As the eggs of this in-
sect fall to the ground from the stalks on which they
are deposited (Aristot , Hist.
sect fall to the ground from the stalks on which they
are deposited (Aristot , Hist.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
1, p.
148) of 668.
In consequence of an
invitation from Manlius Torquatus, one of the noblest
patricians of the state, he proceeded in early youth to
Rome, where he appears to have kept but indifferent
company, at least in point of moral character. He im-
paired his fortune so much by his extravagance, that
he complains he had no one
"Fractum qui veteris pedem grabati,
In collo nbi collocarc possit. "
This, however, must partly have been written in
jest, as his finances were always sufficient to allow
him to keep up a delicious villa on the peninsula of
Sirmio, and an expensive residence at Tibur. With
a view of improving his pecuniary circumstances, he
adopted the usual Roman mode of re-establishing a
diminished fortune, and accompanied Caius Memmi-
D3, the celebrated patron of Lucretius, to Bithynia,
where he was appointed prtelor to that province. His
situation, however, was but little meliorated by this
expedition, and. in the course of it, he lost a beloved
brother who was along with him, and whose death was
lamented in verses never surpassed in delicacy or pa-
thos. He came back to Rome with a shattered con-
stitution and a lacerated heart. From the period of
his return to Italy to his decease, his time appears to
? ? have been chiefly occupied with the prosecution of li-
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? CAU
es to himself are all Greek; and even in the versifica-
tion of his odes we sec visible traces of their origin.
Nevertheless, he was the inventor of a new species of
Latin poetry; and as he was the first who used such
variety of measures, and perhaps invented some that
were new, he was amply entitled to call the poetical
volume which he presented to Cornelius Nepos Lepi-
dum Novum Libetlum. The beautiful expressions,
too, and idioms of the Greek language, which he has
so carefully selected, are woven with such art into the
texture of his composition, and bo aptly paint the im-
passioned ideas of his amorous muse, that they have
all the fresh and untarnished hues of originality. --The
best editions of Catullus are, that of Vulpius, Palav. ,
4to, 1737, and that of Doling, Lips. , 8vo, 1788, rc-
Erinted in London, 1820. The works of this poet
ave also been frequently edited in conjunction with
those of Tibullus and Propertius, of which the best
edition is perhaps that of Morell, Paris, fol. , 1604.
(Bdhr, Gesch. Horn. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 253, seqq. --
Sehbll, Hist. Lit. Rom. , vol. 1, p. 236, 310, scqq. --
Ellon's Specimens, vol. 2, p. 31. --Dunlop, Rom. Lit. ,
vol. 1, p. 454, seqq. )
Catulus, Q. Lutatius, I. a Roman naval com-
mander, famous for his victory over the fleet of the
Carthaginians, consisting of 400 sail, oil" the Mgates
Insula. ; forty of the Carthaginian vessels were sunk,
seventy taken, and the remainder dispersed. This
celebrated victory put an end to the first Punic war.
(Vid. iEgates Insula'. )--II. A celebrated Roman, the
colleague of Marius in the consulship, and who jointly
triumphed with him over the Cimbri. He was con-
demned to death by Marius, during the tyrannical sway
of the latter, and suffocated himself in a newly-plaster-
ed room by the steam of a large fire. (Plut. , Vit. Mar.
--Veil. Paterc, 2, 22. )
Caturioes, a Gallic nation, dwelling among the
Cottian Alps. (Plin. , 3, 20. ) Their capital was Ca-
turiga, traces of which are found, according to D'An-
ville, at Charges, between Gap and Embrun, in the
department des Hautes-Alpes. (Lemaire, hid. Geogr.
ad Ctts. , p. 228, seq. )
Caucasus, the name of the highest and most exten-
sive range of mountains in the northern part of Asia,
and which the ancients erroneously considered as a
continuation of the chain of Taurus. According to
Strabo, it extended from the Euxine to the Caspian
Sea. It divided Albania and Iberia towards the south,
from the level country of the Sarmatss on the north.
The inhabitants of these mountains formed, according
to some, seventy, and according to others, 300 different
nations, who spoke various languages, and lived in a
savage state. The breadth of this chain, according to
the best Russian authorities, is about 400 miles be-
tween the mouth of the Don and Kooma; about 756
between the straits of Caffa and the peninsula of Ap-
sheron; and about 350 between the mouths of the
Phasis and the city of Derbend. The etymology of
the name of Caucasus, so celebrated in history and
poetry, is not agreed upon; the most probable opinion
is that which connects it with the Asi, the early divin-
ities of Asia. (Vid. Asi. ) The range of Caucasus
cannot be compared with the Alps in point of eleva-
tion, though in resemblance it may, as the middle of
the chain is covered with glaciers, or white with eter-
nal snows. The highest summit is only 5900 feet
above the level of the Black Sea. The two principal
passages of Caucasus are mentioned by the ancients
? ? under the name of the Caucasian and Albanian gates.
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? CEB
JlfiMor, vol. 2, p. 193, aeqq. ) The figs of this place
were famous. Cicero (rfc Dm. , 2, 4) mentions the cry
of a person who sold Caunian figs at Brundisium, as
t bad omen against Crassus when setting out, at the
time, on his Parthian expedition. The cry of the fig-
Tender was Can neat (supply Jicut erne, or vendo), and
this to a Roman ear would sound very much like cave
v MI, pronounced rapidly, that is, like caw' n' cos,
the fetter << being sounded by the Romans like u.
(S'. knadcr, L. G. , vol. 1, p. 357, teqq. )
CivsTER or CAYSTIUJS, a rapid river of Asia, rising
in Lyilia, and, after a meandering course, falling into
the igean Sea near Ephesus. Near its mouth it
formed a marsh called Asia Palta, or the Asian marsh,
and the same with the 'Aerio^ ,'; nnjr of Homer, much
frequented by swans and other water-fowl. The
Cayster is now called the Kitchik Minder, or Little
Meander, from its winding course. (Plin. , 5, 29. --
S<ra*. , 648. -- Horn. , II. , 8, 470. -- Virg. , Gear? . , 1,
J33 -- Id. , jE*. , 7, 699. --Ovid, Met. , 5, 386. --Mar-
tial, Ep. , 1, 54, 6. )
CEBENXI MONS, a range of mountains in Gaul, com-
mencing in the territory of the Volcro Tectosages, run-
ning thence in a northern direction into the country of
the Ruteni, communicating by a side-chain with the
mountains of the Arverni to the northwest, while the
main range pursues its course towards the northeast
and north, connecting itself, in the former direction
with Mount Jura,' and in the latter with Mount Voge-
BS (Viagc). The modern name of the range is the
Caemis. in the departments of rAvcyron, la Lozere,
ind fArduhe. (Cat. , B. G. , 7, 4 et 56. ) Pliny calls
this range Gehenna (3, 4); Ptolemy, Strabo, and the
Greeks in general, style it Ki/ifLfvov opof. Avienus
(Or. Mtrit. , 614) calls the adjacent region Ctmcmce.
(Compare Werrudorff, ad loc. --Lemaire, Index Gcogr.
idC<u. ,t. v. ,p. 229. )
CBBES, 1. a Greek philosopher, and disciple of Soc-
rates, and also one of the interlocutors whom Plato in-
troduces in his dialogue entitled Phsedon. He was
bom at Thebes, and composed three dialogues, called
H. 'Mom; ('E6ddfU]), Phrymchus ("J>pwq;of), and Pi-
<<i,or the Picture (lltval). The last is the only one
whkh has come down to us. It is commonly cited
by its Latin title Cebclis Tabula (i. e. , picta), and is a
moral sketch or picture of human life, written in a
Phasing and simple style. Some critics have raised
doubts as to the authenticity of this little work. It
breathes, indeed, a very pure vein of morality, but is
not composed, as they think, in the true spirit of the
Socratic school; and they arc disposed, therefore, to
regard it aa the work of some stoic, perhaps Cebes of
Cyzieus (No. II. ), who wished to show that happiness
consisted in the practice of virtue. But it is express-
ly attributed to Cebes by Lucian (dc Mercede Conduct. ,
e- 42), and after him by Tertullian (dc Prescript, adv.
Htfret. , c. 39), Diogenes Laertius (2, 125), Chalcidius,
and Suidas. Wolff was the first among the moderns
W! K> ventured to call in question this testimony of the
ancients, and he baa been followed on the same side
by the Abbe Sevin (. Went, dc FAcad. des Inscr. . &c. ,
vol. 3, p. 75. --Compare the dissertation of Gamier, in
the same collection, vol. 49, p. 455). No work of an-
tiquity has met with a wider circulation. It has been
translated into almost all the modern languages, even
into the Arabic. --The best editions of Cebes are, that
of SchweigluEUser, Argent. , 12mo, 1806, and that of
Thieme, Berol. . 8vo. 1810, with German notes of great
? ? B<<rit. (SckHU, Hut. Lit. Gr. , vol. 2, 346. ) --II. A
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? CECROPS.
CEL
fable, the first king of Attica; the true autochthon
from whom, according to the popular faith, the Attic
people had their origin. The story of his being half
man, half serpent, is only an expression of his autoch-
thonous nature. For in Herodotus (1, 78), the ex-
planation given by the Telmessians of the serpents
devoured by the horses at Sardis is, 5i)itv elvat yf/c
iralda, "that the snake is a child of earth. " The
story of his leading a colony from Sais, in Egypt, to
Athens, is a comparatively late invention, and entitled
to no credit. (Philol. Museum, 5, p. 357. ) The very
name Cecrops (K. cnpml>) itself appears to be nothing
else than a synonyme of airoxOvv. The rtrrif, or
cicada, was always regarded by the Athenians as a
symbol of their autochthonia.
As the eggs of this in-
sect fall to the ground from the stalks on which they
are deposited (Aristot , Hist. An. , 5, 24), and are
hatched in great numbers in showery weather, it was
natural that the vulgar should consider the earth as
producing them. Now one of the names of the ci-
cada is KtpKuip (Ailian, Hist. An. , 10, 44), the origi-
nal form of which would seem to have been Kphtoip,
referring, as well as Ttirif, to the peculiar sound which
the insect emits. Cecrops, therefore (Kexpoifi, Kpi-
koij>), is in reality nothing more than the cicada itself,
the emblem of autochthonia, converted into the first
king of Athens. This is rendered still more probable
by the names of his daughters. As the ancients sup-
posed the cicada to be produced from the ground, so
they thought that it was wholly nourished by the dew.
Hence the names Iluvdpoooc (" All-dcicy") and "Epar/
(" Dew"), given to two of the daughters of the fabled
Cecrops. The third name, 'KypavXoc (" Field-piper"),
is equally appropriate to the cicada, of whose music
the ancients thought so highly, that it was doubted
whether the Ionians did not wear the golden cicada in
their hair in honour of Apollo. (Schol. ad Aristoph. ,
Nub. , 971. )--But what becomes of the legend respect-
ing the part that Cecrops bore in the controversy be-
tween Neptune and Minerva? It is not difficult to
perceive, that in this tradition a record is preserved of
the rivalry that arose between two classes of the Attic
population, the one devoted to maritime pursuits, and
aiming at commercial eminence, the other contented
with their own domestic resources, and preferring the
tranquil occupations of agricultural and pastoral life,
which were typified by the emblematic symbol of
peace. The victory of Minerva, which it commem-
orates, is a true and significant expression of the con-
dition of this country, and of the habits of its people,
from the days of Cecrops to those of Themistocles.
( Wordsworth's Greece, p. 93. )--Cranaus comes next
in the list of Attic kings. He was also an autochthon,
contemporary with the flood of Deucalion. He mar-
ried Pedias, and the issue of their wedlock was At-
this. What is this but the legend of a union between
the inhabitants of the hills (Kpavaf/ yi/, the rocky
country) with those of the plains of Attica (Tleittlc,
the plain country)! and thus Attica ('KtOic) was
formed by uniting the rugged district with that be-
longing to the plain. And yet a hundred histories
have repeated the name of Cranaus as a king of At-
tica ! --This state of prosperity, however, does not ap-
pear to have been of long duration; for Atthis is said
to have died in early youth; and the flood of Deuca-
lion to have inundated the country during the reign of
Cranaus, who was himself driven from the throne by
? ? the king next in succession, named Amphictyon. This
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? CELSUS.
CEL
of by him, and it may be well said of him, Aistf quod
tetigit non ornavit. So complete a specimen of pro-
fessional knowledge, selected by a sound judgment,
and adorned with philosophy, is nowhere else to be
met with. As a Roman historian said of Homer, that
he who can believe him to have been bom blind must
himself be devoid of every sense, so may we venture to
-. "linn respecting Celsus, that he who can suppose him
to have been a mere compiler, and never to have
practised the art of medicine, must be totally destitute
of all professional experience. His preface contains
an admirable exposition of the principles of the differ-
ent sects which had risen up in medicine before his
time; and in the remaining part of the 1st book there
are many pertinent remarks on the best method of
preserving the health. In the 2d, which treats of the
general symptoms and phenomena of diseases in gen-
eral, he has copied freely from Hippocrates, having, no
doubt, discovered that *' to copy nature was to copy
him. " The last part of this book is devoted to the
subject of diet and regimen; and here his views will,
with a few exceptions, even now be admitted by the
unprejudiced to be wonderfully correct. Dr. Cullen,
with all his prejudices against ancient authors, allows
that, " in most instances, his judgment, if understood
well, might be found perhaps to be very good. "--In
the 3d book he has treated of fevers; and here his
distinctions, remarks upon critical days, and treatment,
will be found to be particularly deserving of attention.
Venesection and cold applications to the head arc the
general remedies which he most approves of, and hap
py would it have been for mankind if the masters of
the profession had been content to follow this simple
plan of treatment, instead of being carried away by
such specious theories as the Cullenian and Brunoni-
an, which all must now admit have introduced very
mistaken and fatal views of practice. The other parts
of his work it is unnecessary to go over minutely; but
we would point out, as particularly valuable, his di-
visions and treatment of ulcers. It is remarkable that
no one has treated of diseases of the "obsewna
partet" with the same precision that he has done.
The different shades of cutaneous diseases, which arc
found so difficult to define, he has marked with a sur-
prising degree of precision. But, of the whole work,
the most interesting part, perhaps, is the 7th book,
which treats of the operations of surgery. His ac-
count of those performed upon the eye may be in-
stanced as particularly excellent. The operating for
couching the cataract is described in much the same
manner as it is now performed. The ancients were
bo: acquainted with the mode of extracting. The op-
eration of lithotomy, as described by him, though not
exactly the same as that now generally practised, has,
even at the present day, its admirers, among whom we
may mention the celebrated Dupuytren, who has re-
vived it at Paris, and considers it to possess the ad-
nntage over the common plan of affording a freer
passage to the stone. Mr. Charles Bell, of London,
has also operated much in the same way upon boys,
to whom, by-the-by, Celsus restricts his practice.
Celsus has the merit of being the first author who
mikes mention of the application of the ligature to
trterics far stopping hemorrhage. The ligature is
<<lso mentioned by Heliodorus in a short tract on am-
putation preserved by Nicctas, bv Galen in nearly
twenty places, by Aetius, Paulus . Egineta, Avicenna,
? ? Hhazez. Avenzoar. and Alhucasis; so that it cannot
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? CEN
CEN
3. -- Id. 4, 22. --Lre. , Epil. , iS. -- Eutrop. , 4, 16 --
Isidor. , Hisp. Chron. Goth. , p. 173. )
Celtici, a people of Lusitania, whose territory lay
below the mouth of the Tagus, and between- that river
and the Turdetani. They were of Celtic origin, as
their name imports, and their country answered to
what is now the southern part of Aloniejos. Their
chief town was Pax Julia, now Beja. (Plm. , 3, 1. --
Id. , 4, 81. )
Centum, a promontory of Eiilxra. which formed the
extreme point of the island towards the northwest.
The modem name is Lithada. (Strab. , 444. --Plin. ,
4, n. --Ptoi, p. 87. )
Cenchbe*:, I. a harbour of Corinth, on the Saronic
Gulf, from which this city traded with Asia, the Cyc-
ladcs, and the Euxinc. (Strabo, 380. ) It was about
seventy stadia from the city itself; and the road thither
appears, from the account of Pausanias, to have been
lined with temples and sepulchres. Dr. Clarke ob-
serves, that the remains at Ccnchresj faithfully corre-
spond with the description given by Pausanias of tho
spot. Sir W. Gell says the place is still called Ken-
chrcs. (Itin. of the Morea, p. 207. )--II. A village of
Argolis, near the frontiers of Arcadia, southwest of
Argos. A tumulus was here erected to some Argives
who had fallen in a battle with the Spartans. (Strabo,
376. ) ?
Cenchbeis, a small island off the Spirmum Prom-
ontorium of Argolis. (Plin. , 4, 11. )
Cenchbios, a river of Ionia nearEphesus and Mount
Solmissus, where the Curetes, according to some, con-
cealed and protected Latona after her delivery, when
she was pursued by the power of Juno. (Strab. , 639.
--Tacit. , Ann. , 3, 61. )
Cemmaoni, a people of Britain, north of thcTrino-
bantes, on the eastern coast, forming part of the great
nation of the Iceni. (Vid. Iccni. Lipsius, however,
rejects the term Ccnimagni, where it occurs in the
text of Cssar (B. G. , 5, 21), on the ground that this
race are nowhere else mentioned among the British
tribes, and he proposes to read in place of it, leent,
Cangi. The author of the Greek paraphrase of Ceesar
has Kcvifiavot, whence Vossius conjectured the true
reading to be Ccnomani, and supposed this nation to
have crossed over from Gaul. (Lemairc, Ind. Gcogr.
ad Cos. , p. 231, seqq. )
CenTna. Vid. Caenina.
Cenomani, a people of Gaul, belonging to the nation
of the Aulerci. (Vid. Aulcrci. )
Cexsokes, two magistrates of great authority at
Rome, first created A. U. C. 312. The office of the
censors was chiefly to estimate the fortunes, and to in
spect the morals of the citizens. For a full account
of their duties, &c, consult Adams, Rom. Ant.
CensobInus, I. one of the ephemeral Roman emper-
ors who appeared in so great numbers under the reign
of Gallienus, and arc known in later Roman history
as " the thirty tyrants. " (Treb. Pollio, in Hist. Aug.
Script. , vol. 2, p. 254, ed. Hack. ) Censorinus had
been distinguished in camps and in the senate ; he had
been twice consul, twice praetorian prefect, three times
prefect of Rome, and four times proconsul. After
having passed through this honourable career, he re-
tired to the country, being now advanced in years, and
lame from a wound he had received in the war against
the Persians during the reign of Valerian. It was un-
der these circumstances that he was proclaimed em-
? ? peror, A. D. 269, in spite, as it would appear, of his
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? CEN
fpreai over the north of Greece; the latter, the more
emliud race, which founded towns, and gradually
drove their wild neighbours back into the mountains.
He therefore thinks the exposition of Centaurs as Air-
ftactri (from nevreZv -rijv avpav) not an improbable
me, for that very idea is suggested by the figure of a
Coxack. leaning forwunl with his protruded lance as
IK gallops along. He regards, however, the idea of
urrovpoc having been in its origin simply nevrup as
much more probable. Lapithae may, he thinks, have
signified Slont-pcrsutiders (from Auaf -,iu. u >. a po-
etic appellation for the builders of towns. He supposes
Hi|ipodiniia, as her name seems to intimate, to have
been a Centauress, married to the prince of the Lapi-
tli. T. and thus accounts for the Centaurs having been
at the wedding. (Mythologus, 1. c. --Kaghlley'i 1/v-
t/iolagy, p. 316, teqq. ) Knight takes a very different
view of the legend. The horse, as he observes, was
? acred to Neptune and the Rivers, and was employed
u a general symbol of the waters. The Centaurs ap-
pear to him to have been the same symbol partly hu-
manized. According to this explanation, the legend
respecting the Centaurs and Lapitlio; will have refer-
ence to the draining of some parts of Thessaly by that
oU Pelasgic race. (Knight's Enquiry, &c. , t> 111,
Kf j. --Clan. Journ. , vol. 25, p. 34, seqq )
CBXTKITIS, a river of Armenia Major, flowing under
tie ramparts of Tigranocerta, and falling into the Eu-
phrates. The Greeks gave it the name of Nicephorius,
"that brings victory," probably on account of some
battle gained in its vicinity during the time of the
Syrian kings. It separated Armenia from the country
of the Carduchi, and is now the Bitlu-Soo. (Xen. ,
Ana*. , 4, 3.
invitation from Manlius Torquatus, one of the noblest
patricians of the state, he proceeded in early youth to
Rome, where he appears to have kept but indifferent
company, at least in point of moral character. He im-
paired his fortune so much by his extravagance, that
he complains he had no one
"Fractum qui veteris pedem grabati,
In collo nbi collocarc possit. "
This, however, must partly have been written in
jest, as his finances were always sufficient to allow
him to keep up a delicious villa on the peninsula of
Sirmio, and an expensive residence at Tibur. With
a view of improving his pecuniary circumstances, he
adopted the usual Roman mode of re-establishing a
diminished fortune, and accompanied Caius Memmi-
D3, the celebrated patron of Lucretius, to Bithynia,
where he was appointed prtelor to that province. His
situation, however, was but little meliorated by this
expedition, and. in the course of it, he lost a beloved
brother who was along with him, and whose death was
lamented in verses never surpassed in delicacy or pa-
thos. He came back to Rome with a shattered con-
stitution and a lacerated heart. From the period of
his return to Italy to his decease, his time appears to
? ? have been chiefly occupied with the prosecution of li-
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? CAU
es to himself are all Greek; and even in the versifica-
tion of his odes we sec visible traces of their origin.
Nevertheless, he was the inventor of a new species of
Latin poetry; and as he was the first who used such
variety of measures, and perhaps invented some that
were new, he was amply entitled to call the poetical
volume which he presented to Cornelius Nepos Lepi-
dum Novum Libetlum. The beautiful expressions,
too, and idioms of the Greek language, which he has
so carefully selected, are woven with such art into the
texture of his composition, and bo aptly paint the im-
passioned ideas of his amorous muse, that they have
all the fresh and untarnished hues of originality. --The
best editions of Catullus are, that of Vulpius, Palav. ,
4to, 1737, and that of Doling, Lips. , 8vo, 1788, rc-
Erinted in London, 1820. The works of this poet
ave also been frequently edited in conjunction with
those of Tibullus and Propertius, of which the best
edition is perhaps that of Morell, Paris, fol. , 1604.
(Bdhr, Gesch. Horn. Lit. , vol. 1, p. 253, seqq. --
Sehbll, Hist. Lit. Rom. , vol. 1, p. 236, 310, scqq. --
Ellon's Specimens, vol. 2, p. 31. --Dunlop, Rom. Lit. ,
vol. 1, p. 454, seqq. )
Catulus, Q. Lutatius, I. a Roman naval com-
mander, famous for his victory over the fleet of the
Carthaginians, consisting of 400 sail, oil" the Mgates
Insula. ; forty of the Carthaginian vessels were sunk,
seventy taken, and the remainder dispersed. This
celebrated victory put an end to the first Punic war.
(Vid. iEgates Insula'. )--II. A celebrated Roman, the
colleague of Marius in the consulship, and who jointly
triumphed with him over the Cimbri. He was con-
demned to death by Marius, during the tyrannical sway
of the latter, and suffocated himself in a newly-plaster-
ed room by the steam of a large fire. (Plut. , Vit. Mar.
--Veil. Paterc, 2, 22. )
Caturioes, a Gallic nation, dwelling among the
Cottian Alps. (Plin. , 3, 20. ) Their capital was Ca-
turiga, traces of which are found, according to D'An-
ville, at Charges, between Gap and Embrun, in the
department des Hautes-Alpes. (Lemaire, hid. Geogr.
ad Ctts. , p. 228, seq. )
Caucasus, the name of the highest and most exten-
sive range of mountains in the northern part of Asia,
and which the ancients erroneously considered as a
continuation of the chain of Taurus. According to
Strabo, it extended from the Euxine to the Caspian
Sea. It divided Albania and Iberia towards the south,
from the level country of the Sarmatss on the north.
The inhabitants of these mountains formed, according
to some, seventy, and according to others, 300 different
nations, who spoke various languages, and lived in a
savage state. The breadth of this chain, according to
the best Russian authorities, is about 400 miles be-
tween the mouth of the Don and Kooma; about 756
between the straits of Caffa and the peninsula of Ap-
sheron; and about 350 between the mouths of the
Phasis and the city of Derbend. The etymology of
the name of Caucasus, so celebrated in history and
poetry, is not agreed upon; the most probable opinion
is that which connects it with the Asi, the early divin-
ities of Asia. (Vid. Asi. ) The range of Caucasus
cannot be compared with the Alps in point of eleva-
tion, though in resemblance it may, as the middle of
the chain is covered with glaciers, or white with eter-
nal snows. The highest summit is only 5900 feet
above the level of the Black Sea. The two principal
passages of Caucasus are mentioned by the ancients
? ? under the name of the Caucasian and Albanian gates.
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? CEB
JlfiMor, vol. 2, p. 193, aeqq. ) The figs of this place
were famous. Cicero (rfc Dm. , 2, 4) mentions the cry
of a person who sold Caunian figs at Brundisium, as
t bad omen against Crassus when setting out, at the
time, on his Parthian expedition. The cry of the fig-
Tender was Can neat (supply Jicut erne, or vendo), and
this to a Roman ear would sound very much like cave
v MI, pronounced rapidly, that is, like caw' n' cos,
the fetter << being sounded by the Romans like u.
(S'. knadcr, L. G. , vol. 1, p. 357, teqq. )
CivsTER or CAYSTIUJS, a rapid river of Asia, rising
in Lyilia, and, after a meandering course, falling into
the igean Sea near Ephesus. Near its mouth it
formed a marsh called Asia Palta, or the Asian marsh,
and the same with the 'Aerio^ ,'; nnjr of Homer, much
frequented by swans and other water-fowl. The
Cayster is now called the Kitchik Minder, or Little
Meander, from its winding course. (Plin. , 5, 29. --
S<ra*. , 648. -- Horn. , II. , 8, 470. -- Virg. , Gear? . , 1,
J33 -- Id. , jE*. , 7, 699. --Ovid, Met. , 5, 386. --Mar-
tial, Ep. , 1, 54, 6. )
CEBENXI MONS, a range of mountains in Gaul, com-
mencing in the territory of the Volcro Tectosages, run-
ning thence in a northern direction into the country of
the Ruteni, communicating by a side-chain with the
mountains of the Arverni to the northwest, while the
main range pursues its course towards the northeast
and north, connecting itself, in the former direction
with Mount Jura,' and in the latter with Mount Voge-
BS (Viagc). The modern name of the range is the
Caemis. in the departments of rAvcyron, la Lozere,
ind fArduhe. (Cat. , B. G. , 7, 4 et 56. ) Pliny calls
this range Gehenna (3, 4); Ptolemy, Strabo, and the
Greeks in general, style it Ki/ifLfvov opof. Avienus
(Or. Mtrit. , 614) calls the adjacent region Ctmcmce.
(Compare Werrudorff, ad loc. --Lemaire, Index Gcogr.
idC<u. ,t. v. ,p. 229. )
CBBES, 1. a Greek philosopher, and disciple of Soc-
rates, and also one of the interlocutors whom Plato in-
troduces in his dialogue entitled Phsedon. He was
bom at Thebes, and composed three dialogues, called
H. 'Mom; ('E6ddfU]), Phrymchus ("J>pwq;of), and Pi-
<<i,or the Picture (lltval). The last is the only one
whkh has come down to us. It is commonly cited
by its Latin title Cebclis Tabula (i. e. , picta), and is a
moral sketch or picture of human life, written in a
Phasing and simple style. Some critics have raised
doubts as to the authenticity of this little work. It
breathes, indeed, a very pure vein of morality, but is
not composed, as they think, in the true spirit of the
Socratic school; and they arc disposed, therefore, to
regard it aa the work of some stoic, perhaps Cebes of
Cyzieus (No. II. ), who wished to show that happiness
consisted in the practice of virtue. But it is express-
ly attributed to Cebes by Lucian (dc Mercede Conduct. ,
e- 42), and after him by Tertullian (dc Prescript, adv.
Htfret. , c. 39), Diogenes Laertius (2, 125), Chalcidius,
and Suidas. Wolff was the first among the moderns
W! K> ventured to call in question this testimony of the
ancients, and he baa been followed on the same side
by the Abbe Sevin (. Went, dc FAcad. des Inscr. . &c. ,
vol. 3, p. 75. --Compare the dissertation of Gamier, in
the same collection, vol. 49, p. 455). No work of an-
tiquity has met with a wider circulation. It has been
translated into almost all the modern languages, even
into the Arabic. --The best editions of Cebes are, that
of SchweigluEUser, Argent. , 12mo, 1806, and that of
Thieme, Berol. . 8vo. 1810, with German notes of great
? ? B<<rit. (SckHU, Hut. Lit. Gr. , vol. 2, 346. ) --II. A
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? CECROPS.
CEL
fable, the first king of Attica; the true autochthon
from whom, according to the popular faith, the Attic
people had their origin. The story of his being half
man, half serpent, is only an expression of his autoch-
thonous nature. For in Herodotus (1, 78), the ex-
planation given by the Telmessians of the serpents
devoured by the horses at Sardis is, 5i)itv elvat yf/c
iralda, "that the snake is a child of earth. " The
story of his leading a colony from Sais, in Egypt, to
Athens, is a comparatively late invention, and entitled
to no credit. (Philol. Museum, 5, p. 357. ) The very
name Cecrops (K. cnpml>) itself appears to be nothing
else than a synonyme of airoxOvv. The rtrrif, or
cicada, was always regarded by the Athenians as a
symbol of their autochthonia.
As the eggs of this in-
sect fall to the ground from the stalks on which they
are deposited (Aristot , Hist. An. , 5, 24), and are
hatched in great numbers in showery weather, it was
natural that the vulgar should consider the earth as
producing them. Now one of the names of the ci-
cada is KtpKuip (Ailian, Hist. An. , 10, 44), the origi-
nal form of which would seem to have been Kphtoip,
referring, as well as Ttirif, to the peculiar sound which
the insect emits. Cecrops, therefore (Kexpoifi, Kpi-
koij>), is in reality nothing more than the cicada itself,
the emblem of autochthonia, converted into the first
king of Athens. This is rendered still more probable
by the names of his daughters. As the ancients sup-
posed the cicada to be produced from the ground, so
they thought that it was wholly nourished by the dew.
Hence the names Iluvdpoooc (" All-dcicy") and "Epar/
(" Dew"), given to two of the daughters of the fabled
Cecrops. The third name, 'KypavXoc (" Field-piper"),
is equally appropriate to the cicada, of whose music
the ancients thought so highly, that it was doubted
whether the Ionians did not wear the golden cicada in
their hair in honour of Apollo. (Schol. ad Aristoph. ,
Nub. , 971. )--But what becomes of the legend respect-
ing the part that Cecrops bore in the controversy be-
tween Neptune and Minerva? It is not difficult to
perceive, that in this tradition a record is preserved of
the rivalry that arose between two classes of the Attic
population, the one devoted to maritime pursuits, and
aiming at commercial eminence, the other contented
with their own domestic resources, and preferring the
tranquil occupations of agricultural and pastoral life,
which were typified by the emblematic symbol of
peace. The victory of Minerva, which it commem-
orates, is a true and significant expression of the con-
dition of this country, and of the habits of its people,
from the days of Cecrops to those of Themistocles.
( Wordsworth's Greece, p. 93. )--Cranaus comes next
in the list of Attic kings. He was also an autochthon,
contemporary with the flood of Deucalion. He mar-
ried Pedias, and the issue of their wedlock was At-
this. What is this but the legend of a union between
the inhabitants of the hills (Kpavaf/ yi/, the rocky
country) with those of the plains of Attica (Tleittlc,
the plain country)! and thus Attica ('KtOic) was
formed by uniting the rugged district with that be-
longing to the plain. And yet a hundred histories
have repeated the name of Cranaus as a king of At-
tica ! --This state of prosperity, however, does not ap-
pear to have been of long duration; for Atthis is said
to have died in early youth; and the flood of Deuca-
lion to have inundated the country during the reign of
Cranaus, who was himself driven from the throne by
? ? the king next in succession, named Amphictyon. This
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? CELSUS.
CEL
of by him, and it may be well said of him, Aistf quod
tetigit non ornavit. So complete a specimen of pro-
fessional knowledge, selected by a sound judgment,
and adorned with philosophy, is nowhere else to be
met with. As a Roman historian said of Homer, that
he who can believe him to have been bom blind must
himself be devoid of every sense, so may we venture to
-. "linn respecting Celsus, that he who can suppose him
to have been a mere compiler, and never to have
practised the art of medicine, must be totally destitute
of all professional experience. His preface contains
an admirable exposition of the principles of the differ-
ent sects which had risen up in medicine before his
time; and in the remaining part of the 1st book there
are many pertinent remarks on the best method of
preserving the health. In the 2d, which treats of the
general symptoms and phenomena of diseases in gen-
eral, he has copied freely from Hippocrates, having, no
doubt, discovered that *' to copy nature was to copy
him. " The last part of this book is devoted to the
subject of diet and regimen; and here his views will,
with a few exceptions, even now be admitted by the
unprejudiced to be wonderfully correct. Dr. Cullen,
with all his prejudices against ancient authors, allows
that, " in most instances, his judgment, if understood
well, might be found perhaps to be very good. "--In
the 3d book he has treated of fevers; and here his
distinctions, remarks upon critical days, and treatment,
will be found to be particularly deserving of attention.
Venesection and cold applications to the head arc the
general remedies which he most approves of, and hap
py would it have been for mankind if the masters of
the profession had been content to follow this simple
plan of treatment, instead of being carried away by
such specious theories as the Cullenian and Brunoni-
an, which all must now admit have introduced very
mistaken and fatal views of practice. The other parts
of his work it is unnecessary to go over minutely; but
we would point out, as particularly valuable, his di-
visions and treatment of ulcers. It is remarkable that
no one has treated of diseases of the "obsewna
partet" with the same precision that he has done.
The different shades of cutaneous diseases, which arc
found so difficult to define, he has marked with a sur-
prising degree of precision. But, of the whole work,
the most interesting part, perhaps, is the 7th book,
which treats of the operations of surgery. His ac-
count of those performed upon the eye may be in-
stanced as particularly excellent. The operating for
couching the cataract is described in much the same
manner as it is now performed. The ancients were
bo: acquainted with the mode of extracting. The op-
eration of lithotomy, as described by him, though not
exactly the same as that now generally practised, has,
even at the present day, its admirers, among whom we
may mention the celebrated Dupuytren, who has re-
vived it at Paris, and considers it to possess the ad-
nntage over the common plan of affording a freer
passage to the stone. Mr. Charles Bell, of London,
has also operated much in the same way upon boys,
to whom, by-the-by, Celsus restricts his practice.
Celsus has the merit of being the first author who
mikes mention of the application of the ligature to
trterics far stopping hemorrhage. The ligature is
<<lso mentioned by Heliodorus in a short tract on am-
putation preserved by Nicctas, bv Galen in nearly
twenty places, by Aetius, Paulus . Egineta, Avicenna,
? ? Hhazez. Avenzoar. and Alhucasis; so that it cannot
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? CEN
CEN
3. -- Id. 4, 22. --Lre. , Epil. , iS. -- Eutrop. , 4, 16 --
Isidor. , Hisp. Chron. Goth. , p. 173. )
Celtici, a people of Lusitania, whose territory lay
below the mouth of the Tagus, and between- that river
and the Turdetani. They were of Celtic origin, as
their name imports, and their country answered to
what is now the southern part of Aloniejos. Their
chief town was Pax Julia, now Beja. (Plm. , 3, 1. --
Id. , 4, 81. )
Centum, a promontory of Eiilxra. which formed the
extreme point of the island towards the northwest.
The modem name is Lithada. (Strab. , 444. --Plin. ,
4, n. --Ptoi, p. 87. )
Cenchbe*:, I. a harbour of Corinth, on the Saronic
Gulf, from which this city traded with Asia, the Cyc-
ladcs, and the Euxinc. (Strabo, 380. ) It was about
seventy stadia from the city itself; and the road thither
appears, from the account of Pausanias, to have been
lined with temples and sepulchres. Dr. Clarke ob-
serves, that the remains at Ccnchresj faithfully corre-
spond with the description given by Pausanias of tho
spot. Sir W. Gell says the place is still called Ken-
chrcs. (Itin. of the Morea, p. 207. )--II. A village of
Argolis, near the frontiers of Arcadia, southwest of
Argos. A tumulus was here erected to some Argives
who had fallen in a battle with the Spartans. (Strabo,
376. ) ?
Cenchbeis, a small island off the Spirmum Prom-
ontorium of Argolis. (Plin. , 4, 11. )
Cenchbios, a river of Ionia nearEphesus and Mount
Solmissus, where the Curetes, according to some, con-
cealed and protected Latona after her delivery, when
she was pursued by the power of Juno. (Strab. , 639.
--Tacit. , Ann. , 3, 61. )
Cemmaoni, a people of Britain, north of thcTrino-
bantes, on the eastern coast, forming part of the great
nation of the Iceni. (Vid. Iccni. Lipsius, however,
rejects the term Ccnimagni, where it occurs in the
text of Cssar (B. G. , 5, 21), on the ground that this
race are nowhere else mentioned among the British
tribes, and he proposes to read in place of it, leent,
Cangi. The author of the Greek paraphrase of Ceesar
has Kcvifiavot, whence Vossius conjectured the true
reading to be Ccnomani, and supposed this nation to
have crossed over from Gaul. (Lemairc, Ind. Gcogr.
ad Cos. , p. 231, seqq. )
CenTna. Vid. Caenina.
Cenomani, a people of Gaul, belonging to the nation
of the Aulerci. (Vid. Aulcrci. )
Cexsokes, two magistrates of great authority at
Rome, first created A. U. C. 312. The office of the
censors was chiefly to estimate the fortunes, and to in
spect the morals of the citizens. For a full account
of their duties, &c, consult Adams, Rom. Ant.
CensobInus, I. one of the ephemeral Roman emper-
ors who appeared in so great numbers under the reign
of Gallienus, and arc known in later Roman history
as " the thirty tyrants. " (Treb. Pollio, in Hist. Aug.
Script. , vol. 2, p. 254, ed. Hack. ) Censorinus had
been distinguished in camps and in the senate ; he had
been twice consul, twice praetorian prefect, three times
prefect of Rome, and four times proconsul. After
having passed through this honourable career, he re-
tired to the country, being now advanced in years, and
lame from a wound he had received in the war against
the Persians during the reign of Valerian. It was un-
der these circumstances that he was proclaimed em-
? ? peror, A. D. 269, in spite, as it would appear, of his
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? CEN
fpreai over the north of Greece; the latter, the more
emliud race, which founded towns, and gradually
drove their wild neighbours back into the mountains.
He therefore thinks the exposition of Centaurs as Air-
ftactri (from nevreZv -rijv avpav) not an improbable
me, for that very idea is suggested by the figure of a
Coxack. leaning forwunl with his protruded lance as
IK gallops along. He regards, however, the idea of
urrovpoc having been in its origin simply nevrup as
much more probable. Lapithae may, he thinks, have
signified Slont-pcrsutiders (from Auaf -,iu. u >. a po-
etic appellation for the builders of towns. He supposes
Hi|ipodiniia, as her name seems to intimate, to have
been a Centauress, married to the prince of the Lapi-
tli. T. and thus accounts for the Centaurs having been
at the wedding. (Mythologus, 1. c. --Kaghlley'i 1/v-
t/iolagy, p. 316, teqq. ) Knight takes a very different
view of the legend. The horse, as he observes, was
? acred to Neptune and the Rivers, and was employed
u a general symbol of the waters. The Centaurs ap-
pear to him to have been the same symbol partly hu-
manized. According to this explanation, the legend
respecting the Centaurs and Lapitlio; will have refer-
ence to the draining of some parts of Thessaly by that
oU Pelasgic race. (Knight's Enquiry, &c. , t> 111,
Kf j. --Clan. Journ. , vol. 25, p. 34, seqq )
CBXTKITIS, a river of Armenia Major, flowing under
tie ramparts of Tigranocerta, and falling into the Eu-
phrates. The Greeks gave it the name of Nicephorius,
"that brings victory," probably on account of some
battle gained in its vicinity during the time of the
Syrian kings. It separated Armenia from the country
of the Carduchi, and is now the Bitlu-Soo. (Xen. ,
Ana*. , 4, 3.
