No More Learning

She graduated at Oberlin College, 1847. In
1855 she married Dr. Henry B. Blackwell, re-
taining her own name. She published a protest,
(Taxation without Representation. In 1869 she
helped organize the American Woman's Suf-
frage Association ; became connected with the
Woman's Journal in 1872, and was editor after
1888. Her lectures on woman suffrage made
her known throughout the country.
Storm, Theodor (Woldsen) (storm). A nota-
ble German poet and novelist; born in Hu.
sum, Schleswig, Sept. 14, 1817; died at Hade-
marschen, July 4. 1888. He first attracted
attention in literature with (The Song-Book
of Three Friends) (1843), the work of Tycho
and Theodor Mommsen and himself. Later,
he became universally known as the author
of (Immensee) (43d ed. 1896), a short tale, and
a volume of Poems) (uth ed. 1897). Among
his other works are : (Aquis Submersus) (1877);
(The Senator's Sons) (1881); Knight of the
White Horse) (1888); etc. *
Storrs, Richard Salter. An American Con-
gregational minister, and writer on ecclesiasti-
cal history and theology; born at Braintree,
Mass. , Aug. 21, 1821. He is author of (The
Graham Lectures on the Wisdom, Power, and
Goodness of God (1856); Conditions of
Success in Preaching without Notes! (1875);
(The Divine Origin of Christianity) (1884);
Bernard of Clairvaux) ( 1892 ); and (Forty
Years of Pastoral Life. )
Story, Joseph. A great American jurist;
born in Marblehead, Mass. , Sept. 18, 1779;
died in Cambridge, Mass. , Sept. 10, 1845. In
1811 he accepted the appointment of associate
justice of the United States Supreme Court, and
held the office until his death. His works
include: Commentaries on the Constitution
of the United States) (1833); Commentaries
on the Conflict of Laws, considered his ablest
effort (1834); and Miscellaneous Writings
(1835). In 1851 his Life and Letters) was
edited by his son, W. W. Story.
Story, William Wetmore. An American
sculptor, poet, and essayist, son of Joseph;
born in Salem, Mass. , Feb. 19, 1819; died at
Vallombrosa, near Florence, Italy, Oct. 8, 1895.
He published: (Report of Cases Argued and
Determined in the Circuit Court of the United
States for the First Circuit' (1842-47); (Ad.
dress Delivered before the Harvard Medical
Association (1842); Nature and Art: A Poem
(1844); " Treatise on the Law of Contracts not
under Seal (1844); (Treatise on the Law of
Sales of Personal Property) (1847); Poems)
( 1847 ); Life and Letters of Joseph Story)
(1851); "Poems) (1856); (The American Ques-
tion) (1862); (Roba di Roma) (1862); Propor-
tions of the Human Figure) (1866); (Graffiti
d'Italia) (1868); "A Roman Lawyer in Jeru-
salem' (1870); (Nero : An Historical Play)
(1875); “Stephania : A Tragedy' (1875); Castle
St. Angelo and the Evil Eye) (1877); (Ode


## p. 509 (#525) ############################################

STOWE-STRANG
509
(
on the Anniversary of the Fifth Half-Century
of the Landing of John Endicott at Salem,
Mass. ) (1878); “Vallombrosa) (1881); He and
She' (1883); Poems) (1885-86); Fiammetta)
(1886); (Conversations in a Studio) (1890);
(Excursions in Art and Letters) (1891); (A
Poet's Portfolio) (1894). *
Stowe, Calvin Ellis. A Congregational
clergyman and educator ; born in Natick, Mass. ,
April 6, 1802; died in Hartford, Conn. , Aug. 22,
1886. He graduated at Bowdoin College in
1824, at Andover Seminary in 1828; and edited
the Boston Recorder, 1829-30. He became pro-
fessor of Greek at Dartmouth College, 1830–32,
and of sacred literature in Lane Theological
Seminary, Cincinnati, O. , 1833–35. He married
Harriet Elizabeth Beecher, January 1836, and
went to Europe to examine the public-school
systems. He was professor at Bowdoin, 1850 ;
and at Andover, 1852-64. His works include
a translation of Jahn's (Hebrew Common-
wealth) (1829); "Lectures on the Poetry of
the Hebrews) (1829); (Report on Elementary
Education in Europe); Introduction to the
Criticism and Interpretation of the Bible)
(1835); and (Origin and History of the Books
of the Bible) (1867). Also addresses and pam-
phlets.
Stowe, Ha riet Beecher. A celebrated
American novelist; born at Litchfield, Conn. ,
June 14, 1811; died at Hartford, Conn. , July 1,
1896. She published: (The Mayflower; or,
Sketches of Scenes and Characters among
the Descendants of the Pilgrims) (1843); (Uncle
Tom's Cabin; or, Life among the Lowly)
(1852); “The Two Altars) (1852); Key to Un-
cle Tom's Cabin (1853); Uncle Tom's Eman-
cipation (1853); “Sunny Memories of Foreign
Lands) (1854); (The Mayflower, and Miscel-
laneous Writings) (1855); (The Colored Patri-
ots of the American Revolution (1855); First
Geography for Children) (1855); Dred: A
Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp (1856);
(Earthly Care a Heavenly Discipline) (1856),
formerly published with "Uncle Tom's Eman.
cipation'; (Our Charley and What to Do with
Him? (1858); (The Minister's Wooing' (1859);
(The Pearl of Orr's Island (1862); Agnes of
Sorrento) (1862); (Reply to the Address of
Thousands of Women of Great Britain and
Ireland to their Sisters of the United States )
(1863); (The Ravages of a Carpet (1864);
(House and Home Papers) (1864); (Stories
about our Boys) (1865); Little Foxes) (1866);
Religious Poems) (1867); Queer Little People'
(1867); Daisy's First Winter, and Other Sto.
ries) (1867); (The Chimney Corner) (1868);
“Men of our Times) (1868); (Oldtown Folks)
(1869); (The American Woman's Home) (1869),
with Catherine E. Beecher; Lady Byron Vin-
dicated' (1870); "Little Pussy Willow) (1870);
(Pink and White Tyranny' (1871); (Sam Law-
son's Fireside Stories) (1871); (My Wife and I
(1871); (Six of One, by Half a Dozen of the
Other) (1872); Lives and Deeds of our Self-
Made Men (1872); Palmetto Leaves) (1873);
(Woman in Sacred History) (1873); Betty's
Bright Idea, and Other Tales) (1875); "We
and our Neighbors) (1875); (Deacon Pitkin's
Farm, and Christ's Christmas Presents) (1875);
(Footsteps of the Master) (1876); (Captain
Kidd's Money, and Other Stories) (1876); “The
Ghost in the Mill, and Other Stories) (1876);
Poganuc People) (1878); (A Dog's Mission)
(1881); etc.
Strabo (strā'bo). A Greek geographer; born
54 B. C. (? ); died 22 A. D. (? ). His "Geograph-
ica, in 17 books, contains first, criticisms of
former geographers, and a treatise on physical
geography; then accounts of Spain, Gaul, Brit-
ain, and Ireland, Italy, north and east Europe
as far as the Danube, Greece, Asia, and Africa.
Of his historical work, in 47 books, only frag-
ments remain.
Strabo, Walafrid. A mediæval poet; born
in Suabia about 809; died Aug. 18, 849. He
wrote a running exegetical commentary on the
Scripture, (The Orderly Gloss' ("Glossa Ordi-
naria'), which for long was a work of high
authority in the schools; a history of the devel-
opment and growth of ecclesiastical institutions
and ordinances — (Of the Beginnings and
Growths of Things Ecclesiastical); "Life of St.
Gall); Life of St. Othmar); the poem “Vision
of Saint Wettin, in which is an episode of the
poet's journey to Hell, Purgatory, and Heaven;
another poem, (The Little Garden, treating of
the plants in the garden of the poet's monas-
tery.
Strachey, William. An English voyager.
He is said to have sailed with Sir Thomas
Gates in 1609, on the vessel Sea Venture; was
shipwrecked on the Bermudas, but escaped to
Virginia (1610) on a boat that had been con-
structed from the wreck, and became secretary
of the colony during three years. He wrote:
(A True Repertory of the Wracke and Re-
demption of Sir Thomas Gates, upon and from
the Islands of the Bermudas, which was pub-
lished in Purchas's (Pilgrims) (Vol. iv. ); (His-
torie of Travaile into Virginia Britannia,' a
quaint and valuable work of historical reference
(about 1618), and first published by the Hak-
luyt Society from original MS. (No. 6, 1849).
Strahan, Lisbeth Gooch Séguin. An Eng-
lish story-writer. She wrote: (Children's Pas-
time : Pictures and Stories) (1874); (Walks in
Algiers) (1878); (A Little Nineteenth-Century
Child, and Other Stories) (1878); Life in a
French Village) (1879); (The Black Forest :
Its People and Legends) (1879); (The Country
of the Passion-Play) (1880); Rural England
(1884); (A Round of Sunday Stories) (1886);
(The Algerine Slave: A Novel (1888).
Strang, John. A Scotch miscellaneous
writer; born at Glasgow, 1795; died there, Dec.
8, 1863. He wrote: (Glasgow and its Clubs,
containing notes of local history, anecdotes, etc. ;
Life of Theodore Koerner, the German poet,
with translations of some of his lyrics; (Ger-
many in 1831 ); and "Traveling Notes of an


## p. 510 (#526) ############################################

510
STRAUS- STUB
3
Invalid in Search of Health. He translated
also from the German, (Tales of Humor and
Romance.
Straus, Oscar Solomon. A German-Amer-
ican merchant, reformer, and writer; born in
Otterberg, Bavaria, Dec. 23, 1850. He graduated
at Columbia College, New York, 1871; attained
great success in business in New York city ;
was minister to Turkey in 1887; and has been
a leader in movements for the reform of local
politics, and the improvement of the conditions
of the poor. He has published: (Origin of the
Republican Form of Government in the United
States) (1886); and (Roger Williams, the Pio-
neer of Religious Liberty?
Strauss, David Friedrich. A German writer
and critic of great celebrity ; born at Ludwigs-
burg, Würtemberg, Jan. 27, 1808; died there,
Feb. 8, 1874. His book (The Life of Jesus,
published in 1834-35, made him famous. He
passed a life of great literary productivity,
and was engaged all his life in critical and
theological controversies. *
Street, Alfred Billings. An American poet
of nature; born in Poughkeepsie, N. Y. , Dec.
18, 1811; died in Albany, N. Y. , June 2, 1881.
From 1848 until his death he was State libra-
rian of New York at Albany. He published
among other works: (Fugitive Poems) (1846);
(Woods and Waters) (1860); (Forest Pictures
in the Adirondacks, poems (1865); (Fronte-
nac); Drawings and Tintings.
Strickland, Agnes. An English historical
writer; born at Reydon Hall, Suffolk, about
1808; died there, July 8, 1874. Her first work,
aided by her sister Susannah, was a volume
of Patriotic Songs,' followed by Worcester
Field, a historical poem. She wrote : Queen
Victoria from her Birth to her Bridal) (1840);
(Historic Scenes and Poetic Fancies) (1850);
"Lives of the Bachelor Kings of England
(1861); "Lives of the Seven Bishops) (1866);
(Lives of the Tudor Princesses) (1868). Her
best works are (Lives of the Queens of Eng.
land) (12 vols. , 1840-48), and Lives of the
Queens of Scotland' (8 vols. , 1850-59).
Strindberg, August (strēnd'berg). A Swed-
ish novelist and dramatist; born in Stock-
holm, Jan. 22, 1849. He is the leading apostle
of naturalism in Sweden. Among his works
are : (Mästar Olof,' a drama; (The Red Room,
a social satire ; (The Secret of the Club); (Mr.
Bengt's Wife); (Fröken Julie) (1889); (The
Keys to the Kingdom of Heaven) (1892); and
the novels (Utopias in Real Life) (1885), and
(In the Offing' (1891).
Strong, Latham Cornell. An American
journalist and verse-writer; born in Trov, N. Y. ,
June 12, 1845; died in Tarrytown, N. Y. , Dec.
17, 1879. He was editorially connected with
the Troy Whig, and contributed verses to other
journals and periodicals, besides a series of
"Letters from Europe. His published volumes
include : (Castle Windows) (1876); Poke o'
Moonshine) (1878); Midsummer Dreams)
(1879); and Pots of Gold.
Strong, Nathan. An American Congrega-
tional clergyman and author; born in Cor.
entry, Conn. , Oct. 16, 1748; died in Hartford,
Conn. , Dec. 25, 1816. He was a chaplain in
the Revolutionary army; projected and sus.
tained the Connecticut Evangelical Magazine
(1800-15); founded and conducted the Con-
necticut Missionary Society (1798-1800); and
compiled the (Hartford Collection of Hymns)
(1799). His published works include two vol-
umes of (Sermons) (1798-1800), and a pam.
phlet, “The Doctrine of Eternal Misery Con.
sistent with the Infinite Benevolence of God'
(1796).
Strother, David Hunter. [“Porte Crayon. ”]
An American writer and illustrator; born in
Martinsburg, Va. , Sept. 16, 1816; died in Charles-
ton, W. Va. , March 8, 1888. He was a colonel
of the Union army in the Civil War. His
series of sketches contributed to Harper's Mag.
azine in the years before the War under the
pen-name “Porte Cravon, illustrated by him-
self, were great popular favorites; they were
republished in book form under the titles (The
Blackwater Chronicle) (1853), and Virginia
Illustrated (1857).
Stryker, Melanchthon Woolsey. An Amer-
ican Presbyterian clergyman and educator;
born in New York, 1851. He has been pres-
ident of Hamilton College since 1892. He has
published : Miriam and Other Verses); Ham-
ilton, Lincoln, and Other Addresses); “The
Letter of James the Just); and many hymns.
Strype, John. An English ecclesiastical his-
torian; born at Stepney, Nov. I, 1643; died at
Hackney, Dec. II, 1737. His works include:
(Annals of the Reformation in England” (4
vols. , 1709-31); Lives of Thomas Cranmer,
Sir Thomas Smith, John Aylmer, Sir John
Cheke, Edmund Grindall, Matthew Parker,
and John Whitgift; and Ecclesiastical Memo-
rials) (3 vols. , 1721).
Stuart, Esmé. An English story-writer :
author of (The Good Old Days) (1875); (The
Belfry of St. Jude: A Story) (1880); (White-
chapel: A Story) (1881); Isabeau's Hero: A
Story of the Revolt of the Cevennes) (1882);
Jessie Dearlove: A Story) (1885); (Muriel's
Marriage (1886); The Goldmakers? (1887);
(Daisy's King) (1888); Joan Vellacot) (1888).
Stuart, Mrs. Ruth McEnery. An American
writer of fiction ; born in 1856. Her published
writings include: (A Golden Wedding, and
Other Tales); Carlotta's Intended, and Other
Stories ); (The Story of Babette); (Solomon
Crow's Christmas Pockets); Pockets, and
Other Tales); etc.
Stub, Ambrosius (stöb). A Danish lyric
poet; born on the Island of Funen, May 1705;
died at Ribe, about 1758. His poems were
all (except one) published after his death
(1771).
*


## p. 511 (#527) ############################################

STUBBS-SUMNER
511
He is the original of the hero of C. K. F. Mol-
beck's romantic drama (Ambrosius.
Stubbs, William. An English historical
writer ; born at Knaresborough, June 21, 1825.
He became bishop of Oxford in 1889. His
great work is (The Constitutional History of
England' (3 vols. , 1874, 1875, and 1878). *
Sturgis, Julian Russell. A British story-
writer; born 1848. He is author of John-a-
Dreams) (1878); (An Accomplished Gentleman
(1879); (Little Comedies) (1882); (Dick’s Wan-
derings) (1882); My Friends and (1884);
(Thraldom(1887).
Sturm, Julius (störm ).
A German lyric
poet; born at Köstritz in Reuss, July 21, 1816;
died there, May 2, 1896. He wrote: (Two
Roses; or, the Canticle of Love (1854); (De-
vout Songs and Poems) (1858); Israelite
Songs) (3d ed. 1881); Poems of Battle and
Victory) (1870); (Mirror of the Time in Fa-
bles) (1872); (To the Lord my Song (1884);
(Palm and Crown) (1887); In Joy and in Sor-
row) (1896).
Suckling, Sir John. An English poet; born
at Whitton, Middlesex, in 1608; died in Paris
about 1642. A complete edition of his works
was published in 1874. His love poems should
not be neglected by lovers. *
Sudermann, Hermann (sö'der-man). One
of the most distinguished German dramatists
and novelists of the day; born at Matziken,
East Prussia, Sept. 30, 1857. He published:
(In the Twilight' (1885); “Dame Care) (1886);
Brothers and Sisters) (1887); “Honor) (1888);
(The Cat Bridge) (1889); “The Destruction of
Sodom' (1890); (Home); (Battle of the Butter-
flies); "Jolanthe's Wedding (1892); (Once on
a Time) (1893); (Johannes) (1897); etc. *
Sue, Eugène (sü). A famous French ro-
mancer; born in Paris, Dec. 10, 1804; died at
Annecy, July 3, 1857. He published: (Ker-
nock the Pirate) (1830); "History of the French
Navy) (1835-37); (History of the War Navies
of all Nations) (1841); (The Mysteries of Paris)
(1843); “The Wandering Jew) (1845); (Martin
the Foundling' ( 1847); The Seven Deadly
Sins) (1847–49); The Mysteries of the People )
(1849); (The Jouffroy Family) (1854); (The
Secrets of the Confessional (1858); etc. *
Suetonius -- Caius Suetonius Tranquillus
(swe-to'nē-us). A Latin chronicler, gramma-
rian, and critic, who flourished in the early part
of the second century of our era. He is cele-
brated for his "Lives of the Cæsars. His other
works include: (Illustrious Grammarians);
(Distinguished Orators); and (Lives,' only
partly preserved, of Terence, Horace, Lucan,
Juvenal, and Pliny. *
Suidas (swe'das). The reputed author of an
alphabetically arranged work in Greek, giving
an account of persons and places and expla-
nations of words, besides much miscellaneous
information. The book is referred to as a
"Lexicon,' and bears evidence of having gone
through many hands. It is accompanied by a
prefatory statement that the present book is
by Suidas, but its arrangement is the work of
twelve learned men. Nothing is known of
Suidas, although he is usually placed in the
tenth or eleventh century. The "Lexicon' is
valued for its extracts from ancient writers
whose works have in many cases perished.
Sullivan, James William. An American
writer on social questions; born at Carlisle, Pa. ,
March 9, 1848. He is author of: “Working-
People's Rights) (1885); (A Concept of Politi-
cal Justice (1890); Direct Legislation through
the Initiative and Referendum. (1892),- this
book started the Referendum movement in the
United States; (Tenement Tales of New York)
(1894); "So the World Goes, a series of short
stories (1898).
Sullivan, Thomas Russell. An American
novelist and dramatist; born in Boston, Nov.
21, 1849. His novels include (Tom Sylvester,'
(Roses of Shadow, (Day and Night Stories);
and his plays, “The Catspaw) (1881), «Merely
Players (1886), and a dramatization of Steven-
son's Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde) (produced
1886). He was joint author with W. W. Cham-
berlin of Hearts Are Trumps, produced 1878,
and Midsummer Madness, produced 1880.
Sully, Maximilien de Béthune, Duke of
(sü-le'); born at Rosny (Seine-et-Oise), Dec.
13, 1560; died at Villebon, Dec. 22, 1641. He
was the close friend, supporter, and finance
minister of Henry of Navarre. His (Memoirs)
(1634), followed by two posthumous volumes
(1662), are very celebrated.
Sully-Prudhomme, René François Armand
(sü - lē'prüd- um'). A French poet; born at
Paris, May 16, 1839. He has written : Stanzas
and Poems) (1865); (The Broken Vase); (The
Stables of Augeas) ; (The Wildernesses); 'Im-
pressions of War' (collected 1872); “Revolt of
the Flowers) (1874); (Reflections on the Art
of Versification' (1892). *
Sulzer, Johann Georg (söl'tser). A Swiss
art critic; born at Winterthur, Oct. 6, 1720;
died at Berlin, Feb. 25, 1779. His principal
work is (Universal Theory of the Fine Arts)
(2 vols. , 1771-74). His Autobiography) was
published 1809.
Sumarokov, Aleksander Petrovich (sö-mär'.
okov). A Russian playwright; born in Mos-
cow, Nov. 23, 1718; died Oct. 12, 1777. His
tragedy Khorev) (1747) first attracted atten-
tion; it was followed by "Sinav and Truvor)
and (Semira, which added to his fame. He
also wrote comedies, odes, sonnets, madrigals,
epigrams, and fables.
Sumner, Charles. A distinguished Ameri.
can statesman ; born in Boston, Jan. 6, 1811;
died in Washington, D. C. , March 11, 1874.
His collected works, including speeches, ora-
tions, etc. , have been published in a 15-vol.
edition (1870-83). *
Sumner, William Graham. An American
educator and author; born in Paterson, N. J. ,


## p. 512 (#528) ############################################

512
SWEDENBORG – SYLVA
>
Oct. 30, 1840. Since 1872 he has been pro.
fessor of political and social science at Yale.
Among his works are : History of American
Currency) (1874); (Andrew Jackson as a Pub-
lic Man) (1882); (Economic Problems) (1884);
(Protectionism,' collected essays in political
and social science (1885); (The Financier and
Finances of the American Revolution (1891);
and (Robert Morris) (1892).
Swedenborg, Emanuel. The great Swedish
religious mystic, philosopher, and author; born
in Stockholm, Jan. 29, 1688; died there, March
29, 1772. For an adequate account of his lit-
erary works, see article in this Library. ' *
Sweet, Alexander Edwin. An American
journalist; born in St. John, N. B. , March 28,
1841. He served in the Confederate army in
the Civil War; was editor of the San Antonio
(Texas) Herald, and of Texas Siſtings from
1881. He has published (Three Dozen Good
Stories from Texas Siftings); and with J. Am.
ory Knox, "On a Mexican Mustang through
Texas, etc. (1883).
Swetchine, Anne Sophie (svech-en'). A
Russian society dame and letter-writer; born
at Moscow, 1782; died at Paris, Sept. 10, 1857.
At St. Petersburg her drawing-room was fre.
quented by scholars and men of science; after
1815 she resided in Paris. She was the friend
and correspondent of many of the Catholic
notables of France, Joseph de Maistre, Lacor-
daire, De Falloux, etc. Her Life and Works)
was published in 2 vols. ; and her Letters) in
several volumes.
Swett, Sophia Miriam. An American writer
of stories and juvenile tales ; born in Maine
in 186-, and now living at Arlington, Mass.
She has published: (The Lollipops' Vacation);
(Captain Polly); (Flying Hill Farm); (The
Mate of the Mary Ann'; 'Cap'n Thistletop';
and (The Ponkarty Branch Road.
Swift, Jonathan. A great English prose
satirist; born in Dublin, Nov. 30, 1667; died
there, Oct. 19, 1745. He wrote: (Tale of
a Tub) (1704); (Battle of the Books) (1704);
(Meditation upon a Broomstick) (1704); (Ar-
gument to Prove the Inconvenience of Abol-
ishing Christianity) (1708); Project for the
Advancement of Religion (1708); (Senti-
ments of a Church of England Man) (1708);
(Conduct of the Allies) (1711); (Advice to
the October Club) (1712); Remarks on the
Barrier Treaty) (1712); Public Spirit of the
Whigs ) (1714); (Drapier's Letters) (1724); "Gul-
liver's Travels) (1726); (A Modest Proposal
(1729), for utilizing Irish children as articles
of food; etc.
Swinburne, Algernon Charles. A cele
brated English poet; born in London, April 5,
1837. He has published: (The Queen Mother
and Rosamund (1861); (Atalanta in Calydon)
(1864); "Chastelard (186-); (Poems and Bal-
lads) (1866); (A Song of Italy) (1867); “Ode
on the Proclamation of the French Republic)
(1871); "Songs before Sunrise) (1871); Under
the Microscope) (1872); (Bothwell! (1874);
(Erechtheus) ( 1875 ); Poems and Ballads)
(1878), second series; (Songs of the Spring-
tides); (Songs of Two Nations); (Studies in
Song); (A Century of Roundels); Marino
Faliero'; 'Lochrine); “Tristram of Lyonesse);
( The Sisters'; etc. *
Swinton, John. An American journalist
and writer on social and labor questions; born
in Salton. Haddingtonshire, Scotland, Dec. 12,
1830. In 1857 he came to New York, and sub-
sequently was managing editor of the New York
Sun; and from 1883 to 1887 he published a
weekly journal, John Swinton's Paper, devoted
to labor reform. Among his publications are:
(The New Issue : the Chinese-American Ques-
tion'; A Eulogy on Henry J. Raymond”;
John Swinton's Travels); "Oration on John
Brown); and various pamphlets.
Swinton, William. An American journalist,
educator, and historical writer, brother of John;
born in Salton, Scotland, April 23, 1833; dieci
in 1892. During the Civil War he was war cor-
respondent of the New York Times; and after
1874 he devoted his time to the preparation
of educational works. His writings include:
(Rambles among Words); (Twelve Decisive
Battles of the War'; 'Campaigns of the Army
of the Potomac); Word Analysis); and
"Studies in English Literature. '
Swisshelm, Jane Grey. An American jour.
nalist, reformer, and writer; born near Pitts-
burg, Pa. , Sept. 6, 1815; died in Swissvale, Pa. ,
July 22, 1884. She was among the earliest
advocates of woman's rights; an ardent oppo-
nent of slavery, and while editing the St. Cloud
(Minn. ) Visitor, had her office and press de-
stroyed by a mob for advocating abolitionism.
She was among the first to become a nurse in
the Northern army. Besides voluminous contri.
butions to current periodicals, she published :
(Letters to Country Girls) (1853), and an au-
tobiography, “Half of a Century) (1881).
Sybel, Heinrich von (sē'bel). An eminent
German historian ; born in Düsseldorf, 1817; died
1895. The partisan tone of many of his writ-
ings involved him in controversy. He wrote:
History of the First Crusade) (1841); (The
Development of German Sovereignty) (1844);
History of the Revolutionary Period from 1789
to 1795' (1853-58), which has passed through
many editions and was later brought down to
the year 1800; (The German Nation and the
Empire) (1862); (The Foundation of the Ger.
man Empire through William I. (1889-94),
already in its fifth edition.
Sylva, Carmen (kär'man sil'va), pseudonym
of Elizabeth, Queen of Roumania. A German
poet and story-writer; born at Castle Monrepos
near Neuwied, Dec. 29, 1843. In 1869 she was
married to Charles, then Prince, now King, of
Roumania. Among her works (all in German)
are: (Roumanic Poems) (1881); (Tempests);
(Songs from the Dimbovitza Valley) (1889).
Her tragedy (M Manole' (1892) had a
*


## p. 513 (#529) ############################################

SYMMACHUS – TACITUS
513
brilliant success in the Burgh Teatre, Vienna.
In collaboration with Mite Kremnitz, she has
written some novels: Astra); From Two
Worlds); etc. The gem of the fine tragedy
(Master Manole) is the scene in which are por-
trayed a wife's longings for motherhood. *
Symmachus, Quintus Aurelius (sim'a-kus).
A Roman author and orator; born about 350
A. D. ; died about 405 A. D. Ten books of his
(Letters) are extant, and are of much historical
interest. Fragments of his speeches were dis-
covered by Cardinal Mai, and published in
1815. Symmachus was one of the last cham-
pions of paganism, and seems to have been a
pure and noble character.
Symonds, John Addington. A distinguished
English critic and historian of literature ; born
at Bristol, Oct. 5, 1840; died at Rome, April
19, 1893. He wrote: (Introduction to the Study
of Dante ) (1872); (Studies of the Greek Poets)
(1873); (Sketches in Italy and Greece) (1874);
(The Renaissance in Italy) 17 vols. , 1875-86),
his greatest work; (Sketches and Studies in
Italy (1879); (Shakespeare's Predecessors)
(1884); several volumes of verse both original
and translated ; 'Lives) of Sir Philip Sidney,
Michelangelo, Ben Jonson, Shelley, etc. *
Symons, Arthur. A British literary critic;
born in Wales, 1865; author of Days and
Nights) (1889); “Silhouettes) (1892).
Synesius (si-nē'shus). A Greek bishop,
philosopher, and poet; born in Cyrene, Africa,
about 375; died about 415. He studied phi-
losophy in Alexandria under Hypatia. Among
his works which have survived are several
essays, including one (On Dreams); and a
number of orations, among them that delivered
before the Emperor Arcadius, (On Kingship. '
His hymns have often been translated into
modern languages.
Syrus, Publilius. See Publilius Syrus.
Szalay, Laszlo (säl'i). A Hungarian his.
torian; born at Buda, April 18, 1813; died at
Salzburg, July 17, 1864. He succeeded Kossuth
as editor-in-chief of the Pesti Hirlap, in 1844.
Among his works are History of Hungary)
(6 vols. , 1850–63); (Michael Eszterházy) (2 vols. ,
1862–66); and (The Book of Statesmen,' a col-
lection of political biographies.
Sze-ma or Suma Kwang (sā'ma). One of
the most eminent statesmen and writers of
China, and as a historian second only to Sze-ma
Ts'ien; born in 1009; died 1086. He is re-
nowned as the author of "The Comprehens-
ive Mirror of History,' in 294 books, the labor
of nineteen years. It covers a period from the
beginning of the fourth century B. C. to 960
A. D.
Sze-ma or Sŭ-ma Ts'ien. Author of the first
general history of China; born at Lung-Mun,
in what is now the province of Ho-nan, about
163 B. C. He died in disgrace, about 85 B. C.
In 110 B. C. he succeeded his father, Sze-ma
T'an, as grand recorder and astronomer, and
took up the historical work begun by him. It
was finished in 91 B. C. , and was named (Shih-
ki,' or Historical Records. It covers from 2097
to 104 B. C.