No More Learning

The great battle of Cyzicus followed, in
in question was the same as the Athenian founder which Theramenes commanded one of the three
of Amphipolis ; but he must have been at any divisions of the Athenian force, the other two being
rate a man of high repute, since we find it men- under Alcibiades and Thrasybulus respectively
tioned (Xen. Heli
. ii. 3. § 30), that Theramenes (Xen. Hell. i. 1. $$ 12, &c. ; Diod. xiii. 49—51).
first acquired notice and respect from the character Theramenes also shared in the further successes of
of his father. In B. c. 111, he became prominent Alcibiades, and early in B. C. 408, in particular, he
as an oligarchical revolutionist, and a leading mem- took a main part in the siege of Chalcedon, and the
ber of the new government of the 400 (Thuc. viii. reduction of Byzantium. (Xen. Hell. i. 3. $$ 2,
68 ; Xen, Hel. 1. c. ). In this, however, he does &c. ; Diod. xiii. 64, 66, 67. )
not appear to have occupied as eminent a station At the battle of Arginusae, in B. C. 406, Thera-
as he had hoped to fill, while at the same time the menes held a subordinate command in the right
declaration of Alcibiades and of the army at Samos wing of the Athenian fleet, and he was one of
against the oligarchy made it evident to him that those who, after the victory, were commissioned
its days were numbered. Acting accordingly with by the generals to repair to the scene of action and
Aristocrates and others, each of whom, like him- save as many as possible of the disabled galleys
self, hoped for the foremost place in a restored and their crews. A storm, it is said, rendered the
democracy, he withdrew from the more violent execution of the order impracticable ; yet, instead
aristocrats and began to cabal against them ; pro- of trusting to this as his ground of defence, Thera-
fessing however to desire, not the overthrow of the menes thought it safer to divert the popular anger
existing constitution, but its full establishment, and from himself to others, and accordingly came pro-
demanding therefore that the promised assembly minently forward to accuse the generals of the
of the 5000 should be no longer a name, but a neglect by which so many lives had been lost ; and
reality. Of this opposition, in fact, Theramenes it appears to have been chiefly through his ma-
was the life. He exclaimed against the fortifica-chinations that those of their number who had
tion by the oligarchs of Eetioneia (the mole at returned to Athens, were condemned to death. In
the mouth of the Peiraeeus), as part of a design his notice of this transaction, Diodorus tells us
for admitting the enemy into the harbour ; for a that the victorious generals endeavoured in the
confirmation of his suspicions he pointed to the first instance to fix the blame on Theramenes, and
fact that the oligarchical ambassadors who had been thus incurred his enmity; and Theramenes him-
sent to negotiate peace with Sparta, had returned self, when taxed afterwards by Critias with his
without having come to any agreement that could base treachery in the matter, is reported by Xeno-
be openly avowed ; and he insisted that a Pelopon- phon to have excused his conduct by a similar
nesian fleet, which made its appearance not long allegation. A truly wretched apology at the best ;
after in the Saronic gulf, professedly on its way to but even the statement on which it rests is contra-
help Euboea, was connected with the plot that he dicted by Xenophon's narrative, and it seems quite
was denouncing. He seems also to have instigated possible (according to bishop Thirlwall's suggestion)
the mutiny of the soldiers, who were employed on that, over and above the cowardly motive of self-
the works at Eetioneia, and when charged with preservation, Theramenes may have been, through-
this by his colleagues in the council, he stoutly out the whole affair, the agent of an oligarchical con-
denied it, and offered to go down himself and quell spiracy to get rid of some of the most eminent and
the tumult. On his arrival at the scene of dis- formidable opponents of that faction. (Xen. Hell.
turbance he affected at first to rebuke the mu- | i. 6. § 35, 7. &S 4, &c. ii. 3. $S 32, 35; Diod.
ܪ
4 A 4


## p. 1096 (#1112) ##########################################

1096
THERAMENES.
THERICLES.
:
pieans.
xiii. 98, 101; Thirlwall's Greece, vol. iv. p. 138. ) | therefore accused by Critias before the council as a
From this timne certainly up to the establishment of traitor, and an enemy of the oligarchy, and when
the thirty tyrants, we find him the unscrupulous his nominal judges, favourably impressed by his
confederate of the oligarchs, and from Lysias (c. able defence, exhibited an evident disposition to
Igor. p. 130), we learn that the people on one oco acquit him, Critias introduced into the chamber a
casion rejected him from the office of general on number of men armed with daggers, and declared
the ground of his being no friend to the democratic | that, as all who were not included in the privileged
government. This would probably be early in B. C. | Three Thousand might be put to death by the sole
405, when three new commanders were appointed authority of the Thirty, he struck the name of
(Xen. Hcll. ij. 1. § 16) as colleagues to Conon, Theramenes out of that list, and condemned him
Adeimantus, and Philocles. But during the siege of with the consent of all his colleagues. Theramenes
Athens by Lysander in the same year, and after then rushed to the altar, which stood in the council-
the failure of the Athenian embassy, which had chamber, but was drauged from it and carried off
proposed to capitulate on condition of keeping their to execution. When he had drunk the hemlock,
walls and the Peiraeeus, Theramenes offered to he dashed out the last drops from the cup as if he
go himself to Lysander and learn the real in- were playing the game of the Kóttabos, exclaim-
tentions of the Lacedaemonians, promising at the ing, “This to the health of the lovely Critias ! ”
same time to obtain peace without the necessity of Diodorus tells us that Theramencs was a disciple
giving hostages, or demolishing the fortifications, of Socrates, and that the latter strove to prevent
or surrendering the ships ; while he held out vague the eleven from dragging him away to death,
and mysterious hopes besides of some further which seems to be merely a different version of the
favour to be obtained from the enemy by his story in the Pseudo-Plutarch (Vit. X. Or. Isocr. add
His offer, after some considerable oppo- init. ), that Isocrates, who was a pupil of Thera-
sition, was accepted, and he set forth on his mis- menes in rhetoric, was the only person who stood
sion, determined not to return till his countrymen up to help him in his extremity, and desisted only
should be so weakened by famine as to be ready on Theramenes saying that it would increase bis
to assent to any terms that might be imposed on distress, should any of his friends involve thein-
them. After an absence accordingly of three selves in his calamity. Both Xenophon and Cicero
months in the Lacedaemonian camp, he again pre- express their admiration of the equanimity which
sented himself in Athens, and declared that Ly: he displayed in his last hour ; but surely such a
sander, having detained him so long, had at length feeling is sadly out of place when directed to such
desired him to go to Sparta with his proposals, as a man. (Xen. Hell. ii. 3 ; Diod. xiv. 4, 5 ; Cic.
he himself had no authority to settle any thing. Trosc. Quaest. i. 40; Arist. Run. 541, 965—968 ;
To Sparta therefore the traitor was sent, with nine Suid. s. v. Onpauévns ; Val. Max. iii. 2. Ext. 6;
colleagues, and the terms which they brought back Hinrichs, de Therum. Crit. et Thrasyb. rcbus et in-
with them, and which the Athenians had now genio. )
(E. E. )
no alternative but to accept, were such as to lay THERAPNE (Oepányn), a daughter of Lelex
their country prostrate at the feet of Lacedae- and Peridia, from which the town of Therapne in
mon (Xen. Hell. ii. 2. &$ 16, &c. ; Lys. c. Erat. Laconia derived its name. (Paus. iii. 19. $ 9;
p. 126, c. Agor. pp. 130, 131, Plut. Lys. 14). In Schol. ad Eurip. Orest. 615. )
(L. S. ]
the following year, B. C. 404, Theramenes took the THERAS (Onpas), a son of Autesion, grand-
foremost part in obtaining the decree of the as- son of Tisamenus, who led Lacedaemonians and
sembly for the destruction of the old constitution Minyans of Lemnos (i. e, descendants of the Argo-
and the establishment of the Thirty, in the num- nauts by Lemnian women) from Sparta to the
ber of whom he was himself included. The island of Thera, which had before been called
measure indeed was not carried without opposition, Callisto, but was now named after him Thera.
but this was overborne by the threats of Lysander, (Herod. iv. 147; Paus. iii. 1. $ 6, iv. 3. Q 3, vii. 2.
whose presence Theramenes had taken care to $? ; Apollon. Rhod. iv. 1764 ; Schol. ad Pind.
secure. The whole transaction is grossly mis- Pyth. iv. 88. )
(L. S. ]
represented by Diodorus, who, choosing to be the THE’RICLES (Onpixlîs) was, according to
panegyrist of Theramenes, informs us that he pro-Athenaeus (xi. pp. 470-472), Lucian (Leriph. 7),
tested against the innovation in the government, Pliny (H. N. xvi. 40. s. 76), and the lexicographers
but was obliged to give way to the menaces of (Etym. Mag. , Suid. , s. v. Onpixielov), a Corinthian
Lysander, and that the people then elected him potter, whose works obtained such celebrity that
one of the Thirty, in the hope that he would they became known throughout Greece by the
check the violence of his colleagues (Xen. Hell. ii. name of Θηρίκλεια (sc. ποτήρια) οΓ κύλικες Θηρι-
3. $S 1, 2; Lys. c. Erat. pp. 126, 127, C. Agor. Kielai (or -a), and these names were applied not
p. 131 ; Plut. Lys. 15 ; Diod. xiv. 3, 4). As a only to cups of earthenware, but also to those of
matter of fact, indeed, he did endeavour to do so ; wood, glass, gold, and silver. Athenaeus quotes
for, if not virtuous enough to abhor the reign of numerous passages from the Athenian comic poets,
terror which they introduced, he had sufficient in which these “ Thericleian works” are men-
sagacity to perceive that their volence would be tioned ; and these, with the other testimonies on
fatal to the permanence of their power. His re- the subject, have been most elaborately discussed
monstrances, however, and his opposition to their by Bentley, in his Dissertations on Phularis, and
tyrannical proceedings had no effect in restraining by Welcker, in the Ruinisches Museum for 1839,
them, but only induced the desire to rid themselves vol. vi. pp. 404, foll. These two great scholars,
of so troublesome an associate, whose former con- however, come to widely different results, the
duct moreover had shown that no political party former fixing the date of Thericles at the time of
could depend on him, and who had earned, by his Aristophanes ; the latter denying the existence of
trimming, the nickname of Kóbopvos,- -a boot | Thericles altogether, and contending that the name
which might be worn on either foot. He was of these vases is a descriptive one, derived from


## p. 1097 (#1113) ##########################################

THERMUS.
1097
THERMUS.
f the
ceod
socha
to sach
5; te
-203;
Est 6;
the figures of animals (Shpa) with which they De suis Virtutibus contra Thermum, which is cited
were adorned: vases thus decorated are frequently by Festus (pp. 182, 234), and other grammarians.
referred to by ancient authors, and numerous spe- Meyer (Ibid. p. 45, foll. ) supposes that Cato ac-
cimens of them have been discovered. It is quite cused Thermus in B. c. 189, and that this oration
impossible, within the limits of this article, to state was spoken in this year; but this is improbable,
even the leading arguments on the two sides of as we know that Thermus served under Scipio
the question ; and no opinion ought to be expressed Asiaticus in this year in the war against Antiochus.
upon it without a pretty full statement of the rea- He and his brother Lucius were sent by Scipio to
sons for the conclusions come to. We must, there receive the onth of Antiochus to the treaty which
fore, be content to refer readers, who are curious in was concluded at the end of the war. In the
such archaeological minutiae, to the treatises above course of the saine year he was nominated by the
mentioned, only adding an important observation senate one of the ten commissioners to settle tho
made by another great scholar upon Welcker's affairs of Asin. He was killed in the following
arguments - Welckerus iis usus est argumentis, year, B. c. 108, while fighting under Cn. Manlius
quae, ut mihi quidem videtur, labefactari possunt Vulso against the Thracians. (Appian, Syr. 39 ;
tantum non omnia. ” (Meineke, Fruy. Com. Gruec. Polyb. xxii. 26 ; Liv. xxxvii. 55, xxxviii. 11, 46. )
vol. iii. p. 221. )
[P. S. ] 2. L. MINUCIUS THERMUS, brother of the pre-
THERI'MÁCIIUS (Onpluaxos), was the Spar- ceding, served under Scipio Asiaticus, and along
tan harmost at Methymna in Lesbos, when the with his brother received the oath of Antiochus to
city was attacked by Thrasybulus, the Athenian, the treaty concluded in B. c. 189. In B. c. 178 he
in B. C. 390. Therimachus gave battle to the served as legatus under the consul A. Manlins
enemy, and was defeated and slain. These events Vulso, in Istria. (Polyb. xxii. 26 ; Liv. xli. 8. )
are placed by Diodorus in B. C. 392. (Xen. Hell. 3. MINUCIUS THERMUS, accompanied the con-
v. 8. SS 28, 29; Diod. xiv. 94. ) (E. E. ) sul L. Valerius Flaccus into Asia, in B. C. 86, and
THERI'MACHUS, a painter and statuary, was there left by him in command of the troops
flourished at 01. 107, B. C. 352, with Echion, who in the following year. He was, however, deprived
also practised both arts. No works of his are of the command by Fimbria shortly afterwards.
mentioned. (Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 8. s. 19, xxxv. (Appian, Mithr. 52 ; Dion Cass. Fragm. 129, p.
10. s. 36. & 9. )
[P. S. ) 52. 31, ed. Reimar. )
THERMUS, MINU'CIUS. 1. Q. MINUCIUS 4. M. MinuciuS THERMUS, propraetor in B. C.
Q. P. L. N. THERMUS (Fasti Capit. ), served under 81, accompanied L. Murena, Sulla's legate, into
Scipio as tribunus militum in the war against Han- Asia. Themius was engaged in the siege of My-
nibal in Africa in B. c. 202, was tribune of the plebstilene, and it was under him that Julius Caesar
B. C. 201, curu. e aedile B. c. 197, and in the same served his first campaign, and gained his first
year was appointed one of the triumviri for found laurels (Suet. Cacs. 2). (CAESAR, p. 539, b. ).
ing six colonies on the coast of Italy (Appian, Pun. This Thermus has frequently been confounded
36, 44 ; Liv. xxx. 40, xxxii. 27, 29, xxxiv. 45). with No. 3 ; but it must be observed that they
In the following year, B. C. 196, he was praetor, were in Asia at different times, and moreover that
and received the province of Nearer Spain, where No. 3 must have been an adherent of Marius,
he carried on the war with great success, and re- while No. 4 belonged to Sulla's party. (Comp.
ceived in consequence the honour of a triumph on Drumann, Geschichte Roms, vol. iii. p. 132, note
his return to Rome in B. c. 195 (Liv. xxxiii. 24, 96. )
26, 44, xxxiv. 10; Appian, Hisp. 39). In B. C. 5. A. MinuciuS THERMUS, was twice defended
193 he was consul with L. Cornelius Merula. He by Cicero in B. C. 59, and on each occasion ac-
obtained Liguria as his province, where a for- quitted. It is not stated of what crime he was
midable insurrection had just broken out. He accused. (Cic. pro Flacc. 39 ; comp. Drumann,
made Pisae his head-quarters, and carried on the Geschichte Roms, vol. v. p. 619. ) As Cicero snys
war with vigour ; but in consequence of his in- that the acquittal of Thermus caused great joy
feriority to the enemy in numbers, he was obliged among the Roman people, we may conclude that
to remain on the defensive and was twice in he had previously filled some public office, and
great peril during the campaign. In the follow- thus he may be the same as the Thermus who,
ing year B. C. 192, his imperium was prolonged, when curator viae Flaminiae, sued for the consul-
and he received additional troops, by means of ship in B. C. 65. (Cic. ad Att. i. 1. )
which he was able to assume the offensive, and to 6. Q. MINUCIUS THERMUS, was propraetor B. C.
gain a decisive victory over the Ligurians. Next 51 and 50 in Asia, where he received many letters
year his imperium was again prolonged, and he from Cicero, who praises his administration of the
again gained a victory over the Ligurians, who had province (ad Fam. xiii. 53–57, comp. ad Att. v.
made an unexpected attack upon his camp in the 13, 20, 21. $ 14, vi. 1. § 13). On the breaking
night. He returned to Rome in B. c. 190, and out of the civil war he espoused the side of Pom-
sued for a triumph, but it was refused him, chiefly pey, and was sent with five cohorts to occupy
through the influence of M. Cato, who delivered Iguvium ; but on the approach of Curio with three
on the occasion his two orations intitled De decem cohorts, he fled from the town. In B. C. 43 he was
Hominibus and De falsis Pugnis. Cato accused him sent by M. Lepidus as ambassador to Sex. Pom-
of having unjustly put to death ten freemen in his peius. He appears afterwards to have followed the
province, and of having in his petition for the fortunes of Sex. Pompeius, for he is mentioned
triumph invented many false battles, and exag- among the distinguished adherents of Pompeius,
gerated the number of the enemy that had been who deserted the latter in B. C.