]
[Footnote 69: Diminutive of Emelian.
[Footnote 69: Diminutive of Emelian.
Pushkin - Daughter of the Commandant
My ancestor perished on
the scaffold for conscience sake,[71] my father fell with the martyrs
Volynski and Khuchtchoff,[72] but that a '_boyar_' should forswear his
oath--that he should join with robbers, rascals, convicted felons,
revolted slaves! Shame for ever--shame on our race! "
Frightened by his despair, my mother dared not weep before him, and
endeavoured to give him courage by talking of the uncertainty and
injustice of the verdict. But my father was inconsolable.
Marya was more miserable than anyone. Fully persuaded that I could have
justified myself had I chosen, she suspected the motive which had kept
me silent, and deemed herself the sole cause of my misfortune. She hid
from all eyes her tears and her suffering, but never ceased thinking how
she could save me.
One evening, seated on the sofa, my father was turning over the Court
Calendar; but his thoughts were far away, and the book did not produce
its usual effect on him. He was whistling an old march. My mother was
silently knitting, and her tears were dropping from time to time on her
work. Marya, who was working in the same room, all at once informed my
parents that she was obliged to start for Petersburg, and begged them to
give her the means to do so.
My mother was much affected by this declaration.
"Why," said she, "do you want to go to Petersburg? You, too--do you also
wish to forsake us? "
Marya made answer that her fate depended on the journey, and that she
was going to seek help and countenance from people high in favour, as
the daughter of a man who had fallen victim to his fidelity.
My father bowed his head. Each word which reminded him of the alleged
crime of his son was to him a keen reproach.
"Go," he said at last, with a sigh; "we do not wish to cast any
obstacles between you and happiness. May God grant you an honest man as
a husband, and not a disgraced and convicted traitor. "
He rose and left the room.
Left alone with my mother, Marya confided to her part of her plans. My
mother kissed her with tears, and prayed God would grant her success.
A few days afterwards Marya set forth with Palashka and her faithful
Saveliitch, who, necessarily, parted from me, consoled himself by
remembering he was serving my betrothed.
Marya arrived safely at Sofia, and, learning that the court at this time
was at the summer palace of Tzarskoe-Selo, she resolved to stop there.
In the post-house she obtained a little dressing-room behind a
partition.
The wife of the postmaster came at once to gossip with her, and
announced to her pompously that she was the niece of a stove-warmer
attached to the Palace, and, in a word, put her up to all the mysteries
of the Palace. She told her at what hour the Tzarina rose, had her
coffee, went to walk; what high lords there were about her, what she had
deigned to say the evening before at table, who she received in the
evening, and, in a word, the conversation of Anna Vlassiefna[73] might
have been a leaf from any memoir of the day, and would be invaluable
now. Marya Ivanofna heard her with great attention.
They went together to the Imperial Gardens, where Anna Vlassiefna told
Marya the history of every walk and each little bridge. Both then
returned home, charmed with one another.
On the morrow, very early, Marya dressed herself and went to the
Imperial Gardens. The morning was lovely. The sun gilded with its beams
the tops of the lindens, already yellowed by the keen breath of autumn.
The large lake sparkled unruffled; the swans, just awake, were gravely
quitting the bushes on the bank. Marya went to the edge of a beautiful
lawn, where had lately been erected a monument in honour of the recent
victories of Count Roumianzeff. [74]
All at once a little dog of English breed ran towards her, barking.
Marya stopped short, alarmed. At this moment a pleasant woman's voice
said--
"Do not be afraid; he will not hurt you. "
Marya saw a lady seated on a little rustic bench opposite the monument,
and she went and seated herself at the other end of the bench. The lady
looked attentively at her, and Marya, who had stolen one glance at her,
could now see her well. She wore a cap and a white morning gown and a
little light cloak. She appeared about 50 years old; her face, full and
high-coloured, expressed repose and gravity, softened by the sweetness
of her blue eyes and charming smile. She was the first to break the
silence.
"Doubtless you are not of this place? " she asked.
"You are right, lady; I only arrived yesterday from the country. "
"You came with your parents? "
"No, lady, alone. "
"Alone! but you are very young to travel by yourself. "
"I have neither father nor mother. "
"You are here on business? "
"Yes, lady, I came to present a petition to the Tzarina. "
"You are an orphan; doubtless you have to complain of injustice or
wrong. "
"No, lady, I came to ask grace, and not justice. "
"Allow me to ask a question: Who are you? "
"I am the daughter of Captain Mironoff. "
"Of Captain Mironoff? He who commanded one of the forts in the Orenburg
district? "
"Yes, lady. "
The lady appeared moved.
"Forgive me," she resumed, in a yet softer voice, "if I meddle in your
affairs; but I am going to Court. Explain to me the object of your
request; perhaps I may be able to help you. "
Marya rose, and respectfully saluted her. Everything in the unknown lady
involuntarily attracted her, and inspired trust. Marya took from her
pocket a folded paper; she offered it to her protectress, who ran over
it in a low voice.
When she began she looked kind and interested, but all at once her face
changed, and Marya, who followed with her eyes her every movement, was
alarmed by the hard expression of the face lately so calm and gracious.
"You plead for Grineff," said the lady, in an icy tone. "The Tzarina
cannot grant him grace. He passed over to the usurper, not as an
ignorant and credulous man, but as a depraved and dangerous
good-for-nothing. "
"It's not true! " cried Marya.
"What! it's not true? " retorted the lady, flushing up to her eyes.
"It is not true, before God it is not true," exclaimed Marya. "I know
all; I will tell you all. It is for me only that he exposed himself to
all the misfortunes which have overtaken him. And if he did not
vindicate himself before the judges, it is because he did not wish me to
be mixed up in the affair. "
And Marya eagerly related all the reader already knows.
The lady listened with deep attention.
"Where do you lodge? " she asked, when the young girl concluded her
story. And when she heard that it was with Anna Vlassiefna, she added,
with a smile: "Ah! I know! Good-bye! Do not tell anyone of our meeting.
I hope you will not have to wait long for an answer to your letter. "
Having said these words, she rose and went away by a covered walk.
Marya returned home full of joyful hope.
Her hostess scolded her for her early morning walk--bad, she said, in
the autumn for the health of a young girl. She brought the "_samovar_,"
and over a cup of tea she was about to resume her endless discussion of
the Court, when a carriage with a coat-of-arms stopped before the door.
A lackey in the Imperial livery entered the room, announcing that the
Tzarina deigned to call to her presence the daughter of Captain
Mironoff.
Anna Vlassiefna was quite upset by this news.
"Oh, good heavens! " cried she; "the Tzarina summons you to Court! How
did she know of your arrival? And how will you acquit yourself before
the Tzarina, my little mother? I think you do not even know how to walk
Court fashion. I ought to take you; or, stay, should I not send for the
midwife, that she might lend you her yellow gown with flounces? "
But the lackey declared that the Tzarina wanted Marya Ivanofna to come
alone, and in the dress she should happen to be wearing. There was
nothing for it but to obey, and Marya Ivanofna started.
She foresaw that our fate was in the balance, and her heart beat
violently. After a few moments the coach stopped before the Palace, and
Marya, after crossing a long suite of empty and sumptuous rooms, was
ushered at last into the boudoir of the Tzarina. Some lords, who stood
around there, respectfully opened a way for the young girl.
The Tzarina, in whom Marya recognized the lady of the garden, said to
her, graciously--
"I am delighted to be able to accord you your prayer. I have had it all
looked into. I am convinced of the innocence of your betrothed. Here is
a letter which you will give your future father-in-law. " Marya, all in
tears, fell at the feet of the Tzarina, who raised her, and kissed her
forehead. "I know," said she, "you are not rich, but I owe a debt to
the daughter of Captain Mironoff. Be easy about your future. "
After overwhelming the poor orphan with caresses, the Tzarina dismissed
her, and Marya started the same day for my father's country house,
without having even had the curiosity to take a look at Petersburg.
Here end the memoirs of Petr' Andrejitch Grineff; but family tradition
asserts that he was released from captivity at the end of the year 1774,
that he was present at the execution of Pugatchef, and that the latter,
recognizing him in the crowd, made him a farewell sign with the head
which, a few moments later, was held up to the people, lifeless and
bleeding.
Soon afterwards Petr' Andrejitch became the husband of Marya Ivanofna.
Their descendants still live in the district of Simbirsk.
In the ancestral home in the village of ---- is still shown the
autograph letter of Catherine II. , framed and glazed. It is addressed to
the father of Petr' Andrejitch, and contains, with the acquittal of his
son, praises of the intellect and good heart of the Commandant's
daughter.
THE END.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 1: Celebrated general under Petr' Alexiovitch the Great, and
the Tzarina Anna Iwanofna; banished by her successor, the Tzarina
Elizabeth Petrofna. ]
[Footnote 2: Saveliitch, son of Saveli. ]
[Footnote 3: Means pedagogue. Foreign teachers have adopted it to
signify their profession. ]
[Footnote 4: One who has not yet attained full age. Young gentlemen who
have not yet served are so called. ]
[Footnote 5: _Drorovuiye lyndi_, that is to say, courtyard people, or
serfs, who inhabit the quarters. ]
[Footnote 6: Eudosia, daughter of Basil. ]
[Footnote 7: Diminutive of Petr', Peter. ]
[Footnote 8: Anastasia, daughter of Garassim]
[Footnote 9: Orenburg, capital of the district of Orenburg, which--the
most easterly one of European Russia--extends into Asia. ]
[Footnote 10: _Touloup_, short pelisse, not reaching to the knee. ]
[Footnote 11: John, son of John. ]
[Footnote 12: One kopek=small bit of copper money. ]
[Footnote 13: The rouble was then worth, as is now the silver rouble,
about 3s. 4d. English money. ]
[Footnote 14: "_Kvass_," kind of cider; common drink in Russia. ]
[Footnote 15: Whirlwind of snow. ]
[Footnote 16: Curtain made of the inner bark of the limetree which
covers the hood of a _kibitka_. ]
[Footnote 17: Marriage godfather. ]
[Footnote 18: Torch of fir or birch. ]
[Footnote 19: Tributary of the River Ural. ]
[Footnote 20: Tea urn. ]
[Footnote 21: A short caftan. ]
[Footnote 22: Russian priest. ]
[Footnote 23: Russian peasants carry their axe in their belt or behind
their back. ]
[Footnote 24: Under Catherine II. , who reigned from 1762-1796. ]
[Footnote 25: _i. e. _, "_palati_," usual bed of Russian peasants. ]
[Footnote 26: Allusion to the rewards given by the old Tzars to their
_boyars_, to whom they used to give their cloaks. ]
[Footnote 27: Anne Ivanofna reigned from 1730-1740. ]
[Footnote 28: One _versta_ or verst (pronounced viorst) equal to 1,165
yards English. ]
[Footnote 29: Peasant cottages. ]
[Footnote 30: _Loubotchnyia, i. e. _, coarse illuminated engravings. ]
[Footnote 31: Taken by Count Munich. ]
[Footnote 32: John, son of Kouzma. ]
[Footnote 33: Formula of affable politeness. ]
[Footnote 34: Subaltern officer of Cossacks. ]
[Footnote 35: Alexis, son of John. ]
[Footnote 36: Basila, daughter of Gregory. ]
[Footnote 37: John, son of Ignatius. ]
[Footnote 38: The fashion of talking French was introduced under Peter
the Great. ]
[Footnote 39: Diminutive of _Marya_, Mary. ]
[Footnote 40: Russian soup, made of meat and vegetables. ]
[Footnote 41: In Russia serfs are spoken of as souls. ]
[Footnote 42: Ivanofna, pronounced Ivanna. ]
[Footnote 43: Poet, then celebrated, since forgotten. ]
[Footnote 44: They are written in the already old-fashioned style of the
time. ]
[Footnote 45: Trediakofski was an absurd poet whom Catherine II. held up
to ridicule in her "Rule of the Hermitage! "]
[Footnote 46: Scornful way of writing the patronymic. ]
[Footnote 47: Formula of consent. ]
[Footnote 48: One _verchok_ = 3 inches. ]
[Footnote 49: Grandson of Peter the Great, succeeded his aunt, Elizabeth
Petrofna, in 1762; murdered by Alexis Orloff in prison at Ropsha. ]
[Footnote 50: Torture of the "_batogs_," little rods, the thickness of a
finger, with which a criminal is struck on the bare back. ]
[Footnote 51: Edict or ukase of Catherine II. ]
[Footnote 52: Pugatch means bugbear. ]
[Footnote 53: Sarafan, dress robe. It is a Russian custom to bury the
dead in their best clothes. ]
[Footnote 54: Girdles worn by Russian peasants. ]
[Footnote 55: Peter III. ]
[Footnote 56: Little flat and glazed press where the Icons or Holy
Pictures are shut up, and which thus constitutes a domestic altar or
home shrine. ]
[Footnote 57: _Ataman_, military Cossack chief. ]
[Footnote 58: 1 petak = 5 kopek copper bit. ]
[Footnote 59: First of the false Dmitri. ]
[Footnote 60: Allusion to the old formulas of petitions addressed to the
Tzar, "I touch the earth with my forehead and I present my petition to
your 'lucid eyes. '"]
[Footnote 61: At that time the nostrils of convicts were cut off. This
This barbarous custom has been abolished by the Tzar Alexander. ]
[Footnote 62: Daughter of another Commandant of a Fort, whom Pugatchef
outraged and murdered. ]
[Footnote 63: Name of a robber celebrated in the preceding century, who
fought long against the Imperial troops. ]
[Footnote 64: In the torture by fire the accused is tied hand and foot;
he is then fixed on a long pole, as upon a spit, being held at either
end by two men; his bare back is roasted over the fire. He is then
examined and abjured by a writer to confess, and any depositions he may
make are taken down. ]
[Footnote 65: Slight skirmish, wherein the advantage remained with
Pugatchef. ]
[Footnote 66: Frederick, son of Frederick; name given to Frederick the
Great by the Russian soldiery. ]
[Footnote 67: Title of a superior officer. ]
[Footnote 68: Hazard game at cards.
]
[Footnote 69: Diminutive of Emelian. ]
[Footnote 70: Little summer carriage. ]
[Footnote 71: Fedor Poushkin, a noble of high rank, ancestor of the
author, was executed on a charge of treason by Petr' Alexiovitch the
Great. ]
[Footnote 72: Leaders of the Russian faction against John Ernest, Duc de
Biren, Grand Chamberlain, and favourite of the Tzarina, Anne Ivanofna.
Both were executed in a barbarous manner. ]
[Footnote 73: Anna, daughter of Blaize. ]
[Footnote 74: General Romanoff, distinguished in the wars against the
Turks, vanquished them at Larga and Kazoul, 1772. He died 1796. ]
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the scaffold for conscience sake,[71] my father fell with the martyrs
Volynski and Khuchtchoff,[72] but that a '_boyar_' should forswear his
oath--that he should join with robbers, rascals, convicted felons,
revolted slaves! Shame for ever--shame on our race! "
Frightened by his despair, my mother dared not weep before him, and
endeavoured to give him courage by talking of the uncertainty and
injustice of the verdict. But my father was inconsolable.
Marya was more miserable than anyone. Fully persuaded that I could have
justified myself had I chosen, she suspected the motive which had kept
me silent, and deemed herself the sole cause of my misfortune. She hid
from all eyes her tears and her suffering, but never ceased thinking how
she could save me.
One evening, seated on the sofa, my father was turning over the Court
Calendar; but his thoughts were far away, and the book did not produce
its usual effect on him. He was whistling an old march. My mother was
silently knitting, and her tears were dropping from time to time on her
work. Marya, who was working in the same room, all at once informed my
parents that she was obliged to start for Petersburg, and begged them to
give her the means to do so.
My mother was much affected by this declaration.
"Why," said she, "do you want to go to Petersburg? You, too--do you also
wish to forsake us? "
Marya made answer that her fate depended on the journey, and that she
was going to seek help and countenance from people high in favour, as
the daughter of a man who had fallen victim to his fidelity.
My father bowed his head. Each word which reminded him of the alleged
crime of his son was to him a keen reproach.
"Go," he said at last, with a sigh; "we do not wish to cast any
obstacles between you and happiness. May God grant you an honest man as
a husband, and not a disgraced and convicted traitor. "
He rose and left the room.
Left alone with my mother, Marya confided to her part of her plans. My
mother kissed her with tears, and prayed God would grant her success.
A few days afterwards Marya set forth with Palashka and her faithful
Saveliitch, who, necessarily, parted from me, consoled himself by
remembering he was serving my betrothed.
Marya arrived safely at Sofia, and, learning that the court at this time
was at the summer palace of Tzarskoe-Selo, she resolved to stop there.
In the post-house she obtained a little dressing-room behind a
partition.
The wife of the postmaster came at once to gossip with her, and
announced to her pompously that she was the niece of a stove-warmer
attached to the Palace, and, in a word, put her up to all the mysteries
of the Palace. She told her at what hour the Tzarina rose, had her
coffee, went to walk; what high lords there were about her, what she had
deigned to say the evening before at table, who she received in the
evening, and, in a word, the conversation of Anna Vlassiefna[73] might
have been a leaf from any memoir of the day, and would be invaluable
now. Marya Ivanofna heard her with great attention.
They went together to the Imperial Gardens, where Anna Vlassiefna told
Marya the history of every walk and each little bridge. Both then
returned home, charmed with one another.
On the morrow, very early, Marya dressed herself and went to the
Imperial Gardens. The morning was lovely. The sun gilded with its beams
the tops of the lindens, already yellowed by the keen breath of autumn.
The large lake sparkled unruffled; the swans, just awake, were gravely
quitting the bushes on the bank. Marya went to the edge of a beautiful
lawn, where had lately been erected a monument in honour of the recent
victories of Count Roumianzeff. [74]
All at once a little dog of English breed ran towards her, barking.
Marya stopped short, alarmed. At this moment a pleasant woman's voice
said--
"Do not be afraid; he will not hurt you. "
Marya saw a lady seated on a little rustic bench opposite the monument,
and she went and seated herself at the other end of the bench. The lady
looked attentively at her, and Marya, who had stolen one glance at her,
could now see her well. She wore a cap and a white morning gown and a
little light cloak. She appeared about 50 years old; her face, full and
high-coloured, expressed repose and gravity, softened by the sweetness
of her blue eyes and charming smile. She was the first to break the
silence.
"Doubtless you are not of this place? " she asked.
"You are right, lady; I only arrived yesterday from the country. "
"You came with your parents? "
"No, lady, alone. "
"Alone! but you are very young to travel by yourself. "
"I have neither father nor mother. "
"You are here on business? "
"Yes, lady, I came to present a petition to the Tzarina. "
"You are an orphan; doubtless you have to complain of injustice or
wrong. "
"No, lady, I came to ask grace, and not justice. "
"Allow me to ask a question: Who are you? "
"I am the daughter of Captain Mironoff. "
"Of Captain Mironoff? He who commanded one of the forts in the Orenburg
district? "
"Yes, lady. "
The lady appeared moved.
"Forgive me," she resumed, in a yet softer voice, "if I meddle in your
affairs; but I am going to Court. Explain to me the object of your
request; perhaps I may be able to help you. "
Marya rose, and respectfully saluted her. Everything in the unknown lady
involuntarily attracted her, and inspired trust. Marya took from her
pocket a folded paper; she offered it to her protectress, who ran over
it in a low voice.
When she began she looked kind and interested, but all at once her face
changed, and Marya, who followed with her eyes her every movement, was
alarmed by the hard expression of the face lately so calm and gracious.
"You plead for Grineff," said the lady, in an icy tone. "The Tzarina
cannot grant him grace. He passed over to the usurper, not as an
ignorant and credulous man, but as a depraved and dangerous
good-for-nothing. "
"It's not true! " cried Marya.
"What! it's not true? " retorted the lady, flushing up to her eyes.
"It is not true, before God it is not true," exclaimed Marya. "I know
all; I will tell you all. It is for me only that he exposed himself to
all the misfortunes which have overtaken him. And if he did not
vindicate himself before the judges, it is because he did not wish me to
be mixed up in the affair. "
And Marya eagerly related all the reader already knows.
The lady listened with deep attention.
"Where do you lodge? " she asked, when the young girl concluded her
story. And when she heard that it was with Anna Vlassiefna, she added,
with a smile: "Ah! I know! Good-bye! Do not tell anyone of our meeting.
I hope you will not have to wait long for an answer to your letter. "
Having said these words, she rose and went away by a covered walk.
Marya returned home full of joyful hope.
Her hostess scolded her for her early morning walk--bad, she said, in
the autumn for the health of a young girl. She brought the "_samovar_,"
and over a cup of tea she was about to resume her endless discussion of
the Court, when a carriage with a coat-of-arms stopped before the door.
A lackey in the Imperial livery entered the room, announcing that the
Tzarina deigned to call to her presence the daughter of Captain
Mironoff.
Anna Vlassiefna was quite upset by this news.
"Oh, good heavens! " cried she; "the Tzarina summons you to Court! How
did she know of your arrival? And how will you acquit yourself before
the Tzarina, my little mother? I think you do not even know how to walk
Court fashion. I ought to take you; or, stay, should I not send for the
midwife, that she might lend you her yellow gown with flounces? "
But the lackey declared that the Tzarina wanted Marya Ivanofna to come
alone, and in the dress she should happen to be wearing. There was
nothing for it but to obey, and Marya Ivanofna started.
She foresaw that our fate was in the balance, and her heart beat
violently. After a few moments the coach stopped before the Palace, and
Marya, after crossing a long suite of empty and sumptuous rooms, was
ushered at last into the boudoir of the Tzarina. Some lords, who stood
around there, respectfully opened a way for the young girl.
The Tzarina, in whom Marya recognized the lady of the garden, said to
her, graciously--
"I am delighted to be able to accord you your prayer. I have had it all
looked into. I am convinced of the innocence of your betrothed. Here is
a letter which you will give your future father-in-law. " Marya, all in
tears, fell at the feet of the Tzarina, who raised her, and kissed her
forehead. "I know," said she, "you are not rich, but I owe a debt to
the daughter of Captain Mironoff. Be easy about your future. "
After overwhelming the poor orphan with caresses, the Tzarina dismissed
her, and Marya started the same day for my father's country house,
without having even had the curiosity to take a look at Petersburg.
Here end the memoirs of Petr' Andrejitch Grineff; but family tradition
asserts that he was released from captivity at the end of the year 1774,
that he was present at the execution of Pugatchef, and that the latter,
recognizing him in the crowd, made him a farewell sign with the head
which, a few moments later, was held up to the people, lifeless and
bleeding.
Soon afterwards Petr' Andrejitch became the husband of Marya Ivanofna.
Their descendants still live in the district of Simbirsk.
In the ancestral home in the village of ---- is still shown the
autograph letter of Catherine II. , framed and glazed. It is addressed to
the father of Petr' Andrejitch, and contains, with the acquittal of his
son, praises of the intellect and good heart of the Commandant's
daughter.
THE END.
FOOTNOTES:
[Footnote 1: Celebrated general under Petr' Alexiovitch the Great, and
the Tzarina Anna Iwanofna; banished by her successor, the Tzarina
Elizabeth Petrofna. ]
[Footnote 2: Saveliitch, son of Saveli. ]
[Footnote 3: Means pedagogue. Foreign teachers have adopted it to
signify their profession. ]
[Footnote 4: One who has not yet attained full age. Young gentlemen who
have not yet served are so called. ]
[Footnote 5: _Drorovuiye lyndi_, that is to say, courtyard people, or
serfs, who inhabit the quarters. ]
[Footnote 6: Eudosia, daughter of Basil. ]
[Footnote 7: Diminutive of Petr', Peter. ]
[Footnote 8: Anastasia, daughter of Garassim]
[Footnote 9: Orenburg, capital of the district of Orenburg, which--the
most easterly one of European Russia--extends into Asia. ]
[Footnote 10: _Touloup_, short pelisse, not reaching to the knee. ]
[Footnote 11: John, son of John. ]
[Footnote 12: One kopek=small bit of copper money. ]
[Footnote 13: The rouble was then worth, as is now the silver rouble,
about 3s. 4d. English money. ]
[Footnote 14: "_Kvass_," kind of cider; common drink in Russia. ]
[Footnote 15: Whirlwind of snow. ]
[Footnote 16: Curtain made of the inner bark of the limetree which
covers the hood of a _kibitka_. ]
[Footnote 17: Marriage godfather. ]
[Footnote 18: Torch of fir or birch. ]
[Footnote 19: Tributary of the River Ural. ]
[Footnote 20: Tea urn. ]
[Footnote 21: A short caftan. ]
[Footnote 22: Russian priest. ]
[Footnote 23: Russian peasants carry their axe in their belt or behind
their back. ]
[Footnote 24: Under Catherine II. , who reigned from 1762-1796. ]
[Footnote 25: _i. e. _, "_palati_," usual bed of Russian peasants. ]
[Footnote 26: Allusion to the rewards given by the old Tzars to their
_boyars_, to whom they used to give their cloaks. ]
[Footnote 27: Anne Ivanofna reigned from 1730-1740. ]
[Footnote 28: One _versta_ or verst (pronounced viorst) equal to 1,165
yards English. ]
[Footnote 29: Peasant cottages. ]
[Footnote 30: _Loubotchnyia, i. e. _, coarse illuminated engravings. ]
[Footnote 31: Taken by Count Munich. ]
[Footnote 32: John, son of Kouzma. ]
[Footnote 33: Formula of affable politeness. ]
[Footnote 34: Subaltern officer of Cossacks. ]
[Footnote 35: Alexis, son of John. ]
[Footnote 36: Basila, daughter of Gregory. ]
[Footnote 37: John, son of Ignatius. ]
[Footnote 38: The fashion of talking French was introduced under Peter
the Great. ]
[Footnote 39: Diminutive of _Marya_, Mary. ]
[Footnote 40: Russian soup, made of meat and vegetables. ]
[Footnote 41: In Russia serfs are spoken of as souls. ]
[Footnote 42: Ivanofna, pronounced Ivanna. ]
[Footnote 43: Poet, then celebrated, since forgotten. ]
[Footnote 44: They are written in the already old-fashioned style of the
time. ]
[Footnote 45: Trediakofski was an absurd poet whom Catherine II. held up
to ridicule in her "Rule of the Hermitage! "]
[Footnote 46: Scornful way of writing the patronymic. ]
[Footnote 47: Formula of consent. ]
[Footnote 48: One _verchok_ = 3 inches. ]
[Footnote 49: Grandson of Peter the Great, succeeded his aunt, Elizabeth
Petrofna, in 1762; murdered by Alexis Orloff in prison at Ropsha. ]
[Footnote 50: Torture of the "_batogs_," little rods, the thickness of a
finger, with which a criminal is struck on the bare back. ]
[Footnote 51: Edict or ukase of Catherine II. ]
[Footnote 52: Pugatch means bugbear. ]
[Footnote 53: Sarafan, dress robe. It is a Russian custom to bury the
dead in their best clothes. ]
[Footnote 54: Girdles worn by Russian peasants. ]
[Footnote 55: Peter III. ]
[Footnote 56: Little flat and glazed press where the Icons or Holy
Pictures are shut up, and which thus constitutes a domestic altar or
home shrine. ]
[Footnote 57: _Ataman_, military Cossack chief. ]
[Footnote 58: 1 petak = 5 kopek copper bit. ]
[Footnote 59: First of the false Dmitri. ]
[Footnote 60: Allusion to the old formulas of petitions addressed to the
Tzar, "I touch the earth with my forehead and I present my petition to
your 'lucid eyes. '"]
[Footnote 61: At that time the nostrils of convicts were cut off. This
This barbarous custom has been abolished by the Tzar Alexander. ]
[Footnote 62: Daughter of another Commandant of a Fort, whom Pugatchef
outraged and murdered. ]
[Footnote 63: Name of a robber celebrated in the preceding century, who
fought long against the Imperial troops. ]
[Footnote 64: In the torture by fire the accused is tied hand and foot;
he is then fixed on a long pole, as upon a spit, being held at either
end by two men; his bare back is roasted over the fire. He is then
examined and abjured by a writer to confess, and any depositions he may
make are taken down. ]
[Footnote 65: Slight skirmish, wherein the advantage remained with
Pugatchef. ]
[Footnote 66: Frederick, son of Frederick; name given to Frederick the
Great by the Russian soldiery. ]
[Footnote 67: Title of a superior officer. ]
[Footnote 68: Hazard game at cards.
]
[Footnote 69: Diminutive of Emelian. ]
[Footnote 70: Little summer carriage. ]
[Footnote 71: Fedor Poushkin, a noble of high rank, ancestor of the
author, was executed on a charge of treason by Petr' Alexiovitch the
Great. ]
[Footnote 72: Leaders of the Russian faction against John Ernest, Duc de
Biren, Grand Chamberlain, and favourite of the Tzarina, Anne Ivanofna.
Both were executed in a barbarous manner. ]
[Footnote 73: Anna, daughter of Blaize. ]
[Footnote 74: General Romanoff, distinguished in the wars against the
Turks, vanquished them at Larga and Kazoul, 1772. He died 1796. ]
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