No More Learning

and geography of this volume are above Mark Manhattan, born among the elect,
suspicion. But what delights the un- related to most of the Knickerbocker
learned reader is not its scientific accu- families, and blessed with an adequate
racy, but its nice observation, its vivid income, amuses his leisure by a study
power of description, its unfailing hu- of social types. He introduces us to the
mor, its beautiful literary art. The offi- charmed circle of Rivingtons, River-
cial mountaineer in pursuit of his duty | sides, Croton-Nyacks, Schenectadys, and
ascends Mount Shasta and Mount Tyn- others, all opulent, all sublimely sure of
dall, Mount Whitney and the peaks of their own superiority to the rest of hu-
the Yosemite, and gathers all the data manity. With a serene pity born of in-
for which a distant administration is timate knowledge of society's prizes, he
pining. But on his own account, and watches the rich parvenu, Mrs. Ridgeway
to the unspeakable satisfaction of his Bridgeway, push her way to recognition.
audience, he «interviews » the Pike There is the young lady who fails be-
County immigrant, the Digger, the man
her evident anxiety to please
from Nowhere, and the Californian; and repels with a sense of strain all who ap-
the reader is privileged to assist with proach her.
There is the young man
unspeakable satisfaction on all these so- who succeeds because he makes no ef-
cial occasions, and to sigh that there are fort, and although able to express noth-
not more. A joy forever is that painter ing except manner and pronunciation,
of the Sierras whom the geologist — has name and dollars. Mr. Bradford
«longing for some equal artist who Putnam is another type, an egotistic
should arise and choose to paint our nonentity without a thought in his mind
Sierras as they really are, with all their or a generous sentiment in his heart,
color-glory, power of innumerable pine who arrogantly enjoys what the gods
and countless pinnacle, gloom of tem- have provided. Mr. Mark Manhattan
pestor splendor, where rushing light does not think that “the brave little
shatters itself upon granite crag, Mayflower steered its pale, half-starved
burns in dying rose upon far fields of inmates through bleak storm of angry
snow” — suddenly encountered, painting seas to help them found an ancestry for
a large canvas, who accosted him such idle dalliers. ” He is a kindly
with «Dern'd if you ain't just naturally cynic with sympathy for those who suf-
cause
OT
on


## p. 409 (#445) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
409
fer in intricate social meshes, and with zantine Empire, 717–1204; (3) Mediæval
contempt for all false standards and hy- Greece and Trebizond, 1204-1566; (4)
pocrisy. He is not a reformer, but an Greece under Ottoman and Venetian
indolent spectator with sense of hu- Dominion, 1453–1821; and (5) The Greek
mor, who, after all, enjoys the society Revolution and Greek Affairs, 1843–1864.
which he wittily berates.
The whole was thoroughly revised by
the author before his death at Athens
Sicilian Vespers, The, by Cassimir in 1875, and was very carefully edited
Delavigne. This tragedy in five for the Clarendon Press by Rev. H. F.
acts, first performed in Paris in 1819, is Tozer. In comparison with Gibbon, it
only memorable from its subject, the deals far more with interesting social
«Sicilian Vespers,” that being the name particulars, and comes much nearer than
given to the massacre of the French in Gibbon did to adequate treatment of
Sicily, in 1282, the signal for which was the ages which both have covered. The
to be the first stroke of the vesper-bell. author's prolonged residence in Greece,
John of Procida returns from a visit to with very great sympathetic attention
secure the aid of Pedro of Aragon in to Greek affairs, peculiarly qualified him
liberating Sicily from the French. His to deal intelligently with the problems
son Loredan has become the fast friend of Greek character through the long
of Montfort, the representative of Charles course of ages, from the Roman con-
of Anjou. Montfort asks Loredan to in- | quest to the latest developments. Taken
tercede for him with Princess Amelia, in connection with Grote's admirable
heir to the throne of Sicily, unaware volumes for the ages of Greek story
that she is his betrothed. Procida orders before Alexander the Great, the two
his son to slay his friend, who is also works, even with a gap of two cen-
his country's foe. Amelia warns Mont- turies between them, form one of the
fort, whom she loves despite her be- most interesting courses in history for
trothal. Montfort, learning Loredan's thirty centuries to which the attention
claims upon her, upbraids him and of intelligent readers can be given.
banishes him; but his nobler impulses
This
triumph, and he pardons him. Night Leon Roch, by B. Pérez Galdós.
falls; the massacre breaks out. Under
novel is a painful study of the
struggle which is to-day taking place
cover of darkness, Loredan stabs his
friend, who forgives him with his last
between dogma and modern scientific
breath. Loredan cries, «Thou shalt be
thought. The field of battle is the
avenged, and kills himself. His father
family of Leon Roch, a young scientist,
married to Maria, the daughter of the
exclaims, «O my country, I have re-
stored thy honor, but have lost my son.
Marquis de Telleria. Leon thinks he will
have no trouble in molding the young
Forgive these tears. ” Then, turning to
his fellow-conspirators, «Be ready to
girl, but finds soon after marriage that
fight at dawn of day. ” And so the play
she expects to convert him. When he
ends,
laughingly asks her how, she tears a
scientific book from his hand and destroys
reece under Foreign Domination,
it. Knowing that his wife's confessor is
Gree
ITS CONQUEST BY
responsible for her conduct, he offers to
THE RO-
MANS TO THE PRESENT TIME: 146 B. C. -
forsake his scientific studies if she will
leave Madrid and confine her church-
1864 A. D. By George Finlay. (Fi-
going to Sundays.
nal revised ed. 7 vols. , (1877. ) A thor-
She refuses; but
when he insists on
oughly learned, accurate, and interesting
a separation, she
consents.
for two thousand
history of Greece
The visit of her brother Luis,
and
ten years,
by writer who
a religious fanatic, prevents its accom-
qualified himself for his task by life-long plishment; and his death places an in-
residence in Greece: a soldier there in
superable barrier between husband and
wife.
Byron's time, a statesman and econo-
From this event the story moves rap-
mist of exceptional intelligence, and a
great historian of the more judicious
idly to a sad ending.
and practical type. The work was exe-
Peter Ibbetson, by George Du Mau-
cuted in parts in the years 1844-1861. rier. In Peter Ibbetson) romance
It consists of (1) Greece under the Ro. and realism so skillfully blended
mans 146 B. C. -717 A. D. ; (2) The By- that one accepts the fairy-tale element
FROM
a


## p. 410 (#446) ############################################

410
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
a
new
a
a
as
own
almost unquestioningly. The book is a Van Bibber and others, by Richard
prose poem, and carries its reader into Harding Davis (1890), is a collection
world of dreams and ideal of short stories that appeared originally
beauty.
in the magazines. The central figure in
The first chapters tell the hero's life the majority of them is Van Bibber, a
as a child in the country near Paris, young New Yorker of the mythical
where he lives happily with his parents (Four Hundred, a charming fellow,
and his delicate little friend Mimsey combining the exquisiteness of the aristo-
Seraskier, until his father and mother crat with the sterling virtues of the
die, and he is taken away by his uncle. great American people. His tact is con-
The next years are spent at school in summate, his ideals of good form unim-
England; then Peter quarrels with his peachable, his snobbery entirely well-bred.
bad, ill-bred uncle, and becomes Having plenty of money, and nothing to
lonely, hard-working architect. He falls do but to be about town,” he is in the
in love at first sight with Mary, the way of adventures. Some of these are
Duchess of Towers: “It was the quick, funny; one or two are pathetic. They
sharp, cruel blow, the coup de poignard, all serve to throw high light upon Van
that beauty of the most obvious, yet Bibber in his character of a swell. The
subtle, consummate, and highly organ- stories are well written, and show the
ized order, can deal to a thoroughly pre- author's equal acquaintance with Fifth
pared victim. ” Afterwards he has Avenue and with the East Side.
strange, sweet dream of his boyhood,
where Mary is the only living reality Shirley, Charlotte Brontë's third novel,
; ,
and she tells him how to dream true,
was published in 1849. The scene is
and thus live over again his happy life
laid in the Yorkshire country with which
a child in France. Finally Peter
she had been acquainted from childhood.
meets Mary face to face; they discover,
The heroine, Shirley, was drawn from
her
sister Emily. The other
he that she is Mimsey Seraskier, and
characters include three raw curates,
both that they have dreamed the same
dream together. After this interview
- Mr. Malone, Mr. Sweeting, and Mr.
they part forever. Peter hears that his
Donne, through whom Charlotte Bronté
uncle has told infamous lies about his
probably satirized the curates of her
mother, and in justified rage kills him,
own acquaintance; Robert Moore,
more by accident than design. On the
mill-owner; his distant cousin, Caroline
night that he is sentenced to be hanged,
Helstone, whom he eventually marries;
his brother, Louis Moore, who marries
Mary comes into his dream again and
tells him that the sentence will be com-
Shirley Keeldar, the heroine, and a num-
muted, and that after she is separated
ber of others, including workingmen and
from her wretched husband she will
the neighboring gentry.
The story,
make his life happy. Then comes an
while concerned mainly with
ideal dream-life of twenty-five years,
character, follows, to some extent, the
that must be read to be understood
fortunes of Robert Moore, who, in his
and appreciated, during which Mary's
effort to introduce new machinery into
outward life is spent in philanthropy
his cloth mill, has to encounter much
and Peter's is spent in jail. When she
opposition from his employés. In her
dies, and their mutual dream-life ends,
childhood, while at school at Roe Head,
Charlotte Bronté had heard much of
Peter becomes wildly insane. She visits
him once after her death, and gives him
the Luddite Riots which were taking
strength to recover and write this sin-
place in the neighborhood, and which
gular autobiography. He dies in a crim-
furnished her later for the descriptions
inal lunatic asylum, we
of the riots in Shirley.
are told, and
whether he was mad, or the story is
The book faithfully reproduces the
true, is left to the imagination.
lives of country gentlefolk, and is richer
The hero is a splendid type of man-
in portrayal of character than in strik-
hood, and the Duchess of Towers is one
ing incident. Wholesome and genial in
of the sweetest, kindliest
in
tone, it remains one of Charlotte Bron-
modern fiction.
té's most attractive novels.
(Peter Ibbetson) published in
Throu
"hrough Night to Light (Durch
1891, and was the first novel of the fa-
Nacht zum Licht)), by Friedrich
mous English artist.
Spielhagen (3 vols. , 1861), a conclusion
a
no
one
women
was


## p. 411 (#447) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
411
son.
)
»
even
of the romance Problematische Na- spirited and graceful, and the humor is
turen) (Problematic Characters).
refined. It is a typical old-style English
The promise of the title is not ful- novel, in which virtue overcomes vice
filled by the course of this story or its and triumphs in the end. Dramatized
conclusion. Oswald Stein, the hero of as Rosedale,) it has been a favorite
the preceding narrative, is to be brought play for more than a generation.
«through night to light » in this work,
but he does not accomplish this tran-
My Studio Neighbors, a volume of
sketches, by William Hamilton Gib-
sition. The same inconstancy, the same
Illustrated by the author. (1898. )
facile impressibility, and the same tran-
The titles of these sketches are: (A Fa-
sitoriness of impression, are brought out
miliar Guest,) "The Cuckoos and the
by similar sentimental experiences to
Outwitted Cow-bird,' Door-Step Neigh-
those narrated in Problematic Charac-
bors,' A Queer Little Family on the
ters. Indeed, the hero is even less ad-
Bittersweet, (The Welcomes of the
mirable than in his hot youth, since his
Flowers,' A Honey-Dew Picnic,) (A
experiments are no longer entirely inno-
Few Native Orchids and their Insect
cent. The solution offered to the puzzle
Sponsors,' «The Milkweed. ) Nobody
of his life is Oswald's heroic death on
since Thoreau has brought a more exact
the barricades of Paris; but this sugges-
and clear observation to the study of
tion of “light” is inadequate in view of
the darkness of the preceding night. ”
familiar animal and plant life than the
author of these sketches, and
The story is usually regarded as an
Thoreau did not always see objects with
attempt to effect a compromise between
the revealing eye of the artist. Mr.
the realistic tendencies of the late nine-
teenth century, and the idealism of an
Gibson has the «sharp eye” and “fine
earlier school. It is rich in single epi-
ear) of the prince in the fairy-tale; and
his word pictures are as vivid as the
sodes of interest or beauty; and its vari-
beautiful work of his pencil. To read
ous heroines, Melitta, Hélène, Cécile,
him is to meet the creatures he de-
are well drawn. As a whole, however,
scribes, on terms of friendship.
and looked at from the point of view of
its purpose, Through Nightcore Light Reveries of a Bachelor : Ok, AaBooks
powerful convincing state-
Ik Marvel,
ment of the problem which the novelist pseudonym of Donald Grant Mitchell.
has propounded.
The Bachelor's first Reverie was pub-
lished in the Southern Literary Messen-
Lady Lee's Widowhood, by Edward ger in 1849, and was reprinted the fol-
Bruce Hamley. (1854. ) On its pub- lowing year in Harper's New Monthly
lication, this novel was called the most Magazine. It represents the sentimental
promising work of fiction since Bulwer's Bachelor before a fire of oak and hick-
(Pelham. ) Sir Joseph Lee, a rich but ory in a country farmhouse. He broods
weak-minded baronet, dies bequeathing through evening of «sober and
all his property to his young widow, un- thoughtful quietude. ” His thoughts are
der the condition that she does not marry of matrimony, suggested by the smoke
again without the consent of Col. Lee, - signifying doubt; blaze - signifying
Joseph's dissolute old uncle. In case of cheer; ashes — signifying desolation.
her marriage, the estate is to be divided Why should he let himself love, with
between the baronet's young son and the chance of losing ? The second Rev.
Col. Lee. The interest depends on the erie is by a city grate, where the toss-
contrivances of Col. Lee to secure con- ing sea-coal flame is like a flirt, - (so
trol of his niece's fortune, and the lively yet uncertain, so bright yet flick-
counter-contrivances of Lady Lee and ering,» — and its corruscations like the
her friends to keep it. The remaining leapings of his own youthful heart; and
chief characters of the tale are Captain just here the maid comes in and throws
Lane, a young soldier, Ostend, and two upon the fire a pan of anthracite, and
charming young girls, all of whom are its character soon changes to a pleasant
provided with plenty of incident, and glow, the similitude of a true woman's
opportunity to shine. Gipsies, fortune- love, which the bachelor enlarges much
hunters, and members of the swell mob upon in his dream-thoughts. The third
fill up the scene. The story is told with Reverie is over his cigar, as lighted by
ease and vivacity, the composition is a coal, a wisp of paper, or a match,-
an
-


## p. 412 (#448) ############################################

412
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
has a
server.
each bearing its suggestion of some of tendency is so vividly indicated, that
heart-experience. The fourth is divided the analysis of the movement of the last
into three parts, also: morning, which century might almost be a statement of
is the past, – a dreaming retrospect of certain phases of thought and morals of
younger days; noon, which is the bache- to-day. If the terms of the problems
lor's unsatisfied present; evening, which discussed are obsolete, their discussion
is the future, with its vision of Caro-
constant reference to the most
line, the road of love which runs not modern theories.
smooth at first, and then their mar- Mr. Stephen is never the detached ob-
riage, foreign travel, full of warm and
These questions mean a great
lively European scenes, and the return deal to him; and therefore the reader
home with an ideal family conclusion. also, whether he approve or disapprove
These papers, full of sentiment, enjoyed the bias of his guide, is compelled to
a wide popularity.
find them important. In studying such
books as this, and the admirable discus-
English Thought in the Eighteenth sions of Mr. Lecky on European morals,
Century, History of, in two vol- and Rationalism in Europe, it is difficult
umes, by Leslie Stephen. (1876. ) The to escape from a certain sense of the
scope of this important book is hardly inevitableness of the opinions held by
so broad as the title would indicate, for mankind at every stage of their develop-
the subject treated with the greatest ment; so that the question of the import-
fullness is theology. The first volume, ance of the truth of these opinions is
indeed, is given almost entirely to the apt to seem secondary. But Mr. Stephen
famous deist controversy with which does not belittle the duty of arriving at
the names of Hume, Warburton, Chubb, true opinions, nor does he assume that
Sherlock, Johnson, and the rest of the his side- and he takes sides - is the
great disputants of the time — names right side, and the question closed.
only to the modern reader — are asso- Volume ii. discusses moral philosophy,
ciated. The ground covered extends political theories, social economics, and
from the milestones planted by Des- literary developments. It gives with
cartes by
of his doctrine of great fullness and fairness the position
innate ideas, to the removal of the of the intuitional school of morals, and
boundaries of the fathers by the con- of the latest utilitarians, who now de-
structive » infidelity of Thomas Paine. clare that society must be regulated not
This review weighs with care the phil- by the welfare of the individual, but by
osophical significance of the
the gradual the well-being of that organism which
change of thought, a knowledge of is called the human race. “To under-
which is conveyed through an examina- stand the laws of growth and equi-
tion of the representative books upon librium, both of the individual and the
theology and metaphysics. The histo- race, we must therefore acquire a con-
rian's criticism upon these is fair-minded, ception of society as a complex organ-
illuminative, and always interesting, by ism, instead of a mere aggregate of
means of its wide knowledge and wealth individuals. » To Mr. Stephen history
of illustration. So broad is it that it witnesses that the world can be im-
seems to bring up for judgment all the proved, and that it cannot be improved
pressing social, moral, and religious suddenly. Of the value of the theory
questions of the present time. Mr. Ste- that society is an organism, this book is
phen points out that the deist controversy a conspicuous illustration.
Its candor,
was only one form of that appeal from its learning, its honest partisanship, its
tradition and authority to reason, which impartiality, with its excellent art of
was the special characteristic of the stating things, and its brilliant criticism,
eighteenth century. In his method of make it a most stimulating as well as a
dealing with the body of divinity," most informing book, while it is always
which he explains to the worldly modern entertaining
reader, he shows himself both the phil-
osophic historian and the philosophic
Life and
Times of Stein;
critic. He belongs to the Spencerian GERMANY AND PRUSSIA IN THE NA-
school, which regards society as an POLEONIC AGE, by J. R. Seeley, regius
ganism, and history as the record of its professor of modern history in the Uni-
growth and development. The stream versity of Cambridge. (3 vols. , octavo,
means
OR,
or-


## p. 413 (#449) ############################################

SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
413
-as
never
came
1878. ) Professor Seeley's object in writ- the principal deities, myths, religious
ing this valuable if rather lengthy bi- ideas and doctrines, as they are found in
ography was primarily, as he states in Egyptian writings, and with special ref-
his preface, to describe and explain the erence to such facts as have important
extraordinary transition period of Ger- bearings on the history of religion. It is
many and Prussia, which occupied the based throughout on original texts, of
age of Napoleon (1806–22), - and which which the most significant parts are given
has usually been regarded as dependent in a rendering as literal as possible, in
upon the development of the Napoleonic order that the reader may judge for
policy,-- and to give it its true place in himself of their meaning. Dr. Wiede-
German history. Looking for some one mann expresses the opinion that the
person who might be regarded as the essays of Maspero, in his Études de
central figure around whom the ideas Mythologie et de Religion (Paris, 1893),
of the age
concentrated themselves, are far weightier for knowledge of the
he settled on Stein. Biographies of subject than any previous writings de-
other prominent persons-
Harden- voted to it. Maspero especially condemns
berg, Scharnhorst, etc. —are interwoven the point of view of Brugsch, who at-
with that of Stein. The work is divided tempts to prove that Egyptian religion
into nine parts: (1) Before the Catas- was a coherent system of belief, corre-
trophe (i. e. , the Prussian subjugation sponding somewhat to that imagined by
by Napoleon); (2) The Catastrophe; (3) Plutarch in his interesting work on Isis
Ministry of Stein, First Period; (4) and Osiris.
Ministry of Stein, Transition; (5) Min- We may speak of the religious ideas
istry of Stein, Conclusion; (6) Stein in of the Egyptians, he says, but not of an
Exile; (7) Return from Exile; (8) At Egyptian religion: there
the Congress; (9) Old Age. It is clearly into existence any consistent system. Of
and picturesquely written, and springs various religious ideas, found more or
from a statesmanlike and philosophical less clearly represented, it cannot be
grasp of its material,
Stein's great
proved historically which are the earlier
services to Prussia, and indeed to the and which are the later. They are all
world (the emancipating edict of 1807, extant side by side in the oldest of the
his influence in Russia, at the Congress longer religious texts which have come
of Vienna, 1814, etc. ), have never else- down to us,— the Pyramid inscriptions
where been so convincingly stated. The of the Fifth and Sixth dynasties. Re-
author indeed confesses, that while at search has determined nothing indisput-
starting he had no true conception of able as to the origins of the national
the greatness of the man, Stein's im- religion of the Egyptians, their form of
portance grew on him, and he ended government, their writing, or their ra-
by considering the part which the chan- cial descent. The more thoroughly the
cellor played an indispensable one in accessible material, constantly increasing
the development of modern Germany. in amount, is studied, the more obscure
Many extracts are given from Stein's do the questions of origin become.
letters and official documents, which Ancient Egypt was formed by the
make his personality distinct and im- union of small States, or districts, which
pressive.
The politics and social con- the Greeks called Nomes: twenty-two in
ditions of Russia, Austria, and France, Upper Egypt, and twenty in Lower
and the effect which these produced in Egypt. Each nome consisted of (1) The
Germany, are made both clear and in- capital with its ruler and its god; (2)
teresting. A multitude of anecdotes and the regularly tilled arable land; (3) the
personal reminiscences adds the element marshes, mostly used as pasture, and
of entertainment which so serious a bi- for the cultivation of water plants; and
ography demands. But its great merit is (4) the canals with their special officials.
that nowhere else exists a more judicial Not only did each nome have its god
and philosophic estimate of Napoleon's and its own religion regardless of neigh-
character and policy than in the chap- boring faiths, but the god of a nome was
ters devoted to his meteoric career. within it held to be Ruler of the gods,
Creator of the world, Giver of all good
Esyptians, Ancient Religion of the, things, irrespective of the fact that adja-
by Alfred Wiedemann. (1897. ) A cent nomes similarly made each its own
work designed to set before the reader god the One and Only Supreme.


## p. 414 (#450) ############################################

414
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
sun
If a
There were, thus many varieties and work of personal founders: Buddha,
endless rivalries and conflicts of faiths, Zoroaster, Confucius, Lao-tze, and Mo-
and even distinct characters attached hammed. In Buddha's case, the book
to the same name; as Horus at Edfu, of his religion came from his disciples.
a keen-sighted god of the bright sun, Zoroaster produced a small part only of
and Horus at Letopolis, a blind god of the Parsee books. Confucius produced
the in eclipse.
ruler rose the sacred books of his religion; but
to royal supremacy, he carried up the mainly by compiling, to get the best of
worship of his god. From the Hyksos the existing literature. Lao-tze produced
period of about six hundred years, the one very small book. The Koran or
origin of all forms of religion was Qur'an was wholly spoken by Moham-
sought in sun worship. Dr. Wiedemann med, not written,- in the manner of
devotes chapters to (Sun Worship,' | trance-speaking; and preserved as his
(Solar Myths,' and 'The Passage of disciples either remembered his words,
the Sun through the Underworld, tra- or wrote them down.
cing the general development of sun The oldest writings brought into use as
worship and the hope of immortality scriptures of religion were the Babylon-
connected with it. Then he sketches ian, dating from about 4000 B. C. The
(The Chief Deities); <The Foreign Egyptians also had sacred writings, such
Deities); and (The Worship of Ani- as the Book of the Dead, which may
mals, which was due to the thoroughly have had nearly as early an origin. In-
Egyptian idea of an animal incarnation dia comes next to Egypt and Babylonia
of deity. He then reviews the story of in the antiquity (perhaps 2000-1500
(Osiris and his Cycle, and the devel- B. C. ) of the poems or hymns made into
opment of The Osirian Doctrine of sacred books and called the Veda. Per-
Immortality,'— «a doctrine of immor- sia follows in order of time, perhaps
tality which in precision and extent 1400 B. C. To the Greeks, from about
surpasses almost any other that has 900 B. C. , the Homeric poems were
been devised. » This doctrine, Dr. sacred scriptures for many centuries,
Wiedemann says, is of scientific import- very much as in India Sanskrit poems
ance first from its extreme antiquity, became sacred. The Chinese scriptures
and also from its many points of affinity date not far from 600 B. C. , and the
to Jewish and Christian dogma. The Buddhist about a hundred years later,
whole cult or worship of Osiris, of Isis, The Hebrews first got the idea at the
and of Horus, with some other related last end of their history, when in exile
names, forms a study of great interest. in Babylon; and they not only borrowed
Dr. Wiedemann concludes his work with the idea, but borrowed stories and be-
chapters on Magic and Sorcery,' and liefs and religious feelings. Under the
Amulets,' features in all ancient religion direction of Ezra, a governor sent from
of the practical faith of the masses. Babylon, they publicly recognized writ-
ings got together by the priestly scribes
The Sacred Books
Books of the East. as their sacred scriptures. The exact
TRANSLATION BY VARIOUS ORIENTAL date was 444 B. C. The idea of script-
SCHOLARS, AND EDITED BY MAX MÜLLER.
of religion is a universal ancient
(First Series, 24 vols. Second Series, 25 idea, similar to the idea of literature in
vols. )
modern times. It in some cases grew
An attempt to provide, by means of a very largely out of belief that the trance
library of selected works, a complete, inspiration, which was very common,
trustworthy, and readable English trans- was of divine origin. The Koran, or
lation of the principal Sacred Books of Qur'an, which came very late, 622 A. D.
the Eastern Religions, – the two reli- was wholly the product of the trance
gions of India, Brahmanism and Bud- experiences of Mohammed; and
dhism; the religion of Persia, the Parsee such it was thought to be direct from
or Zoroastrianism; the two religions of God. The trances in which Mohammed
China, Confucianism and Taoism; and spoke its chapters were believed to be
the religion of Arabia. Mohammedanism. miraculous. He did not know how to
Of these six Oriental book-religions, write; and while he made no other di-
Brahmanism was started by Brahman vine claim, he pointed to the trance.
or priestly use of a body of Sanskrit uttered suras or chapters of the Koran
poetry. The other five started from the as manifestly miraculous.
ures
as


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
415
or
What may
The sacred books of the East do not
come to us full of pure religion, sound
morality, and wise feeling. They rather
show the dawn of the religious con-
sciousness of man, rays of light and
clouds of darkness, a strange confusion
of sublime truth with senseless untruth.
Their highest points seem to rise nearer
to heaven than anything we can read
elsewhere, but their lowest are dark
abysses of superstition.
seem, however, on first reading, fantastic
phraseology, may prove upon sufficient
study a symbol of deep truth. But it is
chiefly as materials of history, records of
the mind of man in many lands and
distant ages, and illustrations of the
forms taken by human search for good,
aspiration for truth, and hope of eternal
life, that all the many books of old reli-
gions and strange faiths are full of in-
terest to-day.
In the list of separate works which
follows, the books of the different reli-
gions are brought together. The figures
in Roman are the numbers under which
the volumes have been published. The
Oxford University Press is about to
bring out a greatly cheapened popular
edition of the entire double series.
the simple days before the age of priests
Brahmans. The fourth Veda was
like the first in being a literary collec-
tion, but hardly at all another book of
hymns. It had some poetry, but more
prose, and was more a book of thoughts
than of song. But it made the fourth of
the original Vedas. Its hymns are given
in Vol. xlii. , Hymns of the Atharva-
Veda. ) The reader will easily see that
these Atharva-Veda hymns represent a
different and much later stage of culture
from that seen in the Rig-Veda.
The word Veda means knowledge; and
it was carried on to cover several stages
of development or successive classes of
productions, such as the Brahmanas, the
Upanishads, the Sutras, the Laws, and
many more. Not only the four Vedas,
but the Brahmanas and the Upanishads,
are included under Sruti,- something
heard, absolutely divine; while later pro-
ductions are classed as Smriti, some-
thing handed down, tradition of human
origin.
The Maruts were the Storm-gods, the
wild forces of nature, and to these the
first volume is almost wholly devoted.
To give, however, at the opening, an
example of the very best, Max Müller
places at the head of his collection a
hymn containing the most sublime con-
ception of a supreme Deity. The second
volume contains the greater part of the
Agni hymns of the Rig-Veda. The two
volumes make a very valuable study in
translation of selected parts of the earli-
est, most original, and most difficult of
Vedic books, the Rig-Veda.
The volume of hymns from the Ath-
arva-Veda, translated by Maurice Bloom-
field, includes very extended extracts
from the Ritual books and the Com-
mentaries; making, with the translator's
notes and an elaborate introduction, a
complete apparatus of explanations. Most
of the hymns are for magical use, –
charms, imprecations, etc. , with a few
theosophic and cosmogonic hymns of ex-
ceptional interest.
BRAHMANICAL
Vedic Hymns. Part i. : Hymns to the
Maruts, Rudra, Vâyu, and Vâta. Trans-
lated by F. Max Müller. Part ii. : Hymns
to Agni. Translated by Hermann Olden-
berg. (2 vols. xxxii. , xlvi. )
The hymns of Rig-Veda are something
over a thousand in nuniber, divided into
ten Mandalas, or books. Rig-Veda means
Praise-Veda. The other three Vedas,
placed side by side with the Rig-Veda,
on the top shelf of Veda Literature, are
the Sama-Veda, the Yajur Veda, and the
Atharva-Veda. But they are not collec-
tions of hymns. The Sama-Veda is a
liturgy, to be used in connection with
a kind of sacrament, in which a liquor
prepared from the Soma plant and used
in aid of inspiration was employed. It
was made up mostly by quotations from
the Rig Veda. The Yajur Veda was
another liturgy, to be used in connec-
tion with sacrifices, and made up partly
by quotations from the Rig Veda, and
partly by prose directions (yajus) for
the sacrifices. There was thus a first
Veda of the poets, and a second and
third of the priests. To some extent at
least the poets had been priests also, in
The Satapatha-Brahmana, according
to the Text of the Mâdhyana School.
Translated by Julius Eggeling. (5 vols.
xii. : xxvi. : xli. : xliii. : xliv. )
An example of the ancient theological
writings appended to the original four
Vedas by the Brahmans, or priests, for
the purpose of very greatly magnify-
ing their own office as a caste intrusted


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416
SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
sense.
on
ures.
as
theo
with the conduct of sacrifices of every Veda, or the four Vedas, in the limited
kind. There are some thirteen of them,
The second was the Brahmanas
with attachments to different parts of or priestly commentaries the four
the original four Vedas. The title Vedas. The third stage was the Upan.
given above is that of the most im- ishads looking in a very different direc-
portant and valuable. It is called tion from that of the priests and the
Satapatha, or of the hundred paths,” pious offerers of sacrifice; works for
because it consists of one hundred lect- thinkers. They were produced, to the
It has a very minute and full ac- number of 150 to 200, in the long course
count of sacrificial ceremonies in Vedic of time; but of the most ancient, older
times, and many legends and historical probably than 600 B. C. , the list is short.
allusions. Nothing could be more weari- | They mostly grew up in close connection
some reading; yet the information which with Brahmanas, in a sort of appendix
can be gleaned in regard to sacrifices, to them called the Aranyakas (forest-
the priestly caste, and many features of books).
the social and mental development of In Max Müller's two volumes, twelve
India, is very valuable. A devout belief representative ones are given. As early
in the efficacy of invocation and sacrifice the reign of Akbar at Delhi in
appears in the Vedic hymns.
This was
India (1556-86), translations of fifty
taken advantage of by the Brahmans to Upanishads were made; and
in 1657
arrange a regular use of these hymns in Dârâ Shukoh, a grandson of Akbar, and
the two liturgical Vedas, and to establish Shah Jehân's eldest son, brought out a
a proper offering of sacrifices conducted translation into Persian, a language then
by themselves. The Brahmanas are their universally read in the East, and known
endlessly repeated explanations and dic- also to many European scholars. This
tions about sacrifice and prayer.
act of religious liberalism, like that of
The third, fourth, and fifth books of the great Akbar, was made a pretext in
the great work presented in these five 1659, by Aurangzib, the son of Shâh
volumes deal very particularly with the Jehân, who had succeeded to the empire,
Soma-sacrifice, the most sacred of all for putting to death the scholar brother
the Vedic sacrificial rites. It concerns who wished to bring Mohammedans and
the nature and use of <a spirituous Hindus into one broad faith.
liquor extracted from a certain plant, one of the manuscript copies of this
described as growing on the mount- Persian translation came into the hands
ains. » «The potent juice of the Soma of Anquetil Duperron, a French scholar
plant, which endowed the feeble mortal famous also for his discovery of the
with godlike powers and for
a time
Zend-Avesta, or Zoroastrian scriptures
freed him from earthly cares and trou- of ancient Persia; and he brought out
bles, seemed a veritable God, bestower a translation into Latin, one volume in
of health, long life, and even immortal- 1801 and a second in 1802. Although
ity. ” The Moon was regarded as the the Latin
was very hard to under-
celestial Soma, and source of the virtue stand, and this was a specimen of the
of the plant.
utterly unknown Sanskrit literature, done
Another branch of the story of sacri- first into Persian in 1657, Schopenhauer,
fices relates to the worship of Agni, the since known as one of the most emi-
Fire. It fills five out of fourteen books, nent of German philosophers, said: “I
and the ideas reflected in it are very anticipate that the influence of Sans-
important for knowledge of Brahman krit literature will not be less pro
theosophy and cosmogony. The ritual found than the revival of Greek in the
of the Fire-altar was brought into close fourteenth century. ” He also said of the
connection with that of the Soma Upanishads as he read them: (From
<fiery” liquor.
every sentence, deep, original, and sub-
lime thoughts arise, and the whole is
The Upanishads. Translated by F. pervaded by a high and holy and earnest
Max Müller. (2 vols. i. : xv. )
spirit. And how thoroughly is the mind
Philosophical treatises of the third here washed clean of all early engrafted
stage of the Veda literature, designed to Jewish superstitions, and of all philos-
teach the spiritual elements, the deepest ophy that cringes before those supersti-
thoughts, and the purest wisdom, of Ve- tions. In the whole world there is no
dic religion. The first stage was the study so beneficial and so elevating.
In 1775


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SYNOPSES OF NOTED BOOKS
417
а
at
It has been the solace of my life, and
will be the solace of my death. "
The two volumes here given contain
eleven of the Upanishads, which Mas
Müller calls the classical or fundamental
Upanishads of the Vedânta philosophy,
and which the foremost native authorities
have recognized as the old and genuine
works of this class.
The Vedanta-Sútras, with the Com-
mentary by Sairkarâkârya. Translated
by G. Thibaut. (2 vols. xxxiv. , xxxviii. )
Sutras are short aphorisms, a collection
of which contains a complete body of
teaching ne cla of sutras contains
concise explanations of sacrificial mat-
ters, designed to give in brief what
the Brahmanas give interminable
length. Another class are designed to
give in the same way concise, clear
explanations of the philosophy taught
in the Upanishads. They deal with
such topics as the nature of Brahman
or the Divine, the relation to it of the
human soul, the origin of the physical
universe, and the like. Sutra writings
form the fourth stage of Veda.
The Grihya-Sutras, Rules of Vedic
Domestic Ceremonies. Translated by
Hermann Oldenberg.
(2 vols.
xxix. :
xxx. ) These treatises giving rules of
domestic ceremonies reflect in a very
interesting way the home life of the
ancient Aryas. In completeness and
accuracy, nothing like the picture which
they give can be found in any other lit-
erature. They are a secondary class of
Sûtras; based, in the case of those here
given, on the Rig-Veda, and on one of
the Brahmanas. They presuppose the
existence of « Srauta-sûtras, dealing
with such more important matters as
the great sacrifices. Their object was
to deal with the small sacrifices of do-
mestic life.
and carry sacted law in India back
to its source in the teaching of the
schools of Vedic study; proving that
the great law codes which came later,
and claimed to be revealed, were
literary working-over of older works
which made no claim to be revelation.
The laws that are brought to view are
of the nature of Sutra teaching in re-
gard to the sacrifices and the duties
of the twice-born.
The Institutes of Vishnu. Trans-
lated by Julius Jolly. (vii. ) A collection
of legal aphorisms, closely connected
with one of the oldest Vedic schools, the
Kathas, but considerably added to in
later time. The great work of Manu is
an improved metrical version of a simi-
lar work, the law-book of the Manavas.
Both the Manavas and the Kathas were
early schools studying the Yajur Veda in
what was known as its Black form;
Black meaning the more ancient and
obscure; and White, the corrected and
clear. The Institutes,' in one hundred
chapters, were put
ler the name of
Vishnu by a comparatively late editor.
Manu. Translated, with extracts from
seven Commentaries, by Georg Bühler.
The celebrated code of Manu, the great-
est of the great lawgivers of India.
The translation is founded on that of
Sir William Jones, carefully revised and
corrected with the help of seven
tive commentaries. The quotations from
Manu, which are found in the law-books
now in use in India, in the government
law courts, are all given in an appendix;
and also many synopses of parallel pass-
ages found in other branches of the im-
mense literature of India. Manu is the
Moses of India. His laws begin with
relating how creation took place; and
chapters i. -vii. have a religious, cere-
monial, and moral bearing. The next
two chapters deal with civil and crimi-
nal law. Then three chapters relate
again to matters chiefly moral, religious,
or ceremonial.
The Minor Law-Books. Part i. Nâ-
rada: Brihaspati. Translated by Julius
Jolly. (xxxiii. ) A volume of law-books
of India which come after Manu.