keeping a strict and
annoying
watch upon her xiii.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
)
Cassandreia, the son of Aristobulus, one of the com- 2. The younger son of Alexander Jannaeus and
panions of Alexander the Great in his Asiatic con- Alexandra. (Joseph. Ant. xiii. 16. § 1; Bell. Jud.
quests
, wrote a history of Alexander, which was 1. 5. $ 1. ) During the nine years of his mother's
one of the chief sources used by Arrian in the con- reign be set bimself against the party of the Phari-
## p. 301 (#321) ############################################
ARISTOBULUS.
301
ARISTOBULUS.
were
rees, whose influence she had restored ; and after | Rome, and educated in the house of Pollio. (Jo-
her death, B. c. 70, he made war against his eldest seph. Ant. xv. 10. 1. ) On their return to
brother Hyrcanus, and obtained from him the Judaea, the suspicions of Herod were excited
resignation of the crown and the high-priesthood, against them by their brother Antipater (ANTI-
chiefly through the aid of his father's friends, PATER), aided by Pheroras and their aunt Salome,
whom Alexandra had placed in the several fort- though Berenice, the daughter of the latter, was
resses of the country to save them from the ven- married to Aristobulus; the young men themselves
geance of the Pharisees. (Joseph. Ant. xii. 16, supplying their enemies with a handle against them
xiv. 1. $ 2; Bell. Jud. i. 5, 6. 1. ) In B. c. 65 by the indiscreet expression of their indignation at
Judaea was invaded by Aretas, king of Arabia their mother's death. In B. c. 11, they were ac-
Petraea, with whom, at the instigation of Antipater cused by Herod at Aquilcia before Augustus,
the Idumaean, Hyrcanus had inken refuge. By through whose mediation, however, he was recon-
him Aristobulus was defeated in a battle and bea ciled to them. Three years after, Aristobulus was
sieged in Jerusalem but Aretas was obliged to again involved with his brother in a charge of
raise the siege by Scaurus and Gabinius, Pompey's plotting against their father, but a second reconci-
lieutenants, whose intervention Aristobulus had liation was effected by Archelaus, king of Cappa-
purchased. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 2, 3. $ 2; Bell. Jud. docia, the father-in-law of Alexander. A third
i. 6. SS 2, 3. ) In B. c. 63, he pleaded his cause accusation, through the arts of Eurycles, the Lace-
before Pompey at Damascus, but, finding him dis- daemonian adventurer, proved fatal : by permis-
posed to favour Hyrcanus, he returned to Judaea sion of Augustus, the two young men
and prepared for war. On Pompey's approach, arraigned by Herod before a council convened at
Aristobulus, who had fled to the fortress of Alex- Berytus (at which they were not even allowed to
andreion, was persuaded to obey his summons and be present to defend themselves), and, being con-
appear before him; and, being compelled to sign demned, were soon after strangled at Sebaste,
an order for the surrender of his garrisons, he B. C. 6. (Joseph. Ant. xvi. 1-4, 8, 10, 1); Bell.
withdrew in impotent discontent to Jerusalem. Jud. i. 23—27 ; comp. Strab. xvi. p. 765. )
Pompey still advanced, and Aristobulus again met 5. Surnamed “the Younger" (ó veurepus, Joseph.
him and made submission ; but, his friends in the Ant. xx. 1. & 2) was son of Aristobulus and Bere-
city refusing to perform the terms, Pompey be nice, and grandson of Herod the Great. (Joseph.
sieged and took Jerusalem, and carried away Aris Ant. xviii. 5. & 4; Bell. Jud. i. 28. § 1. ) Himself
tobulus and his children as prisoners. (Joseph. and his two brothers,—Agrippa 1. , and Herod the
Ant. xiv. 3, 4; Bell. Jud. i. 6, 7; Plut. Pomp. future king of Chalcis, — were educated at Rome
cc. 39, 45; Strab. xvi. p. 762; Dion Cass. xxxvii
. together with Claudius, who was afterwards em-
15, 16. ) Appian (Bell. Mith. c. 117) erroneously peror, and who appears to have always regarded
represents him as having been put to death imme- Aristobulus with great favour. (Joseph. Ant. xviii.
diately after Pompey's triumph. In B. c. 57, he 5. & 4, 6. § 1, xx. 1. & 2. ) He lived at enmity with
escaped from his confinement at Rome with his his brother Agrippa, and drove him from the pro-
son Antigonus, and, returning to Judaea, was tection of Flaccus, proconsul of Syria, by the
joined by large numbers of his countrymen and charge of having been bribed by the Damascenes
renewed the war; but he was besieged and taken to support their cause with the proconsul against
at Machaerns, the fortifications of which he was the Sidonians. (Joseph. Ant. xviii. 6. $ 3. ) When
attempting to restore, and was sent back to Rome Caligula sent Petronius to Jerusalem to set up his
by Gabinius. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 6. Ø 1; Bell. Jud. statues in the temple, we find Aristobulus joining
1. 8. $ 6; Plut. Ant. c. 3; Dion Cass. xxxix. 56. ) in the remonstrance against the measure. (Joseph.
In B. C. 49, he was again released by Julius Cae Ant. xviii. 8; Bell. Jud. 10; Tac. Hist. v. 9. ) He
sar, who sent him into Judaea to forward his in- died as he had lived, in a private station (Joseph.
terests there; he was, however, poisoned on the Bell. Jud. ii. 11. & 6), having, as appears from the
way by some of Pompey's party. (Joseph. Ant. letter of Claudius to the Jews in Josephus (Ant.
xiv. 7. $ 4; Bell. Jul. i. 9. § 1; Dion Cass. xli. xx. 1. & 2), survived his brother Agrippa, whose
18. )
death took place in A. D. 44. He was married to
3. Grandson of No. 2, was the son of Alexan- lotapa, a princess of Emessa, by whom he left a
der and brother of Herod's wife Mariamne. His daughter of the same name. (Joseph. Ant. xviii.
mother, Alexandra, indignant at Herod's having 5. § 4; Bell. Jud. ii. 11. $ 6. )
conferred the high-priesthood on the obscure Ana- 6. Son of Herod king of Chalcis, grandson of
nelus, endeavoured to obtain that office for her son the Aristobulus who was strangled at Sebaste, and
from Antony through the influence of Cleopatra. great-grandson of Herod the Great. In A. D. 53,
Herod, fearing the consequences of this application, Nero made Aristobulus king of Arinenia Minor, in
and urged by Mariamne's entreaties, deposed order to secure that province from the Parthians,
Ananelus and made Aristobulus high-priest, the and in a. D. 61 added to his dominions some por-
latter being only 17 years old at the time. The tion of the Greater Armenia which had been given
king, however, still suspecting Alexandra, and to Tigranes. (Joseph. Ant. xx. 8. $ 4; Tac. Ann.
keeping a strict and annoying watch upon her xiii. 7, xiv. 26. ) Aristobulus appears also (Joseph.
movements, she renewed her con. plaints and de- | Bell. Jud. vii. 7. $ l) to have obtained from the
signs against him with Cleopatra, and at length Romans his father's kingdom of Chalcis, which had
made an attempt to escape into Egypt with her been taken from his cousin Agrippa 11. , in. A. D.
Herod discovered this, and affected to par- 52 ; and he is mentioned as joining Caesennius
don it; but soon after he caused Aristobulus to be Paetus, proconsul of Syria, in the war against
treacherously drowned at Jericho, B. c. 35. (Jo- Antiochus, king of Commagene, in the 4th year of
seph. Ant. xv. 2, 3; Bell, Jud. i. 22. $ 2. )
Vespasian, A. D. 73. (Joseph. l. c. ) He was mar.
14. One of the sons of Herod the Great by ried to Salome, daughter of the infamous Herodias,
Mariamne, was sent with his brother Alexander to by whom he had three sons, Herod, Agrippa, and
son.
## p. 302 (#322) ############################################
302
ARISTOCLES.
ARISTOCLES.
Aristobulus; of these nothing further is recorded. I century after Christ. According to Suidas (s. v. )
(Joseph. Ant. xviii. 5. § 4. )
(E. E. ) and Fudocia (p. 71), he wrote several works :-
ARISTOBULUS, a painter, to whom Pliny | 1. Πότερον σπουδαιότερος Ομηρος ή Πλάτων.
(xxxv. 40. & 42) gives the epithet Syrus, which 2. Té xvos pintopikal. 3. A work on the god Serapis.
Sillig understands of one of the Cyclades. [P. S. ) 4. A work on Erbics, in ten books: and 5. A work
ARISTOCLEIA ('APLOTÓKleia), a priestess in on Philosophy, likewise in ten books. The last of
Delphi, from whom Pythagoras said that he had these works appears to have been a history of phi-
received many of his precepts. (Porphyr $ 41. losophy, in which he treated of the philosophers,
p. 41, ed. Küster. ) She is called Themistocleia their schools, and doctrines. Several fragments of
in Diogenes Laërtius (viii. 21), and Theocleia it are preserved in Eusebius. (Pruer. Erung. xiv.
in Suidas. (s. v. lutayópas. ) Pythagoras is said 17-21, xv. 2, 14 ; Comp. Theodoret. Therap. Serm.
to have written a letter to her. See Fabric. Bill. 8, and Suidas, who also mentions some other works
Grucc. i. p. 891.
of his. )
ARISTOCLEIDAS ('Aplotokeidas), of Ae- 4. A Stoic philosopher, who wrote a commentary
gina, son of Aristophanes, won the victory in the in four books on a work of Chrysippus. (Suid. s. r.
Pancratium in the Nemean Games, but it is not 'AprotokAŃS. )
known in what Olympiad. Dissen conjectures 5. A musician, to whom Athenaeus (iv. p. 174)
that it was gained before the battle of Salamis. attributes a work nepi xópwv.
The third Nemean Ode of Pindar is in his honour. 6. The author of an epigram in the Greek An-
ARISTOCLEIDES ('APLOTOKAelons), a cele-thology. (Append. Epigr. n. 7, ed. Tauchnitz. )
brated player on the cithara, who traced his de- 7. The author of a work called Tapasoša, which
scent from Terpander, lived in the time of the consisted of several books. Jacobs (ad Anthol. Gr.
Persian war. He was the master of Phrynis of xiii. p. 862) is of opinion, that he is the same as
Mytilene. (Schol ad. Aristoph. Nub. 958; Sui- the Messenian. Some fragments of his are pre-
das, s. v. $pūvis. ) [Phrynis. )
served in Stobaeus (Florileg. 64, 37) and the
ARISTOCLEITUS ('Aplo TÓK AELTOS), as he is Scholiast on Pindar. (Olymp. vii. 66. ) (L. S. )
called by Plutarch (Lysand. c. 2), or Aristocritus ARI'STOCLES ('AplotokAfis), a physician,
('Αριστόκριτος) or Aristocrates ('Αριστοκράτης), as whose medicines are several times quoted by An-
he is called by Pausanias (iii. 6. § 4, 8. $$ 3, 5, dromachus. (Ap. Gal. De Compos. Medicam. sec.
vi. 3. & 6, &c. ), the father of Lysander, the Spar- Locos, vi. 6, vol. xii. p. 936 ; ibid. vii. 7, vol. xiii.
tan lawgiver.
d, p. 205; De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. vii.
ARISTOCLES ('Aplotokaņs). 1. Of Rhodes, 7, vol. xiii. p. 977. ) He is also mentioned in the
a Greek grammarian and rhetorician, who was a first volume of Cramer's Anecdota Graeca Pari
contemporary of Strabo. (xiv. p. 655. ) He is siensia, p. 395. Nothing is known of the events
probably the writer of whom Ammonius (de Diff of his life, but he must have lived some time in or
Voc. under érindios) mentions a work tepi before the first century after Christ. [W. A. G. ]
101NT is. There are several other works : viz. ARI'STOCLES ('APLOTOKAñS), sculptors. From
Tepl SalékTou (Etymol. M. s. v. kuua; comp. different passages in Pausanias we learn the follow-
Cramer's Anecdot. i. p. 231, iii. p. 298), Aarovcov ing particulars :-
Troditela (Athen. iv. p. 140), and a work on the (i. ) Aristocles of Cydonia was one of the most
history of Italy, of which Plutarch (Paral. Minor. ancient sculptors; and though his age could not be
25, 41) mentions the third book, -- which are clearly fixed, it was certain that he flourished be-
ascribed to Aristocles; but whether all or only fore Zancle was called Messene (Paus. v. 25. & 6),
some of them belong to Aristocles the Rhodian, is that is, before 494 B.
Cassandreia, the son of Aristobulus, one of the com- 2. The younger son of Alexander Jannaeus and
panions of Alexander the Great in his Asiatic con- Alexandra. (Joseph. Ant. xiii. 16. § 1; Bell. Jud.
quests
, wrote a history of Alexander, which was 1. 5. $ 1. ) During the nine years of his mother's
one of the chief sources used by Arrian in the con- reign be set bimself against the party of the Phari-
## p. 301 (#321) ############################################
ARISTOBULUS.
301
ARISTOBULUS.
were
rees, whose influence she had restored ; and after | Rome, and educated in the house of Pollio. (Jo-
her death, B. c. 70, he made war against his eldest seph. Ant. xv. 10. 1. ) On their return to
brother Hyrcanus, and obtained from him the Judaea, the suspicions of Herod were excited
resignation of the crown and the high-priesthood, against them by their brother Antipater (ANTI-
chiefly through the aid of his father's friends, PATER), aided by Pheroras and their aunt Salome,
whom Alexandra had placed in the several fort- though Berenice, the daughter of the latter, was
resses of the country to save them from the ven- married to Aristobulus; the young men themselves
geance of the Pharisees. (Joseph. Ant. xii. 16, supplying their enemies with a handle against them
xiv. 1. $ 2; Bell. Jud. i. 5, 6. 1. ) In B. c. 65 by the indiscreet expression of their indignation at
Judaea was invaded by Aretas, king of Arabia their mother's death. In B. c. 11, they were ac-
Petraea, with whom, at the instigation of Antipater cused by Herod at Aquilcia before Augustus,
the Idumaean, Hyrcanus had inken refuge. By through whose mediation, however, he was recon-
him Aristobulus was defeated in a battle and bea ciled to them. Three years after, Aristobulus was
sieged in Jerusalem but Aretas was obliged to again involved with his brother in a charge of
raise the siege by Scaurus and Gabinius, Pompey's plotting against their father, but a second reconci-
lieutenants, whose intervention Aristobulus had liation was effected by Archelaus, king of Cappa-
purchased. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 2, 3. $ 2; Bell. Jud. docia, the father-in-law of Alexander. A third
i. 6. SS 2, 3. ) In B. c. 63, he pleaded his cause accusation, through the arts of Eurycles, the Lace-
before Pompey at Damascus, but, finding him dis- daemonian adventurer, proved fatal : by permis-
posed to favour Hyrcanus, he returned to Judaea sion of Augustus, the two young men
and prepared for war. On Pompey's approach, arraigned by Herod before a council convened at
Aristobulus, who had fled to the fortress of Alex- Berytus (at which they were not even allowed to
andreion, was persuaded to obey his summons and be present to defend themselves), and, being con-
appear before him; and, being compelled to sign demned, were soon after strangled at Sebaste,
an order for the surrender of his garrisons, he B. C. 6. (Joseph. Ant. xvi. 1-4, 8, 10, 1); Bell.
withdrew in impotent discontent to Jerusalem. Jud. i. 23—27 ; comp. Strab. xvi. p. 765. )
Pompey still advanced, and Aristobulus again met 5. Surnamed “the Younger" (ó veurepus, Joseph.
him and made submission ; but, his friends in the Ant. xx. 1. & 2) was son of Aristobulus and Bere-
city refusing to perform the terms, Pompey be nice, and grandson of Herod the Great. (Joseph.
sieged and took Jerusalem, and carried away Aris Ant. xviii. 5. & 4; Bell. Jud. i. 28. § 1. ) Himself
tobulus and his children as prisoners. (Joseph. and his two brothers,—Agrippa 1. , and Herod the
Ant. xiv. 3, 4; Bell. Jud. i. 6, 7; Plut. Pomp. future king of Chalcis, — were educated at Rome
cc. 39, 45; Strab. xvi. p. 762; Dion Cass. xxxvii
. together with Claudius, who was afterwards em-
15, 16. ) Appian (Bell. Mith. c. 117) erroneously peror, and who appears to have always regarded
represents him as having been put to death imme- Aristobulus with great favour. (Joseph. Ant. xviii.
diately after Pompey's triumph. In B. c. 57, he 5. & 4, 6. § 1, xx. 1. & 2. ) He lived at enmity with
escaped from his confinement at Rome with his his brother Agrippa, and drove him from the pro-
son Antigonus, and, returning to Judaea, was tection of Flaccus, proconsul of Syria, by the
joined by large numbers of his countrymen and charge of having been bribed by the Damascenes
renewed the war; but he was besieged and taken to support their cause with the proconsul against
at Machaerns, the fortifications of which he was the Sidonians. (Joseph. Ant. xviii. 6. $ 3. ) When
attempting to restore, and was sent back to Rome Caligula sent Petronius to Jerusalem to set up his
by Gabinius. (Joseph. Ant. xiv. 6. Ø 1; Bell. Jud. statues in the temple, we find Aristobulus joining
1. 8. $ 6; Plut. Ant. c. 3; Dion Cass. xxxix. 56. ) in the remonstrance against the measure. (Joseph.
In B. C. 49, he was again released by Julius Cae Ant. xviii. 8; Bell. Jud. 10; Tac. Hist. v. 9. ) He
sar, who sent him into Judaea to forward his in- died as he had lived, in a private station (Joseph.
terests there; he was, however, poisoned on the Bell. Jud. ii. 11. & 6), having, as appears from the
way by some of Pompey's party. (Joseph. Ant. letter of Claudius to the Jews in Josephus (Ant.
xiv. 7. $ 4; Bell. Jul. i. 9. § 1; Dion Cass. xli. xx. 1. & 2), survived his brother Agrippa, whose
18. )
death took place in A. D. 44. He was married to
3. Grandson of No. 2, was the son of Alexan- lotapa, a princess of Emessa, by whom he left a
der and brother of Herod's wife Mariamne. His daughter of the same name. (Joseph. Ant. xviii.
mother, Alexandra, indignant at Herod's having 5. § 4; Bell. Jud. ii. 11. $ 6. )
conferred the high-priesthood on the obscure Ana- 6. Son of Herod king of Chalcis, grandson of
nelus, endeavoured to obtain that office for her son the Aristobulus who was strangled at Sebaste, and
from Antony through the influence of Cleopatra. great-grandson of Herod the Great. In A. D. 53,
Herod, fearing the consequences of this application, Nero made Aristobulus king of Arinenia Minor, in
and urged by Mariamne's entreaties, deposed order to secure that province from the Parthians,
Ananelus and made Aristobulus high-priest, the and in a. D. 61 added to his dominions some por-
latter being only 17 years old at the time. The tion of the Greater Armenia which had been given
king, however, still suspecting Alexandra, and to Tigranes. (Joseph. Ant. xx. 8. $ 4; Tac. Ann.
keeping a strict and annoying watch upon her xiii. 7, xiv. 26. ) Aristobulus appears also (Joseph.
movements, she renewed her con. plaints and de- | Bell. Jud. vii. 7. $ l) to have obtained from the
signs against him with Cleopatra, and at length Romans his father's kingdom of Chalcis, which had
made an attempt to escape into Egypt with her been taken from his cousin Agrippa 11. , in. A. D.
Herod discovered this, and affected to par- 52 ; and he is mentioned as joining Caesennius
don it; but soon after he caused Aristobulus to be Paetus, proconsul of Syria, in the war against
treacherously drowned at Jericho, B. c. 35. (Jo- Antiochus, king of Commagene, in the 4th year of
seph. Ant. xv. 2, 3; Bell, Jud. i. 22. $ 2. )
Vespasian, A. D. 73. (Joseph. l. c. ) He was mar.
14. One of the sons of Herod the Great by ried to Salome, daughter of the infamous Herodias,
Mariamne, was sent with his brother Alexander to by whom he had three sons, Herod, Agrippa, and
son.
## p. 302 (#322) ############################################
302
ARISTOCLES.
ARISTOCLES.
Aristobulus; of these nothing further is recorded. I century after Christ. According to Suidas (s. v. )
(Joseph. Ant. xviii. 5. § 4. )
(E. E. ) and Fudocia (p. 71), he wrote several works :-
ARISTOBULUS, a painter, to whom Pliny | 1. Πότερον σπουδαιότερος Ομηρος ή Πλάτων.
(xxxv. 40. & 42) gives the epithet Syrus, which 2. Té xvos pintopikal. 3. A work on the god Serapis.
Sillig understands of one of the Cyclades. [P. S. ) 4. A work on Erbics, in ten books: and 5. A work
ARISTOCLEIA ('APLOTÓKleia), a priestess in on Philosophy, likewise in ten books. The last of
Delphi, from whom Pythagoras said that he had these works appears to have been a history of phi-
received many of his precepts. (Porphyr $ 41. losophy, in which he treated of the philosophers,
p. 41, ed. Küster. ) She is called Themistocleia their schools, and doctrines. Several fragments of
in Diogenes Laërtius (viii. 21), and Theocleia it are preserved in Eusebius. (Pruer. Erung. xiv.
in Suidas. (s. v. lutayópas. ) Pythagoras is said 17-21, xv. 2, 14 ; Comp. Theodoret. Therap. Serm.
to have written a letter to her. See Fabric. Bill. 8, and Suidas, who also mentions some other works
Grucc. i. p. 891.
of his. )
ARISTOCLEIDAS ('Aplotokeidas), of Ae- 4. A Stoic philosopher, who wrote a commentary
gina, son of Aristophanes, won the victory in the in four books on a work of Chrysippus. (Suid. s. r.
Pancratium in the Nemean Games, but it is not 'AprotokAŃS. )
known in what Olympiad. Dissen conjectures 5. A musician, to whom Athenaeus (iv. p. 174)
that it was gained before the battle of Salamis. attributes a work nepi xópwv.
The third Nemean Ode of Pindar is in his honour. 6. The author of an epigram in the Greek An-
ARISTOCLEIDES ('APLOTOKAelons), a cele-thology. (Append. Epigr. n. 7, ed. Tauchnitz. )
brated player on the cithara, who traced his de- 7. The author of a work called Tapasoša, which
scent from Terpander, lived in the time of the consisted of several books. Jacobs (ad Anthol. Gr.
Persian war. He was the master of Phrynis of xiii. p. 862) is of opinion, that he is the same as
Mytilene. (Schol ad. Aristoph. Nub. 958; Sui- the Messenian. Some fragments of his are pre-
das, s. v. $pūvis. ) [Phrynis. )
served in Stobaeus (Florileg. 64, 37) and the
ARISTOCLEITUS ('Aplo TÓK AELTOS), as he is Scholiast on Pindar. (Olymp. vii. 66. ) (L. S. )
called by Plutarch (Lysand. c. 2), or Aristocritus ARI'STOCLES ('AplotokAfis), a physician,
('Αριστόκριτος) or Aristocrates ('Αριστοκράτης), as whose medicines are several times quoted by An-
he is called by Pausanias (iii. 6. § 4, 8. $$ 3, 5, dromachus. (Ap. Gal. De Compos. Medicam. sec.
vi. 3. & 6, &c. ), the father of Lysander, the Spar- Locos, vi. 6, vol. xii. p. 936 ; ibid. vii. 7, vol. xiii.
tan lawgiver.
d, p. 205; De Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. vii.
ARISTOCLES ('Aplotokaņs). 1. Of Rhodes, 7, vol. xiii. p. 977. ) He is also mentioned in the
a Greek grammarian and rhetorician, who was a first volume of Cramer's Anecdota Graeca Pari
contemporary of Strabo. (xiv. p. 655. ) He is siensia, p. 395. Nothing is known of the events
probably the writer of whom Ammonius (de Diff of his life, but he must have lived some time in or
Voc. under érindios) mentions a work tepi before the first century after Christ. [W. A. G. ]
101NT is. There are several other works : viz. ARI'STOCLES ('APLOTOKAñS), sculptors. From
Tepl SalékTou (Etymol. M. s. v. kuua; comp. different passages in Pausanias we learn the follow-
Cramer's Anecdot. i. p. 231, iii. p. 298), Aarovcov ing particulars :-
Troditela (Athen. iv. p. 140), and a work on the (i. ) Aristocles of Cydonia was one of the most
history of Italy, of which Plutarch (Paral. Minor. ancient sculptors; and though his age could not be
25, 41) mentions the third book, -- which are clearly fixed, it was certain that he flourished be-
ascribed to Aristocles; but whether all or only fore Zancle was called Messene (Paus. v. 25. & 6),
some of them belong to Aristocles the Rhodian, is that is, before 494 B.
