichrist. XVII, Ecce Homo.
! 85
## p. 186 (#260) ############################################
INDEX—NIETZSCHE
possessions, vi. 62 ; what it is to be immoral, 63;
the suspicion thrown on, for faith's sake, 73; the
noble acts, desires, and aspirations of, 75; the
glamour and shadow cast upon actions by suc-
cess and failure, 80; the moral sense, 84; the
pleasure given by, 90; the three phasesof, hither-
to existing, 92; the morality of the mature
individual, 93; its relation to custom and tradi-
tion, 94 et seq. ; alluded to, 61.
Morality, against the "triers of the reins " of, vii. 31; the art
of, 32; why the sceptics offend, 42; its origin
traced, 46; its sacrifice, 46; mercantile morality
a refinement of piratical, 201; the significance
of oblivion in, 218; the heirs to its wealth, 219;
on its grades and motives, 221 ; the intellectual
versus the instinctive, 222 ; the traces of its de-
velopment found in literature, 252; Greek
literature instanced, 252 ; alluded to, 300.
— the antithesis between Master and Christian, viii.
48; Greek morality not founded on religion but
on the polis, 165.
— the arts and weapons of defence used by, ix. 3; the
veritable Circe of philosophers, 3; the conception
of the morality of custom, 14; the most moral
man, 15; on immoralists, 16; counter-motion
between the sense of causality and the sense of
morality, 17; the significance of madness in the
history of, 20; the morality of voluntary
suffering, 24; its opposition to amendments,
27; the various consequences of the observance
of its principles, 28; on refined cruelty, and the
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow :—I, Birth
of Tragedy. II, Early Greek Philosophy. Ill, Future of Educa-
tional Institutions. IV, Thoughts out of Season, i. V, Thoughts out
of Season, ii. VI, Human, all-too-Human, i. VII, Human, ail-too-
186
## p. 187 (#261) ############################################
MORALITY
thirst for distinction in the practice of, 36; the
most ancient moral judgments, 98; two classes
of people who deny, 99 ; on picturesque morality
—more beautiful but less valuable, 150; the
organisation of deviating people perhaps prema-
ture, 167; a morality which does not bore one,
168; the attitude of the Germans to, 21. 7; the
capacity of the German to raise himself above,
221 ; enthusiastic sacrifice, and the morality of
victims, 226; the morality of sacrifice, 231; a
moral interregnum, 324.
Morality,as the herd instinct in the individual, x. 160; advice
addressed to the preachers of, 226; considered
as a problem, 280; moral criticism and valuation,
281; its value remains untested, 282; the indis-
pensability of the disguise of, 293; vengeance
on intellect and other backgrounds of, 315 ; on
viewing, from a position outside, 347 ; conditions
of getting there, 348.
— The Thousand and one Goals {Za. ra. thustra. 's discourse),
xi. 65-8.
— the surmounting of, xii. 47; the calling to account of
popular, 48; the herding animal morality at
present in Europe, 127; on love for one's
enemies, 160; the morally tactful, 161; the dis-
tinction of rank between man and man, and con-
sequently between morality and morality, 175;
the two primary types of master morality, 227-
30; slave morality, 230-2; and mediocrity,
237-
— Nietzsche on his first explorations in, xiii. 10; the
Human, ii. VIII, Case of Wagner. IX, Dawn of Day. X, Joyful
Wisdom. XI, Zarathustra. XII, Beyond Good and Evil. XIII,
Genealogy of Morals. XIV, Will to Power, i. XV, Will to Power,
i<. XVI, Antichrist. XVII, Ecce Homo.
187
## p. 188 (#262) ############################################
INDEX—NIETZSCHE
English psychologists and the history of, 17; the
origin of the concept "good," 19.
Morality, advantages offered by the Christian hypothesis of,
xiv. 8-9; the recoil of truth upon, 9; the con-
sequent antinomy of, 10; every moral value
terminates in Nihilism, 19; its attitude to all will
to power, 50; the protection offered by, to the
botched and bungled, against nihilism, 51; our
more natural attitude to, 98; as part of the in-
vention of the "holy lie," 122; religion and
culture ultimately wrecked by the belief in, 128;
a criticism of, (Part ii. Bk. ii. ) 210-326; the new
task—to see and reveal the problem of, 218; as
a work of immorality, 219; its usefulness to life,
220; the two types of, not to be confounded,
221; the moral essentially the same as the im-
moral, 224; an illustrative parable, 225; as the
will to power of the herd, 226; European,
based upon the values which are useful to the
herd, 228; general observations concerning, (Sec
iii. Pt. ii. Bk. ii. ) 237-47; regarded as an at-
temptat establishinghuman pride, 237; acounter-
movement, 238; morality for its own sake, 245;
a form of immorality, 251 ; in the valuation of
races and classes, 254-6; as a means of seduction,
280; Christian morality, 306 ; intolerance on the
part of, a sign of weakness, 307; as a counter
movementopposing nature's endeavours to arrive
at a higher type, 321; the illusion of a species,
325; as faced by the higher men, 325; regarded
as the highest form of protection, 329; the Circe
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow :—I, Birth
of Tragedy. II, Early Greek Philosophy. Ill, Future of Educa-
tional Institutions. IV, Thoughts out of Season, i. V, Thoughts out
of Season, ii. VI, Human, all-too-Human, i. VII, Human, ail-too-
ISS
## p. 189 (#263) ############################################
MORALITY—MORALS
of philosophers, 380; moral values transvalued,
381.
Morality, a means of defence, xv. 188; essentially the means
of making something survive the individual, 190;
liberal-mindedness regarding, one of the best
signs of our age, 202; a decadent human institu-
tion, 239; he who would elevate the type
"man" must place himself beyond morality,
326; on new forms of, 335.
— must be shot at, xvi. 6; as the enemy of nature, (Chap.
iv. ) 26-32; the villainy of its mutiny against
life, 30; as formulated by Schopenhauer, 31;
Indian, 46; have we really become more moral,
90-4; Christian-Jewish, 157 ; as Jewish priestly
historical falsification, 158; its dissolution, 260;
why it has to be overcome, 263; no limit
hitherto to the species, 269.
— has falsified everything psychological and even called
love unselfish, xvii. 64; the campaign against,
opened in The Dawn of Day, 91; Nietzsche the
first to deny Christian morality, 134; to feel it
beneath him, 138; to unmask it, 139; the
idiosyncrasy of decadents actuated by a desire
- to avenge themselves with success upon life, 141.
Morals, popular medicines and popular morals closely
related, ix. 18; animal equivalents of, 33;
may be described as of animal origin, 34; on
moral feelings and conceptions, 40; impulses
transformed by moral judgments, 43; on sub-
mission to, 97 ; against definitions of moral aims,
102; authoritative morals and the right to act,
Human, ii. VIII, Case of Wagner. IX, Dawn of Day. X, Joyful
Wisdom. XI, Zaraihustra. XII, Beyond Good and Evil. XIII,
Genealogy of Morals. XIV, Will to Power, i. XV, Will to Power,
ii. XVI, Antichrist. XVII, Ecce Homo.
189
## p. 190 (#264) ############################################
INDEX—NIETZSCHE
ix. 103 ; some theses of, 104; on the natural his-
tory of duty and right, 110; the last echoes of
Christianity in, 138; moral fashions, 138; on
looking beyond one's neighbour, 156; looking
far ahead, 158; effects of fashionable morals on
the community, 177; applied to parliamentary
systems, 183; French esprit and German morals,
192; vanity of the teachers of, 193; the instinct
of fear behind the fashion in, 177; the value of
professing strictest theories regarding, 223; a
hint to moralists, from modern musical develop-
ment, 236; on self-satisfaction and cowardice,
282; moral pampering, 300; the illusion of the
moral order of the universe, 390.
Morals, the extent of the moral, x. 159; on actions, moral
judgments, and new tables of value, 259-63.
— The natural history of, (Chap, v. ) xii.
103-31; the
contrast between moral sentiment and moral
science in Europe, 103; the basis of a moral
science, 104; the problem of morality hitherto
omitted in every science of morals, 104; systems
of, as merely a sign-language of the emotions,
106; essentials in every system of—long con-
straint, 106; longobedience in thesamedirection,
109; the necessity of fasting, 109; the sublima-
tion of sexual impulse into love, 110; our
aversion to the new, 113; the Jews and the
commencement of the slave insurrection in
morals, 117; the psychologist of, 117; as timid-
ity, 118; the value of systems critically estimated,
118; as timidity again, 119; the morality of
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow :—I, Birth
of Tragedy. II, Early Greek Philosophy. Ill, Future of Educa-
tional Institutions. IV, Thoughts out of Season, i. V, Thoughts out
of Season, ii. VI, Human, all-too-Human, i. VII, Human, ail-too-
)
190
## p. 191 (#265) ############################################
MORALS—MOTHER
love to one's neighbour, 123; fear as the
mother of, 124; the timidity of the herd, 125;
the deliverers of moral judgments, 162; the
fallacy—what is right for one is right for another,
165; symptoms of, as soporific appliances, 173;
the English Utilitarians instanced, 174; the
distinction of rank between man and man, and
consequently between morality and morality,
175-
Morals, the revolt of the slaves in, xiii. 34; the historic in-
stinct lacking in current genealogists of, 68.
— moral valuations terminate in Nihilism, xiv. 19; moral
corruption as a result of decadence, 35; Chris-
tian moral quackery, 204; the value of Christian
morals, 207; Nietzsche's leadingdoctrine, moral
phenomena, 214; the moral essentially the same
as the immoral, 224; a parable, 225; moral
naturalism, 246.
— a moral defined, xv. 28; moral values in epistemo-
logy itself, 78; the antithesis moral—immoral,
229-38.
— rungs in the ladder, xvi. 7; the non-existence of
moral facts, 44.
Moses, the law of, and the act of life, x. 68.
— and the Jewish priests, xvi. 160.
Mother, the great, Christianity and the cult of, xvi. 223.
Mother tongue, the, and the duty of higher education,
iii. 47; how now treated, 55; the very begin-
ning of all real culture, 58; the natural starting-
point of a classical education, 60; on translating
into, 64; the hope of the German spirit, 67.
Human, ii. VIII, Case of Wagner. IX, Dawn of Day. X, Joyful
Wisdom. XI, Zarathustra. XII, Beyond Good and Evil. XIII,
Genealogy of Morals. XIV, Will to Power, i. XV, Will to Power,
ii. XVI. Antichrist. XVII, Ecce Homo.
191
## p. 192 (#266) ############################################
INDEX—NIETZSCHE
Motives often sanctified by results, vii. 48.
— the combat of, and the comparison of consequences
preceding an action, ix. 132.
— the belief in, x. 81.
Mountains, the, the soliloquy of the wanderer in, vii
.
127; the warmth on the heights of truth, 160.
Mozart, David Strauss and, iv. 41.
— his biographers, v. 60.
— and the age of Louis xiv. , vii. 88; his cheerfulness,
143; the inspiration of his music, 268; and his
interpreters, 273.
— his relation to music, viii. 17; prevalent tastes ap-
plied to, 62; the golden seriousness of, 63; the
epoch which found expression in, 64; Wagner
lacks the German charm of, 92; his Requiem,
101.
— the music of, ix. 229.
— the "good old" past and the music of, xii. 200; as
an European event, 202.
— alluded to, xiii. 218.
— a delicate and lovable soul, but quite eighteenth
century, xv. 279.
— the libretto of the Magic Flute quoted, xvi. 81.
Miiller (Ottfried) alluded to, viii. 162.
Multatuli, quoted (note), xvi. 207.
Mummery, why does everything become? xvi. 61; on
modern, 66; in the arts, 66; rudimentary psy-
chology and, 356.
Munich, its alcoholic drinks—there live my antipodes, xvii.
3o-3i-
Murat, Napoleon's opinion of, x. 189.
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow:—I, Birth
of Tragedy. II, Early Greek Philosophy. Ill, Future of Educa-
tional Institutions. IV, Thoughts out of Season, i. V. Thoughts out
of Season, ii. VI, Human, all-too-Human, i. VII, Human, ail-too-
192
## p. 193 (#267) ############################################
MUSIC
Music, the " Dionysian "art, i. 21 ; the essence of Diony-
sian music and music in general, 32 ; of Apollo,
32; Schiller's musical mood preceding practical
ideas, 44; the copy of the primordial unity pro-
duced by the lyrist, 45 ; the relation of lan-
guage to, 55 ; the Heracleian power of, 84; the
antithesis between music and plastic art, 121;
the key to the symbolism of the Hellenic di-
vinities, 121; a direct copy of the will itself, 121
et seq. ; how related to image and concept, 123;
as the language of the will, 123; its capacity to
give birth to myth, 127; as realising the spiritual
and ideal in Attic tragedy—then disappearing,
130; the truly " Dionysian," compared with the
dithyrambic, 132; the association of words with,
—recitative—the opera, 143 et seq. ; manners
of German music and German philosophy, 152;
brought to perfection by tragedy, 159; the signi-
ficance imparted to, by tragic myth, 160; Apol-
lonian and Dionysian—an analysis of the third
act of Tristan und Isolde, 161-7; the insepara-
bility of, from tragic myth, 185; the united
function of, 185.
— tlu relationship between words and, ii. 29-47; the
futility of endeavouring to illustrate a poem by,
33; will, as the object of, 35 ; its origin as lying
beyond all individuation, 36.
— the most moral, iv. no; its sphere in the Wagner-
ian drama, 177 ; Wagnerian, 179; on music be-
fore Wagner, 180; Wagner's discovery of the
connection between life, drama, and music, 131;
Human, ii. VITI, Case of Wagner. IX, Dawn of Day. X, Joyful
Wisdom. XI, Zarathustra. XII, Beyond Good and Evil. XIII,
Genealogy of Morals. XIV, Will to Power, i. XV, Will to Power,
ii. XVI, Antichrist. XVII, Ecce Homo.
N 193
## p. 194 (#268) ############################################
INDEX—NIETZSCHE
its relationship to the perfect worlds ofsound and
sight, iv. 135; the rediscovered language of cor-
rect feeling, 137; the new educational force,
138 ; the abject slaves of incorrect feeling, 141;
its presence among us not to be attributed to
meaningless fate, 145; the development of, re-
viewed, 146; the nature fore-ordained through
which music expresses itself, 147; and Beet-
hoven, 181; mood music, 182 ; the harmony re-
sulting from strife in Wagner's, 183.
Music, the value of a good hearing, vi. 17 7; a definition of,
192; its development, 194; the ugly side of the
world conquered by, 194-6 ; the religious source
of the newer, 197; its development alluded to
again, 200.
— the old and the new, vii. 71; how the soul should be
moved by, 71; and the baroque style, 75; the
danger of the new, 80; as a late comer in every
culture, 87-90; as the sound architecture of the
Middle Ages — the posthumous sister of the
Gothic, 88 ; its cultivation, 109 ; Bach, 267 ; the
methods of Handel, 267 ; genius of Haydn, 268;
music of Beethoven and Mozart, 268; recitative,
268; cheerful music, 268; Schubert, 269; modern
musical execution, 269; Mendelssohn, 270;
critical estimates of Chopin and Schumann, 2 71;
its home, among genuine musical souls, 273 ; on
sentimentality in, 274-6.
— the music of Bizet, viii. 1; Wagner, the corrupter
of, 14; hypnotism in,—the prelude to Lohengrin
instanced, 22; and the practice of Wagner, 60;
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow %—I, Birth
of Tragedy. II, Early Greek Philosophy. Ill, Future of Educa-
tional Institutions. IV, Thoughts out of Season, i. V, Thoughts out
of Season, ii. VI, Human, ail-too-Human, i. VII, Human, ail-too-
tV
194
## p. 195 (#269) ############################################
MUSIC
modern ideas of, and those who would be
affected by them, 63; of all arts the last to
make its appearance, 63; all real music, a swan
song, 64.
Music, and the subtle divination of feelings and sympathy,
ix. 151; on soul expression by, 174; and
tragedy, 175; on the approaching of a better
age for, 176; the cult of feeling and the German
musicians, 199; and evil people, 227; as the
interpreter of love, 228; modern discoveries
regarding interesting ugliness and, 236; night
and music, 242; a conversation on, 244-6; on
sublimity, light, rapture, and music, 328-9;
Hie Rhodus, Hie salta, 328; when marching
against an enemy, 387.
— woman in, x. 100; art and nature in music, 111-4;
powers issuing from the rhythmical element in,
118; magic song and incantation appear to be
the original form of poetry, 119; its advantage
as an advocate for new doctrines, 145; as the
expression of the sorrow of profound happiness,
193; on acquiring a love for, 258; first questions
concerning the value of a piece of, 325; physio-
logical objections to Wagner's, 328; as a means
of elucidating dramatic poses, 329.
— by its means the passions enjoy themselves, xii. 91;
on Mozart, Beethoven, Schumann, andothers, 200-
2; a super-European music imagined and out-
lined, 217.
— as the last breath of every culture, xiv. 74; the pre-
eminence of, in the Romanticists, 88; of 1830,40.
Human, ii. VIII, Case of Wagner. IX, Dawn of Day. X, Joyful
Wisdom. XI, Zarathustra. XII, Beyond Good and Evil. XIII,
Genealogy of Morals. XIV, Will to Power, i. XV. Will to Power,
ii. XVI, Antichrist. XVII, Ecce Homo.
195
## p. 196 (#270) ############################################
INDEX—NIETZSCHE
Music, on false accentuation in, xv. 266; descriptive, 271;
concerning modern, 272; religion in, 275; the
grand style in, 277-9; the cardinal question of
its classification, 278; has not yet had such an
artist as Rubens, 280.
_ its necessity to life, xvi. 6; the remnant of a much
richer world of emotional expression, 68; its
normal " Dionysian" state, 68.
— Nietzsche's exactions from, xvii. 45; the hope for a
"Dionysian" future for, 73.
See also under " German Music. "
Musical execution, modern, vii. 269; the abuse of the dra-
matic element in, 273.
Musician, the best work of, often hidden from himself
by his conceit, x. 122; the, as the Orpheus of all
secret misery, 123; consolatory words of, 202.
Musset (Alfred de), instanced, viii. 76.
— again, ix. 380.
— alluded to, xii. 245.
Mutability, the stability of science amidst, x. 82-3.
Mystery, St. Paul's teaching based on, xiv. 137.
Mystical explanations, x. 169.
Myth, placed alongside music by tragedy, i. 159; the
significance imparted to by music, 160; the use
of, in Tristan und Isolde, 162; tragic,—a sym-
bolisationof" Dionysian" wisdomonlyby " Apol-
lonian" art, 168; the understanding of, 174;
as the most powerful unwritten law known to the
State, 174; the mythless man imagined, 175;
the re-birth of German myth, 176; its ruin also
the ruin of tragedy, 177; the function of tragic
The volumes referred to under numbers are as follow:—I, Birth
ni Traeedv. II. Early Greek Philosophy. Ill, Future of Educa-
tional Institutions. IV, Thoughts out of Season i. V, Thoughts out
of Season, ii. VI, Human, all-too-Human, 1. VII, Human, all-too-
196
## p. 197 (#271) ############################################
MYTH—NAPOLEON
myth, 183; its nature, 184; its inseparability
from music, 185; their united function, 185.
Myth, the giving way of, before the brighter sun of truth, vi.
239 et seq.
— the Greek divinities are accumulations of, viii. 162; the
origin of the envy of the gods, 164; the expendi-
ture of intelligence in Greek polytheism, 165.
Naivete", the introduction of the term naive by Schiller, i. 36.
— on not taking a thing pathetically, ix. 353.
Names of things more important than the things them-
selves, x. 96; the original meaning of "Deut-
schen" and German hopes, 181.
Napoleon, Goethe's remark on, i. 137.
— his faith in his star, vi. 170.
— instanced, ix. 107; the subtlety of his feeling of power,
240; the romantic hero-worship he inspired,
264; instanced, 381.
— an utterance of, to his wife, x. 66; his opinion concern-
ing bravery, 189; the deportment of, 218; and the
classical age of war, 320; one of the greatest con-
tinuators of the Renaissance, 321; his ideal, 321.
— his appearance and influence, xii. 121; his meeting
with Goethe, 149; a remark made to Madame
de Stael on women, 184; as a master of new
modes of speech, 218-9.
— the most unique and violent anachronism that ever
existed—the synthesis of monster and superman,
xiii. 56; the coming century will follow in his
footsteps, 225; alluded to, 224.
— his attitude towards civilisation, xiv. 34; his attempt
Human, ii. VIII, Case of Wagner. IX, Dawn of Day. X, Joyful
Wisdom. XI, Zarathustra. XII, Beyond Good and Evil. XIII,
Genealogy of Morals. XIV, Will to Power, i.
