Soon after the
investigation
by congress had been
closed, a challenge was delivered on his behalf to General
Lee, by his friend Hamilton, which resulted in a duel, in
which Lee was slightly wounded, who subsequently disa-
vowed the use of the language which had been imputed to
him.
closed, a challenge was delivered on his behalf to General
Lee, by his friend Hamilton, which resulted in a duel, in
which Lee was slightly wounded, who subsequently disa-
vowed the use of the language which had been imputed to
him.
Hamilton - 1834 - Life on Hamilton - v1
It is evident, the enemy wish to
avoid, not to engage us. An officer is just come in, who
informs he left the enemy's force near five miles off, still in
march. To ascertain more fully their route, I have order-
ed a fresh party on their left, and towards the head of their
column. They have three brigades in rear of their bag-
gage"
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? HAMILTON. 197
In the after part of the same day he again writes to Ge-
neral Washington, who, at the head of the main body, was
detained at Cranberry by a heavy storm.
HAMILTON TO "WASHINGTON.
"SIR,
"The result of what I have seen and heard respecting the
enemy is, that they have encamped with their van a little
beyond Monmouth Court-House, and their rear at Mana-
lapans river, about seven miles from this place. Their
march to-day has been very judiciously conducted; their
baggage in front, and their flying army in the rear, with a
rear guard of one thousand men about four hundred paces
from the main body.
To attack them in this situation, without being supported
by the whole army, would be folly in the extreme. If it
should be thought advisable to give the necessary support,
the army can move to some position near the enemy's left
flank, which would put them in a very awkward situation,
with so respectable a body in their rear, and would put it
out of their power to turn either flank, should they be so
disposed. Their left is strongly posted; and I am told
their, right is also. By some accounts, one part of his army
lies in the road leading from the Monmouth road to South
Amboy. It is not improbable that South Amboy may still
be the object. I had written thus far when your letter to
the Marquis arrived. This puts the matter on a totally dif-
ferent footing. The detachment will march to-morrow
morning at three o'clock to Englishtown. "
This order was given in consequence of the delay of the
main body, by which the advanced corps, being too far on
the right, would be unsupported, in case of an attack, as
had been indicated in Hamilton's letter of the morning.
Early on the twenty-seventh, the detachment under the
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? 198 THE LIFE OF
Marquis moved forward to Englishtown. The change in
the position of the enemy rendering it proper to reinforce
the advanced corps, and partly to relieve Lee's feelings,
Washington detached him with two brigades to English-
town to support La Fayette. In order to assure his pur-
pose, he was instructed, that any operation in which the
advance had engaged, should be persevered in; and with
this understanding, the command was confided to him.
The main body then moved forward, and encamped within
three miles of that place, -- Morgan hovering on the right
flank of the enemy, and Dickinson, with the Jersey militia,
on the left.
On the evening of the twenty-seventh, Hamilton, who
had rejoined the main body by order of Washington
wrote to General Lee, directing him, from the apprehen-
sion that the enemy might move off at night, or early in the
morning, to detach a party of six or eight hundred men, to
lie near them, and to skirmish, so as to produce some de-
lay; while Lee was directed to give orders to Colonel
Morgan to make an attack for a similar purpose: a pre-
vious order had been issued to Lee to call the officers to-
gether, and plan the attack; and an hour was appointed
by him for their conference; but before they met, he rode
out, and on the inquiry for orders, were informed that he
had none to give.
In the interim, the enemy had taken a strong position
with their right flank, on the skirt of a small wood, and
their left secured by a forest, and a morass running towards
their rear, a wood also covering their front.
The main body of the Americans being put in motion
to support him, Lee was ordered to commence the attack.
Colonel Hamilton, who had rejoined the Marquis before
break of day, as soon as he saw the probability of the van
of the advanced corps being engaged with the enemy, re-
turned to Washington, who was coming up with the
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? HAMILTON. 199
main body, and advised* him to throw the right wing of
the army round by the right, and to follow with the left
wing directly in General Lee's rear, to support him; and
an order was immediately given to Greene to file off with
the right wing, and take a position so as to protect the right
of the army, which was done. Hamilton then went for-
ward to reconnoitre. Lee, after having advanced a short
distance, ordered a halt; he then again moved forward,
and in half an hour after, Wayne was directed by Lee to
leave his own detachment, and take command of the front.
Scott's brigade then advanced up the morass on one side,
Varnum's following its rear. Wayne, on reaching the front,
sent intelligence to Lee that the enemy were moving in
great disorder, and urged him to push on the rear. He con-
tinued to advance, crossing the morass near the road where
they were marching. Their whole force then in view halt-
ed; a body of British horse, covered by infantry, instantly
charged the foremost regiment under Colonel Butler, who,
pouring in a well-directed fire, broke them, and threw their
covering party into disorder. The pursuit was kept up,
when the enemy opened a fire from their artillery inclining
to the right of the Americans, in order to gain an eminence,
where their veterans formed with admirable coolness, as
they came up in succession. Wayne hoping to gain the ad-
vantage of the ground, formed Scott's brigade, under a
heavy discharge of artillery, and still pressed on, when
an order was received from Lee, who Hamilton states
"meditated the disgrace of the Americans," to retreat.
The enemy seeing the situation of this detachment whol-
ly unsupported, passed a column through the village, and
gained a position between it and the remainder of the
army, when they again made a spirited charge with their
* Proceedings of a Court-Martial for the trial of General Lee, held at
Brunswick, July 4th, 1778. Fitzgerald's testimony, p. 33. Tilghman's, p. 26.
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? 200 THE LIFE OF
horse, and the whole advance was compelled to retire;
which they did, under cover of a wood, until they reached
the body under Lee. Hamilton having urged in vain that
possession should be taken of a hill which commanded the
plain on which the enemy were coming up, and that there
the battle should be fought,* rejoined Washington, to re-
port what he had done. He thus represented the situation
of the advance ;f that when he came up with Lee, the
enemy was drawn up with their right near a wood, their
left in open ground covered by cavalry; that the American
columns were within cannon shot of the enemy; that he
rode up to the front of the column, and perceiving that their
cavalry were filing off towards the left, as if to attempt
Lee's right, he suggested to him that a column should
wheel on their right, and attack them. This suggestion was
approved; and Hamilton, by Lee's order, directed La Fay-
ette to wheel by his right, gain, and attack the enemy's
flank. At this instant, while Washington was standing
with his arm extended over his horse, during a halt for a
few moments, where the roads forked, a small party came
rapidly up, from whom he learned that the advanced corps
was on the retreat. He instantly, giving way to a burst of
indignation, sprung upon his horse, and having ordered Co-
lonel Harrison, who had returned from reconnoitring, to as-
certain the truth, pushed forward to the rear of the advan-
ced corps, and rallied the retreating troops.
To every inquiry as to the cause of the retreat, an un-
satisfactory answer was given. Colonel Ogden, who fol-
lowed, exclaimed with an oath, "we are flying from a
shadow. " The troops were then in the greatest disorder,
ignorant what direction to pursue.
Washington meanwhile reached the knoll, where Lee
was, -- he immediately ordered Wayne to renew the *
* Lee's Defence, p. 53. t Hamilton's testimony, p. 20.
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? HAMILTON. 201
combat, directed cannon to be brought up, which was done
by Colonel Oswald, and a brisk cannonade ensued. Then
calling up Colonels Ramsay and Stewart, he vehemently
exclaimed, that they were the officers on whom he should
depend to give the enemy a check. While these regiments
were forming, Lee approached. Washington demanded of
him, in haste, the cause of the retreat. He replied -- Sir,
Sir, with hesitation, stating that it was owing to contradic-
tory information and disobedience of orders, and that he
did not choose to beard the British army in such a situation;
and that besides, the attack was contrary to his opinion.
Washington replied, that whatever was his opinion, he ex-
pected his orders would have been obeyed.
At this moment, Hamilton rode up, and exclaimed to Lee,
"I will stay with you, my dear General, and die with you.
Let us all die here, rather than retreat. " Perceiving the
enemy advancing on the artillery, which, by the orders of
General Knox had been posted on the right,* he advised
that a detachment should march to their succour; when, after
a short interval, Colonel Livingston pushed forward and re-
pulsed them with spirit.
Hamilton then rode towards the rear; when finding Co-
lonel Olneyf retreating, with Varnum's brigade, and fear-
ing that the artillery in their front would be lost, he order-
ed the brigade to form along a fence near him, with all pos-
sible despatch, which they immediately did, and charged at
the point of the bayonet, where Hamilton, who had assist-
ed in forming them, and had placed himself at their head,
had his horse shot under him; when, hurt by the fall, J and
overcome by the heat, (for he had ridden throughout the
action without his hat,) he was compelled to retire.
This party, after exchanging a sharp fire, gave time for
* Hamilton's testimony, p. 20. f Colonel Olney's testimony, p. 40.
| Hamilton's testimony, p. 21.
vol. I. 26
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? 202 THE LIFE OF
the artillery to fall back; but too weak to prevent the ene-
my from outflanking them, retreated with considerable loss.
These two successive checks by Livingston and Olney,
afforded time to make a disposition of the left wing, and to
form the second line of the army upon an eminence, and in
a copse in the rear covered by a morass. On this elevation,
Stirling, who commanded that wing, placed cannon, which
protected the charges of the infantry, and produced a great
impression on the enemy, and stopped their progress.
Greene, as soon as he heard of the retreat, pushed for-
ward, and selected a position on the right, which Hamilton
had advised Lee to take, crowned it with artillery, and
kept off the British advancing on the right, while he
severely enfiladed the left. Wayne then advanced, and
pouring in a close fire, drove the enemy beyond the morass,
near which Butler had at first repulsed them. Washington
followed up the attack, by orders to General Poor, with
two brigades, to move on the right, and Woodford on their
left, while Knox brought his artillery to bear upon their
front. These dispositions were made; but obstacles pre-
vented their reaching the enemy until night had closed in.
The Americans, worn out by the intense heat, reposed on
the field of battle, hoping to renew the action in the ensu-
ing day; but the enemy taking advantage of the darkness,
pressed on, and succeeded in embarking at Sandy-Hook.
Washington, unfortunately, believing that no serious injury
could be inflicted upon them, leaving only a small force to
hover around them, moved up for the protection of the
Hudson.
This narrative shows the conspicuous services of Hamil-
ton in this engagement; and such was Washington's sense
of their importance, that he caused a high eulogium upon
him to be inserted in his despatch to congress, which
Hamilton, from motives of delicacy, induced him to ex-
punge. A letter from camp, published at that time, thus
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? HAMILTON. 20S
speaks of the conduct of Washington's staff: "I am happy
to have it in my power to mention the merit of Colonel
Hamilton. He was incessant in his endeavours during the
whole day, in reconnoitering the enemy, and in rallying
and charging; but whether he or Colonel Laurens deserves
most of our commendation is somewhat doubtful -- both
had their horses shot under them, and both exhibited singu-
lar proofs of bravery. They seemed to court death, under
our doubtful circumstances, and triumphed over it as the
face of war changed in our favour. Fitzgerald had a slight
contusion with a musket ball; he and Meade claim the
highest encomiums. Colonel Olney at the head of Var-
num's brigade, made a successful charge with the bayonet;
Colonel Barber received a ball through the side. The
artillery under Knox and Oswald were much distinguished. "
The result of this engagement, so honourable to its valour,
aroused the greatest indignation in the army. The im-
mediate friends of Lee sought to exculpate his conduct on
the ground of discretionary orders, and an alleged contra-
diction of intelligence; and when brought before a court-
martial, he did not hesitate to claim merit from the course
which he had taken: but a large majority of the general
officers, those especially who had been sent forward
to bring on an engagement, the whole of Washington's
staff, and the colonels of the several regiments, who received
the first impression of the enemy, indulged the loudest
complaints. Wayne, whose valour had beenon this occasion,
as on every other, eminently conspicuous, demanded Lee's
arrest; and an investigation became unavoidable.
The court over which Stirling presided commenced its
session on the fourth of July, and adjourned on the twelfth
of August, after several interruptions, having found him
"guilty of disobedience of orders in not attacking the
enemy; of misbehaviour, by making an unnecessary and
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? 204 THE LIFE OF
disorderly retreat; and of disrespect to the commander-irir
chief:" and Lee was suspended fro/n his command for
twelve months, which he never resumed, -- a sentence
which, with a divided vote, was confirmed by congress. *
The defence made by Lee, was regarded as highly dis-
ingenuous; and as will be seen from the following letter,
an answer was contemplated by Colonel Laurens, but
abandoned, from the delicacy due to an officer, whose
sentence was then before congress.
MY DEAR HAMILTON,
You have seen, and by this time considered, General
Lee's infamous publication. I have collected some hints
for an answer; but I do not think, either that I can rely upon
my own knowledge of facts and style to answer him fully,
or that it would be prudent to undertake it without counsel.
An affair of this kind ought to be passed over in total si-
lence, or answered in a masterly manner.
The ancient secretary is the Recueil of modern history
and anecdotes, and will give them to us with candour, ele-
gance, and perspicuity. The pen of Junius is in your hand;
and I think you will, without difficulty, expose in his de-
fence, letters, and last production, such a tissue of falsehood
and inconsistency, as will satisfy the world, and put him
forever to silence.
I think the affair will be definitively decided in congress
this day. He has found means to league himself with the
old faction, and to gain a great many partizans.
* December 5th, 177S. -- The votes in congress were as follows:--
Negatives. --Messrs. Whipple, N. H. ; S. Adams, Lovell, Mass. ; Carmichael,
Maryland; M. Smith, Virginia; Harnett, N. C. ; Langwortby, Georgia.
Affirmative. --Messrs. Frost, N. H. ; Holten, Mass. ; Collins, Rhode
Island; Sherman, Ellsworth, Connecticut; Scudder, New-Jersey; Searle,
Pennsylvania; Henry, Maryland; F. L. Lee, Virginia; Penn, Williams, N.
C. ; Laurens, Drayton, S. C.
Having written a very offensive letter to congress, he was on the 10th of
January, 1780, dismissed the service.
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? HAMILTON. 205
Adieu, my dear boy: -- I shall set out for camp to-mor-
row.
John Laurens.
Although this purpose was abandoned, the family of
Washington could not endure the continued imputations
cast upon him by Lee. The biting sarcasms, and offensive
manner which he had evinced on his trial, towards Lau-
rens particularly, rankled in the bosom of that officer, whose
indignation was increased by the relation of very offensive
epithets, said to have been applied by him to his command-
er.
Soon after the investigation by congress had been
closed, a challenge was delivered on his behalf to General
Lee, by his friend Hamilton, which resulted in a duel, in
which Lee was slightly wounded, who subsequently disa-
vowed the use of the language which had been imputed to
him.
Believing that no serious injury could be inflicted on the
enemy, the army remained in New-Jersey until intelligence
being received of the arrival of a French fleet, under Count
D'Estaing, it crossed the Hudson, and took a position in the
vicinity of White Plains, favourable to either of the objects
which might be concerted, -- a descent on New-York or
upon Rhode-Island. On the return of Laurens to head
quarters, with information of the approach of the fleet, in-
structions having been received from congress, Hamilton,
whom Washington stated "was well informed of the situa-
tion of the army, and of his sentiments on every point,"
was despatched to have an interview with the French ad-
miral, and to give him a representation of the situation of
the combatants.
It being supposed that the entrance of the fleet into the
harbour of New-York would be attended with great diffi-
culty, an attempt on Rhode-Island was determined upon;
and with this design, two brigades under La Fayette were
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? 206 THE LIFE OF
pushed on from the main army, and Laurens sent forward
to consult with General Sullivan, then in command at New-
port.
The result of this attempt, in itself most disastrous, threat-
ened a danger still more serious. In the ardour of his feel-
ings, Sullivan imputed a want of conduct to the French
commander; which, though obvious, was impolitic. The
wounded pride of D'Estaing took the alarm, and he was,
with difficulty, soothed by the interposition of Greene and
Washington.
Nothing of interest occurred during the residue of the
year with the main army, which was cantoned throughout
the winter in a line extending from Fishkill to Danbury.
The situation of the prisoners still remained a subject of
great and increasing anxiety. Representations from head
quarters had induced congress to depart, in some measure,
from the strict line of retaliation they had adopted; and
although in respect to Burgoyne they were inexorable, yet
many other sources of embarrassment had ceased, and the
concurrent anxiety of our new ally with the wishes of
Washington, seemed to open a prospect of a more success-
ful negotiation. A new proposition being offered by Sir
Henry Clinton, Washington was authorized by congress to
appoint commissioners for that purpose; and Colonels Ha-
milton and Harrison were selected to meet the British
commissioners, Colonels Hyde and O'Hara, at Amboy. The
conference soon terminated; the unexpected and novel de-
mands of the enemy being rejected. One incident alone
remains worthy of mention in this eventful year.
Congress had adopted a plan for relieving the distresses
of the army, which were very urgent. The plan was in-
tended to be kept a profound secret. A member of con-
gress, one of the Cabal, divulged it to certain friends, who
were charged with having speculated with him in flour.
The views of congress were in some measure defeated, and
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? HAMILTON. 207
the sufferings of the army prolonged. "Hamilton," says
Troup, "was informed of the facts, and made them the
subject of a series of letters, which had the effect of seri-
ously injuring the character of the member; and they
struck me as the closest imitation of Junius which I had
ever read. " They appeared under the signature of Publius,
an appellation which was afterwards adopted by him on the
publication of the Federalist.
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? CHAPTER X.
[1779. ]
Through the exertions of General Greene and Colonel
Wadsworth, and th'e system introduced under their admi-
nistration of the Quarter-master-general and Commissa-
riat departments, the army, although cantoned in a country
already nearly exhausted, passed the winter in a great de-
gree exempt from the sufferings which had attended it at
Valley Forge.
The measures which had been adopted with respect to
its organization in the preceding year, though productive
of very beneficial consequences, from the nature of the
force employed, required frequent modifications; and with
a view to this object a committee of congress was appoint-
ed to repair to head quarters. Its conferences with the
commander-in-chief commenced on the eighth of January,
at which time a plan was submitted to them, drawn up by
Colonel Hamilton, under the eye of Washington, which
gives a brief but interesting view of the various considera-
tions that influenced the determinations which were sub-
sequently taken as to the policy of the present year.
"The first and great object is to recruit the army. "
First by enlisting all the men now in it during the war,
who are engaged for any term short of that: for this pur-
pose no bounty should be spared.
Secondly, by drafting upon some such plan as was re-
commended to the committee at Valley Forge last Feb-
ruary.
The next object is, to fix some ideas respecting the
northern preparations, concerning which the commander-
in-chief now finds himself in a dilemma, and respecting the
vol. i. 27
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? 210 THE LIFE OF
operations of the next campaign in general, in order that
measures may be taken systematically. The following
questions, on which the foregoing will depend, ought to be
considered and decided.
First. If the enemy retain their present force at New-
York and Rhode-Island, can we assemble a sufficient force
and means to expel them?
Second. If we cannot, can we make a successful at-
tempt against Niagara, and retain a sufficient force at the
same time on the sea-board to keep the enemy within
bounds?
Third. Are our finances equal to eventual preparations
for both of those objects 1
If the first is determined in the affirmative, and the ene-
my keep possession, we ought to direct almost our whole
force and exertions to that point; and for the security of
our frontiers, endeavour to make some expedition against
Detroit and the Indian settlements, by way of diversion.
Our preparations ought then to be adapted to this plan, and
if we cannot conveniently unite our preparations for this
object with an. expedition against Niagara, we ought to re-
nounce the latter.
If the first question is answered negatively, and the se-
cond affirmatively, and if it is judged expedient to make
such an attempt, our preparations ought to have reference
principally thereto, and we must content ourselves with a
merely defensive conduct elsewhere, and should study eco-
nomy as much as possible. It is in vain to attempt things
which are more the objects of desire than attainment.
Every undertaking ought at least to be regulated by the
state of our finances, the prospect of our supplies, and the
probability of success. Without this, disappointment, dis-
grace, and an increase of debt will ensue on our part; ex-
ultation and renewed hope on that of the enemy. To
determine, therefore, what we can undertake, the state of
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? HAMILTON. 211
the army, the prospect of recruiting it, paying, clothing and
feeding it, the providing the necessary apparatus for offen-
sive operations; all these matters ought to be well and
maturely considered. On them every thing must depend;
and however reluctantly we yield, they will compel us to
conform to them, as by attempting impossibilities we shall
ruin our affairs.
If the third question is answered affirmatively, which it
is much to be feared cannot be done, then eventual prepa-
rations ought to be made for both. We shall then be best
able to act according to future circumstances; for though
it will be impossible to unite both objects in the execution,
yet in the event of the enemy's leaving these states, we
should be ready to strike an important blow for the effectual
security of our frontiers, and for opening a door to a far-
ther progress to Canada.
From the investigation of these points another question
may possibly result.
Will not the situation of our affairs, on account of the
depreciated condition of our currency, deficiency of bread,
scarcity of forage, the exhausted state of our resources in
the middle department, and the general distress of the in-
habitants, render it advisable for the main body of the
army to lie quiet in some favourable position for confining,
as much as possible, the enemy to their present posts,
(adopting, at the same time, the best means in our power
to scourge the Indians, and prevent their depredations,) in
order to save expenses, avoid new emissions, recruit our
finances, and give a proper tone to our money for more vi-
gorous measures hereafter?
In determining a plan of operations for next campaign,
much will depend on the prospect of European affairs;
what we have to expect from our friends; what they will
expect from us; and what the enemy will probably be able
to do. These points should be well weighed, and every
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? 212 THE LIFE OF
information concentered to throw light upon them. But
upon the whole, it will be the safest and most prudent way
to suppose the worst, and prepare for it.
"It is scarcely necessary to say, that the providing ample
supplies of arms, clothes, and ordnance stores, is essential,
and that an uncertain dependence may not only be hurtful,
but ruinous. Their importance demands that every possi-
ble expedient should be, without delay, adopted, towards
obtaining these articles in due season for the purposes of
next campaign.
"Heavy cannon, for posts in the Highlands, for battering,
and for vessels, if offensive measures are to be pursued,
must be immediately forwarded, and in considerable quan-
tity. Large mortars, with a sufficient apparatus, will also
be wanted.
"The completing the arrangement of the army, without
farther delay, is a matter of great importance, whatever
may be our plan. The want of this is the source of infinite
dissatisfaction to the officers in general, and continual per-
plexity to the commander-in-chief. The want of brigadiers
is a material inconvenience, and hath been the cause of
much relaxation of discipline, discontent, and loss, in sev-
eral instances. "
These remarks are followed by observations, indicating
changes in the ordnance department, as suggested by Ge-
neral Knox; in the clothing, and in the hospital depart-
ments. The immediate establishment of an inspectorship,
on a definite plan, is strongly urged; and an improved ar-
rangement of the engineering department. The communi-
cation closes with a reference to the situation of the offi-
cers, which is stated "to be so singularly hard, that the bare
mention of their case is sufficient to bring it home to the at-
tention and feeling of every man of reflection, and will leave
no doubt of the necessity of applying a remedy the most
speedy and effectual. "
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? HAMILTON. 213
The views taken in this paper, were the ground-work of
the deliberations of the committee; and the plan of a de-
fensive campaign, which was ultimately adopted, was en-
forced by various considerations.
The enemy's force, at New-York and Rhode Island, was
at this time about twelve thousand men. From the cir-
cular position of their posts, the strength of their fortifica-
tions, and their shipping, it was believed, that to a success-
ful attempt, double that number of effectives would be ne-
cessary. These, both from the rate of wages and the high
price of labour, it was impossible to get, beside the extreme
difficulty of providing subsistence and forage for so large
a force.
For an attack upon the frontier posts of the interior, a
body of permanent troops with auxiliaries, to the amount
of more than twenty thousand men, was deemed requisite;
for the transportation of whom, ships were to be built, boats
provided, and greater expense incurred, than would be ne-
cessary for an attack on New-York.
From the objections to these plans an expedition against
the Indians was free, and attended with much less expense,
while the country would, in the interval, be left to repose,
the disbursements of the year diminished -- a general sys-
tem of economy might be adopted, and enlistments made
to continue during the war.
But as to this latter course, indicated more by the na-
tional necessities than by any other considerations, there
were grounds of serious hesitation. "The very inactivity,
it was naturally feared, might be attributed to the weakness
of the United States, and thus affect their credit and import-
ance abroad, and produce a most serious effect on their
negotiations in Europe. It might also discourage the peo-
ple, inspirit the disaffected, and give time for the discon-
tented to combine and produce extensive divisions, while
a successful blow given to the enemy, in the reduced state
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? 214 THE LIFE OF
of the army, might compel them to evacuate the United
States, to which there would be little probability of their
return. " But to this the finances of the country were in-
competent; and it was believed no adequate force could
be assembled.
After a deliberate view of the subject, a defensive plan
was agreed upon, only to be departed from in the contin-
gency of such reinforcements from France, as would justi-
fy drawing on the resources of the country, to an extent
that would ensure the accomplishment of some capital
object.
For the better organization of the army, in addition to
the subjects previously submitted to the committee, the
adoption of measures to relieve the officers was a primary
consideration; and in a letter received from head quarters,
after stating "that the news of peace had diverted the minds
of the officers at Valley Forge," it was urged, in order " that
the officers should take pleasure in their situation, not mere-
ly endure it; which would render them an insipid and spi-
ritless mass, incapable of acting with vigour, and ready to
fall to pieces at every reverse of fortune;" that they should
be provided with clothing by public authority, at prices pro-
portioned to their pay: that the rations and subsistence
which they had received rendered their situation indigent
and miserable, and an expedient of a periodical valuation
of their rations was proposed. "To attach them heartily
to the service, their expectations of futurity must be inter-
ested. " With this view, a half-pay or pensionary establish-
ment for life was recommended, and not for a term of years,
on the ground, "that the officer looks beyond a limited pe-
riod, and naturally flatters himself that he will outlive it. "
The unpleasant restrictions which attended the resolves for
seven years were condemned; pensions for the widows of
the officers were recommended; and to the objection rais-
ed to pensions, that they were inconsistent with the maxims
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? HAMILTON. 215
of government, it was answered, "that it equally applied
to pensions for years as to those for lives. " "It is alike a
pension, in both cases; in one, for a fixed and determinate
period; in the other, for a contingent period. " Strongly as
these views were taken, it was nevertheless cautiously sug-
gested, "that the subject should not be brought forward un-
less certain of success; that it was a point on which the of-
ficers' feelings were much engaged, and should not be awa-
kened unless gratified. "
Within a few days after, a plan for a clothing depart-
ment was proposed, establishing a subordination of officers,
and recommending a distinct colour and uniform for each
state corps; to diminish the expense of competition for the
same colour; to distinguish the corps from each other; to
discriminate merit; and to prevent expense to the officers
by frequent changes.
It has been previously observed, that on the appointment
of Steuben, a brief plan of an inspectorship had been in
part adopted by congress in the spring of 1778. This plan
was subsequently modified and completed in the ensuing
month of September, when the number of the regiments
was allotted to each state.
The system then introduced, proved imperfect; and hav-
ing been agreed to in committee, on the twenty-eighth of
January of this year, a new plan for this department was
reported by the committee of conference to congress, and
passed on the eighteenth of February following. The re-
port exists among the archives of the government in a rough
state; the preamble in another hand, but the body of it,
with marks of alteration by him, in the autography of Ha-
milton; where may also be found a plan drawn up by him
for completing the regiments, and changing their establish-
ment, in which is a project for an annual draft. Induce-
ments for reinlistments, and the modes of supplying the
deficiency, are set forth with great perspicuity, giving the
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? 216 THE LIFE OF
general principles for such a procedure, which, in similar
emergencies, might be adopted with advantage.
While these topics were engaging their attention, con-
gress was called, by a communication from Mr. Arthur Lee,
and by a conference with the French minister, to a nego-
tiation with Spain, involving points of great moment, the
consideration of which is deferred to a subsequent part of
this narrative.
The inactivity of the preceding campaign, had induced a
general languor in the national legislature, which gave scope
to those dissensions from which public bodies, not acting
under the pressure of controlling circumstances, are rarely
free, and from which the short predatory invasion of Vir-
ginia, by General Matthews, and the remote, though inter-
esting events in Georgia and Carolina, were insufficient to
arouse them.
In early spring, the enemy, waiting reinforcements, were
content to harass and alarm the states adjacent to New-
York by sudden inroads, which did not advance in the least
the great object of the contest, but only served to increase
the horrors of war, by invading the unsuspicious security of
the settlements near the coast. These incursions were ag-
gravated by being chiefly undertaken by the American refu-
gees; who, forgetting their duty to their country, discarded
all regard to the obligations of humanity, and evincing the
cruelty, without the courage of other freebooters, rendered
doubly afflicting this border warfare.
Among other acts of this character, the expedition of
Tryon into Connecticut, and an attack upon Tarrytown,
were most conspicuous; and being conducted, in these in-
stances, by officers of the regular army, excited the loudest
clamour.
The debateable ground of Westchester, had long been a
scene of the most wanton enormities. There parties were
regularly organized, under the singular denominations of
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? HAMILTON. 217
skinners and cow-boys; and as a natural consequence of
this petty warfare, long continued, a great part of the com-
munity were demoralized, and each combination formed
itself into regular bands of depredators.
But the principal seat of these outrages was in the lower
districtsof New-Jersey, which be ingeasily accessible through
its numerous inlets from the ocean, and having a sparse po-
pulation, was kept in constant alarm. Small vessels were
seen continually hovering along the coast, which made in
upon them at midnight, carried off all the plunder they could
find, fired the houses, murdered all who resisted, and perpe-
trated shocking barbarities. Bands of robbers roamed over
the less frequented regions, and along the barrens, who,
excited to cruelty by their conflicts with the militia, mark-
ed their path with rapine and with blood.
The vigilance exerted by Governor Livingston, and the
necessary severity exercised upon these outlaws, rendered
him an object of their particular hostility, and plans were
frequently formed to seize his person. On one occasion,
intelligence of his being at a certain spot was given, a party
was embodied to carry him off, and two men, bolder than
the others, were sent forward to watch his movements. Ac-
cident saved him. In the habit of riding at sunrise, he had,
on the appointed day, awakened sooner than usual, and had
just passed the place selected for his capture or destruction,
when the party made their appearance a few moments too
late.
avoid, not to engage us. An officer is just come in, who
informs he left the enemy's force near five miles off, still in
march. To ascertain more fully their route, I have order-
ed a fresh party on their left, and towards the head of their
column. They have three brigades in rear of their bag-
gage"
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? HAMILTON. 197
In the after part of the same day he again writes to Ge-
neral Washington, who, at the head of the main body, was
detained at Cranberry by a heavy storm.
HAMILTON TO "WASHINGTON.
"SIR,
"The result of what I have seen and heard respecting the
enemy is, that they have encamped with their van a little
beyond Monmouth Court-House, and their rear at Mana-
lapans river, about seven miles from this place. Their
march to-day has been very judiciously conducted; their
baggage in front, and their flying army in the rear, with a
rear guard of one thousand men about four hundred paces
from the main body.
To attack them in this situation, without being supported
by the whole army, would be folly in the extreme. If it
should be thought advisable to give the necessary support,
the army can move to some position near the enemy's left
flank, which would put them in a very awkward situation,
with so respectable a body in their rear, and would put it
out of their power to turn either flank, should they be so
disposed. Their left is strongly posted; and I am told
their, right is also. By some accounts, one part of his army
lies in the road leading from the Monmouth road to South
Amboy. It is not improbable that South Amboy may still
be the object. I had written thus far when your letter to
the Marquis arrived. This puts the matter on a totally dif-
ferent footing. The detachment will march to-morrow
morning at three o'clock to Englishtown. "
This order was given in consequence of the delay of the
main body, by which the advanced corps, being too far on
the right, would be unsupported, in case of an attack, as
had been indicated in Hamilton's letter of the morning.
Early on the twenty-seventh, the detachment under the
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? 198 THE LIFE OF
Marquis moved forward to Englishtown. The change in
the position of the enemy rendering it proper to reinforce
the advanced corps, and partly to relieve Lee's feelings,
Washington detached him with two brigades to English-
town to support La Fayette. In order to assure his pur-
pose, he was instructed, that any operation in which the
advance had engaged, should be persevered in; and with
this understanding, the command was confided to him.
The main body then moved forward, and encamped within
three miles of that place, -- Morgan hovering on the right
flank of the enemy, and Dickinson, with the Jersey militia,
on the left.
On the evening of the twenty-seventh, Hamilton, who
had rejoined the main body by order of Washington
wrote to General Lee, directing him, from the apprehen-
sion that the enemy might move off at night, or early in the
morning, to detach a party of six or eight hundred men, to
lie near them, and to skirmish, so as to produce some de-
lay; while Lee was directed to give orders to Colonel
Morgan to make an attack for a similar purpose: a pre-
vious order had been issued to Lee to call the officers to-
gether, and plan the attack; and an hour was appointed
by him for their conference; but before they met, he rode
out, and on the inquiry for orders, were informed that he
had none to give.
In the interim, the enemy had taken a strong position
with their right flank, on the skirt of a small wood, and
their left secured by a forest, and a morass running towards
their rear, a wood also covering their front.
The main body of the Americans being put in motion
to support him, Lee was ordered to commence the attack.
Colonel Hamilton, who had rejoined the Marquis before
break of day, as soon as he saw the probability of the van
of the advanced corps being engaged with the enemy, re-
turned to Washington, who was coming up with the
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? HAMILTON. 199
main body, and advised* him to throw the right wing of
the army round by the right, and to follow with the left
wing directly in General Lee's rear, to support him; and
an order was immediately given to Greene to file off with
the right wing, and take a position so as to protect the right
of the army, which was done. Hamilton then went for-
ward to reconnoitre. Lee, after having advanced a short
distance, ordered a halt; he then again moved forward,
and in half an hour after, Wayne was directed by Lee to
leave his own detachment, and take command of the front.
Scott's brigade then advanced up the morass on one side,
Varnum's following its rear. Wayne, on reaching the front,
sent intelligence to Lee that the enemy were moving in
great disorder, and urged him to push on the rear. He con-
tinued to advance, crossing the morass near the road where
they were marching. Their whole force then in view halt-
ed; a body of British horse, covered by infantry, instantly
charged the foremost regiment under Colonel Butler, who,
pouring in a well-directed fire, broke them, and threw their
covering party into disorder. The pursuit was kept up,
when the enemy opened a fire from their artillery inclining
to the right of the Americans, in order to gain an eminence,
where their veterans formed with admirable coolness, as
they came up in succession. Wayne hoping to gain the ad-
vantage of the ground, formed Scott's brigade, under a
heavy discharge of artillery, and still pressed on, when
an order was received from Lee, who Hamilton states
"meditated the disgrace of the Americans," to retreat.
The enemy seeing the situation of this detachment whol-
ly unsupported, passed a column through the village, and
gained a position between it and the remainder of the
army, when they again made a spirited charge with their
* Proceedings of a Court-Martial for the trial of General Lee, held at
Brunswick, July 4th, 1778. Fitzgerald's testimony, p. 33. Tilghman's, p. 26.
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? 200 THE LIFE OF
horse, and the whole advance was compelled to retire;
which they did, under cover of a wood, until they reached
the body under Lee. Hamilton having urged in vain that
possession should be taken of a hill which commanded the
plain on which the enemy were coming up, and that there
the battle should be fought,* rejoined Washington, to re-
port what he had done. He thus represented the situation
of the advance ;f that when he came up with Lee, the
enemy was drawn up with their right near a wood, their
left in open ground covered by cavalry; that the American
columns were within cannon shot of the enemy; that he
rode up to the front of the column, and perceiving that their
cavalry were filing off towards the left, as if to attempt
Lee's right, he suggested to him that a column should
wheel on their right, and attack them. This suggestion was
approved; and Hamilton, by Lee's order, directed La Fay-
ette to wheel by his right, gain, and attack the enemy's
flank. At this instant, while Washington was standing
with his arm extended over his horse, during a halt for a
few moments, where the roads forked, a small party came
rapidly up, from whom he learned that the advanced corps
was on the retreat. He instantly, giving way to a burst of
indignation, sprung upon his horse, and having ordered Co-
lonel Harrison, who had returned from reconnoitring, to as-
certain the truth, pushed forward to the rear of the advan-
ced corps, and rallied the retreating troops.
To every inquiry as to the cause of the retreat, an un-
satisfactory answer was given. Colonel Ogden, who fol-
lowed, exclaimed with an oath, "we are flying from a
shadow. " The troops were then in the greatest disorder,
ignorant what direction to pursue.
Washington meanwhile reached the knoll, where Lee
was, -- he immediately ordered Wayne to renew the *
* Lee's Defence, p. 53. t Hamilton's testimony, p. 20.
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? HAMILTON. 201
combat, directed cannon to be brought up, which was done
by Colonel Oswald, and a brisk cannonade ensued. Then
calling up Colonels Ramsay and Stewart, he vehemently
exclaimed, that they were the officers on whom he should
depend to give the enemy a check. While these regiments
were forming, Lee approached. Washington demanded of
him, in haste, the cause of the retreat. He replied -- Sir,
Sir, with hesitation, stating that it was owing to contradic-
tory information and disobedience of orders, and that he
did not choose to beard the British army in such a situation;
and that besides, the attack was contrary to his opinion.
Washington replied, that whatever was his opinion, he ex-
pected his orders would have been obeyed.
At this moment, Hamilton rode up, and exclaimed to Lee,
"I will stay with you, my dear General, and die with you.
Let us all die here, rather than retreat. " Perceiving the
enemy advancing on the artillery, which, by the orders of
General Knox had been posted on the right,* he advised
that a detachment should march to their succour; when, after
a short interval, Colonel Livingston pushed forward and re-
pulsed them with spirit.
Hamilton then rode towards the rear; when finding Co-
lonel Olneyf retreating, with Varnum's brigade, and fear-
ing that the artillery in their front would be lost, he order-
ed the brigade to form along a fence near him, with all pos-
sible despatch, which they immediately did, and charged at
the point of the bayonet, where Hamilton, who had assist-
ed in forming them, and had placed himself at their head,
had his horse shot under him; when, hurt by the fall, J and
overcome by the heat, (for he had ridden throughout the
action without his hat,) he was compelled to retire.
This party, after exchanging a sharp fire, gave time for
* Hamilton's testimony, p. 20. f Colonel Olney's testimony, p. 40.
| Hamilton's testimony, p. 21.
vol. I. 26
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? 202 THE LIFE OF
the artillery to fall back; but too weak to prevent the ene-
my from outflanking them, retreated with considerable loss.
These two successive checks by Livingston and Olney,
afforded time to make a disposition of the left wing, and to
form the second line of the army upon an eminence, and in
a copse in the rear covered by a morass. On this elevation,
Stirling, who commanded that wing, placed cannon, which
protected the charges of the infantry, and produced a great
impression on the enemy, and stopped their progress.
Greene, as soon as he heard of the retreat, pushed for-
ward, and selected a position on the right, which Hamilton
had advised Lee to take, crowned it with artillery, and
kept off the British advancing on the right, while he
severely enfiladed the left. Wayne then advanced, and
pouring in a close fire, drove the enemy beyond the morass,
near which Butler had at first repulsed them. Washington
followed up the attack, by orders to General Poor, with
two brigades, to move on the right, and Woodford on their
left, while Knox brought his artillery to bear upon their
front. These dispositions were made; but obstacles pre-
vented their reaching the enemy until night had closed in.
The Americans, worn out by the intense heat, reposed on
the field of battle, hoping to renew the action in the ensu-
ing day; but the enemy taking advantage of the darkness,
pressed on, and succeeded in embarking at Sandy-Hook.
Washington, unfortunately, believing that no serious injury
could be inflicted upon them, leaving only a small force to
hover around them, moved up for the protection of the
Hudson.
This narrative shows the conspicuous services of Hamil-
ton in this engagement; and such was Washington's sense
of their importance, that he caused a high eulogium upon
him to be inserted in his despatch to congress, which
Hamilton, from motives of delicacy, induced him to ex-
punge. A letter from camp, published at that time, thus
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? HAMILTON. 20S
speaks of the conduct of Washington's staff: "I am happy
to have it in my power to mention the merit of Colonel
Hamilton. He was incessant in his endeavours during the
whole day, in reconnoitering the enemy, and in rallying
and charging; but whether he or Colonel Laurens deserves
most of our commendation is somewhat doubtful -- both
had their horses shot under them, and both exhibited singu-
lar proofs of bravery. They seemed to court death, under
our doubtful circumstances, and triumphed over it as the
face of war changed in our favour. Fitzgerald had a slight
contusion with a musket ball; he and Meade claim the
highest encomiums. Colonel Olney at the head of Var-
num's brigade, made a successful charge with the bayonet;
Colonel Barber received a ball through the side. The
artillery under Knox and Oswald were much distinguished. "
The result of this engagement, so honourable to its valour,
aroused the greatest indignation in the army. The im-
mediate friends of Lee sought to exculpate his conduct on
the ground of discretionary orders, and an alleged contra-
diction of intelligence; and when brought before a court-
martial, he did not hesitate to claim merit from the course
which he had taken: but a large majority of the general
officers, those especially who had been sent forward
to bring on an engagement, the whole of Washington's
staff, and the colonels of the several regiments, who received
the first impression of the enemy, indulged the loudest
complaints. Wayne, whose valour had beenon this occasion,
as on every other, eminently conspicuous, demanded Lee's
arrest; and an investigation became unavoidable.
The court over which Stirling presided commenced its
session on the fourth of July, and adjourned on the twelfth
of August, after several interruptions, having found him
"guilty of disobedience of orders in not attacking the
enemy; of misbehaviour, by making an unnecessary and
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? 204 THE LIFE OF
disorderly retreat; and of disrespect to the commander-irir
chief:" and Lee was suspended fro/n his command for
twelve months, which he never resumed, -- a sentence
which, with a divided vote, was confirmed by congress. *
The defence made by Lee, was regarded as highly dis-
ingenuous; and as will be seen from the following letter,
an answer was contemplated by Colonel Laurens, but
abandoned, from the delicacy due to an officer, whose
sentence was then before congress.
MY DEAR HAMILTON,
You have seen, and by this time considered, General
Lee's infamous publication. I have collected some hints
for an answer; but I do not think, either that I can rely upon
my own knowledge of facts and style to answer him fully,
or that it would be prudent to undertake it without counsel.
An affair of this kind ought to be passed over in total si-
lence, or answered in a masterly manner.
The ancient secretary is the Recueil of modern history
and anecdotes, and will give them to us with candour, ele-
gance, and perspicuity. The pen of Junius is in your hand;
and I think you will, without difficulty, expose in his de-
fence, letters, and last production, such a tissue of falsehood
and inconsistency, as will satisfy the world, and put him
forever to silence.
I think the affair will be definitively decided in congress
this day. He has found means to league himself with the
old faction, and to gain a great many partizans.
* December 5th, 177S. -- The votes in congress were as follows:--
Negatives. --Messrs. Whipple, N. H. ; S. Adams, Lovell, Mass. ; Carmichael,
Maryland; M. Smith, Virginia; Harnett, N. C. ; Langwortby, Georgia.
Affirmative. --Messrs. Frost, N. H. ; Holten, Mass. ; Collins, Rhode
Island; Sherman, Ellsworth, Connecticut; Scudder, New-Jersey; Searle,
Pennsylvania; Henry, Maryland; F. L. Lee, Virginia; Penn, Williams, N.
C. ; Laurens, Drayton, S. C.
Having written a very offensive letter to congress, he was on the 10th of
January, 1780, dismissed the service.
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? HAMILTON. 205
Adieu, my dear boy: -- I shall set out for camp to-mor-
row.
John Laurens.
Although this purpose was abandoned, the family of
Washington could not endure the continued imputations
cast upon him by Lee. The biting sarcasms, and offensive
manner which he had evinced on his trial, towards Lau-
rens particularly, rankled in the bosom of that officer, whose
indignation was increased by the relation of very offensive
epithets, said to have been applied by him to his command-
er.
Soon after the investigation by congress had been
closed, a challenge was delivered on his behalf to General
Lee, by his friend Hamilton, which resulted in a duel, in
which Lee was slightly wounded, who subsequently disa-
vowed the use of the language which had been imputed to
him.
Believing that no serious injury could be inflicted on the
enemy, the army remained in New-Jersey until intelligence
being received of the arrival of a French fleet, under Count
D'Estaing, it crossed the Hudson, and took a position in the
vicinity of White Plains, favourable to either of the objects
which might be concerted, -- a descent on New-York or
upon Rhode-Island. On the return of Laurens to head
quarters, with information of the approach of the fleet, in-
structions having been received from congress, Hamilton,
whom Washington stated "was well informed of the situa-
tion of the army, and of his sentiments on every point,"
was despatched to have an interview with the French ad-
miral, and to give him a representation of the situation of
the combatants.
It being supposed that the entrance of the fleet into the
harbour of New-York would be attended with great diffi-
culty, an attempt on Rhode-Island was determined upon;
and with this design, two brigades under La Fayette were
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? 206 THE LIFE OF
pushed on from the main army, and Laurens sent forward
to consult with General Sullivan, then in command at New-
port.
The result of this attempt, in itself most disastrous, threat-
ened a danger still more serious. In the ardour of his feel-
ings, Sullivan imputed a want of conduct to the French
commander; which, though obvious, was impolitic. The
wounded pride of D'Estaing took the alarm, and he was,
with difficulty, soothed by the interposition of Greene and
Washington.
Nothing of interest occurred during the residue of the
year with the main army, which was cantoned throughout
the winter in a line extending from Fishkill to Danbury.
The situation of the prisoners still remained a subject of
great and increasing anxiety. Representations from head
quarters had induced congress to depart, in some measure,
from the strict line of retaliation they had adopted; and
although in respect to Burgoyne they were inexorable, yet
many other sources of embarrassment had ceased, and the
concurrent anxiety of our new ally with the wishes of
Washington, seemed to open a prospect of a more success-
ful negotiation. A new proposition being offered by Sir
Henry Clinton, Washington was authorized by congress to
appoint commissioners for that purpose; and Colonels Ha-
milton and Harrison were selected to meet the British
commissioners, Colonels Hyde and O'Hara, at Amboy. The
conference soon terminated; the unexpected and novel de-
mands of the enemy being rejected. One incident alone
remains worthy of mention in this eventful year.
Congress had adopted a plan for relieving the distresses
of the army, which were very urgent. The plan was in-
tended to be kept a profound secret. A member of con-
gress, one of the Cabal, divulged it to certain friends, who
were charged with having speculated with him in flour.
The views of congress were in some measure defeated, and
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? HAMILTON. 207
the sufferings of the army prolonged. "Hamilton," says
Troup, "was informed of the facts, and made them the
subject of a series of letters, which had the effect of seri-
ously injuring the character of the member; and they
struck me as the closest imitation of Junius which I had
ever read. " They appeared under the signature of Publius,
an appellation which was afterwards adopted by him on the
publication of the Federalist.
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? CHAPTER X.
[1779. ]
Through the exertions of General Greene and Colonel
Wadsworth, and th'e system introduced under their admi-
nistration of the Quarter-master-general and Commissa-
riat departments, the army, although cantoned in a country
already nearly exhausted, passed the winter in a great de-
gree exempt from the sufferings which had attended it at
Valley Forge.
The measures which had been adopted with respect to
its organization in the preceding year, though productive
of very beneficial consequences, from the nature of the
force employed, required frequent modifications; and with
a view to this object a committee of congress was appoint-
ed to repair to head quarters. Its conferences with the
commander-in-chief commenced on the eighth of January,
at which time a plan was submitted to them, drawn up by
Colonel Hamilton, under the eye of Washington, which
gives a brief but interesting view of the various considera-
tions that influenced the determinations which were sub-
sequently taken as to the policy of the present year.
"The first and great object is to recruit the army. "
First by enlisting all the men now in it during the war,
who are engaged for any term short of that: for this pur-
pose no bounty should be spared.
Secondly, by drafting upon some such plan as was re-
commended to the committee at Valley Forge last Feb-
ruary.
The next object is, to fix some ideas respecting the
northern preparations, concerning which the commander-
in-chief now finds himself in a dilemma, and respecting the
vol. i. 27
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? 210 THE LIFE OF
operations of the next campaign in general, in order that
measures may be taken systematically. The following
questions, on which the foregoing will depend, ought to be
considered and decided.
First. If the enemy retain their present force at New-
York and Rhode-Island, can we assemble a sufficient force
and means to expel them?
Second. If we cannot, can we make a successful at-
tempt against Niagara, and retain a sufficient force at the
same time on the sea-board to keep the enemy within
bounds?
Third. Are our finances equal to eventual preparations
for both of those objects 1
If the first is determined in the affirmative, and the ene-
my keep possession, we ought to direct almost our whole
force and exertions to that point; and for the security of
our frontiers, endeavour to make some expedition against
Detroit and the Indian settlements, by way of diversion.
Our preparations ought then to be adapted to this plan, and
if we cannot conveniently unite our preparations for this
object with an. expedition against Niagara, we ought to re-
nounce the latter.
If the first question is answered negatively, and the se-
cond affirmatively, and if it is judged expedient to make
such an attempt, our preparations ought to have reference
principally thereto, and we must content ourselves with a
merely defensive conduct elsewhere, and should study eco-
nomy as much as possible. It is in vain to attempt things
which are more the objects of desire than attainment.
Every undertaking ought at least to be regulated by the
state of our finances, the prospect of our supplies, and the
probability of success. Without this, disappointment, dis-
grace, and an increase of debt will ensue on our part; ex-
ultation and renewed hope on that of the enemy. To
determine, therefore, what we can undertake, the state of
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? HAMILTON. 211
the army, the prospect of recruiting it, paying, clothing and
feeding it, the providing the necessary apparatus for offen-
sive operations; all these matters ought to be well and
maturely considered. On them every thing must depend;
and however reluctantly we yield, they will compel us to
conform to them, as by attempting impossibilities we shall
ruin our affairs.
If the third question is answered affirmatively, which it
is much to be feared cannot be done, then eventual prepa-
rations ought to be made for both. We shall then be best
able to act according to future circumstances; for though
it will be impossible to unite both objects in the execution,
yet in the event of the enemy's leaving these states, we
should be ready to strike an important blow for the effectual
security of our frontiers, and for opening a door to a far-
ther progress to Canada.
From the investigation of these points another question
may possibly result.
Will not the situation of our affairs, on account of the
depreciated condition of our currency, deficiency of bread,
scarcity of forage, the exhausted state of our resources in
the middle department, and the general distress of the in-
habitants, render it advisable for the main body of the
army to lie quiet in some favourable position for confining,
as much as possible, the enemy to their present posts,
(adopting, at the same time, the best means in our power
to scourge the Indians, and prevent their depredations,) in
order to save expenses, avoid new emissions, recruit our
finances, and give a proper tone to our money for more vi-
gorous measures hereafter?
In determining a plan of operations for next campaign,
much will depend on the prospect of European affairs;
what we have to expect from our friends; what they will
expect from us; and what the enemy will probably be able
to do. These points should be well weighed, and every
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? 212 THE LIFE OF
information concentered to throw light upon them. But
upon the whole, it will be the safest and most prudent way
to suppose the worst, and prepare for it.
"It is scarcely necessary to say, that the providing ample
supplies of arms, clothes, and ordnance stores, is essential,
and that an uncertain dependence may not only be hurtful,
but ruinous. Their importance demands that every possi-
ble expedient should be, without delay, adopted, towards
obtaining these articles in due season for the purposes of
next campaign.
"Heavy cannon, for posts in the Highlands, for battering,
and for vessels, if offensive measures are to be pursued,
must be immediately forwarded, and in considerable quan-
tity. Large mortars, with a sufficient apparatus, will also
be wanted.
"The completing the arrangement of the army, without
farther delay, is a matter of great importance, whatever
may be our plan. The want of this is the source of infinite
dissatisfaction to the officers in general, and continual per-
plexity to the commander-in-chief. The want of brigadiers
is a material inconvenience, and hath been the cause of
much relaxation of discipline, discontent, and loss, in sev-
eral instances. "
These remarks are followed by observations, indicating
changes in the ordnance department, as suggested by Ge-
neral Knox; in the clothing, and in the hospital depart-
ments. The immediate establishment of an inspectorship,
on a definite plan, is strongly urged; and an improved ar-
rangement of the engineering department. The communi-
cation closes with a reference to the situation of the offi-
cers, which is stated "to be so singularly hard, that the bare
mention of their case is sufficient to bring it home to the at-
tention and feeling of every man of reflection, and will leave
no doubt of the necessity of applying a remedy the most
speedy and effectual. "
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? HAMILTON. 213
The views taken in this paper, were the ground-work of
the deliberations of the committee; and the plan of a de-
fensive campaign, which was ultimately adopted, was en-
forced by various considerations.
The enemy's force, at New-York and Rhode Island, was
at this time about twelve thousand men. From the cir-
cular position of their posts, the strength of their fortifica-
tions, and their shipping, it was believed, that to a success-
ful attempt, double that number of effectives would be ne-
cessary. These, both from the rate of wages and the high
price of labour, it was impossible to get, beside the extreme
difficulty of providing subsistence and forage for so large
a force.
For an attack upon the frontier posts of the interior, a
body of permanent troops with auxiliaries, to the amount
of more than twenty thousand men, was deemed requisite;
for the transportation of whom, ships were to be built, boats
provided, and greater expense incurred, than would be ne-
cessary for an attack on New-York.
From the objections to these plans an expedition against
the Indians was free, and attended with much less expense,
while the country would, in the interval, be left to repose,
the disbursements of the year diminished -- a general sys-
tem of economy might be adopted, and enlistments made
to continue during the war.
But as to this latter course, indicated more by the na-
tional necessities than by any other considerations, there
were grounds of serious hesitation. "The very inactivity,
it was naturally feared, might be attributed to the weakness
of the United States, and thus affect their credit and import-
ance abroad, and produce a most serious effect on their
negotiations in Europe. It might also discourage the peo-
ple, inspirit the disaffected, and give time for the discon-
tented to combine and produce extensive divisions, while
a successful blow given to the enemy, in the reduced state
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? 214 THE LIFE OF
of the army, might compel them to evacuate the United
States, to which there would be little probability of their
return. " But to this the finances of the country were in-
competent; and it was believed no adequate force could
be assembled.
After a deliberate view of the subject, a defensive plan
was agreed upon, only to be departed from in the contin-
gency of such reinforcements from France, as would justi-
fy drawing on the resources of the country, to an extent
that would ensure the accomplishment of some capital
object.
For the better organization of the army, in addition to
the subjects previously submitted to the committee, the
adoption of measures to relieve the officers was a primary
consideration; and in a letter received from head quarters,
after stating "that the news of peace had diverted the minds
of the officers at Valley Forge," it was urged, in order " that
the officers should take pleasure in their situation, not mere-
ly endure it; which would render them an insipid and spi-
ritless mass, incapable of acting with vigour, and ready to
fall to pieces at every reverse of fortune;" that they should
be provided with clothing by public authority, at prices pro-
portioned to their pay: that the rations and subsistence
which they had received rendered their situation indigent
and miserable, and an expedient of a periodical valuation
of their rations was proposed. "To attach them heartily
to the service, their expectations of futurity must be inter-
ested. " With this view, a half-pay or pensionary establish-
ment for life was recommended, and not for a term of years,
on the ground, "that the officer looks beyond a limited pe-
riod, and naturally flatters himself that he will outlive it. "
The unpleasant restrictions which attended the resolves for
seven years were condemned; pensions for the widows of
the officers were recommended; and to the objection rais-
ed to pensions, that they were inconsistent with the maxims
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? HAMILTON. 215
of government, it was answered, "that it equally applied
to pensions for years as to those for lives. " "It is alike a
pension, in both cases; in one, for a fixed and determinate
period; in the other, for a contingent period. " Strongly as
these views were taken, it was nevertheless cautiously sug-
gested, "that the subject should not be brought forward un-
less certain of success; that it was a point on which the of-
ficers' feelings were much engaged, and should not be awa-
kened unless gratified. "
Within a few days after, a plan for a clothing depart-
ment was proposed, establishing a subordination of officers,
and recommending a distinct colour and uniform for each
state corps; to diminish the expense of competition for the
same colour; to distinguish the corps from each other; to
discriminate merit; and to prevent expense to the officers
by frequent changes.
It has been previously observed, that on the appointment
of Steuben, a brief plan of an inspectorship had been in
part adopted by congress in the spring of 1778. This plan
was subsequently modified and completed in the ensuing
month of September, when the number of the regiments
was allotted to each state.
The system then introduced, proved imperfect; and hav-
ing been agreed to in committee, on the twenty-eighth of
January of this year, a new plan for this department was
reported by the committee of conference to congress, and
passed on the eighteenth of February following. The re-
port exists among the archives of the government in a rough
state; the preamble in another hand, but the body of it,
with marks of alteration by him, in the autography of Ha-
milton; where may also be found a plan drawn up by him
for completing the regiments, and changing their establish-
ment, in which is a project for an annual draft. Induce-
ments for reinlistments, and the modes of supplying the
deficiency, are set forth with great perspicuity, giving the
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? 216 THE LIFE OF
general principles for such a procedure, which, in similar
emergencies, might be adopted with advantage.
While these topics were engaging their attention, con-
gress was called, by a communication from Mr. Arthur Lee,
and by a conference with the French minister, to a nego-
tiation with Spain, involving points of great moment, the
consideration of which is deferred to a subsequent part of
this narrative.
The inactivity of the preceding campaign, had induced a
general languor in the national legislature, which gave scope
to those dissensions from which public bodies, not acting
under the pressure of controlling circumstances, are rarely
free, and from which the short predatory invasion of Vir-
ginia, by General Matthews, and the remote, though inter-
esting events in Georgia and Carolina, were insufficient to
arouse them.
In early spring, the enemy, waiting reinforcements, were
content to harass and alarm the states adjacent to New-
York by sudden inroads, which did not advance in the least
the great object of the contest, but only served to increase
the horrors of war, by invading the unsuspicious security of
the settlements near the coast. These incursions were ag-
gravated by being chiefly undertaken by the American refu-
gees; who, forgetting their duty to their country, discarded
all regard to the obligations of humanity, and evincing the
cruelty, without the courage of other freebooters, rendered
doubly afflicting this border warfare.
Among other acts of this character, the expedition of
Tryon into Connecticut, and an attack upon Tarrytown,
were most conspicuous; and being conducted, in these in-
stances, by officers of the regular army, excited the loudest
clamour.
The debateable ground of Westchester, had long been a
scene of the most wanton enormities. There parties were
regularly organized, under the singular denominations of
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? HAMILTON. 217
skinners and cow-boys; and as a natural consequence of
this petty warfare, long continued, a great part of the com-
munity were demoralized, and each combination formed
itself into regular bands of depredators.
But the principal seat of these outrages was in the lower
districtsof New-Jersey, which be ingeasily accessible through
its numerous inlets from the ocean, and having a sparse po-
pulation, was kept in constant alarm. Small vessels were
seen continually hovering along the coast, which made in
upon them at midnight, carried off all the plunder they could
find, fired the houses, murdered all who resisted, and perpe-
trated shocking barbarities. Bands of robbers roamed over
the less frequented regions, and along the barrens, who,
excited to cruelty by their conflicts with the militia, mark-
ed their path with rapine and with blood.
The vigilance exerted by Governor Livingston, and the
necessary severity exercised upon these outlaws, rendered
him an object of their particular hostility, and plans were
frequently formed to seize his person. On one occasion,
intelligence of his being at a certain spot was given, a party
was embodied to carry him off, and two men, bolder than
the others, were sent forward to watch his movements. Ac-
cident saved him. In the habit of riding at sunrise, he had,
on the appointed day, awakened sooner than usual, and had
just passed the place selected for his capture or destruction,
when the party made their appearance a few moments too
late.
