When he heard of what had taken place, he tried to
profit by his great resemblance to the murdered cap-
tive, and he gave himself out as Agrippa.
profit by his great resemblance to the murdered cap-
tive, and he gave himself out as Agrippa.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
-- II.
A daughter of Cecrop* and Agraulos, and
object, there has been a general impression, among mother of Alcippe by Mars. (rid. Supplement. )
reaJeis of the Roman history, that those laws were al- AORESPHON, a Greek grammarian mentioned by Sui-
WITI a direct and violent infringement of the rights of i das (s. v. 'ATTOA/UJIXOC). He wrote a work, llepl 'O/i-
prmic property. Even such men, it has been ob- 'UVV/JLUV (concerning persons of the tame name). He
? erred, as Machiavelli, Montesquieu, and Adam Smith, cannot have lived earlier than the reign of Hadrian, as
have shared in this misconception of them This er-
roneous opinion, however, has lately been exposed by
the genius and learning of Nidmhr in his Roman his-
tory above mentioned, a work which may be said to
nake an era in that department of learning, and in
n-liich he has clearly show n that the original and pro-
fessed object of the agrarian laws was the distribution
of the puWie lands only, and not those of private citi-
zens Of the I. iciriian law, enacted about 376 B. C. ,
on which all subsequent agrarian laws were modelled,
Niebuhr enumerates the following as among the chief
provisions: 1. The limits of the public land shall be
accurately defined. Portions of it, which have been
encroached on by individuals, shall be restored to the
in his work he spoke of an Apollonian who lived in the
time of that emperor.
AGREUS, the hunter, an epithet of Pan.
AQRUHES, I. a small river of Thrace, running into
the Hebms. It is now the Ergene. --II. A Thracian
tribe dwelling in the vicinity of the river Agrianes.
(Herod. , 5,16. )--III. A people of Illyria, on the fron-
tiers of lower Moesia. They were originally from
Thrace, and very probably a branch of the Thracian
Agrianes.
AGRIASP. *, a nation of Asia, mentioned by Quintus
Purlins (7, 3). Some difference of opinion, however,
exists with regard to the true reading in this passage.
Most editors prefer Arimasptz, while others, and evi-
state. 2. Every estate in the public land, not greater ' dently with more correctness, consider Ariaspa the
than this law allows, which has not been acquired by
violence or fraud, and which is not on lease, shall be
good against any third person. 3. Every Roman cit-
uen shall be competent to occupy a portion of newly-
aequired public land, within the limits prescribed by
this law, provided this land be not divided by law
among the citizens, nor granted to a colony. 4. No
one shall occupy of the public land more than five
hundred jugera, nor pasture on the public commons
more than a hundred head of large, nor more than five
handled head of small, stock. 5. Those who occupy
the pub'. ic land shall pay to the state the tithe of the
produce of the field, the fifth of the produce of the
fruit-tree and the vineyard, and for every head of large
? toek. and for every head of small stock yearly. 6.
The public lands shall be farmed by the censors to
those willing to take them on these terms. The funds
hence arising are to be applied to pay the army. --The
foregoing were the most important permanent provis-
ions of the Licinian law, and, for its immediate effect,
it provided that all the public land occupied by indi-
? ? viduals, over five hundred jugera, should be divided
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? AGR
AGRIPPA.
gagement with the Caledonians under their most able
leader Galgacus. The latter made a noble stand, but
was at last obliged to yield to Roman valour and dis-
cipline ; and, having taken hostages, Agricola gradual-
ly withdrew bis forces into the Roman limits. In the
mean time, Domitian had succeeded to the empire, to
whose mean and jealous nature the brilliant character
and successes of Agricola gave secret uneasiness.
Artfully spreading a rumour that he intended to make
the latter governor of Syria, he recalled him, received
him coldly, and allowed him to descend into private
life. The jealousy of the tyrant still pursued him;
and as, after he had been induced to resign his pre-
tension to the proconsulship of Asia or Africa, he was
soon seized with an illness of which he died, Domi-
tian, possibly without reason, has been suspected of a
recourse to poison. Agricola died AD. 93, in his
fifty-fourth year, leaving a widow, and one daughter,
the wife of Tacitus. It is this historian who has so
admirably written his life, and preserved his high char-
acter for the respect of posterity. (Toe. , Vii. Agric)
Agrioentum, a celebrated city of Sicily, about three
miles from the southern coast, in what is now called
the valley of Mazara. The Greek form of the name
was Acragas ('Axpayac), derived from that of a small
stream in the neighbourhood. The primitive name
was (. 'amicus, or, to speak more correctly, this was the
appellation of an old city of the Sicani, situate on the
summit of a mountain, which afterward was regarded
merely as the citadel of Agrigentum. The founding
of (yamicus is ascribed to Dsdalus, who is said to have
built it, after his flight from Crete, for the Sicanian
prince, Cocalus. In the first year of the 56th Olym-
piad, 556 B. C. , a colony was sent from Gela to this
quarter, which founded Agrigentum, on a neighbour-
ing' height, to the southeast. Its situation was, indeed,
peculiarly strong and imposing, standing as it did on a
bare and precipitous rock, 1100 feet above the level of
the sea. To this advantage the city added others of
a commercial nature, being near to the sea, which af-
forded the means of an easy intercourse with the ports
of Africa and the south of Europe. The adjacent coun-
try, moreover, was very fertile. From the combined
operation of all these causes, Agrigentum soon became
a wealthy and powerful city, and was considered in-
ferior to Syracuse alone. According to Diodorus Sic-
ulus (13, 81, scqu. ), it drew on itself the enmity of the
Carthaginians (406 B. C. ), by refusing to embrace their
alliance, or even to remain neutral. It was according-
ly besieged by their generals Hannibal and Hamilcar.
The former, with many of his troops, died of a pestilential
disorder, derived from the putrid effluvia of the tombs,
which were opened and destroyed for the sake of the
stone. But, from want of timely assistance and scar-
city of provisions, the Agrigentinea were obliged to
abandon their city, and fly for protection to Gela,
whence they were transferred to the city of the Leon-
tines, which was allotted to them by the republic of
Syracuse. The conqueror Hamilcar despoiled Agri-
gentum of all its riches, valuable pictures, and statues.
Among the trophies sent to Carthage was the celebra-
ted bull of Phalaris, which, two hundred and sixty years
afterward, on the destruction of Carthage, was restored
to the Agrigentines by Scipio. At a subsequent pe-
riod, when a general peace had taken place, 01. 96, 1
(Diod. Sic, 14, 78), we find the Agrigentines return-
ing to their native city; though, from a passage in Di-
? ? odorus (13,113), it would seem that the place had not
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? AGRIPPA.
ffimtnou than ancient, and did not disgrace it by his
Boioflife. (Tax. , Aitn. , 4, 34, 61. )--III. Agrippa
Castor,about A. D. 135, praised as an historian by Eu-
itims. aml for his learning by St. Jerome (de Vina 11-
luir. c. 21), lived in the reign of Hadrian. He wrote
yanslthe twenty-four books of the Alexandrean Gnos-
tic. Bisilides, on the Gospel. Quotations are made
from his work by Kusebius. (flirt. EecU*. , 4, 7. --
See <Wo*fc-<< BMiotheco. Potrum, vol. 1, p. 330. )--
IV. Fonteius, one of the accusers of Libo, A. D. 16,
U again mentioned in A. . IX 19, as offering his daugh-
ter for a vestal virgin. {Toe. , Ami. , 2, 30, 86. ) --
V Probably the son of the preceding, commanded the
province of Asia with proconsular power, A. D. 69, and
was recalled from thence by Vespasian, and placed
over M<z<<a in A. D. TO. He was shortly afterward
killed in battle by the Sarmatians. (Tuc. . Hul. , 3,
4S. -Juefk. , B. Jud. , 7, 4, $ 3. )--VI. Herodes I.
fHxiiw 'Aypin-Toc), called by Josephus (Anl. Jud. ,
17. 2, i 2) *? Agrippa the Great," was the son of Aris-
tobulus and Berenice, and grandson of Herod the Great.
Shortly before the death of his grandfather he came
to Rome, where he was educated with the future em-
peror Claudius, and DrusuB, the son of Tiberius. He
squandered hi* property in giving sumptuous enter-
tainments to gratify his princely friends, and in bestow-
ing largesses on the frcedrnen of the emperor, and he-
came so deeply involved in debt that be was compelled
to fly from Rome, and betook himself to a fortress at
Malatha in Idunuea. Through the mediation of his
wife Cypros, with his sister Herodias, the wife of He-
rodn Antipas, he was allowed to take up his aliodc at
Tiberias, and received the rank of edile in that city,
with, a small yearly income But, having quarrelled
with his brother-in-law, he fled to Flaccus, the pro-
ronsui of Syria. Soon afterward he was convicted.
through the information of his brother Aristobulus, of
baring received a bribe from the Damascenes, who
wished to purchase his influence with the proconsul,
and was again compelled to fly. He was arrested, as
he was about to sail for Italy, for a sum of money
which he owed to the treasury of Cesar, but made his
escape, and reached Alexandrea, where his wife suc-
ceeded in obtaining a supply of money from Alexan-
der the AUbarch. He then set sail, and landed at Pu-
teoli. He was favourably received by Tiberius, who
Btrosted him with the education of his grandson, Ti-
berius. He also formed an intimacy with Caius Ca-
ngula. Having one day incautiously expressed a wisli
thai the latter might soon succeed to the throne, his
words were reported by his freedman Eutychus to Ti-
berias, who forthwith threw him into prison. Calig-
ula, on hi* accession (A. D. 37), set him at liberty, and
gave him the tetrarchies of Lysanias (Abilene) and
Fhilippus (Batanea, Trachonitis, and Auranitis). He
also presented him with a golden chain of equal weight
with the iron one which ne had worn in prison. In
the fallowing year Agrippa took possession of his king-
dom, and, after the banishment of Herodes Antipas, the
tetrarchy of the latter was added to his dominions.
On the death of Caligula. Agrippa, who was at the
time in Rome, materially assisted Claudius in gaining
possession of the empire. Aa a reward for his servi-
ces, Jodca and Samaria were annexed to his domin-
ions, which were now even more extensive than those
of Herod the Great. He was also invested with the
consular dignity, and a league was publicly made
with him by Claudius in the forum. At his request,
? ? the kingdom of Chalcis was given to his brother He-
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? AGRIPPA.
AGRIPPA.
of any crime. There he was under the surveillance
of soldiers, and Augustus obtained a senatus consultum,
by which the banishment was legally confirmed for the
time of his life. The property of Agrippa was assign-
ed by Augustus to the treasury of the army. It is said
that during his captivity he received the visit of Au-
gustus, who secretly went to Planasia, accompanied by
Fabius Maxiinus. Augustus and Agrippa, both deep-
ly affected, shed tears when they met, and it was be-
lieved that Agrippa would be restored to liberty. But
the news of this visit reached Livia, the mother of Ti-
berius, and Agrippa remained a captive. After the ac-
cession of Tiberius, in A. D. 14, Agrippa was murder-
ed by a centurion, who entered his prison and killed
him, after a long struggle, for Agrippa was a man of
great bodily strength. When the centurion afterward
went to Tiberius to give him an account of the execu-
tion, the emperor denied having given any order for it,
and it is very probable that Livia was the secret au-
thor of the crime. There was a rumour that Augus-
tus had left an order for the execution of Agrippa. but
this is positively contradicted by Tacitus. (Tac. , Aim. ,
1, 3-6. -- Dion Cass. , 55, 32; 57, 3. -- Suet. , I. c,
Tii-, 22. --Fetfet'. , 2, 104, 112. )
After the death of Agrippa, a slave of the name of
Clemens, who was not informed of the murder, landed
on Planasia with the intention of restoring Agrippa to
liberty and carrying him off to the army in Germany.
When he heard of what had taken place, he tried to
profit by his great resemblance to the murdered cap-
tive, and he gave himself out as Agrippa. He landed
at Ostia, and found many who believed him, or affect-
ed to believe him, but he was seized and put to death
by order of Tiberius. (Tac, Ann. , 2, 39, 40. )
The name of Agrippa Caesar is found on a medal of
Corinth. -- IX. M. Vipsanius, was born in B. C. 63.
He was the son of Lucius, and was descended from a
very obscure family. At the age of twenty he studied
at Apollonia in Illyria, together with young Octavius,
afterward Octavianus and Augustus. After the mur-
der of J. Cassar in B. C. 44, Agrippa was one of those
intimate friends of Octavius who advised him to pro-
ceed immediately to Home. Octavius took Agrippa
with him, and charged him to receivo the oath of fidel-
ity from several logions which had declared in his fa-
vour. Having been chosen consul in B. C. 43, Octa-
vius gave to his friend Agrippa the delicate commis-
sion of prosecuting C. Cassius, one of the murderers
of J. Caesar. At the outbreak of the Perusinian war
between Octavius, now Octavianus, and L. Antonius,
in B. C. 41, Agrippa, who was then praetor, command-
ed part of the forces of Octavianus,* and, after distin-
guishing himsclfby skilful manoeuvres, besieged L. An-
tonius in Perusia. He took the town in B. C. 40, and
towards the end of the same year retook Sipontum,
which had fallen into the hands of M. Antonius. In
B. C. 38, Agrippa obtained fresh success in Gaul, where
he quelled a revolt of the native chiefs; he also pene-
trated into Germany as far as the country of the Catti,
and transplanted the Ubii to the left bank of the Rhine;
whereupon he turned his arms against the revolted
Aquitani, whom he soon brought to obedience. His
victories, especially those in Aquitania, contributed
much to securing the power of Octavianus, and he
was recalled by him to undertake the command of the
war against Sextus PompciuB, which was on the point
of breaking out, B. C. 37. Octavianus offered him a
? ? triumph, which Agrippa declined, but accepted the
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? l>>B. C. 19,Agtippa \v,. Mt into Gaul. Ho pacified
IhetiHbulent. natiTes, and constructed four great (uil. -
tt nidi <<nd >> splendid aqueduct at Nemausus (Ni-
BS). From thence lie proceeded to Spain, and sub-
daedilttCantabnana after a short but bloody and ob-
<<UHie struggle; but, in accordance with his usual
pcudenct, he neither announced his victories in pom-
pom ton to the senate, nor did he accept a a triumph
which Augustus offered him. In B. C. 18, he was in-
rated with the tribunician power for five years togeth-
a Kith Augustus; and in the following year (B. C.
17), his two eons, Caius and Lucius, were adopted by
Augtutu*. At the close of the year, he accepted an
intuition of Herod the Great, and went to Jerusalem.
He founded the military colony of Berytus (Beyrout);
thence he proceeded, in B. C. 16, to the Pontus Euxi-
aa. and compelled the Bosporani to accept Polemo
far their king, and to restore the Roman eagles which
had been taken by Mithradates. On his return he stay-
ed joroe time in Ionia, -where he granted privileges to
the Jews, whose cause was pleaded by Herod (Joseph. ,
A:ti'j. Jud. . 16, 2). and then proceeded to Home,
where he arrived in B. C. 13. After his tribunician
power had been prolonged for five years, he went to
Pinnonia to restore tranquillity to that province. He
icturned in B. C. 12, after having been successful as
usual and retired to Campania. There he died unex-
pectedly, in the month of March, B. C. 12, in his 51st
year. His body was carried to Rome, and was buried
m the mausoleum of Augustus, who himself pronoun-
ceil a funeral oration over it.
Dion Cassius tells us (52, 1, &c. ), that in the year
B. C. 29 Augustus assembled his friends and counsel-
ion. Agrippa and Maecenas, demanding their opinion
u to whether it would be advisable for him to usurp
monarchical power, or to restore to the nation its for-
mer republican government. This is corroborated by
? Suetonius (Octac. . 28), who says that Augustus twice
deliberated upon that subject. The speeches which
Asrippa and Mecenas delivered on this occasion arc
gnen by Dion Cassias; but the artificial character of
umn makes them suspicious. However, it does not
leem likely, from the general character of Dion Cas-
eutai an historian, that these speeches arc invented by
him; and it is not improbable, and such a supposition
? uiu entirety the character of Augustus, that those
? fetches were really pronounced, though preconcerted
between Augustus and his counsellors to make the
Roman nation believe that the fate of the Republic
was still a matter of discussion, and that Augustus
would not assume monarchical power till he had been
convinced that it was necessary for the welfare of the
nation. Besides, Agrippa, who, according to Dion
Cusius, advised Augustus to restore the Republic,
wa* a man whose political opinions had evidently a
monarchical tendency.
Aerippa was one of the most distinguished and im-
portant men of the age of Augustus. He must be con-
sidered as a chief support of the rising monarchical con-
stitution, and without Agrippa Augustus could scarce-
ly hn e succeeded in making himself the absolute mas-
ter of the Roman Empire. Dion Cassius (54, 29, &c. ),
VeUeius Paterculus (2. 79), Seneca (Ep. , 94), and
Horace (Od. , 1, 6} speak with equal admiration of his
merits.
Pliny constantly refers to the "Commentarii" of
Agrippa as an authority (EUnchus, 3, 4, 5, 6, comp.
3, 2), which may indicate certain official lists drawn
Dp by Mm in the measurement of the Roman world
? ? under Augustus (md. YEthicus), in which he may have
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? AGRIPPINA.
AGRIPPINA.
During some years Tiberius disguised his hatred of
Agrippina, but she soon became exposed to secret ac-
cusations and intrigues. She asked the emperor's per-
mission to choose another husband, but Tiberius nei-
ther refused nor consented to the proposition. Seja-
nus, who exercised an unbounded influence over Ti-
berius, then a prey to mental disorders, persuaded
Agrippina that the emperor intended to poison her.
Alarmed at such a report, she refused to eat an apple
which the emperor offered her from his table, and Ti-
berius, in his tum, complained of Agrippina regarding
him as a poisoner. According to Suetonius, all this
w;is an intrigue preconcerted between the emperor and
Sejanus, who, as it seems, had formed the plan of lead-
ing Agrippina into false steps. Tiberius was extreme-
ly suspicious of Agrippina, and showed his hostile feel-
ings by allusive words or neglectful silence. There
were no evidences of ambitious plans formed by Agrip-
pina, but the rumour having been spread that she would
fly to the army, he banished her to the island of Pan-
dataria (AD. 30), where her mother, Julia, had died
in exile. Her sons, Nero and Drusus. were likewise
banished, and both died an unnatural death. She liv-
ed three years on that barren island ; at last she refu-
sed to take any food, and died, most probably, by vol-
untary starvation. Her death took place precisely two
years after, and on the same date, as the murder of Se-
janus, that is, in AD. 33. Tacitus and Suetonius tell
us that Tiberius boasted that he had not strangled her.
(Sueton. , Tib. , 53 -- Toe. , Ann. , 6, 25. ) The ashes
of Agrippina, and those of her son Nero, were after-
ward brought to Rome by order of her son, the Em-
peror Caligula, who struck various medals in honour
of his mother. In one of these the head of Caligula
is on one side, and that of his mother on the other.
The words on each side are respectively, c. c. esar.
iVG. OKR. P. M. TR. POT. , and AGRIPPINA. MAT. C. C<<S.
avo. okrm. (Tac. , Ann. , 1-6. --Sueton. , Octal. , 64;
Ttb. , I. c; Calig. , I. c -- Dion Cats. , 57, 5, 6; 58,
22. )--II. The daughter of Gcrmanicus and Agrippina
the elder, daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa. She was
born between A. D. 13 and 17, at the Oppidum Ubio-
rum, afterward called, in honour of her, Colonia Agrip-
{>ina, now Cologne, and then the headquarters of the
egions commanded by her father. In A. D. 28, she
married Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, a man not unlike
her, and whom she lost in A. D. 40. After his death
she married Crispus Passienus, who died some years
afterward; and she was accused of having poisoned
him, either for the purpose of obtaining his great for-
tune, or for some secret motive of much higher impor-
tance. She was already known for her scandalous
conduct, for her most perfidious intrigues, and for an
unbounded ambition. She was accused of having com-
mitted incest with her own brother, the Emperor Ca-
ius Caligula, who, under the pretext of having discover-
ed that she had lived in an adulterous intercourse with
M. . 'Emilius Lepidus, the husband of her sister Drusil-
la, banished her to the island of Pontia, which was sit-
uated in the Sinus Syrticus Major, on the coast of Lib-
ya. Her sister Drusilla was likewise banished to Pon-
tia, and it seems that their exile was connected with
the punishment of Lepidus. who was put to death for
raving conspired against the emperor. Previously to
her exile, Agrippina was compelled by her brother to
carry to Rome the ashes of Lepidus. This happened
In A. D. 39. Agrippina and her sister were released
? ? in A. D. 41, by their uncle, Claudius, immediately af-
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? A. GR
TBH* arc several medals of Agrippina, which are
dUtinsuishable from those of her mother by the title of
Augusta, which those of" h*r mother never have. On
KBM of her medals she is represented with her hus-
binJ Claudius, in others -with her son Nero. (Tac. ,
. Ira. , lib. 12, 13, 14,. - Dion Cats.
object, there has been a general impression, among mother of Alcippe by Mars. (rid. Supplement. )
reaJeis of the Roman history, that those laws were al- AORESPHON, a Greek grammarian mentioned by Sui-
WITI a direct and violent infringement of the rights of i das (s. v. 'ATTOA/UJIXOC). He wrote a work, llepl 'O/i-
prmic property. Even such men, it has been ob- 'UVV/JLUV (concerning persons of the tame name). He
? erred, as Machiavelli, Montesquieu, and Adam Smith, cannot have lived earlier than the reign of Hadrian, as
have shared in this misconception of them This er-
roneous opinion, however, has lately been exposed by
the genius and learning of Nidmhr in his Roman his-
tory above mentioned, a work which may be said to
nake an era in that department of learning, and in
n-liich he has clearly show n that the original and pro-
fessed object of the agrarian laws was the distribution
of the puWie lands only, and not those of private citi-
zens Of the I. iciriian law, enacted about 376 B. C. ,
on which all subsequent agrarian laws were modelled,
Niebuhr enumerates the following as among the chief
provisions: 1. The limits of the public land shall be
accurately defined. Portions of it, which have been
encroached on by individuals, shall be restored to the
in his work he spoke of an Apollonian who lived in the
time of that emperor.
AGREUS, the hunter, an epithet of Pan.
AQRUHES, I. a small river of Thrace, running into
the Hebms. It is now the Ergene. --II. A Thracian
tribe dwelling in the vicinity of the river Agrianes.
(Herod. , 5,16. )--III. A people of Illyria, on the fron-
tiers of lower Moesia. They were originally from
Thrace, and very probably a branch of the Thracian
Agrianes.
AGRIASP. *, a nation of Asia, mentioned by Quintus
Purlins (7, 3). Some difference of opinion, however,
exists with regard to the true reading in this passage.
Most editors prefer Arimasptz, while others, and evi-
state. 2. Every estate in the public land, not greater ' dently with more correctness, consider Ariaspa the
than this law allows, which has not been acquired by
violence or fraud, and which is not on lease, shall be
good against any third person. 3. Every Roman cit-
uen shall be competent to occupy a portion of newly-
aequired public land, within the limits prescribed by
this law, provided this land be not divided by law
among the citizens, nor granted to a colony. 4. No
one shall occupy of the public land more than five
hundred jugera, nor pasture on the public commons
more than a hundred head of large, nor more than five
handled head of small, stock. 5. Those who occupy
the pub'. ic land shall pay to the state the tithe of the
produce of the field, the fifth of the produce of the
fruit-tree and the vineyard, and for every head of large
? toek. and for every head of small stock yearly. 6.
The public lands shall be farmed by the censors to
those willing to take them on these terms. The funds
hence arising are to be applied to pay the army. --The
foregoing were the most important permanent provis-
ions of the Licinian law, and, for its immediate effect,
it provided that all the public land occupied by indi-
? ? viduals, over five hundred jugera, should be divided
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? AGR
AGRIPPA.
gagement with the Caledonians under their most able
leader Galgacus. The latter made a noble stand, but
was at last obliged to yield to Roman valour and dis-
cipline ; and, having taken hostages, Agricola gradual-
ly withdrew bis forces into the Roman limits. In the
mean time, Domitian had succeeded to the empire, to
whose mean and jealous nature the brilliant character
and successes of Agricola gave secret uneasiness.
Artfully spreading a rumour that he intended to make
the latter governor of Syria, he recalled him, received
him coldly, and allowed him to descend into private
life. The jealousy of the tyrant still pursued him;
and as, after he had been induced to resign his pre-
tension to the proconsulship of Asia or Africa, he was
soon seized with an illness of which he died, Domi-
tian, possibly without reason, has been suspected of a
recourse to poison. Agricola died AD. 93, in his
fifty-fourth year, leaving a widow, and one daughter,
the wife of Tacitus. It is this historian who has so
admirably written his life, and preserved his high char-
acter for the respect of posterity. (Toe. , Vii. Agric)
Agrioentum, a celebrated city of Sicily, about three
miles from the southern coast, in what is now called
the valley of Mazara. The Greek form of the name
was Acragas ('Axpayac), derived from that of a small
stream in the neighbourhood. The primitive name
was (. 'amicus, or, to speak more correctly, this was the
appellation of an old city of the Sicani, situate on the
summit of a mountain, which afterward was regarded
merely as the citadel of Agrigentum. The founding
of (yamicus is ascribed to Dsdalus, who is said to have
built it, after his flight from Crete, for the Sicanian
prince, Cocalus. In the first year of the 56th Olym-
piad, 556 B. C. , a colony was sent from Gela to this
quarter, which founded Agrigentum, on a neighbour-
ing' height, to the southeast. Its situation was, indeed,
peculiarly strong and imposing, standing as it did on a
bare and precipitous rock, 1100 feet above the level of
the sea. To this advantage the city added others of
a commercial nature, being near to the sea, which af-
forded the means of an easy intercourse with the ports
of Africa and the south of Europe. The adjacent coun-
try, moreover, was very fertile. From the combined
operation of all these causes, Agrigentum soon became
a wealthy and powerful city, and was considered in-
ferior to Syracuse alone. According to Diodorus Sic-
ulus (13, 81, scqu. ), it drew on itself the enmity of the
Carthaginians (406 B. C. ), by refusing to embrace their
alliance, or even to remain neutral. It was according-
ly besieged by their generals Hannibal and Hamilcar.
The former, with many of his troops, died of a pestilential
disorder, derived from the putrid effluvia of the tombs,
which were opened and destroyed for the sake of the
stone. But, from want of timely assistance and scar-
city of provisions, the Agrigentinea were obliged to
abandon their city, and fly for protection to Gela,
whence they were transferred to the city of the Leon-
tines, which was allotted to them by the republic of
Syracuse. The conqueror Hamilcar despoiled Agri-
gentum of all its riches, valuable pictures, and statues.
Among the trophies sent to Carthage was the celebra-
ted bull of Phalaris, which, two hundred and sixty years
afterward, on the destruction of Carthage, was restored
to the Agrigentines by Scipio. At a subsequent pe-
riod, when a general peace had taken place, 01. 96, 1
(Diod. Sic, 14, 78), we find the Agrigentines return-
ing to their native city; though, from a passage in Di-
? ? odorus (13,113), it would seem that the place had not
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? AGRIPPA.
ffimtnou than ancient, and did not disgrace it by his
Boioflife. (Tax. , Aitn. , 4, 34, 61. )--III. Agrippa
Castor,about A. D. 135, praised as an historian by Eu-
itims. aml for his learning by St. Jerome (de Vina 11-
luir. c. 21), lived in the reign of Hadrian. He wrote
yanslthe twenty-four books of the Alexandrean Gnos-
tic. Bisilides, on the Gospel. Quotations are made
from his work by Kusebius. (flirt. EecU*. , 4, 7. --
See <Wo*fc-<< BMiotheco. Potrum, vol. 1, p. 330. )--
IV. Fonteius, one of the accusers of Libo, A. D. 16,
U again mentioned in A. . IX 19, as offering his daugh-
ter for a vestal virgin. {Toe. , Ami. , 2, 30, 86. ) --
V Probably the son of the preceding, commanded the
province of Asia with proconsular power, A. D. 69, and
was recalled from thence by Vespasian, and placed
over M<z<<a in A. D. TO. He was shortly afterward
killed in battle by the Sarmatians. (Tuc. . Hul. , 3,
4S. -Juefk. , B. Jud. , 7, 4, $ 3. )--VI. Herodes I.
fHxiiw 'Aypin-Toc), called by Josephus (Anl. Jud. ,
17. 2, i 2) *? Agrippa the Great," was the son of Aris-
tobulus and Berenice, and grandson of Herod the Great.
Shortly before the death of his grandfather he came
to Rome, where he was educated with the future em-
peror Claudius, and DrusuB, the son of Tiberius. He
squandered hi* property in giving sumptuous enter-
tainments to gratify his princely friends, and in bestow-
ing largesses on the frcedrnen of the emperor, and he-
came so deeply involved in debt that be was compelled
to fly from Rome, and betook himself to a fortress at
Malatha in Idunuea. Through the mediation of his
wife Cypros, with his sister Herodias, the wife of He-
rodn Antipas, he was allowed to take up his aliodc at
Tiberias, and received the rank of edile in that city,
with, a small yearly income But, having quarrelled
with his brother-in-law, he fled to Flaccus, the pro-
ronsui of Syria. Soon afterward he was convicted.
through the information of his brother Aristobulus, of
baring received a bribe from the Damascenes, who
wished to purchase his influence with the proconsul,
and was again compelled to fly. He was arrested, as
he was about to sail for Italy, for a sum of money
which he owed to the treasury of Cesar, but made his
escape, and reached Alexandrea, where his wife suc-
ceeded in obtaining a supply of money from Alexan-
der the AUbarch. He then set sail, and landed at Pu-
teoli. He was favourably received by Tiberius, who
Btrosted him with the education of his grandson, Ti-
berius. He also formed an intimacy with Caius Ca-
ngula. Having one day incautiously expressed a wisli
thai the latter might soon succeed to the throne, his
words were reported by his freedman Eutychus to Ti-
berias, who forthwith threw him into prison. Calig-
ula, on hi* accession (A. D. 37), set him at liberty, and
gave him the tetrarchies of Lysanias (Abilene) and
Fhilippus (Batanea, Trachonitis, and Auranitis). He
also presented him with a golden chain of equal weight
with the iron one which ne had worn in prison. In
the fallowing year Agrippa took possession of his king-
dom, and, after the banishment of Herodes Antipas, the
tetrarchy of the latter was added to his dominions.
On the death of Caligula. Agrippa, who was at the
time in Rome, materially assisted Claudius in gaining
possession of the empire. Aa a reward for his servi-
ces, Jodca and Samaria were annexed to his domin-
ions, which were now even more extensive than those
of Herod the Great. He was also invested with the
consular dignity, and a league was publicly made
with him by Claudius in the forum. At his request,
? ? the kingdom of Chalcis was given to his brother He-
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? AGRIPPA.
AGRIPPA.
of any crime. There he was under the surveillance
of soldiers, and Augustus obtained a senatus consultum,
by which the banishment was legally confirmed for the
time of his life. The property of Agrippa was assign-
ed by Augustus to the treasury of the army. It is said
that during his captivity he received the visit of Au-
gustus, who secretly went to Planasia, accompanied by
Fabius Maxiinus. Augustus and Agrippa, both deep-
ly affected, shed tears when they met, and it was be-
lieved that Agrippa would be restored to liberty. But
the news of this visit reached Livia, the mother of Ti-
berius, and Agrippa remained a captive. After the ac-
cession of Tiberius, in A. D. 14, Agrippa was murder-
ed by a centurion, who entered his prison and killed
him, after a long struggle, for Agrippa was a man of
great bodily strength. When the centurion afterward
went to Tiberius to give him an account of the execu-
tion, the emperor denied having given any order for it,
and it is very probable that Livia was the secret au-
thor of the crime. There was a rumour that Augus-
tus had left an order for the execution of Agrippa. but
this is positively contradicted by Tacitus. (Tac. , Aim. ,
1, 3-6. -- Dion Cass. , 55, 32; 57, 3. -- Suet. , I. c,
Tii-, 22. --Fetfet'. , 2, 104, 112. )
After the death of Agrippa, a slave of the name of
Clemens, who was not informed of the murder, landed
on Planasia with the intention of restoring Agrippa to
liberty and carrying him off to the army in Germany.
When he heard of what had taken place, he tried to
profit by his great resemblance to the murdered cap-
tive, and he gave himself out as Agrippa. He landed
at Ostia, and found many who believed him, or affect-
ed to believe him, but he was seized and put to death
by order of Tiberius. (Tac, Ann. , 2, 39, 40. )
The name of Agrippa Caesar is found on a medal of
Corinth. -- IX. M. Vipsanius, was born in B. C. 63.
He was the son of Lucius, and was descended from a
very obscure family. At the age of twenty he studied
at Apollonia in Illyria, together with young Octavius,
afterward Octavianus and Augustus. After the mur-
der of J. Cassar in B. C. 44, Agrippa was one of those
intimate friends of Octavius who advised him to pro-
ceed immediately to Home. Octavius took Agrippa
with him, and charged him to receivo the oath of fidel-
ity from several logions which had declared in his fa-
vour. Having been chosen consul in B. C. 43, Octa-
vius gave to his friend Agrippa the delicate commis-
sion of prosecuting C. Cassius, one of the murderers
of J. Caesar. At the outbreak of the Perusinian war
between Octavius, now Octavianus, and L. Antonius,
in B. C. 41, Agrippa, who was then praetor, command-
ed part of the forces of Octavianus,* and, after distin-
guishing himsclfby skilful manoeuvres, besieged L. An-
tonius in Perusia. He took the town in B. C. 40, and
towards the end of the same year retook Sipontum,
which had fallen into the hands of M. Antonius. In
B. C. 38, Agrippa obtained fresh success in Gaul, where
he quelled a revolt of the native chiefs; he also pene-
trated into Germany as far as the country of the Catti,
and transplanted the Ubii to the left bank of the Rhine;
whereupon he turned his arms against the revolted
Aquitani, whom he soon brought to obedience. His
victories, especially those in Aquitania, contributed
much to securing the power of Octavianus, and he
was recalled by him to undertake the command of the
war against Sextus PompciuB, which was on the point
of breaking out, B. C. 37. Octavianus offered him a
? ? triumph, which Agrippa declined, but accepted the
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? l>>B. C. 19,Agtippa \v,. Mt into Gaul. Ho pacified
IhetiHbulent. natiTes, and constructed four great (uil. -
tt nidi <<nd >> splendid aqueduct at Nemausus (Ni-
BS). From thence lie proceeded to Spain, and sub-
daedilttCantabnana after a short but bloody and ob-
<<UHie struggle; but, in accordance with his usual
pcudenct, he neither announced his victories in pom-
pom ton to the senate, nor did he accept a a triumph
which Augustus offered him. In B. C. 18, he was in-
rated with the tribunician power for five years togeth-
a Kith Augustus; and in the following year (B. C.
17), his two eons, Caius and Lucius, were adopted by
Augtutu*. At the close of the year, he accepted an
intuition of Herod the Great, and went to Jerusalem.
He founded the military colony of Berytus (Beyrout);
thence he proceeded, in B. C. 16, to the Pontus Euxi-
aa. and compelled the Bosporani to accept Polemo
far their king, and to restore the Roman eagles which
had been taken by Mithradates. On his return he stay-
ed joroe time in Ionia, -where he granted privileges to
the Jews, whose cause was pleaded by Herod (Joseph. ,
A:ti'j. Jud. . 16, 2). and then proceeded to Home,
where he arrived in B. C. 13. After his tribunician
power had been prolonged for five years, he went to
Pinnonia to restore tranquillity to that province. He
icturned in B. C. 12, after having been successful as
usual and retired to Campania. There he died unex-
pectedly, in the month of March, B. C. 12, in his 51st
year. His body was carried to Rome, and was buried
m the mausoleum of Augustus, who himself pronoun-
ceil a funeral oration over it.
Dion Cassius tells us (52, 1, &c. ), that in the year
B. C. 29 Augustus assembled his friends and counsel-
ion. Agrippa and Maecenas, demanding their opinion
u to whether it would be advisable for him to usurp
monarchical power, or to restore to the nation its for-
mer republican government. This is corroborated by
? Suetonius (Octac. . 28), who says that Augustus twice
deliberated upon that subject. The speeches which
Asrippa and Mecenas delivered on this occasion arc
gnen by Dion Cassias; but the artificial character of
umn makes them suspicious. However, it does not
leem likely, from the general character of Dion Cas-
eutai an historian, that these speeches arc invented by
him; and it is not improbable, and such a supposition
? uiu entirety the character of Augustus, that those
? fetches were really pronounced, though preconcerted
between Augustus and his counsellors to make the
Roman nation believe that the fate of the Republic
was still a matter of discussion, and that Augustus
would not assume monarchical power till he had been
convinced that it was necessary for the welfare of the
nation. Besides, Agrippa, who, according to Dion
Cusius, advised Augustus to restore the Republic,
wa* a man whose political opinions had evidently a
monarchical tendency.
Aerippa was one of the most distinguished and im-
portant men of the age of Augustus. He must be con-
sidered as a chief support of the rising monarchical con-
stitution, and without Agrippa Augustus could scarce-
ly hn e succeeded in making himself the absolute mas-
ter of the Roman Empire. Dion Cassius (54, 29, &c. ),
VeUeius Paterculus (2. 79), Seneca (Ep. , 94), and
Horace (Od. , 1, 6} speak with equal admiration of his
merits.
Pliny constantly refers to the "Commentarii" of
Agrippa as an authority (EUnchus, 3, 4, 5, 6, comp.
3, 2), which may indicate certain official lists drawn
Dp by Mm in the measurement of the Roman world
? ? under Augustus (md. YEthicus), in which he may have
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? AGRIPPINA.
AGRIPPINA.
During some years Tiberius disguised his hatred of
Agrippina, but she soon became exposed to secret ac-
cusations and intrigues. She asked the emperor's per-
mission to choose another husband, but Tiberius nei-
ther refused nor consented to the proposition. Seja-
nus, who exercised an unbounded influence over Ti-
berius, then a prey to mental disorders, persuaded
Agrippina that the emperor intended to poison her.
Alarmed at such a report, she refused to eat an apple
which the emperor offered her from his table, and Ti-
berius, in his tum, complained of Agrippina regarding
him as a poisoner. According to Suetonius, all this
w;is an intrigue preconcerted between the emperor and
Sejanus, who, as it seems, had formed the plan of lead-
ing Agrippina into false steps. Tiberius was extreme-
ly suspicious of Agrippina, and showed his hostile feel-
ings by allusive words or neglectful silence. There
were no evidences of ambitious plans formed by Agrip-
pina, but the rumour having been spread that she would
fly to the army, he banished her to the island of Pan-
dataria (AD. 30), where her mother, Julia, had died
in exile. Her sons, Nero and Drusus. were likewise
banished, and both died an unnatural death. She liv-
ed three years on that barren island ; at last she refu-
sed to take any food, and died, most probably, by vol-
untary starvation. Her death took place precisely two
years after, and on the same date, as the murder of Se-
janus, that is, in AD. 33. Tacitus and Suetonius tell
us that Tiberius boasted that he had not strangled her.
(Sueton. , Tib. , 53 -- Toe. , Ann. , 6, 25. ) The ashes
of Agrippina, and those of her son Nero, were after-
ward brought to Rome by order of her son, the Em-
peror Caligula, who struck various medals in honour
of his mother. In one of these the head of Caligula
is on one side, and that of his mother on the other.
The words on each side are respectively, c. c. esar.
iVG. OKR. P. M. TR. POT. , and AGRIPPINA. MAT. C. C<<S.
avo. okrm. (Tac. , Ann. , 1-6. --Sueton. , Octal. , 64;
Ttb. , I. c; Calig. , I. c -- Dion Cats. , 57, 5, 6; 58,
22. )--II. The daughter of Gcrmanicus and Agrippina
the elder, daughter of M. Vipsanius Agrippa. She was
born between A. D. 13 and 17, at the Oppidum Ubio-
rum, afterward called, in honour of her, Colonia Agrip-
{>ina, now Cologne, and then the headquarters of the
egions commanded by her father. In A. D. 28, she
married Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus, a man not unlike
her, and whom she lost in A. D. 40. After his death
she married Crispus Passienus, who died some years
afterward; and she was accused of having poisoned
him, either for the purpose of obtaining his great for-
tune, or for some secret motive of much higher impor-
tance. She was already known for her scandalous
conduct, for her most perfidious intrigues, and for an
unbounded ambition. She was accused of having com-
mitted incest with her own brother, the Emperor Ca-
ius Caligula, who, under the pretext of having discover-
ed that she had lived in an adulterous intercourse with
M. . 'Emilius Lepidus, the husband of her sister Drusil-
la, banished her to the island of Pontia, which was sit-
uated in the Sinus Syrticus Major, on the coast of Lib-
ya. Her sister Drusilla was likewise banished to Pon-
tia, and it seems that their exile was connected with
the punishment of Lepidus. who was put to death for
raving conspired against the emperor. Previously to
her exile, Agrippina was compelled by her brother to
carry to Rome the ashes of Lepidus. This happened
In A. D. 39. Agrippina and her sister were released
? ? in A. D. 41, by their uncle, Claudius, immediately af-
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? A. GR
TBH* arc several medals of Agrippina, which are
dUtinsuishable from those of her mother by the title of
Augusta, which those of" h*r mother never have. On
KBM of her medals she is represented with her hus-
binJ Claudius, in others -with her son Nero. (Tac. ,
. Ira. , lib. 12, 13, 14,. - Dion Cats.
