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224
GOMES DE AMORIM - GONZÁLEZ DEL VALLE
dialogue and action adhere to the standards
of an almost perfect taste.
Gomes de Amorim, Francisco (go'mes de
ä-mö-rēn'). A Portuguese poet and romance-
writer; born in Avelomar, Minho, Aug. 13,
1827, died at Lisbon (? ), Nov. 4, 1891 or 1892.
His childhood was one of dire poverty, and
when a lad he drifted to Brazil, where he lived
in privation for several years. He returned to
his native land in 1840, and in the revolution-
ary movements of the next few years employed
his poetic talent in the patriotic cause. He has
a European reputation as being in the first
rank of modern Portuguese poets. Morning
Songs) and (Ephemeros) are the most cele-
brated of his poems. He has also written plays
and romances; among the latter, Love of
Country) may be mentioned.
Gomes Leal, Antonio Duarte (gõ'mes
lā'äl). A Portuguese poet; born in Lisbon,
June 6, 1848. His poems made their appear-
ance when he was quite young, and all are
characterized by radical thought and decided
heterodoxy in matters of religion. One or two
of his more recent productions brought him
into conflict with the authorities, and he was
arrested and imprisoned. "Antichrist, (Rene-
gade,' and 'The Defense against England
have been most widely read.
Goncharov, Ivan Aleksandrovich (gon-chä-
rov'). A Russian novelist; born in Simbirsk,
June 18, 1812; died at St. Petersburg, Sept. 27,
1891. Upon completing his university studies
at Moscow, he obtained a post under the gov-
ernment and was sent to Japan in its service.
He studied languages and translated numer-
ous masterpieces of literature into Russian, but
soon began the production of works of his
Own. These include Jean Podzabryn,' a tale
of life among the high functionaries of the
empire, and (Oblómof. *
Goncourt, Edmond and Jules de (gôn-kör').
French novelists and miscellaneous prose-
writers, brothers. Edmond was born in Nancy,
May 26, 1822; died at Paris, July 16, 1896.
Jules was born in Paris, Dec. 17, 1830; died
near Paris, June 20, 1870. From childhood their
personal intimacy was as close as their literary
union subsequently became. The detailed ac-
count of them presented elsewhere makes it
necessary to allude only to a work on (Art in
the Eighteenth Century, many of the pictures
in which are from the brush of Jules, who was
a finished artist. Both were scholars of no
mean attainments, and possessed equally the
facile and strenuous talent that made them
co-builders of a single renown. *
Gondinet, Edmond (gôn-de-na). A French
dramatist; born in Laurière, March 7, 1828 ;
died at Paris, Nov. 19, 1888. His early com-
edies, (Too Curious) and (The Victims of
Money,' were received with a favor which led
to his writing regularly for the stage ; and the
farce (Christiane) in 1871 approved him as one
of the first members of his profession. He
draws best from Parisian social life; 'Panazol,
Papa's Convictions,' and (The Ladies' Pro-
fessor) afford typical examples. His pieces
written in collaboration have yielded enormous
royalties, especially (The Happiest of the
Three.
Gondola, Giovanni (gon-doʻlä). See Gun-
dulic.
Gongora y Argote, Luis de (gon'go-rä ē är-
gö'tā). A Spanish poet; born in Cordova, June
II, 1561; died there, May 24, 1627. Intended
for the law, he gave himself to poetry instead.
He entered the Church in 1600, gaining in con-
sequence a petty clerical post at the court of
Philip 111. , from which he retired disheartened.
Now began that singular stream of verse to
which he owes his place in letters; the domi-
nant traits in which are studied artificiality,
extreme pedantry and obscurity, and violent
metaphors. Thus, he says of the beauty of a
young girl that it would inflame Norway
with its two suns (eyes? ), and whiten Ethiopia
with its hands. Gongorism, as this sort of
thing was termed, had a horde of imitators,
spread rapidly from Spain to France, and
spoiled the style of a whole generation in both
countries: “The Story of Polyphemus and Gala-
tea) and (The Story of Pyramus and Thisbe
are its choicest expositions by its originator.
Gonzaga, Thomaz Antonio (gon-zä'gä).
[Known also as «Dirceu. ”] A Portuguese
poet; born in Oporto in August 1744; died at
Mozambique 1807 or 1809. Graduating from
Coimbra, he emigrated to Brazil and became
a judge for some years. Here he conceived
a violent passion for one Doña Maria Seixas,
whose connection with the development of his
genius suggests the relation of Lesbia to Ca.
tullus, giving birth to his celebrated (Marilia. '
These love poems are the most exquisite lyr-
ics in Portuguese literature, flawless in metre
and immaculate in style. The marriage was
prevented by his banishment to Mozambique
on a seemingly trumped-up charge of treason,
and a fever there left him permanently insane.
Gonzalès, Emmanuel (gôn-sal-āz'). A French
novelist of Spanish origin; born in Saintes,
Oct. 25, 1815; died at Paris, Oct. 15, 1887. On
very little capital and no encouragement he
founded the Revue de France, and estab.
lished his fame as a writer of fiction in its
columns. Émile de Girardin engaged him for
the Presse, where he made the hit of a season.
"An Angel's Memoirs,' Buckingham's Seven
Kisses,' (The Russian Princess,' and (The
Gold Seekers,' are among the romances in
which he most happily shows his genius for
narration, vivid style, and fertility of expedient.
González del Valle, José 2. (gon tha’lāth
dėl va'lā). A Spanish author, born in Havana,
Cuba, in 1820; died in Madrid, Spain, October
1851. He was professor of natural philosophy
in the University of Havana until failing health
compelled him to relinquish this post. He was
appointed honorary se etary to the Queen.
Among his novels are: Luisa,' (Carmen and


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GONZALO DE BERCEO-GORDON
225
Adela,' and Love and Death) (1839); “Tropi-
cales,' a volume of poems (Havana, 1842);
"Europºan Journeys) (1843); (A Funeral
Wreath) (1844); "Historical Sketch of Philos-
ophy) (1848); and (Lectures on Meteorology
(1849).
Gonzalo de Berceo (gon-thäʻlo dā ber-thā'o).
A Spanish poet; born in Berceo about 1196;
died at the monastery of San Millan de la
Cogolla, about 1270; was parish priest of
Berceo, and one of the first rhymesters to
write in Castilian. He wrote in rhymed quat-
rains and we have more than 13,000 of his
verses on the lives of obscure Castilian Saints,
on the Mass, the Dolors of the Virgin Mary,
the Judgment Day, etc. His style is rude and
inelegant, but the poet writes out of a full
simple heart, and he tells a story well. He
arrays with wonderful effectiveness the stage
properties of the Last Judgment; and his con-
templation of Mary at the Cross strikes the
chord of human sympathy.
Goodale, Elaine - Mrs. Eastman. An
American poet ; born in Mt. Washington, Mass. ,
Oct. 9, 1863. She became a teacher in the
Hampton Institute in Virginia, and wrote edi-
torially for the Southern Workman (1883). In
1885 she visited the Great Sioux reservation,
reporting her views to New York and Boston
journals. She taught school at White River
Camp, Lower Brulé Agency, Dakota. Her
Journal of a Farmer's Daughter) was published
in 1881. Together with her sister Dora Read,
she produced : Apple Blossoms : Verses of
Two Children (1878); "In Berkshire with the
Wild Flowers) (1879); and (Verses from Sky
Farm (1880).
Goodale, George Lincoln. An American
botanist; born at Saco, Me. , Aug. 3, 1839. He
graduated from Amherst in 1860, and from the
Harvard Medical School in 1863. For some
time he was a lecturer in medical schools in
Maine. In 1871 he was appointed professor of
Natural Sciences in Bowdoin College. Since
1872 he has been connected with Harvard
University, at first as instructor and later as
professor of botany. Among his works are:
Concerning a Few Common Plants (1879);
Physiological Botany) (1885); “Wild Flowers
of America) (1886); Useful Plants of the
Future.
Goode, George Brown. An American ich-
thyologist; born at New Albany, Ind. , Feb. 13,
1851; died 1896. He is a member of several
commissions and scientific societies, and has
been identified with expositions both here and
abroad. Besides over two hundred papers
on ichthyology, he has published: (The Game
Fishes of the United States) (1879); “The Be-
ginnings of Natural History in America) (1886);
(Virginia Cousins) (1888); (Museums of the
Future) (1890).
Goodrich, Charles Augustus. An American
clergyman and author, brother of Samuel G. ;
born at Ridgefield, Conn. , in 1790; died at
Hartford, Conn. , Jan. 4, 1862. He graduated
at Yale in 1812. He held the pastorates of
Congregational churches in Worcester, Mass. ,
and Berlin and Hartford, Conn. Among his
works are: (Lives of the Signers) (1829); His-
tory of the United States) (1852–55); Universal
Traveller.
Goodrich, Frank Boot. [«Dick Tinto. ”]
An American author; born in Boston, Dec.
14, 1826; graduated at Harvard in 1845. His
Paris letters to the New York Times, signed
(Dick Tinto," first brought him into notice.
He published: (Court of Napoleon; or, Society
under the First Empire) (1857); "Women of
Beauty and Heroism (1859); (World-Famous
Women, from Semiramis to Eugénie) (1870);
and others.
Goodrich, Samuel Griswold. [« Peter Par-
ley. ”] An American author; born in Ridge-
field, Conn. , Aug. 19, 1793; died in New York,
May 9, 1860. He edited the Token, published
in Boston from 1828 till 1842. From 1841 till
1854 he edited Merry's Museum and Parley's
Magazine. His «Peter Parley » books won
great popularity, evidenced by the fact that
the pen-name was attached to more than 70
spurious volumes. Among the 200 volumes
published by him are: (The Poetical Works
of John Trumbull) (1820); “Tales of Peter Par-
ley about America) (1827); similar books on
Europe, Asia, Africa, and other countries.
Goodwin, Mrs. Maud (Wilder). An Amer-
ican historical novelist ; born in New York
State in 1856. She is a resident of New York
city. Among her works are: (The Colonial
Cavalier); (The Head of a Hundred); "White
Aprons : An Historical Romance); Dolly Mad-
ison,' a biography.
Goodyear, William Henry. An American
writer on art; born in Connecticut, 1846. He
has published: (Roman and Mediaval Art);
(Renaissance and Modern Art); (History of
Art); (The Grammar of the Lotus); etc.
Gookin, Daniel (göʻkin). An American col.
onist; born in Kent, England, about 1612;
died at Cambridge, Mass. , March 19, 1687. He
came to Virginia in 1621, but removed to Mas-
sachusetts in 1644. He was appointed superin-
tendent of the Indians of that colony in 1656,
and major-general in 1681. His chief work is
(Historical Collections of the Indians in New
England, which was not published until 1792.
Gordon, Adam Lindsey. An Australian
poet; born in Fayal, Azores, in 1833; died
June 24, 1870. He was an Oxford man, who
emigrated to Australia and became a noted
lover of the turf. He won considerable repu-
tation as a writer of verse; his ' Poems' (1868),
largely bush ballads and lyrics of the antipodes,
reaching a fifth edition.
Gordon, Archibald D. An American dra-
matic critic and playwright; born in Ceylon,
Oct. 11, 1848; died in Port Richmond, Staten
Island, N. Y. , Jan. 9, 1895. He entered a
publishing-house in New York city in 1865,
a
15


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2 26
GORDON - GOSSE
and subsequently became connected with New
York and Chicago papers as dramatic critic.
His works include: "Trixie); (The Ugly
Duckling); "Is Marriage a Failure? ); (That
Girl from Mexico.
Gordon, Armistead Churchill. An Ameri-
can poet; born in Albemarle County, Va. , Dec.
20, 1855. After graduating from the Cniversity
of Virginia he became a lawyer in Staunton,
Va. In collaboration with Thomas Nelson
Page he wrote a volume of verse entitled
(Befo' de War); (Echoes in Negro Dialect)
(1888); “Congressional Currency.
Gordon, Clarence. [« Vieux Moustache. ”] An
American juvenile-story writer; born in New
York, 1835. He has written Christmas at
Under Tor); Boarding-School Days'; etc.
Gordon, Julien. See Cruger.
Gordon-Cumming, Constance Frederica.
An English traveler and writer, sister of the
famous sportsman Roualeyn Gordon-Cumming ;
born at Altyre, Morayshire, Scotland, May 26,
1837. She traveled extensively in Great Britain
in her early years, and recently has passed her
time in Oriental countries. Among her works
are: (In the Hebrides); Via Cornwall to
Egypt); (In the Himalayas); (At Home in
Fiji”; “A Lady's Cruise in a French Man-of-
War); (Two Happy Years in Ceylon); “Work
for the Blind in China. '
Gore, Catherine Grace. An English novel-
ist; born (Moody) in East Retford, Nottingham,
1799; died at Linwood, Hampshire, Jan. 27,
1861. She married a captain in the army, saw
much high life, and wrote of it in many novels.
(Women as They Are) (1830), Mothers and
Daughters) (1831), and "Cecil) (1845) are the
best known of her works.
Gore, Charles. An English clergyman and
author; born in 1853. He is a Fellow of Trin-
ity College, Oxford, and is now vicar of Rad-
ley, close to Oxford. He is best known as the
editor of "Lux Mundi,' and author of the essay
on (The Holy Spirit and Inspiration in that
volume. He has also written: "The Church
and the Ministry); the Bampton Lecture for
1891 on (The Incarnation of the Son of God);
and Roman Catholic Claims) (1888).
Görner, Karl August (gėr'ner). A German
playwright; born in Berlin, Jan. 29, 1806; died
in Hamburg, April 9, 1884. He ran away from
home when a lad in order to become an actor;
eventually had a company of his own; and
wrote over 100 successful plays, beginning with
(The Gardener and his Wife. ) Niece and
Aunt); Black Peter); A Happy Paterfamil-
ias); and (The Ennobled Shopkeeper, are
some of the others.
Gorostiza y Cepeda, Don Manuel Eduardo
de (gôr-ôs-tē'thä ē thā-pā'thä). A Mexican
comedy-writer and diplomat; born in Vera
Cruz, Nov. 13, 1791; died at Tacubaya, Oct.
23, 1851. His father was Spanish governor of
Mexico. At 25 he had made theatre-goers of
Madrid familiar with his name, but his impli-
cation in schemes of Mexican independence
interfered with his literary career. He was
made Mexican minister to England when in.
dependence was secured, and later had himself
transferred to Paris, in which city he achieved
his most enduring renown as a writer of plays.
Among them, Bread and an Onion, with Thee,
Love, merits special notice as the source of
Scribe's 'A Cottage and its Heart. His (Al-
lowance for All' and 'Such as It Is are master-
pieces in comedy construction.
Görres, Joseph (ger'es). A celebrated
German publicist and philosopher; born at
Coblentz, Jan. 25, 1776; died 1848.
His Rhein-
ischer Merkur, in which he combatted French
republican ideas was by far the most powerful
journal in Germany: it was called by Napoleon
(the fifth power” of Europe. He was a man
of vast learning and great versatility; a few
of his writings are : (Aphorisms on Art); (Faith
and Science); History of Asian Myths); “The
Hero-Book of Iran,' translated from Persian;
(The Holy Alliance); “Swedenborg, his Visions
and his Relation to the Church);(Christian Mys-
ticism,' a work of high authority (latest ed. 5 vols. ,
1879); Athanasius,' a strong polemic against
Protestantism and Prussian bureaucracy; the
author had shortly before embraced Catholicism.
Goschen, George Joachim. An English
statesman; born in London, Aug. 10, 1831, of
German parentage. From Oxford he entered
mercantile life; became vice-president of the
Board of Trade and director of the Bank of
England; Liberal M. P. 1863; Privy-Councilor
1865; First Lord of the Admiralty 1871-74. He
was sent on important missions to Cairo and
Constantinople. In 1887 he seceded from the
Liberal party and joined the Liberal-Unionists,
and was Chancellor of the Exchequer in Lord
Salisbury's administration.
Besides speeches
and addresses on political, educational, and
economical questions, he published: (The The-
ory of the Foreign Exchanges) (1864; 14th ed.
1890); Probable Result of an Increase in the
Purchasing Power of Gold) (1883).
Goslavski, Maurycy (gôs-läv'skē). A Polish
poet ; born in Podolia in 1802; died in Stan-
islavof, Aug. 17, 1834. He was a soldier by
profession; but published a volume of poetry
in 1828. He took part in the war for Polish in-
dependence in 1830, at which time he produced
his most famous stanzas, (The Poems of a Pol-
ish Uhlan. They were very popular among his
countrymen during the great agitation.
Gosse, Edmund William. An English poet,
essayist, and critic; born in London, Sept. 21,
1849. He attracted attention when very young
by the grace and finish of papers contributed
to London periodicals, and for many years his
literary judgments have been regarded as of
considerable weight. As a poet he is known
by (Madrigals, Songs, and Sonnets); "On Viol
and Flute); (The Unknown Lover); etc. Some
of his literary criticisms and biographies are
contained in “Seventeenth-Century Studies) and
(From Shakespeare to Pope. *


## p. 227 (#243) ############################################

GOSSE - GOULD
227
>
man.
Gosse, Philip Henry. An English natural-
ist and author; born in Worcester, 1810;
died 1888. In 1827 he started on a scientific
tour through Canada, the Southern United
States, and Jamaica, and on his return pub-
lished: (The Canadian Naturalist) (1840); (The
Birds of Jamaica) (1845); (A Naturalist's So-
journ in Jamaica. In 1856 he was elected a
Fellow of the Royal Society. His works, which
amount to nearly fifty volumes, also include:
(Rambles of a Naturalist on the Devonshire
Coast (1853); (Aquarium (1854).
Gosson, Stephen. An English poet and
satirist; born in Kent (? ), 1555; died at Bishops-
gate, Feb. 13, 1623 or 1624. He was a clergy-
The (School of Abuse (1576) contains
good prose, and the Pleasant Quips) (1595)
good rhymes, but the latter are disfigured by
coarse language.
Goszczynski, Severin (gösh-chin'skē). A
Polish poet; born 1803, in Ilinze in the Ukraine;
died in Lemberg, Feb. 25, 1876. The influence
of Byron is unmistakable in his youthful Castle
of Kanioff. In the struggle for independence
in 1830 he achieved brilliant feats of arms, and
composed national odes that spread his fame
throughout Europe. Polish freedom proving a
chimera, he wandered through France and
Switzerland, writing poetry and prose as occas-
ion served. "The Terrible Huntsman,' (The
Three Chords,' and (Dziela are powerful poems.
Götter, Friedrich Wilhelm (göt'ter). An
important and even epoch-making German
poet; born in Gotha, Sept. 3, 1746; died there,
March 18, 1797. He wrote dramas while study.
ing foreign literatures at the University; entered
the diplomatic service, but gave it up to be.
come a private tutor, and fell under the in-
fuence of Goethe. Media,' a drama, a volume
of collected Poems, and numerous comedies
and minor pieces, represent his highest efforts.
He was the last German poet to use French
models largely.
Gottfried von Strassburg (got'frēt fön
sträsóbörg). A German poet of the middle
ages, and the most brilliant bard of chivalry;
born in the tv elfth century, and died between
1210 and 1220. In collaboration with Von
Eschenbach, he was author of "Parsifal, the
popular minna” song of its time; but he owes
his permanent fame to (Tristan and Isolde,
apparently written between 1204 and 1215, and
left unfinished. In this story-poem Tristan is
sent to woo Isolde in his uncle's name; but
he having swallowed a philtre, the two young
people fall deeply in love. Straszburg's work
is graceful and simple, ani. he chooses his
legendary material with nice critical judgment.
Gotthelf, Jeremias (got'helf), pseudonym of
Albert Bitzius. A Swiss novelist and poet;
born in Murton, Canton of Freiburg, Oct. 4,
1797; died at Lützelflüh, Bern, Oct. 22, 1854.
As a pastor in retired districts, he saw the
hard conditions of the poor, and in 1837 wrote
(The Peasant's Mirror,' a vividly realistic pres-
entation of peasant life,- the imaginary auto-
biography of one Jeremias Gotthelf; the im-
mense success of the book led him to adopt
the name as a pseudonym. He worked this
vein with unflagging industry: Joys and So
rows of a Schoolmaster, (How Five Maids
Came to Grief through Brandy, How Uli,
the Servant, was Made Happy,' and numerous
others, tendency » novels, followed swiftly.
Gottschall, Rudolf von (got'shäl). A Ger-
man novelist, poet, and critic; born in Bres-
lau, Sept. 30, 1823. As a critic his subtlety
and acuteness of treatment give him a grow-
ing influence. Among his works in criticism
are: Pictures of Travel in Italy); Portraits and
Studies); (Studies in the Direction of a New
German Literature); and Literary Silhouettes. '
His critical studies are not permitted to inter-
rupt the production of brilliant plays, stories,
and poems. *
Gough, John Ballentine. An eminent Amer-
ican temperance advocate; born in England,
1817; died 1885. He published an Autobi-
ography); (Temperance Lectures); (Sunlight
and Shadow); Platform Echoes); etc.
Goulburn, Edward Meyrick. An English
clergyman and religious writer; born in 1818.
He became head-master of Rugby in 1850, and
dean of Norwich, 1886-89. Besides many sin-
gle sermons and lectures, he has published
over forty works, among which are: (Intro-
duction to the Devotional Study of the Holy
Scripture) (1854); Manual of Confirmation)
(1855); a collection of Family Prayers) (1857);
(The Functions of Our Cathedrals) (1869);
(The Holy Catholic Church) (1873); Fare-
well to Norwich Cathedral (1891).
Gould, Benjamin Apthorp. A distinguished
American astronomer; born in Boston, 1824;
died 1896. He graduated at Harvard in
1844 and pursued his scientific studies abroad.
In 1849 he received an appointment to the
United States Coast Survey, and devised meth-
ods for determining the longitudes telegraph-
ically. From 1870 to 1885 he was director of
the national observatory at Cordova, Argen-
tine Republic, where he completed three ex-
tensive catalogues of stars, and conducted
meteorological and climatological investiga-
tions. He was the founder and editor of the
Astronomical Journal (1849-61). His princi-
pal works are : "On the Transatlantic Longi-
tude, as Determined by the Coast Survey)
(1869); “Uranometria Argentina' (1879), which
gives the brightness and the position of every
fixed star, to the seventh magnitude inclusive,
within 100 degrees of the South Pole.
Gould, Edward Sherman. An American
prose-writer; born in Connecticut, 1808; died
1885. He published: (The Sleep Rider); “The
Very Age,' a comedy ; (John Doe and Richard
Roe,' a tale of New York life; etc.
Gould, Hannah Flagg. An American poet;
born in Vermont, 1789; died 1865. Among the
collections of her verse are “Hymns and Poems


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228
GOULD-GRABOVSKI
for Children'; 'The Golden Vase); (The
Youth's Coronal”; etc. The best-known piece
by her is 'The Snow-Flake and the Frost.
Gould, John. An English ornithologist ; born
in 1804; died in 1881. In 1827 he was appointed
curator to the Zoological Society's Museum, and
in 1838 proceeded to study the Australian birds
in Tasmania, South Australia, and New South
Wales. The results of his researches are em-
bodied in his great work on the Birds of
Australia) (7 vols. , 1840-48). His other import-
ant works are: (A Century of Birds from the
Himalayan Mountains); (The Birds of Europe)
(1832–37); “The Mammals of Australia); “The
Birds of Great Britain. )
Gould, John W. An American story-writer;
born in Connecticut, 1814; died 1838. He wrote
(Forecastle Yarns); Private Journal of Voyage
from New York to Rio Janeiro); etc.
Gould, Robert Freeke. An English barris-
ter and writer on Freemasonry; born at Ilfra-
combe, Devonshire, England, in 1836. From
1860 to 1862 he participated, under the rank of
lieutenant, in military campaigns in southern
China, and in different expeditions against the
Tai Ping rebels. His works include: (The
Atholl Lodges) (1879); (The Four Old Lodges)
(1879); (The History of Freemasonry: Its An-
tiquities, Symbols, Constitutions, Customs, etc. ?
(6 vols. , 1884–87).
Goulding, Francis Robert. An American
story-writer; born in Georgia, 1810; died 1881.
He was a Presbyterian clergyman. He wrote:
(Young Marooners on the Florida Coast);
(Marooner's Island); and other tales for boys.
Govean, Felice (gõ'vā"än). An Italian
dramatist and publicist; born in Racconigi,
Piedmont, 1819. He began as a miscellaneous
prose-writer, and founded the democratic Gaz-
zetta del Popolo, which reached an immense
circulation. His true success, however, was in
the drama. His first plays, (The Waldenses)
and Jesus Christ,' attracted wide notice; and
the success of (The Siege of Turin) and (The
Siege of Alessandria) made his reputation in-
ternational. His plays are essentially popular
in theme and character. He has written a
variety of meritorious short stories.
Gower, John. An English poet; born in
Kent (? ) in 1325 (? ); died at London in August
or September 1408. At one time ranked high
among Britain's early singers, his note has been
decried by modern critics, and to-day he is
falling into neglect. Still his "Mirror of Med-
itation' (Speculum Meditantis), “Voice of One
Crying) (Vox Clamantis), and (Lover's Con-
fession! (Confessio Amantis), contain speci-
mens of genuine poetry. He wrote excellent
sonnets in French. *
Gozlan, Léon (goz-lon'). A French novel-
ist; born in Marseilles, Sept. I, 1803; died at
Paris, Sept. 14, 1866. From clerk in a Paris
book-store he became a writer for Figaro, and
then produced novels; sometimes socialistic,
but well conceived and executed, with a vein
of peculiar irony, but an over-elaboration that
spoils at times his best effects. The Notary
of Chantilly, (A Millionaire's Most Beautiful
Dream,' and (The Lambert Family, deserve
special mention.
Gozzi, Carlo, Count (got'sē). An Italian
comedy-writer; born in Venice, Dec. 13, 1720 ;
died there (? ), April 4, 1806. Forced into the
army by poverty while a boy, he left it for
literature; at first under French influence, but
later turning his native folk-lore into delight-
ful comedies, worked up with infinite clever-
ness. (The Love of the Three Oranges,' Lady
Serpent, and (The Triumph of Friendship,'
may be mentioned.
Gozzi, Gasparo, Count.
An Italian poet
and essayist, brother of Carlo; born in Ven-
ice, Dec. 4, 1713; died at Padua, Dec. 25,
1786. He married at 26 Louise Bergalli, the
celebrated painter and poet, who was 36, the
alliance bringing him into literary and artistic
associations. He founded the Gazzetta Veneta,
which was a great popular success; but his
(Osservatore Veneto, on the model of the
Spectator, is of a higher order as literature.
His polemic writings on Dante's 'Divine Com-
edy) are classic authorities on the resources
of the Italian language. His Horatian poems
are graceful; and his literary essays are as
good in thought as in style.
Grabbe, Christian Dietrich (gräb'bė). A
German dramatic poet; born in Detmold, Dec.
11, 1801 ; died there, Sept. 12, 1836. Developing
from an unhappy boy to a man of brilliant
powers and ripe scholarship, his incurable pas-
sion for drink spoiled his married life and his
fortunes, though Heine, Tieck, and others, per-
suaded him to spasmodic reform; he was suc-
cessively lawyer, actor, and soldier. Yet he won
a place in German drama second only to Goethe
and Schiller. His plays are striking and origi-
nal in conception, and commanding in execu-
tion. The impression they leave is of an
uncontrolled, discordant, and unrestful genius.
(Hannibal, Don Juan,' and (Faust,' the frag-
ment entitled (Marius and Sulla,' and (The
Hermann Battle,' exemplify these conditions
in a marked degree.
Grabovski, Michael (gräb-ov'skē). A Polish
novelist, essayist, and critic; born in Volhynia
in 1805; died at Warsaw, Nov. 18, 1863. While
still a student at Warsaw, he won a literary
reputation in the war of the romantic upon the
then dominant classical school. Thoughts on
Polish Literature) and Melodies from the
Ukraine ) were his first noteworthy volumes;
but the revolution of 1830 interrupted his lit-
erary career for nearly ten years, when he com-
pleted (Criticism and Literature. Two histor-
ical novels, one based on a tragic episode in
the Ukraine, and the other upon a peasant out-
break in the same region, entitled respectively
(The Koliszezysna and the Steppe Dwellers)
and (The Storm in the Steppes,' are fine ex-
amples of Polish literature. An och-making
work is his (The Old and the New Ukraine. '


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GRAF-GRANT
229
Graf, Arturo (gräf). An Italian poet, his-
torian of literature, and critic; born in Athens,
oí German parentage, in 1848. His youth was
spent in Roumania; he studied law at Naples;
became a tutor at the University of Rome in
1874, and in 1882 professor of literature at
Turin, a post he still holds. Poems, light in
spirit and substance, Medusa, a powerful but
somewhat heavy tragic outburst, and some oc-
casional effusions, speak well for his poetic
talent. In prose he is a master when dealing
with (The Origin of the Modern Drama, (His-
torical Literature and its Methods,' and (The
Legend of the Terrestrial Paradise. )
Graffigny, Françoise d'Issembourg d'Hap-
poncourt, Madame de (gräf-fin'y? ). A
French epistolary writer; born in Nancy, Feb.
13, 1695; died at Paris, Dec. 12, 1758. Married
young, but separating from her husband, she
took refuge at Cirey with Madame du Châte-
let and Voltaire. Her first appearance in lit-
erature was with the Peruvian Letters,' a
palpable imitation of Montesquieu's Persian
Letters, but successful. A volume of her let.
ters appeared posthumously under the title
(The Private Life of Voltaire and Madame
du Châtelet,' a gossipy and trifling but very
readable work.
Graham, Nellie. See Dunning.
Grand, Mme. Sarah. An English novelist;
born (Frances Elizabeth Clarke) in Ireland.
She married a British naval officer almost im-
mediately upon leaving school, and has trav-
eled widely. (The Heavenly Twins) made her
famous. Singularly Deluded' and 'Ideala)
are among her other works of fiction.
Grand-Carteret, John (grän-kär-ter-ā). A
French journalist and critic; born in Paris,
about 1850. He is of Swiss origin, and first
distinguished himself in French journalism
through the accuracy and acuteness with which
he treated German themes. Of late years he
has made important studies of life and man-
ners in Europe. (Character and Caricature in
Germany, Austria, and Switzerland,' (France
Judged by a German,' "Woman and Germany,
and J. J. Rousseau, Judged by a Frenchman
of To-Day, are among his many successes.
Grant, Alexander, Sir. An English edu-
cator and writer; born in New York city,
Sept. 13, 1826; died in Edinburgh, Scotland,
Nov. 30, 1884. After graduating at Oxford he
went in 1859 to Madras, where he became pro-
fessor of history and political economy. He
was subsequently appointed director of public
instruction at Bombay, his administration mark-
ing an epoch in the history of education in
India. From his return to Scotland in 1868
till his death he was principal of the University
of Edinburgh.