His
heterodox
views caused
the formation of the New School of Presby-
terian theology (1837).
the formation of the New School of Presby-
terian theology (1837).
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
He claimed to have written 13
out of the 24 books of fiction confusedly asso-
ciated with the names of John and Michael
Banim, and called himself the author of Cro-
hoore of the Bill Hook,' one of the most
popular of the O'Hara Tales); (The Ghost
Hunter) (1833); (Father Connell (1842); and
(The Town of the Cascades) (2 vols. , 1864). *
Banks, Louis Albert. An American Meth-
odist minister and religious writer; born in
Oregon, 1855. Among his works are: (The
Saloon-Keeper's Ledger,' a series of tem-
perance addresses; (White Slaves); (Honey-
combs of Life. )
Banvard, John. An American artist, poet,
and dramatist; born in New York about 1820;
died 1891. He was best known by his pano-
rama of the Mississippi River, covering three
miles of canvas, which was exhibited in the
chief cities of Europe and America. He wrote
a great number of poems; several plays;
(Banvard, or the Adventures of an Artist)
(1849); Pilgrimage to the Holy Land) (1852);
etc.
Banvard, Joseph. An American Baptist di-
vine and historical writer, brother of the pre-
ceding; born in New York, 1810; died 1887.
Among his writings were : Plymouth and the
Pilgrims) (1851); (Romance of American His-
tory) (1852); Memoir of Webster) (1853);
a historical novel, Priscilla) (1854); "Soldiers
and Patriots of the Revolution (1876); etc.
Banville, Théodore Faullain de (bon-vēl').
A French poet and novelist ; born at Moulins,
March 14, 1823; died in Paris, March 13, 1891.
He was the son of a naval officer, and came
early in life to Paris, where he devoted him-
self exclusively to literature, contributed
many journals and reviews, and lived in close
friendship with some of the foremost artists
and men of letters of the day. First known
as a poet through two volumes entitled “The
Caryatides) (1842) and (The Stalactites) (1846),
he established his reputation with the (Odes
Funambulesques) (1857), a sort of great lyri-
cal parody, published under the pseudonym
< Bracquemond »); which immediately found
great favor, and were followed by (New Odes
Funambulesques) (1868, afterwards reprinted
as (Occidentales)); Russian Idyls) (1872);
(Thirty-six Merry Ballads) (1873); etc. His
.
to
He was
.
## p. 41 (#57) ##############################################
BAQUR-LORMIAN - BARBIER
41
(
dramatic efforts did not meet with equal suc-
cess, only "Gringoire ) (1866) holding the stage
for some time. As a prose writer he is favor-
ably known by a number of humorous and
highly finished tales and sketches, like “The
Poor Mountebanks) (1853); (The Parisians of
Paris) (1866); (Tales for Women) (1881);
The Soul of Paris) (1890); etc. Of consider-
able literary interest are My Recollections)
(1882). *
Baour-Lormian, Louis Pierre Marie Fran-
çois (bä-örölör-myon'). A French poet and
dramatist (1772-1854), who first attracted wide
notice through his (Poems of Ossian) (1801),
an extremely clever imitation of Caledonian
verse; and afterwards won success with a tra-
gedy, Omasis, or Joseph in Egypt) (1807).
Of his other works may be mentioned : Politi-
cal and Moral Vigils) (1811), in the manner of
Young; Duranti, or The League in the Prov-
ince) (1828), a historical novel; and "Legends,
Ballads, and Fabliaux) '(1829). But his best
work is probably a poetical translation of the
Book of Job, completed after he had lost his
eyesight.
Baralt, Rafael Maria (bä-rält'). A Vene-
zuelan poet and historian; born in Maracaibo,
Venezuela, July 2, 1814; died in Madrid, Jan. 2,
1860. He was educated in Bogotá and at
Caracas; served in the Venezuelan army, and
went to Spain in 1843, where he held posts of
honor and attained literary fame. He wrote:
(Ancient and Modern History of Venezuela)
(1841); and “Odes to Columbus and to Spain.
Barante, Aimable Guillaume Prosper Bru-
gière, Baron de (bär-änt'). A French his-
torian and statesman; born in Riom, Auvergne,
June 10, 1782; died at his estate near Thiers,
Nov. 22, 1866. In politics he was usually Legit.
imist, but his public career on the whole was a
failure. In letters his achievements are: (View
of French Literature in the Eighteenth Cen-
tury) (8th ed. 1857); History of the Valois
Dukes of Burgundy, 1364-1477' (8th ed. 1858),
this being his masterpiece ; (Story of Joan of
Arc) (4th ed. 1880); and various works on
periods of the great French Revolution.
Barattani, Felipe (bär-ät-ä'nē). An Ital.
ian poet and dramatist; born at Filottrano,
Ancône, March 1, 1825. He has won most ap-
plause for Lyric Tragedies) (1858), in which
his poetical capacities are most happily ex-
ploited ; 'Stella) (1866), a drama in verse; and
i The Sons of Alexander VI. ,' a powerful met-
rical play.
Baratynsky, Jevgén; Abramovich (bä-rä-
tin'ske). A Russian poet (1800-44); served in
the army, and afterwards lived on an estate
near Moscow until 1843, when he set out to
travel; the year following he suddenly died in
Naples. His best-known works are: Eda)
(1820), a delineation of Finland character and
nature; and (The Gipsy,' a picture from Rus-
sian high life.
Barbauld, Anna Lætitia. An English poet
and essayist; born in Kibworth-Harcourt,
Leicestershire, in 1743; died in Stoke Newing-
ton, March 9, 1825. She was the daughter of the
Rev. John Aikin, and in 1774 married the Rev.
Rochemont Barbauld. She was well educated,
and numbered among her friends many famous
authors, including Sir Walter Scott and Words-
worth. Her first poems (1773) went through
four editions in one year. She wrote: (Early
Lessons for Children' (about 1774); Devo-
tional Pieces) (1775); Hymns in Prose for
Children (1776), translated in many languages;
(Eighteen Hundred and Eleven, her longest
effort (1811); and prepared an edition of the
best English novels in fifty volumes. *
Barbey d'Aurévilly, Jules (bär-bā' do-re-
vē-yē). A French critic and novelist; born at
Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, Manche, Nov. 2, 1808 ;
died in Paris, April 24, 1889. As a contribu-
tor to the Pays in Paris, where he settled in
1851, he created a sensation by the unreserved
tone and peculiar style of his literary criti-
cisms; in 1858 he founded the Réveil with
Granier de Cassagnac and Escudier. Works:
(On Dandyism and G. Brummel (1845); “The
Prophets of the Past! (1851); "Goethe and
Diderot) (1880); (Polemics of Yesterday)
(1889); (Nineteenth Century: The Works and
the Men) (1861-92). Of his novels the best
are : (The Bewitched' (1854); and (The Cheva-
lier des Touches) (1864).
Barbier, Henri Auguste (bär-bē-ā). A French
poet; born in Paris, April 29, 1805; died at
Nice, Feb. 13, 1882. He studied law, but fol-
lowed his inclination for literature : and hav-
ing first written a historical novel (1830, with
Royer), depicting French mediæval society,
was led, through the July revolution, to enter
his proper sphere, that of the poetical satire;
in which he obtained a brilliant success with
(The lambes) (1831, 31st ed. 1882), a series of
poignant satires, political and social, lashing
the moral depravity of the higher classes, -
notably the ignoble scramble for office under
the new government, the subject of (The
Quarry' the most famous among these satires.
His next works, Lamentation (1833), bewail-
ing the misfortunes of Italy, and Lazarus)
(1837), in which he describes the misery of the
English and Irish laborer, show a considerable
falling off; and in those that followed, the
poet of “The Iambes) is scarcely to be recog-
nized. He was elected to the Academy in 1869.
Barbier, Jules. A French dramatist; born
in Paris, March 8, 1825. Having won success
with his first effort, (A Poet) (1847), a drama
he produced (The Shades of Molière)
(1847); (André Chenier) (1849); (Willy Nilly,'
a comedy (1849); and thereafter in collabora-
tion, mostly with Michel Carré, a number of
dramas and vaudevilles, also many librettos
for comic operas. After the war of 1870-71
he published “The Sharpshooter, War Songs)
(1871), a collection of patriotic poems: and
later two other volumes of lyrics, "The Sheaf)
(1882) and Faded Flowers) (1890); besides
(Plays in Verse) (2 vols. , 1879).
>
in verse,
(
## p. 42 (#58) ##############################################
42
BARBIERA - BARLOW
Barbiera, Raphaël (bärb-yā'rä). An Italian
poet and journalist; born in Venice, 1851. His
contributions to periodical literature are par-
ticularly valuable, and a volume of Poems)
has been received with pleasure, while works
on Italian literature and numerous anthologies
indicate good taste, (The Calendar of the
Muses) (1888) being an instance.
Barbieri, Giuseppe (bär-bē-ā'rē). An Ital-
ian poet and pulpit orator; born in Bassano,
1783; died at Padua in 1852. He was distin-
guished for the tasteful eloquence of his ser-
mons. In (Little Poems, "Sermons on Feast
Days,' and (The Euganean Hills,' he displays
the resources of his well-stored mind with the
utmost elegance.
Barbour, John. A Scottish poet; born about
1316; died in Aberdeen, March 13, 1395. He
was educated, it is thought, at Oxford and
Paris; and was a clerk in the King's house-
hold. Barbour is one of the most ancient poets
of Scotland; and his great epic, (The Bruce,
tells the story of Robert Bruce and the battle
of Bannockburn. It was written in 1375 and
brought him favor from the King. First
printed in Edinburgh in 1571; best modern
edition by Skeat (Early Eng. Text Soc'y). He
also wrote (Legends of the Saints,' of 33,533
verses; and a fragment on the Trojan war.
Barclay, Alexander. A British author; born
about 1475; died in Croydon, June 1552. The
best authorities call him a Scotchman, and
suppose him to have been educated at either
Cambridge or Oxford, or possibly at both those
universities. He traveled extensively, spoke
many languages, and was long a priest in the
College of Ottery St. Mary in Devonshire.
Afterward he was a priest and monk of Ely,
and joined the Franciscans at Canterbury. His
(Eclogues,' undated but written at Ely, are
the first in the English language. Of more
value is his translation (1509) of Sebastian
Brandt's (Ship of Fools,' which had appeared
in Basel in 1494. It had great influence on
English literature. *
Barclay, John. A Scottish poet; born in
Pont-à-Mousson, France, Jan 28, 1582; died in
Rome, Aug. 12, 1621. Educated in the Jesuit
college of his native town; went to England
in 1603, and attained the favor of James I.
He wrote important books in Latin. Argenis,
a romance (Paris, 1621), unites classical with
modern fiction. Fénélon was indebted to it for
(Telemachus. It has always won the admi.
ration of literary men, especially Richelieu and
Coleridge. Another romance, (Satyricon) (Lon-
don, 1603), partly autobiographical, attacks the
Jesuits and Puritans. Other works include:
(Sylvæ, Latin poems (1606); Apologia)
(1611), and (Icon Animorum' (1614).
Baretti, Giuseppe Marcantonio (bä-ret'tē).
An Italian critic and poet (1719-89), who,
after a roaming life in Italy, settled in Lon-
don in 1751, whither he returned again about
1766, having left England in 1760 and founded
in Venice the critical periodical Frusta Lette-
raria (Literary Scourge), which contained his
most important work and is considered as
epoch-making in Italian literature. Of his
writings in English, the Account of the Man-
ners and Customs of Italy) (1768-69) attracted
much attention. His Dictionary of the Eng.
lish and Italian Languages) (1760, lately 1873)
is still highly esteemed.
Barham, Richard Harris. An English poet;
born in Canterbury, Dec. 6, 1788; died in Lon.
don, June 17, 1845. He was educated at St.
Paul's and Oxford; took orders in 1813; was
rector of two country churches, and later of
one in London. Under the name of “Thomas
Ingoldsby” he wrote the (Ingoldsby Legends,'
prose and verse (London, 1840-47), which were
accorded a high place in humorous literature,
and are now classics. He also wrote: My
Cousin Nicholas,' a novel (1841); and Life of
Theodore Hook) (1849). *
Baring-Gould, Sabine. An English anti-
quary and novelist; born in Exeter in 1834. He
graduated from Cambridge in 1856, and has
been since 1881 rector of Lew-Trenchard in
Devon. He is author of Iceland : Its Scenes
and Sagas) (1864); (The Book of Werewolves!
(1865); “Curious Myths of the Middle Ages)
(series 1 and 2, 1866-67); (Lives of the Saints
(1872–79); “Yorkshire Oddities) (2 vols. , 1874);
and (Germany Past and Present' (2 vols. ,
1879). He has written religious books, and of
late years novels which have become popular.
They include: (Mehalah : a Story of the Salt
Marshes) (2 vols. , London, 1880); (John Her-
ring) (2 vols. , 1883); Red Spider! (1887);
(Grettis the Outlaw) (1890); and “The Broom
Squire) (1896). *
Barker, Matthew Henry. An English nov-
elist; born at Deptford in 1790; died in Lon-
don, June 29, 1846. He followed the sea, and
under the name of « The Old Sailor” wrote
spirited sea tales, very popular in their day.
They include: Land and Sea Tales) (Lon.
don, 1836); (Life of Nelson (1836); (Topsail-
sheet Blocks) (3 vols. , 1838 ; new ed. 1881);
and (The Victory, or the Wardroom Mess)
(1844).
Barlæus or Baerle, Kaspar van (bär-li'us).
A Dutch poet, historian, and learned writer;
born in Antwerp, Feb. 12, 1584; died in Am-
sterdam, Jan. 14, 1648. His Poems, mostly
Latin, are not fiery, his History of Brazil
under Maurice of Nassau' is decidedly so; and
he composed also numerous fine orations, the
influence he exercised upon thought being very
considerable.
Barlow, Jane. An Irish poet and story-
writer; born in county Dublin about 1857. She
is the daughter of Prof. Barlow of Dublin Uni-
versity, a writer of historical and philosophical
works. Her popular books include: Irish
Idylls) (1892); (Bogland Studies); (Kerrigan's
Quality'; (Walled Out, or Eschatology in a
og); «The Mockers of the Shallow Waters!
(1893); (Strangers at Lisconnel' (1895). *
## p. 43 (#59) ##############################################
BARLOW – BARR
43
.
)
Barlow, Joel. An American poet and states-
man; born in Reading, Conn. , March 24, 1754 ;
died near Cracow, Poland, Dec. 24, 1812. He
published political works and poems, which
contain many philosophical and political dis-
sertations. The Vision of Columbus) (Hart-
ford, 1787) was extended into (The Columbiad,
a long epic (Phila. , 1807). He also wrote (The
Conspiracy of Kings) (London, 1792); and the
celebrated poem “Hasty Pudding. ' *
Barnard, Lady Ann. A Scotch poet; born
at Lindsay in Fifeshire, 1750; died 1825. She is
famous for (Auld Robin Gray,' a ballad which
has attained great popularity throughout Scot-
land. She also wrote other poems.
Barnard, Charles. An American dramatist ;
born in Boston, Mass. , Feb. 13, 1838. He is a
journalist and dramatist. His most popular
play is (The County Fair) (1888). Author
of “The Tone Masters (New York, 1871);
Knights of To-day) (1881); (The Whistling
Buoy) (1887); dramas, and books on garden-
ing and electricity.
Barnard, Henry. A prominent American
educator; born at Hartford, Conn. , Jan. 24,
1811. He was president of the University of
Wisconsin (1856-59) and St. John's College,
Annapolis, Md. (1865-66); founded the Amer-
ican Journal of Education (1855); was United
States Commissioner of Education (1867-70).
Among his numerous writings may be named :
(Hints and Methods for Teachers) (1857);
Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism' (1861); (Ger-
man Educational Reformers) (1862); etc.
Barnard, John. A noted American Con-
gregational divine; born at Boston, Nov. 6,
1681; died at Marblehead, Mass. , Jan. 24, 1770.
He was one of the earliest New England dis-
senters from Calvinism. Ordained colleague
minister of Marblehead (1716); he took great
interest in the local fisheries and commerce.
He wrote History of the Strange Adventures
of Philip Ashton' (1725), etc.
Barnes, Albert. An American Presbyterian
minister and religious writer; born at Rome,
N. Y. , Dec. 1, 1798; died at Philadelphia, Dec.
24, 1870. For thirty-seven years pastor of the
First Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia; he
was best known by his Notes) on the New
Testament (of which over a million volumes
are said to have circulated), Isaiah, Job,
Psalms, etc. He wrote also (The Church and
Slavery) (1857); Life at Threescore and
Ten) (1869); etc.
His heterodox views caused
the formation of the New School of Presby-
terian theology (1837).
Barnes, Barnabe. An English poet; born
in Yorkshire about 1569; died in St. Mary-le-
Bow, Durham, in December 1609. . He was
the son of the Bishop of Durham; was edu-
cated at Oxford; and went to Normandy in
1591 with the Earl of Essex. His fame rests
a collection of sonnets, madrigals, and
odes, called Parthenophil and Parthenope)
(London, about 1593). Other books : (A Divine
Century of Spiritual Sonnets) (1595); and
(The Devil's Charter,' a tragedy (1607).
Barnes, William. An English poet and
philologist; born in Dorsetshire, Feb. 22, 1800;
died in Winterbourne Came, in October 1886.
He wrote many books on philology; and three
series of (Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset-
shire Dialect) (London, 1844, 1846, and 1863),
and Poems of Rural Life) (1866). His
«fad)) was the disuse of all but the Anglo-
Saxon elements of the English language. *
Barni, Jules Romain (bär-nē). A French
scholar and philosophical writer and critic;
born in Lille, June 1, 1818; died in Mers, dept.
Somme, July 4, 1878. His efforts to propagate
the Kantian philosophy through the medium
of 'Observations on the Sense of the Sublime
and Beautiful) (1836), Foundations of Ethical
Metaphysic) (1848), and Kantian Philosophy)
(1850), earned him distinction; as did also, in
another but contiguous field, a (History of
Moral and Political Ideas in France in the
Eighteenth Century) (1866).
Barnum, Mrs. Frances Courtenay (Bay-
lor). An American novelist; born in Arkan-
sas, 1848. Her home is in Savannah. She
has written : (On Both Sides, an international
novel; (Behind the Blue Ridge); Juan and
Juanita,' a story for boys and girls; 'Claudia
Hyde. She has also been a frequent contrib-
utor to magazines, and a writer of short stories.
Barnum, Phineas Taylor. A famous Amer-
ican showman; born at Bethel, Conn. , July 5,
1810; died at Bridgeport, Conn. , April 7, 1891.
After various unsuccessful business ventures, he
finally established Barnum's Museum in New
York (1841), which was twice burned. He in-
troduced Tom Thumb, Jenny Lind, Commo-
dore Nutt, Admiral Dot, the Woolly Horse,
Jumbo, etc. , to the American public. In 1871
he established his great circus. He was mayor
of Bridgeport, and four times member of the
Connecticut Legislature. His benefactions were
large and frequent. He wrote: Humbugs of
the World' (1865); (Struggles and Triumphs)
(1869); Lion Jack, a Story) (1876); Auto-
biography) (1855, new editions 1869 and later).
He was a lecturer on temperance and other
popular subjects.
Barr, Amelia Edith. An Anglo-American
novelist; born in Ulverton, Lancashire, Eng.
land, March 29, 1831. She was the daughter
of the Rev. William Huddleston, and in 1850
married Robert Barr. She came to America
in 1854, and lived for some years in Texas;
but after her husband's death removed to New
York, where her first book, (Romance and
Reality,' was published in 1872. She is a pro-
lific writer, and her novels are very popular.
They include: Jan Vedder's Wife) (New
York, 1885); (A Daughter of Fife) (1885);
(A Bow of Orange Ribbon) (1886); (A Border
Shepherdess) (1887); (Friend Olivia' (1890).
Barr, Robert. A Scottish author; born in
Glasgow about 1855. He spent his childhood
:
on
## p. 44 (#60) ##############################################
44
BARRACAND - BARROW
on
in Canada, drifted into journalism, joined the
staff of Detroit Free Press, and wrote under
the name of “Luke Sharp. ” He went to
London in 1881 and founded The Idler with
Jerome K. Jerome, but retired to devote him-
self to fiction. He is author of a number of
novels : (In the Midst of Alarms) (1894); (The
Face and the Mask) (1895); (One Day's Court-
ship’ (1896); (A Woman Intervenes) (1896);
and others.
Barracand, Léon Henri (bär-ä-kän). A
French poet and novelist; born at Romans,
Drôme, May 2, 1844. He gave up the law
when a very young man in order to write
verses; but he was not much known as a poet
until Dananiel (1886) appeared, under the
pseudonym of «Léon Grandet, followed by a
sequel, (Doctor Gal (1870). He had already,
however, attracted attention by some fictions,
and has steadily risen in importance as a nov-
elist; -(Yolande) (1867); (Hilaire Gervais)
(1885); (The Second Lieutenant's Manuscript)
(1887); and (The Cousin (1888), being per-
haps best known. His Lamartine and the
Muse) (1883) was crowned by the French
Academy.
Barrantes, Vicente (bär-rän'tes). A Span-
ish miscellaneous writer, novelist, and poet;
born at Badajoz, March 24, 1829. He first stud-
ied theology, but in 1848 settled in Madrid to
pursue literature; held responsible government
offices; became member of the Academy in
1872. Among his works are the stories (Al-
ways Late) (1851); Juan de Padilla); (The
Widow of Padilla); and a series of historical
studies, dealing with strictly local Philippine
Island and Estremaduran topics. His (Tales
and Legends) are well chosen and well writ-
ten; but a work on (The Defects and Dangers
of Universal Suffrage, partly fiction and partly
satire, is weak.
Barrès, Maurice (bär-ās'). A French nov-
elist and publicist; born at Charmes-sur-Mo-
selle, Aug. 17, 1862. His political career has
been successful, but less important than his
work in literature, he being conspicuous in
the decadent » school owing to his fictions :
(Under the Eye of the Barbarians, a study in
egoism ; (The Sensation of Paris); and (The
Latin Quarter) (all in 1888), in all of which the
artificialities of an over-refined culture are
apparent.
Barrett, Benjamin Fisk. An American Swe-
denborgian theologian; born at Dresden, Me. ,
June 24, 1808; died at Germantown, Pa. , Aug.
6, 1892. Settled in Philadelphia, he edited the
New Church Monthly and founded the Swe-
denborgian Publication Society in 1885. He
wrote a number of works on Swedenborgian-
ism, including a "Life of Swedenborg'; 'Swe-
denborg and Channing); etc.
Barrie, James Matthew. A Scottish author;
born in Kirriemuir, Forfarshire, May 9, 1860.
He graduated from Edinburgh University in
1882, and went to London in 1885 to engage
in journalism. His peculiar talent for depicting
Scottish village life and rustic characters with
fidelity, pathos, humor, and poetic charm, has
brought him fame. "Better Dead) (1887) and
(When a Man's Single) (1888) were followed
by Auld Licht Idylls) (1888) and A Win-
dow in Thrums) (1889), which first made him
widely known; (An Edinburgh Eleven' (1890);
(My Lady Nicotine, humorous essays
smoking (1890); (The Little Minister) (1891);
(Sentimental Tommy) (1896); Margaret
Ogilvy! (1896), a biography of his mother.
He has also written numerous short sketches
and three comedies : “Walker, London (1892);
Jane Annie) (1893); and (The Professor's
Love Story. ' *
Barrière, Jean François (bä-rē-ır'). A
French historical writer; born in Paris, May
12, 1786; died there, Aug. 22, 1868. His ener-
gies were first directed to periodical literature;
but he subsequently produced (The Court and
the City under Louis XIV. , Louis XV. , and
Louis XVI. , besides editing a numerous series
of memoirs of personages connected with the
Grand Monarch.
Barrière, Théodore (bä-rê-år'). A French
dramatist, born in Paris, 1823; died there, Oct.
16, 1877. In collaboration with others he sup-
plied the French stage with a great number of
dramas and comedies, some of which met with
much favor, especially (Bohemian Life) (1848,
with Murger); (The Maids of Marble) (1853,
with Thiboust), a counterpart to Dumas's
(La Dame aux Camélias); and (The Spurious
Men of Honor) (1856, with Capendu), a scath-
ing satire and his masterpiece.
Barrili, Antonio Giulio (bär-rē'lē). An Ital-
ian novelist; born in Savona, 1836. Engaging
in journalism when only eighteen, he assumed
the management of Il Movimento in 1860, and
became proprietor and editor of Il Caffaro in
Genoa in 1872. He had taken part in the cam-
paigns of 1859 and 1866 (with Garibaldi in Ty-
rol) and in the Roman expedition of 1867, and
sat in the Chamber of Deputies in 1876–79.
One of the most prolific writers of modern
Italy. Among his numerous stories are: (Elm-
tree and Ivy) (1868); (The Vale of Olives)
(1871); (As in a Dream'; 'The Devil's Portrait
(1882); (The Eleventh Commandment); (A
Whimsical Wooing) (the last three translated
into English and published by Geo. Gotts-
berger Peck, New York).
Barros, João de (bär'rös). The foremost
Portuguese historian; born at Vizeu, 1400;
died near Lisbon, Oct. 20, 1570. His principal
work, Asia,' a history of Portuguese discover-
ies and conquests in East India, 1415-1539, was
afterwards continued by Diogo de Couto. He
also wrote the Chronicle of Emperor Clari-
mundo,' a historical romance, distinguished for
great beauty of style.
Barrow, Frances Elizabeth. An American
author; born in Charleston, S. C. , Feb. 22,
1822; died in New York city, May 7, 1894.
She was educated in New York, where she was
married to James Barrow. She wrote under
3
3
## p. 45 (#61) ##############################################
BARROW-BARTRAM
45
nevs
As a
the name of Aunt Fanny» numerous books
for children; among them (Six Nightcaps,'
which has been translated into French, Ger-
man, and Swedish. Another, (The Letter G)
(1864), was widely known and very popular.
She also wrote a novel, (The Wife's Stratagem. '
Barrow, Sir John. A notable English
writer on travels; born at Dragleybeck, Lan-
cashire, June 19, 1764; died in London, Nov.
23, 1848. His numerous and extended jour-
are recounted in (Travels to China,
(Voyage to Cochin-China, (Travels in the
Interior of Southern Africa, and various dia-
ries, with an accuracy beyond question, and
a conscientious devotion to science equaled only
by the modesty of his own disparagement of
the results of his investigations.
Barrows, John Henry. An American Pres.
byterian minister, chairman of the general
committee on religious congresses at the Co-
lumbian Exposition (1893); born at Medina,
Mich. , July 11, 1847. He has written : (The
Gospels are True Histories) (1891); Henry
Ward Beecher, the Pulpit Jupiter) (1893);
Life of Henry Ward Beecher); etc.
Barry, John Daniel. An American novelist;
born 1866. He has written : (A Daughter of
Thespis); (The Intriguers); Mademoiselle
Blanche); (The Princess Margarethe, a Fairy
Tale.
Barthélemy, Auguste Marseille (bär-tāl-
mē'). A French satirist; born in Marseilles,
1796; died there, Aug. 23, 1867. In collabora.
tion with his friend, Joseph Méry, he wrote
several satirical epics, directed against the
Bourbon dynasty, which appealed to a large
circle of readers. The great historical epic
Napoleon in Egypt) (1828) describes the po-
etical side of that wonderful campaign with
great skill.
Barthélemy, Jean Jacques. A French an-
tiquarian; born at Cassis, Provence, Jan. 20,
1710; died in Paris, April 30, 1795. He won
European fame with his (Travels of Young
Anacharsis in Greece) (1788), a fascinating
picture of domestic and social life in ancient
Greece, which was translated into many lan-
guages, into English by Beaumont (1791). As
a romancer he tried his hand with (The Loves
of Carites and Polydorus) (1760), purporting
to be translated from the Greek.
Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, Jules (bär-tāl.
mē' san-tê-lār'). A French scholar and man
of letters; born in Paris, 1805. He has writ-
ten brilliantly for leading periodicals, and his
best-known work is probably the Comment-
ary on Aristotle) (1837-70). He has also pub-
lished: (The Vedas) (1854); (Mahomet and
the Koran' (1865); and (Philosophy in Relation
to Science and Religion (1889).
Barthet, Armand (bär-tā'). A French poet
and novelist (1820-74), best remembered as
the author of (The Sparrow of Lesbia) (1849),
a comedy in verse, written for the famous
Rachel.
Bartlett, John. An American publisher and
compiler of books of reference; born at Plym-
outh, Mass. , June 14, 1820. Since 1878 a mem-
ber of the publishing-house of Little, Brown
& Co. , Boston. He has compiled: (Familiar
Quotations) (1855), a ninth edition of which
appeared in 1891; (The Shakspere Phrase
Book) (1881); -A Shakspere Concordance)
(1894), etc.
Bartlett, John Russell. An American au-
thor ; born in Providence, R. I. , Oct. 23, 1805;
died there, May 28, 1886. He was Secretary
of State of Rhode Island from 1855 to 1872.
Besides many books of local interest, he pre-
pared a Dictionary of Americanisms, which
is widely known as a work of reference.
Bartlett, Samuel Colcord. An American
educator and Congregational divine; born at
Salisbury, N. H. , Nov. 25, 1817. He was presi-
dent of Dartmouth College (1877-92). He
has written (From Egypt to Palestine) (1879),
and several religious works.
Bartók, Ludwig von (bär-tök'). A Hunga-
rian poet and dramatist; born in 1851. He is
widely known as a versifier of taste, “Carpa-
thian Songs) being his happiest verse.
playwright he is even more distinguished; the
comedy of (The Most Beautiful) (1880), and
the historical tragedy (Margareta Kendi, as
well as Anna Thuran,' a historical drama,
having been frequently acted.
Bartol, Cyrus Augustus (bär-tol'). An
American Unitarian divine and essayist; born
at Freeport, Me. , April 30, 1813. He has been
prominent as a radical in religious thought, and
pastor' of the West Church, Boston, since 1861.
He has written: Pictures of Europe ) (1855);
(Radical Problems) (1872); and several ethical
and religious works.
Bartoli, Adolfo (bär-to'lē). An Italian his-
torian of literature ; born in Fivizzano, Nov.
19, 1833. He has long been a recognized ar-
biter of taste and the elegancies in connection
with his country's literature; his First Two
Centuries of Italian Literature) (1870-80) and
(History of Italian Literature) (1878-89) being
masterpieces.
Barton, Bernard. An English poet; born
in Carlisle, Jan. 31, 1784; died in Woodbridge,
Feb. 19, 1849. Educated at a Quaker school in
Ipswich. He is called the “Quaker Poet,”
and is best known because of his friendship
with Charles Lamb. His life was spent in
Woodbridge. He published many volumes of
verse, now neglected. They include : (Metrical
Effusions) (London, 1812); Devotional Verses)
(1826); and Household Verses) (1845).
Bartram, John (bär'trạm). A celebrated
American botanist; born in Chester county,
Pa. , March 23, 1699; died at Kingsessing, near
Philadelphia, Pa. , Sept. 22, 1777. He was called
the “father of American botany, and founded
at Kingsessing the first botanical garden in
America. Linnæus termed him «the greatest
natural botanist in the world. " He published
## p. 46 (#62) ##############################################
46
BASCOM – BAUDELAIRE
(Observations on the Inhabitants, Climate, Soil,
Diverse Productions, Animals, etc. , made in his
travels from Pennsylvania to Lake Ontario,
and a similar volume on eastern Florida (1766).
Bascom, John. An American educator and
philosophical writer; born at Geneva, N. Y. ,
1827. He was president of the University of
Wisconsin (1874-87). He has written a num-
ber of philosophical works, among them : Phi-
losophy of English Literature) (1874), lectures
before the Lowell Institute; (Comparative
Psychology) (1878); (Sociology) (1887), etc.
Basedow or Bassedau (bäs'è-dou). A cele-
brated German pedagogue; born in Hamburg,
Sept.
out of the 24 books of fiction confusedly asso-
ciated with the names of John and Michael
Banim, and called himself the author of Cro-
hoore of the Bill Hook,' one of the most
popular of the O'Hara Tales); (The Ghost
Hunter) (1833); (Father Connell (1842); and
(The Town of the Cascades) (2 vols. , 1864). *
Banks, Louis Albert. An American Meth-
odist minister and religious writer; born in
Oregon, 1855. Among his works are: (The
Saloon-Keeper's Ledger,' a series of tem-
perance addresses; (White Slaves); (Honey-
combs of Life. )
Banvard, John. An American artist, poet,
and dramatist; born in New York about 1820;
died 1891. He was best known by his pano-
rama of the Mississippi River, covering three
miles of canvas, which was exhibited in the
chief cities of Europe and America. He wrote
a great number of poems; several plays;
(Banvard, or the Adventures of an Artist)
(1849); Pilgrimage to the Holy Land) (1852);
etc.
Banvard, Joseph. An American Baptist di-
vine and historical writer, brother of the pre-
ceding; born in New York, 1810; died 1887.
Among his writings were : Plymouth and the
Pilgrims) (1851); (Romance of American His-
tory) (1852); Memoir of Webster) (1853);
a historical novel, Priscilla) (1854); "Soldiers
and Patriots of the Revolution (1876); etc.
Banville, Théodore Faullain de (bon-vēl').
A French poet and novelist ; born at Moulins,
March 14, 1823; died in Paris, March 13, 1891.
He was the son of a naval officer, and came
early in life to Paris, where he devoted him-
self exclusively to literature, contributed
many journals and reviews, and lived in close
friendship with some of the foremost artists
and men of letters of the day. First known
as a poet through two volumes entitled “The
Caryatides) (1842) and (The Stalactites) (1846),
he established his reputation with the (Odes
Funambulesques) (1857), a sort of great lyri-
cal parody, published under the pseudonym
< Bracquemond »); which immediately found
great favor, and were followed by (New Odes
Funambulesques) (1868, afterwards reprinted
as (Occidentales)); Russian Idyls) (1872);
(Thirty-six Merry Ballads) (1873); etc. His
.
to
He was
.
## p. 41 (#57) ##############################################
BAQUR-LORMIAN - BARBIER
41
(
dramatic efforts did not meet with equal suc-
cess, only "Gringoire ) (1866) holding the stage
for some time. As a prose writer he is favor-
ably known by a number of humorous and
highly finished tales and sketches, like “The
Poor Mountebanks) (1853); (The Parisians of
Paris) (1866); (Tales for Women) (1881);
The Soul of Paris) (1890); etc. Of consider-
able literary interest are My Recollections)
(1882). *
Baour-Lormian, Louis Pierre Marie Fran-
çois (bä-örölör-myon'). A French poet and
dramatist (1772-1854), who first attracted wide
notice through his (Poems of Ossian) (1801),
an extremely clever imitation of Caledonian
verse; and afterwards won success with a tra-
gedy, Omasis, or Joseph in Egypt) (1807).
Of his other works may be mentioned : Politi-
cal and Moral Vigils) (1811), in the manner of
Young; Duranti, or The League in the Prov-
ince) (1828), a historical novel; and "Legends,
Ballads, and Fabliaux) '(1829). But his best
work is probably a poetical translation of the
Book of Job, completed after he had lost his
eyesight.
Baralt, Rafael Maria (bä-rält'). A Vene-
zuelan poet and historian; born in Maracaibo,
Venezuela, July 2, 1814; died in Madrid, Jan. 2,
1860. He was educated in Bogotá and at
Caracas; served in the Venezuelan army, and
went to Spain in 1843, where he held posts of
honor and attained literary fame. He wrote:
(Ancient and Modern History of Venezuela)
(1841); and “Odes to Columbus and to Spain.
Barante, Aimable Guillaume Prosper Bru-
gière, Baron de (bär-änt'). A French his-
torian and statesman; born in Riom, Auvergne,
June 10, 1782; died at his estate near Thiers,
Nov. 22, 1866. In politics he was usually Legit.
imist, but his public career on the whole was a
failure. In letters his achievements are: (View
of French Literature in the Eighteenth Cen-
tury) (8th ed. 1857); History of the Valois
Dukes of Burgundy, 1364-1477' (8th ed. 1858),
this being his masterpiece ; (Story of Joan of
Arc) (4th ed. 1880); and various works on
periods of the great French Revolution.
Barattani, Felipe (bär-ät-ä'nē). An Ital.
ian poet and dramatist; born at Filottrano,
Ancône, March 1, 1825. He has won most ap-
plause for Lyric Tragedies) (1858), in which
his poetical capacities are most happily ex-
ploited ; 'Stella) (1866), a drama in verse; and
i The Sons of Alexander VI. ,' a powerful met-
rical play.
Baratynsky, Jevgén; Abramovich (bä-rä-
tin'ske). A Russian poet (1800-44); served in
the army, and afterwards lived on an estate
near Moscow until 1843, when he set out to
travel; the year following he suddenly died in
Naples. His best-known works are: Eda)
(1820), a delineation of Finland character and
nature; and (The Gipsy,' a picture from Rus-
sian high life.
Barbauld, Anna Lætitia. An English poet
and essayist; born in Kibworth-Harcourt,
Leicestershire, in 1743; died in Stoke Newing-
ton, March 9, 1825. She was the daughter of the
Rev. John Aikin, and in 1774 married the Rev.
Rochemont Barbauld. She was well educated,
and numbered among her friends many famous
authors, including Sir Walter Scott and Words-
worth. Her first poems (1773) went through
four editions in one year. She wrote: (Early
Lessons for Children' (about 1774); Devo-
tional Pieces) (1775); Hymns in Prose for
Children (1776), translated in many languages;
(Eighteen Hundred and Eleven, her longest
effort (1811); and prepared an edition of the
best English novels in fifty volumes. *
Barbey d'Aurévilly, Jules (bär-bā' do-re-
vē-yē). A French critic and novelist; born at
Saint-Sauveur-le-Vicomte, Manche, Nov. 2, 1808 ;
died in Paris, April 24, 1889. As a contribu-
tor to the Pays in Paris, where he settled in
1851, he created a sensation by the unreserved
tone and peculiar style of his literary criti-
cisms; in 1858 he founded the Réveil with
Granier de Cassagnac and Escudier. Works:
(On Dandyism and G. Brummel (1845); “The
Prophets of the Past! (1851); "Goethe and
Diderot) (1880); (Polemics of Yesterday)
(1889); (Nineteenth Century: The Works and
the Men) (1861-92). Of his novels the best
are : (The Bewitched' (1854); and (The Cheva-
lier des Touches) (1864).
Barbier, Henri Auguste (bär-bē-ā). A French
poet; born in Paris, April 29, 1805; died at
Nice, Feb. 13, 1882. He studied law, but fol-
lowed his inclination for literature : and hav-
ing first written a historical novel (1830, with
Royer), depicting French mediæval society,
was led, through the July revolution, to enter
his proper sphere, that of the poetical satire;
in which he obtained a brilliant success with
(The lambes) (1831, 31st ed. 1882), a series of
poignant satires, political and social, lashing
the moral depravity of the higher classes, -
notably the ignoble scramble for office under
the new government, the subject of (The
Quarry' the most famous among these satires.
His next works, Lamentation (1833), bewail-
ing the misfortunes of Italy, and Lazarus)
(1837), in which he describes the misery of the
English and Irish laborer, show a considerable
falling off; and in those that followed, the
poet of “The Iambes) is scarcely to be recog-
nized. He was elected to the Academy in 1869.
Barbier, Jules. A French dramatist; born
in Paris, March 8, 1825. Having won success
with his first effort, (A Poet) (1847), a drama
he produced (The Shades of Molière)
(1847); (André Chenier) (1849); (Willy Nilly,'
a comedy (1849); and thereafter in collabora-
tion, mostly with Michel Carré, a number of
dramas and vaudevilles, also many librettos
for comic operas. After the war of 1870-71
he published “The Sharpshooter, War Songs)
(1871), a collection of patriotic poems: and
later two other volumes of lyrics, "The Sheaf)
(1882) and Faded Flowers) (1890); besides
(Plays in Verse) (2 vols. , 1879).
>
in verse,
(
## p. 42 (#58) ##############################################
42
BARBIERA - BARLOW
Barbiera, Raphaël (bärb-yā'rä). An Italian
poet and journalist; born in Venice, 1851. His
contributions to periodical literature are par-
ticularly valuable, and a volume of Poems)
has been received with pleasure, while works
on Italian literature and numerous anthologies
indicate good taste, (The Calendar of the
Muses) (1888) being an instance.
Barbieri, Giuseppe (bär-bē-ā'rē). An Ital-
ian poet and pulpit orator; born in Bassano,
1783; died at Padua in 1852. He was distin-
guished for the tasteful eloquence of his ser-
mons. In (Little Poems, "Sermons on Feast
Days,' and (The Euganean Hills,' he displays
the resources of his well-stored mind with the
utmost elegance.
Barbour, John. A Scottish poet; born about
1316; died in Aberdeen, March 13, 1395. He
was educated, it is thought, at Oxford and
Paris; and was a clerk in the King's house-
hold. Barbour is one of the most ancient poets
of Scotland; and his great epic, (The Bruce,
tells the story of Robert Bruce and the battle
of Bannockburn. It was written in 1375 and
brought him favor from the King. First
printed in Edinburgh in 1571; best modern
edition by Skeat (Early Eng. Text Soc'y). He
also wrote (Legends of the Saints,' of 33,533
verses; and a fragment on the Trojan war.
Barclay, Alexander. A British author; born
about 1475; died in Croydon, June 1552. The
best authorities call him a Scotchman, and
suppose him to have been educated at either
Cambridge or Oxford, or possibly at both those
universities. He traveled extensively, spoke
many languages, and was long a priest in the
College of Ottery St. Mary in Devonshire.
Afterward he was a priest and monk of Ely,
and joined the Franciscans at Canterbury. His
(Eclogues,' undated but written at Ely, are
the first in the English language. Of more
value is his translation (1509) of Sebastian
Brandt's (Ship of Fools,' which had appeared
in Basel in 1494. It had great influence on
English literature. *
Barclay, John. A Scottish poet; born in
Pont-à-Mousson, France, Jan 28, 1582; died in
Rome, Aug. 12, 1621. Educated in the Jesuit
college of his native town; went to England
in 1603, and attained the favor of James I.
He wrote important books in Latin. Argenis,
a romance (Paris, 1621), unites classical with
modern fiction. Fénélon was indebted to it for
(Telemachus. It has always won the admi.
ration of literary men, especially Richelieu and
Coleridge. Another romance, (Satyricon) (Lon-
don, 1603), partly autobiographical, attacks the
Jesuits and Puritans. Other works include:
(Sylvæ, Latin poems (1606); Apologia)
(1611), and (Icon Animorum' (1614).
Baretti, Giuseppe Marcantonio (bä-ret'tē).
An Italian critic and poet (1719-89), who,
after a roaming life in Italy, settled in Lon-
don in 1751, whither he returned again about
1766, having left England in 1760 and founded
in Venice the critical periodical Frusta Lette-
raria (Literary Scourge), which contained his
most important work and is considered as
epoch-making in Italian literature. Of his
writings in English, the Account of the Man-
ners and Customs of Italy) (1768-69) attracted
much attention. His Dictionary of the Eng.
lish and Italian Languages) (1760, lately 1873)
is still highly esteemed.
Barham, Richard Harris. An English poet;
born in Canterbury, Dec. 6, 1788; died in Lon.
don, June 17, 1845. He was educated at St.
Paul's and Oxford; took orders in 1813; was
rector of two country churches, and later of
one in London. Under the name of “Thomas
Ingoldsby” he wrote the (Ingoldsby Legends,'
prose and verse (London, 1840-47), which were
accorded a high place in humorous literature,
and are now classics. He also wrote: My
Cousin Nicholas,' a novel (1841); and Life of
Theodore Hook) (1849). *
Baring-Gould, Sabine. An English anti-
quary and novelist; born in Exeter in 1834. He
graduated from Cambridge in 1856, and has
been since 1881 rector of Lew-Trenchard in
Devon. He is author of Iceland : Its Scenes
and Sagas) (1864); (The Book of Werewolves!
(1865); “Curious Myths of the Middle Ages)
(series 1 and 2, 1866-67); (Lives of the Saints
(1872–79); “Yorkshire Oddities) (2 vols. , 1874);
and (Germany Past and Present' (2 vols. ,
1879). He has written religious books, and of
late years novels which have become popular.
They include: (Mehalah : a Story of the Salt
Marshes) (2 vols. , London, 1880); (John Her-
ring) (2 vols. , 1883); Red Spider! (1887);
(Grettis the Outlaw) (1890); and “The Broom
Squire) (1896). *
Barker, Matthew Henry. An English nov-
elist; born at Deptford in 1790; died in Lon-
don, June 29, 1846. He followed the sea, and
under the name of « The Old Sailor” wrote
spirited sea tales, very popular in their day.
They include: Land and Sea Tales) (Lon.
don, 1836); (Life of Nelson (1836); (Topsail-
sheet Blocks) (3 vols. , 1838 ; new ed. 1881);
and (The Victory, or the Wardroom Mess)
(1844).
Barlæus or Baerle, Kaspar van (bär-li'us).
A Dutch poet, historian, and learned writer;
born in Antwerp, Feb. 12, 1584; died in Am-
sterdam, Jan. 14, 1648. His Poems, mostly
Latin, are not fiery, his History of Brazil
under Maurice of Nassau' is decidedly so; and
he composed also numerous fine orations, the
influence he exercised upon thought being very
considerable.
Barlow, Jane. An Irish poet and story-
writer; born in county Dublin about 1857. She
is the daughter of Prof. Barlow of Dublin Uni-
versity, a writer of historical and philosophical
works. Her popular books include: Irish
Idylls) (1892); (Bogland Studies); (Kerrigan's
Quality'; (Walled Out, or Eschatology in a
og); «The Mockers of the Shallow Waters!
(1893); (Strangers at Lisconnel' (1895). *
## p. 43 (#59) ##############################################
BARLOW – BARR
43
.
)
Barlow, Joel. An American poet and states-
man; born in Reading, Conn. , March 24, 1754 ;
died near Cracow, Poland, Dec. 24, 1812. He
published political works and poems, which
contain many philosophical and political dis-
sertations. The Vision of Columbus) (Hart-
ford, 1787) was extended into (The Columbiad,
a long epic (Phila. , 1807). He also wrote (The
Conspiracy of Kings) (London, 1792); and the
celebrated poem “Hasty Pudding. ' *
Barnard, Lady Ann. A Scotch poet; born
at Lindsay in Fifeshire, 1750; died 1825. She is
famous for (Auld Robin Gray,' a ballad which
has attained great popularity throughout Scot-
land. She also wrote other poems.
Barnard, Charles. An American dramatist ;
born in Boston, Mass. , Feb. 13, 1838. He is a
journalist and dramatist. His most popular
play is (The County Fair) (1888). Author
of “The Tone Masters (New York, 1871);
Knights of To-day) (1881); (The Whistling
Buoy) (1887); dramas, and books on garden-
ing and electricity.
Barnard, Henry. A prominent American
educator; born at Hartford, Conn. , Jan. 24,
1811. He was president of the University of
Wisconsin (1856-59) and St. John's College,
Annapolis, Md. (1865-66); founded the Amer-
ican Journal of Education (1855); was United
States Commissioner of Education (1867-70).
Among his numerous writings may be named :
(Hints and Methods for Teachers) (1857);
Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism' (1861); (Ger-
man Educational Reformers) (1862); etc.
Barnard, John. A noted American Con-
gregational divine; born at Boston, Nov. 6,
1681; died at Marblehead, Mass. , Jan. 24, 1770.
He was one of the earliest New England dis-
senters from Calvinism. Ordained colleague
minister of Marblehead (1716); he took great
interest in the local fisheries and commerce.
He wrote History of the Strange Adventures
of Philip Ashton' (1725), etc.
Barnes, Albert. An American Presbyterian
minister and religious writer; born at Rome,
N. Y. , Dec. 1, 1798; died at Philadelphia, Dec.
24, 1870. For thirty-seven years pastor of the
First Presbyterian Church in Philadelphia; he
was best known by his Notes) on the New
Testament (of which over a million volumes
are said to have circulated), Isaiah, Job,
Psalms, etc. He wrote also (The Church and
Slavery) (1857); Life at Threescore and
Ten) (1869); etc.
His heterodox views caused
the formation of the New School of Presby-
terian theology (1837).
Barnes, Barnabe. An English poet; born
in Yorkshire about 1569; died in St. Mary-le-
Bow, Durham, in December 1609. . He was
the son of the Bishop of Durham; was edu-
cated at Oxford; and went to Normandy in
1591 with the Earl of Essex. His fame rests
a collection of sonnets, madrigals, and
odes, called Parthenophil and Parthenope)
(London, about 1593). Other books : (A Divine
Century of Spiritual Sonnets) (1595); and
(The Devil's Charter,' a tragedy (1607).
Barnes, William. An English poet and
philologist; born in Dorsetshire, Feb. 22, 1800;
died in Winterbourne Came, in October 1886.
He wrote many books on philology; and three
series of (Poems of Rural Life in the Dorset-
shire Dialect) (London, 1844, 1846, and 1863),
and Poems of Rural Life) (1866). His
«fad)) was the disuse of all but the Anglo-
Saxon elements of the English language. *
Barni, Jules Romain (bär-nē). A French
scholar and philosophical writer and critic;
born in Lille, June 1, 1818; died in Mers, dept.
Somme, July 4, 1878. His efforts to propagate
the Kantian philosophy through the medium
of 'Observations on the Sense of the Sublime
and Beautiful) (1836), Foundations of Ethical
Metaphysic) (1848), and Kantian Philosophy)
(1850), earned him distinction; as did also, in
another but contiguous field, a (History of
Moral and Political Ideas in France in the
Eighteenth Century) (1866).
Barnum, Mrs. Frances Courtenay (Bay-
lor). An American novelist; born in Arkan-
sas, 1848. Her home is in Savannah. She
has written : (On Both Sides, an international
novel; (Behind the Blue Ridge); Juan and
Juanita,' a story for boys and girls; 'Claudia
Hyde. She has also been a frequent contrib-
utor to magazines, and a writer of short stories.
Barnum, Phineas Taylor. A famous Amer-
ican showman; born at Bethel, Conn. , July 5,
1810; died at Bridgeport, Conn. , April 7, 1891.
After various unsuccessful business ventures, he
finally established Barnum's Museum in New
York (1841), which was twice burned. He in-
troduced Tom Thumb, Jenny Lind, Commo-
dore Nutt, Admiral Dot, the Woolly Horse,
Jumbo, etc. , to the American public. In 1871
he established his great circus. He was mayor
of Bridgeport, and four times member of the
Connecticut Legislature. His benefactions were
large and frequent. He wrote: Humbugs of
the World' (1865); (Struggles and Triumphs)
(1869); Lion Jack, a Story) (1876); Auto-
biography) (1855, new editions 1869 and later).
He was a lecturer on temperance and other
popular subjects.
Barr, Amelia Edith. An Anglo-American
novelist; born in Ulverton, Lancashire, Eng.
land, March 29, 1831. She was the daughter
of the Rev. William Huddleston, and in 1850
married Robert Barr. She came to America
in 1854, and lived for some years in Texas;
but after her husband's death removed to New
York, where her first book, (Romance and
Reality,' was published in 1872. She is a pro-
lific writer, and her novels are very popular.
They include: Jan Vedder's Wife) (New
York, 1885); (A Daughter of Fife) (1885);
(A Bow of Orange Ribbon) (1886); (A Border
Shepherdess) (1887); (Friend Olivia' (1890).
Barr, Robert. A Scottish author; born in
Glasgow about 1855. He spent his childhood
:
on
## p. 44 (#60) ##############################################
44
BARRACAND - BARROW
on
in Canada, drifted into journalism, joined the
staff of Detroit Free Press, and wrote under
the name of “Luke Sharp. ” He went to
London in 1881 and founded The Idler with
Jerome K. Jerome, but retired to devote him-
self to fiction. He is author of a number of
novels : (In the Midst of Alarms) (1894); (The
Face and the Mask) (1895); (One Day's Court-
ship’ (1896); (A Woman Intervenes) (1896);
and others.
Barracand, Léon Henri (bär-ä-kän). A
French poet and novelist; born at Romans,
Drôme, May 2, 1844. He gave up the law
when a very young man in order to write
verses; but he was not much known as a poet
until Dananiel (1886) appeared, under the
pseudonym of «Léon Grandet, followed by a
sequel, (Doctor Gal (1870). He had already,
however, attracted attention by some fictions,
and has steadily risen in importance as a nov-
elist; -(Yolande) (1867); (Hilaire Gervais)
(1885); (The Second Lieutenant's Manuscript)
(1887); and (The Cousin (1888), being per-
haps best known. His Lamartine and the
Muse) (1883) was crowned by the French
Academy.
Barrantes, Vicente (bär-rän'tes). A Span-
ish miscellaneous writer, novelist, and poet;
born at Badajoz, March 24, 1829. He first stud-
ied theology, but in 1848 settled in Madrid to
pursue literature; held responsible government
offices; became member of the Academy in
1872. Among his works are the stories (Al-
ways Late) (1851); Juan de Padilla); (The
Widow of Padilla); and a series of historical
studies, dealing with strictly local Philippine
Island and Estremaduran topics. His (Tales
and Legends) are well chosen and well writ-
ten; but a work on (The Defects and Dangers
of Universal Suffrage, partly fiction and partly
satire, is weak.
Barrès, Maurice (bär-ās'). A French nov-
elist and publicist; born at Charmes-sur-Mo-
selle, Aug. 17, 1862. His political career has
been successful, but less important than his
work in literature, he being conspicuous in
the decadent » school owing to his fictions :
(Under the Eye of the Barbarians, a study in
egoism ; (The Sensation of Paris); and (The
Latin Quarter) (all in 1888), in all of which the
artificialities of an over-refined culture are
apparent.
Barrett, Benjamin Fisk. An American Swe-
denborgian theologian; born at Dresden, Me. ,
June 24, 1808; died at Germantown, Pa. , Aug.
6, 1892. Settled in Philadelphia, he edited the
New Church Monthly and founded the Swe-
denborgian Publication Society in 1885. He
wrote a number of works on Swedenborgian-
ism, including a "Life of Swedenborg'; 'Swe-
denborg and Channing); etc.
Barrie, James Matthew. A Scottish author;
born in Kirriemuir, Forfarshire, May 9, 1860.
He graduated from Edinburgh University in
1882, and went to London in 1885 to engage
in journalism. His peculiar talent for depicting
Scottish village life and rustic characters with
fidelity, pathos, humor, and poetic charm, has
brought him fame. "Better Dead) (1887) and
(When a Man's Single) (1888) were followed
by Auld Licht Idylls) (1888) and A Win-
dow in Thrums) (1889), which first made him
widely known; (An Edinburgh Eleven' (1890);
(My Lady Nicotine, humorous essays
smoking (1890); (The Little Minister) (1891);
(Sentimental Tommy) (1896); Margaret
Ogilvy! (1896), a biography of his mother.
He has also written numerous short sketches
and three comedies : “Walker, London (1892);
Jane Annie) (1893); and (The Professor's
Love Story. ' *
Barrière, Jean François (bä-rē-ır'). A
French historical writer; born in Paris, May
12, 1786; died there, Aug. 22, 1868. His ener-
gies were first directed to periodical literature;
but he subsequently produced (The Court and
the City under Louis XIV. , Louis XV. , and
Louis XVI. , besides editing a numerous series
of memoirs of personages connected with the
Grand Monarch.
Barrière, Théodore (bä-rê-år'). A French
dramatist, born in Paris, 1823; died there, Oct.
16, 1877. In collaboration with others he sup-
plied the French stage with a great number of
dramas and comedies, some of which met with
much favor, especially (Bohemian Life) (1848,
with Murger); (The Maids of Marble) (1853,
with Thiboust), a counterpart to Dumas's
(La Dame aux Camélias); and (The Spurious
Men of Honor) (1856, with Capendu), a scath-
ing satire and his masterpiece.
Barrili, Antonio Giulio (bär-rē'lē). An Ital-
ian novelist; born in Savona, 1836. Engaging
in journalism when only eighteen, he assumed
the management of Il Movimento in 1860, and
became proprietor and editor of Il Caffaro in
Genoa in 1872. He had taken part in the cam-
paigns of 1859 and 1866 (with Garibaldi in Ty-
rol) and in the Roman expedition of 1867, and
sat in the Chamber of Deputies in 1876–79.
One of the most prolific writers of modern
Italy. Among his numerous stories are: (Elm-
tree and Ivy) (1868); (The Vale of Olives)
(1871); (As in a Dream'; 'The Devil's Portrait
(1882); (The Eleventh Commandment); (A
Whimsical Wooing) (the last three translated
into English and published by Geo. Gotts-
berger Peck, New York).
Barros, João de (bär'rös). The foremost
Portuguese historian; born at Vizeu, 1400;
died near Lisbon, Oct. 20, 1570. His principal
work, Asia,' a history of Portuguese discover-
ies and conquests in East India, 1415-1539, was
afterwards continued by Diogo de Couto. He
also wrote the Chronicle of Emperor Clari-
mundo,' a historical romance, distinguished for
great beauty of style.
Barrow, Frances Elizabeth. An American
author; born in Charleston, S. C. , Feb. 22,
1822; died in New York city, May 7, 1894.
She was educated in New York, where she was
married to James Barrow. She wrote under
3
3
## p. 45 (#61) ##############################################
BARROW-BARTRAM
45
nevs
As a
the name of Aunt Fanny» numerous books
for children; among them (Six Nightcaps,'
which has been translated into French, Ger-
man, and Swedish. Another, (The Letter G)
(1864), was widely known and very popular.
She also wrote a novel, (The Wife's Stratagem. '
Barrow, Sir John. A notable English
writer on travels; born at Dragleybeck, Lan-
cashire, June 19, 1764; died in London, Nov.
23, 1848. His numerous and extended jour-
are recounted in (Travels to China,
(Voyage to Cochin-China, (Travels in the
Interior of Southern Africa, and various dia-
ries, with an accuracy beyond question, and
a conscientious devotion to science equaled only
by the modesty of his own disparagement of
the results of his investigations.
Barrows, John Henry. An American Pres.
byterian minister, chairman of the general
committee on religious congresses at the Co-
lumbian Exposition (1893); born at Medina,
Mich. , July 11, 1847. He has written : (The
Gospels are True Histories) (1891); Henry
Ward Beecher, the Pulpit Jupiter) (1893);
Life of Henry Ward Beecher); etc.
Barry, John Daniel. An American novelist;
born 1866. He has written : (A Daughter of
Thespis); (The Intriguers); Mademoiselle
Blanche); (The Princess Margarethe, a Fairy
Tale.
Barthélemy, Auguste Marseille (bär-tāl-
mē'). A French satirist; born in Marseilles,
1796; died there, Aug. 23, 1867. In collabora.
tion with his friend, Joseph Méry, he wrote
several satirical epics, directed against the
Bourbon dynasty, which appealed to a large
circle of readers. The great historical epic
Napoleon in Egypt) (1828) describes the po-
etical side of that wonderful campaign with
great skill.
Barthélemy, Jean Jacques. A French an-
tiquarian; born at Cassis, Provence, Jan. 20,
1710; died in Paris, April 30, 1795. He won
European fame with his (Travels of Young
Anacharsis in Greece) (1788), a fascinating
picture of domestic and social life in ancient
Greece, which was translated into many lan-
guages, into English by Beaumont (1791). As
a romancer he tried his hand with (The Loves
of Carites and Polydorus) (1760), purporting
to be translated from the Greek.
Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire, Jules (bär-tāl.
mē' san-tê-lār'). A French scholar and man
of letters; born in Paris, 1805. He has writ-
ten brilliantly for leading periodicals, and his
best-known work is probably the Comment-
ary on Aristotle) (1837-70). He has also pub-
lished: (The Vedas) (1854); (Mahomet and
the Koran' (1865); and (Philosophy in Relation
to Science and Religion (1889).
Barthet, Armand (bär-tā'). A French poet
and novelist (1820-74), best remembered as
the author of (The Sparrow of Lesbia) (1849),
a comedy in verse, written for the famous
Rachel.
Bartlett, John. An American publisher and
compiler of books of reference; born at Plym-
outh, Mass. , June 14, 1820. Since 1878 a mem-
ber of the publishing-house of Little, Brown
& Co. , Boston. He has compiled: (Familiar
Quotations) (1855), a ninth edition of which
appeared in 1891; (The Shakspere Phrase
Book) (1881); -A Shakspere Concordance)
(1894), etc.
Bartlett, John Russell. An American au-
thor ; born in Providence, R. I. , Oct. 23, 1805;
died there, May 28, 1886. He was Secretary
of State of Rhode Island from 1855 to 1872.
Besides many books of local interest, he pre-
pared a Dictionary of Americanisms, which
is widely known as a work of reference.
Bartlett, Samuel Colcord. An American
educator and Congregational divine; born at
Salisbury, N. H. , Nov. 25, 1817. He was presi-
dent of Dartmouth College (1877-92). He
has written (From Egypt to Palestine) (1879),
and several religious works.
Bartók, Ludwig von (bär-tök'). A Hunga-
rian poet and dramatist; born in 1851. He is
widely known as a versifier of taste, “Carpa-
thian Songs) being his happiest verse.
playwright he is even more distinguished; the
comedy of (The Most Beautiful) (1880), and
the historical tragedy (Margareta Kendi, as
well as Anna Thuran,' a historical drama,
having been frequently acted.
Bartol, Cyrus Augustus (bär-tol'). An
American Unitarian divine and essayist; born
at Freeport, Me. , April 30, 1813. He has been
prominent as a radical in religious thought, and
pastor' of the West Church, Boston, since 1861.
He has written: Pictures of Europe ) (1855);
(Radical Problems) (1872); and several ethical
and religious works.
Bartoli, Adolfo (bär-to'lē). An Italian his-
torian of literature ; born in Fivizzano, Nov.
19, 1833. He has long been a recognized ar-
biter of taste and the elegancies in connection
with his country's literature; his First Two
Centuries of Italian Literature) (1870-80) and
(History of Italian Literature) (1878-89) being
masterpieces.
Barton, Bernard. An English poet; born
in Carlisle, Jan. 31, 1784; died in Woodbridge,
Feb. 19, 1849. Educated at a Quaker school in
Ipswich. He is called the “Quaker Poet,”
and is best known because of his friendship
with Charles Lamb. His life was spent in
Woodbridge. He published many volumes of
verse, now neglected. They include : (Metrical
Effusions) (London, 1812); Devotional Verses)
(1826); and Household Verses) (1845).
Bartram, John (bär'trạm). A celebrated
American botanist; born in Chester county,
Pa. , March 23, 1699; died at Kingsessing, near
Philadelphia, Pa. , Sept. 22, 1777. He was called
the “father of American botany, and founded
at Kingsessing the first botanical garden in
America. Linnæus termed him «the greatest
natural botanist in the world. " He published
## p. 46 (#62) ##############################################
46
BASCOM – BAUDELAIRE
(Observations on the Inhabitants, Climate, Soil,
Diverse Productions, Animals, etc. , made in his
travels from Pennsylvania to Lake Ontario,
and a similar volume on eastern Florida (1766).
Bascom, John. An American educator and
philosophical writer; born at Geneva, N. Y. ,
1827. He was president of the University of
Wisconsin (1874-87). He has written a num-
ber of philosophical works, among them : Phi-
losophy of English Literature) (1874), lectures
before the Lowell Institute; (Comparative
Psychology) (1878); (Sociology) (1887), etc.
Basedow or Bassedau (bäs'è-dou). A cele-
brated German pedagogue; born in Hamburg,
Sept.
