rau
ince, where he encountered,
d Viriarathus (Liv.
ince, where he encountered,
d Viriarathus (Liv.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
N.
vii.
50.
) questions of the origin of evil and the creation of
Fabius was censor in B. c. 108. He was an orator matter, as having lived under the emperors Com-
and a man of letters. (Cic. Brut. 28, pro Font. 12. ) modus (A. D. 180—193) and Severus (A. D. 193
On the death of Scipio Aemilianus, in B. c. 129, -211), but he does not say what office he held in
Fabius gave a banquet to the citizens of Rome, the church, or whether be held any ; nor does he
and pronounced the funeral oration of the deceased, connect him with any locality. Honorius of Autun
a fragment of which is still extant. (Cic. pro (De Scriptor. Eccles. i. 47), extracting from Jerome,
Muraen. 36 ; Schol. Bob. in Milonian. p. 283, reads the name Maximinus ; and Rufinus, trans
Orelli ; Appian, Gull. 2 ; Vell. Pat. ii. 10. ) Plin. lating from Eusebius, who has a short passage re-
(H. N. xxxiii. 11) confounds this Fabius with the lating to the same writer (H. E. v. 27), gives the
preceding.
name in the same form ; but it is probably incor-
10. Q. Fabius Q. F. Q. AEMILIANI N. Max- rect. There was a Maximus bishop of Jerusalem
IMUS ALLOBROGICUS, son of the preceding, was in the reign of Antoninus Pius or Marcus Aurelius,
remarkable only for his vices. The city praetor or the earlier part of that of Commodus, i. e. some-
interdicted him from administering to his father's where between A. D. 156 and A. D. 185, and pro-
estate ; and the scandalous life of Fabius made the bably in the early part of that interval: another
prohibition to be universally approved. (Cic. Tus- Maximus occupied the same see from A. D. 185;
cul. i. 33; Val. Max. iii. 5. & 2. )
and the successive episcopates of himself and seven
11. Q. Fabius Q. F. Q. N. Maximus, with the successors occupy about eighty years, the length of
agnomen SERVILIANUS, was adopted from the gens each separate episcopate not being known. The
Servilia, by Fabius Aemilianus (No. 8). He was date therefore of this latter Maximus of Jerusalem
uterine brother of Cn. Servilius Caepio, consul in accords sufficiently with the notice in Jerome re-
B. C. 141. (Appian, Hispan. 70. ) He was consul specting the writer ; but it is remarkable that
in B. c. 142. His province was Lusitania, and the though both Eusebius and Jerome mention the
war with Viriarathus. (Appian, Iber. 67; Oros. bishop (Eusebius, Chronic. and Hieron. Euseb.
v. 4; Cic. ad Att. xii. 5; comp. de Orat. i. 26. ) Chron. Interpretatio), they do not either of them
Valerius Maximus (vi. 1. & 5, viii. 5. § 1) ascribes identify the writer with him; and it is re-
to Fabius a censorship which the Fasti do not markable that in the list given by Eusebius of
confirm.
the bishops of Jerusalem in his Histor. Eccles.
12. Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS EBURNUS, was city (v. 27), the names of the second Maximus and
praetor in B. c. 118, when he presided at the im- his successor, Antoninus, do not appear. It must
peachment of C. Papirius Carbo, accused of majestas be considered therefore uncertain whether the
by L. Crassus. (CARBO, PAPIRius, No. 2. ; Cic. writer and the bishop are the same person, though
de Orat. i. 26. ) Fabius was consul in B. c. 116. it is most likely they were. The title of the work
He condemned one of his sons to death for immo of Maximus noticed by Jerome and Eusebius (for
rality ; but being subsequently accused by Cn. the two questions of the origin of evil and the
Pompeius Strabo of exceeding the limits of the creation of matter appear to have been compre-
“patria potestas," he went into exile, and probably hended in one treatise) was Top rîs ûns, De
to Nuceria (Cic. pro Balb. ll ; Val. Max. vi. 1. Materia. Eusebius has given a long extract from
$ 5; Oros. v. 16. )
it. (Praep. Evang. vii. 21, 22. ) The same ex-
tract, or a portion of it, is incorporated, without
acknowledgment, in the Dialogus Adamantii de
recta in Deum Fide, or Contra Marcionitas, sect.
iv. commonly ascribed to Origen, but in reality
written or compiled long after his time. It is also
quoted in the Philocalia, c. 24, compiled by Gregory
Nazianzen and Basil the Great, almost entirely
from the works of Origen. In the short inscription
to the chapter they are said to be from the Prae
paratio Evangelica of Eusebius ; and their being
13. Q. FABIUS Q. F. Q. N. MAXIMUS, was contained also in the supposed work of Origen,
joined with Q. Caelius Rufus in B. C. 59, in the De Recta Fide, is affirmed in a probably inter-
prosecution of C. Antonius Hybrida (ANTONIUS, polated sentence of the concluding paragraph of
No. 10] for extortion in his province of Macedonia. the chapter. (Delarue, Opera Origenis, vol. i.
(Cic. in Vatin, 11 ; Schol Bob. in Vatinian. p. 321, p. 800, seq. ) This passage, apparently the only
Orelli. ) For his services as legatus to Caesar in part of Maximus' work which has come down
Spain, B. C. 45 (Caes. B. H. 2, 41), he obtained a to us, is given in the Bibliotheca Patrum of
triumph and the consulship of that year on Caesar's | Galland (vol. ii. p. 146), who identifies the author
38 2
a
R. F. Q. x. MAIS, en
elected angur in the rock d us
Liv. XII. 26), although he is
nd bad borne no otice prezat
96. (Liv. xxxiii, 42)
MAXIMUS, praeter peregrinos i
s. 18), was
probably the same
abius, quaestor of the procesu
pain, B. C. 185. (Lir. im.
le preceding Marimi is uncertain
Q. P. Q. N. Maxmos ARES
adoption only a Fabius Murna
he eldest son of L. Palas de
ror of Persens, consul in a c LS
under his father (Aemila) in
A war, & c. 168, and was despuzten
ne with the news of bis vices
şb. xxix. 6. ) Fabius was pret 1
9-148, and consul ir 145.
rau
ince, where he encountered,
d Viriarathus (Liv. xlir
. 36;
65, 67, 90, Maced, 17; Pint Peo!
c. de Amic. 25. ) Fabia 12*
iron of the historian Polsbas un
COIN OP FABIUS MAXIMUS.
le interesting and honourable trza
fraternal conduct, and of the hou
for him by his younger brothers,
(Polyb. xvii. 18. § 6, Dei
9, 10. § 3, 14, triï . 1111
§ 8; Cic. De Amig 19. Parsiz i
ABIUS Q. AEMILIANI : les
amed ALLOBROGICUS, frog his ride
## p. 996 (#1012) ###########################################
096
MAXIMUS.
MAXIMUS.
aguiled by The
tas and sole en
whde te bere
moles: Valentin
IIsrcam, which
o bi treber G
Nething now
bis power, and
jects
, but two
suficient to for
professed friend
and the unpara
bis ambition 80
Erats of wisde
kept bis fotar
feable youth
when a man,
brother of a mi
las was the
Marinus aime
EDIOS sete
tingents of the
like barbarian
Es than in
the ministers
Lim annare
and, although
Ambrose and
the forces of
passes of the
Marinus wit
with the bishop, and gives his reasons for so doing boasted of being a relation of his contemporary, the
in the Prolegomena to the volume, c. 6; see also emperor Theodosius the Great, though the fact is
Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 196, vol. p. 95 ; Tille- that he had merely lived some years in the household
mont, Mémoires, vol. ii. p. 760, &c. , note xii. sur of that emperor in a subordinate capacity. He was
Origène.
of obscure parentage ; an uncle of his, however, is
Beside the two bishops of Jerusalem of this name mentioned in history, and also a brother, Marcelli-
already noticed, there was a third in the reign of Con- nus, whose name will appear again in the course of
stantine the Great and his sons. He suffered in one this sketch. Maximus accompanied Theodosius
of the later persecutions of the heathen emperors, on several of his expeditions, was promoted, and,
apparently under Maximian Galerius. (Philostorg. perhaps as early as A. D. 368, proceeded with his
11. E. iji. 12. ) He suffered the loss of his right master to Britain, where he remained many years
eye, and some infliction, possibly ham-stringing, in in the quality of a general, as it seems, but de-
his right leg. (Theodoret. H. E. ii. 26. ) His cidedly not as governor of that province, as some
sufferings in the cause of Christianity and the modern writers of eminence pretend. It is said
general excellence of his character so endeared him that he married Helena, the daughter of Eudda, a
to the people of Jerusalem, among whom he offi- rich noble of Caersegont (Caernarvon in Wales),
ciated as priest, that when he was appointed by but the authority is more than doubtful. (Comp.
Macarius, bishop of that city, to the vacant bishop- Gibbon, c. xxvii
. p. 7, note k. ed. 1815, 8vo. ) The
ric of Diospolis, the multitude would not allow predilection of the emperor Gratian for foreign bar-
him to depart ; and Macarius was obliged to forego barians excited discontent among the legions in
the appointment, and nominate another in his place. Britain, which were the most turbulent in the
According to some accounts, Macarius repented whole Roman army. Maximus is said to have
almost immediately of the nomination of Maximus secretly fomented their disaffection, and thus a ter.
to Diospolis, and readily consented to his remaining rible revolt broke out which led to the accession of
at Jerusalem, taking him for his assistant in the Maximus and the ruin of Gratian. Zosimus,
duties of the episcopal office, and his intended suc- though by no means a detractor of Maximus,
cessor, fearing lest Eusebius of Caesaraea and Pa- charges him with having acted thus ; but Orosius
trophilus of Scythopolis should procure the election and Sulpicius Severus both state that the troops
of a favourer of Arianism. (Sozomen, H. E. ii. bad forced Maximus, who was known as a man of
20. ) On the decease of Macarius some time principle and merit, to accept the imperial dignity,
between A. D. 331 and 335, Maximus succeeded which was offered him by the rebels ; and Orosius
him, and was present at the council of Tyre, says that he solemnly protested his innocence.
A. D. 335, when Athanasius was condemned. So However this may be, Maximus was proclaimed
zomen records (H. E. ii. 25) that at this council emperor in A. D. 383 (not in 381 as Prosper states
Paphnutius, a bishop of the Thebais or Upper in his Chronicon). A short time before his acces-
Egypt, and himself a confessor, took Maximus by sion he had adopted the Christian religion.
the hand, and told him to leave the place : “ For,” Maximus immediately gave orders to all the
said he, “it does not become us, who have lost troops stationed in Britain to assemble as soon as
our eyes and been hamstrung for the sake of reli- possible, and he lost no time in attacking Gratian
gion, to join the council of the wicked. ” This in Gaul. It is related in the life of Gratian that
appeal was in vain, and Maximus was induced by he was defeated by the usurper near Paris, deserted
some unfairness to subscribe the decree condemning by his general Merobaudes, a Frankish chief, and
Athanasius. However, he soon repented of this finally slain near Lyon, on his flight to Italy, by
step, and at a synod of sixteen bishops of Palestine Andragathius, who pursued him by order of Maxi-
joyfully admitted Athanasius to communion when mus. The sudden overthrow of the power of Gra-
returning from the council of Sardica, through Asia, tian was followed by the as sudden and complete
to Alexandria. Sozomen relates (H. E. iv. 20) establishment of the power of Maximus : Gaul,
that Maximus was deposed by the influence of Spain, and Britain did homage to the fortunate
Acacius of Caesaraea and Patrophilus, A. D. 349 usurper, who associated his son Victor with him,
or 350, and Cyril (CYRILLUS, ST. , of Jerusalem) proclaiming him Caesar, and perhaps Augustus ;
appointed in his place; but if there is any truth in and the new emperor took up his residence at
this statement, of which Jerome, in his Chronicle, Trèves, where there are still some monuments er-
does not speak, the death of Maximus must have tant of his reign. No persecutions were instituted
very shortly succeeded his deposition. (Socrat. against the adherents of Gratian, except Mero-
H. E. ii. 8 ; Sozom. U. cc. , and iii, 6 ; Theodoret, baudes and Balio or Vallio, who lost their heads:
1. C. ; Philostorg. h. c. ; Le Quien, Oriens Chris- on account of their ambiguous conduct, and it
tianus, vol. iii. col. 156, &c. ) [J. C. M. ] seems that, with these exceptions, Maximus was
MAXIMUS, JU'LIUS, one of the generals not wrong when, in later times, he boasted that
sent by Civilis against Vocula. (Tac. Hist. iv. his elevation had caused no loss of Roman life ex-
33. ) ( Civilis ; VOCULA. ]
cept on the field of battle. Yet even Merobaudes
MAXIMUS, JU’LIUS VERUS. [MAXIMUS and Vallio were not Romans but barbarians. When
CAESAR. ]
the news of the downfall of Gratian and the suc-
MAXIMUS, JU’NIUS, a contemporary of cess of Maximus reached Theodosius, he resolved
Statius, from whom we learn that he made an epi- to wrest the crown from the usurper, but ambas-
tome of the histories of Sallust and Livy. (Stat. sadors arrived from Maximus with peaceful offers,
Silv. iv. 7, ult. )
backed by stern declarations of sacrificing every
MAXIMUS, LABE'RIUS. (LABERIUS. ) thing for the maintenance of his power ; and as Theo
MAXIMUS, MAGNUS CLEMENS, Roman dosius was then unable to wage war with a rebel
emperor, A. D. 383–388, in Gaul, Britain, and who was popular among the experienced and bold
Spain, was a native of Spain (Zosim. iv. p. 247), veterans of the West, he accepted the propositions
but not of England, as modern authors assert. He made to him. Maximus was, in consequence, re-
habitants of
Iar then res
and their ma
taccountable
their walls
for Valentini
with his mot
ben to These
kozen to C
bis fate. M
Rome and 1
almost with
The alarm
the loss of
lored colleas
may be easi
lentinian to
without los
by his prin
tire
emper
British 001
sister Gall
midst of bi
martied th
to encount
stile, pre
Andragatt
poserful
troops ne
Noricum
dosius in
by land
the first
Western
Potiered
by Marc
Theodos
Italy.
within
## p. 997 (#1013) ###########################################
MAXIMUS. '
997
MAXIMUS.
IMES.
on of his contemporary, the
Great, though the bus
some years is the benschmid
bordinate capacity. He wa
an uncle of his barete, s
and also a bro:ber, Mirza
appear again in the correo
Dus accompanied Treccani
peditions, was promoted, and
A. D. 368, proceeded the
here he remained many ve
general, as it seems
nor of that providee, a este
eminence pretend la sai
elena, the daughter of Ende
1
1
Tregont (Caernarvon in Was
is more than doubtfal lloc
p. 7, note k. ed. 1815, 879. ) Tu
e emperor Gratian for foreca bi
discontent among the legis
were the most turbulent in die
army. Marimus is said to her
ed their disaffection, and abas a
ke out which led to the accessed
the ruin of Gratian I
means a detractor of Marss
ith having acted thus ; bat (ragas
Sereros both state that the man
animus, who was known as:
meris, to accept the imperator
ffered him by the rebels ; 200 (
e solemnly protested his ismerter
his may be, Marimas was processed
4. D. 383 (not in 381 a Prosper satis
ticon). A short time before is
adopted the Christian religion
s immediately gave orders we all in
oned in Britain to assemble as 11
ad he lost no time in atecas .
It is related in the life of Gratis
cognised by Theodosius and Valentinian as Augus. , at the same time as his pursuers. The troops of
tus and sole emperor in Gaul, Spain, and Britain, Theodosius immediately stormed the city, and with
while the new emperor in his turn promised not to such energy that they took it at once, and seized
inolest Valentinian in the possession of Italy and Maximus, it is said, while seated on his throne.
Illyricum, which he had held already in the time Theodosius was waiting the issue at his head-quar-
of his brother Gratian.
ters, three miles from Aquileia. Thither Maximus
Nothing now prevented Maximus from enjoying was carried, loaded with chains. With a stern
his power, and promoting the happiness of his sub yet calm voice Theodosius reproached him for his
jects, but two circumstances, each of which was rebellion against Gratian and unbounded ambition,
sufficient to foretell a future commotion. The and then gave orders for his decapitation, which
professed friendship of Theodosius was not real, took place on the same day (27th or 20th of
and the unparalleled success of Maximus swelled August, 388). Victor, the son of Maximus, being
his ambition so much that he stepped beyond those then engaged in Gaul against the Franks, Arbo-
limits of wisdom within which he ought to have gastes marched against him with a strong force.
kept his future plans. Italy was governed by a Victor was defeated and taken prisoner, and shared
fooble youth, but who might become dangerous the fate of his father. Andragathus, the com-
when a man, unless he forgot that he was the mander of the fleet of Maximus, upon hearing of
brother of a murdered emperor. The possession of the death of his master, threw himself in a fit of
Italy was therefore the great object at which despair into the sea and was drowned. Theodosius
Maximus aimed ; and the revenues of his vast do- was merciful and generous towards the mother and
minions were exhausted to form an army, the con- sisters of his fallen rival ; but he nullified all the
tingents of which were raised among the most war- laws issued by Maximus. Valentinian nominally
like barbarians of the time. Yet less confident in succeeded Maximus in the possession of Italy and
arms than in intrigues, Maximus prerailed upon the country beyond the Alps, but the real emperor
the ministers of young Valentinian to accept from was Theodosius. (Zosim. iv. p. 247, &c. ed. Oxon.
him auxiliaries for an intended war in Pannonia ; | 1679, 8vo. ; Sozomen. vii. 12, &c. ; Oros. vii. 34,
and, although his motives were seen through by St. &c. ; Socrates, H. E. v. 11, &c. ; Rufin. ii. 14-17;
Ambrose and the other councillors of Valentinian, Greg. Turon. Hist. Franc. i. 43 ; Ambros. Enar-
the forces of Maximus were allowed to cross the ratio in Psalm. LXI. (in the first vol. of his works,
passes of the Alps (387). In their rear followed p. 961), Epistol. XXIV.
Fabius was censor in B. c. 108. He was an orator matter, as having lived under the emperors Com-
and a man of letters. (Cic. Brut. 28, pro Font. 12. ) modus (A. D. 180—193) and Severus (A. D. 193
On the death of Scipio Aemilianus, in B. c. 129, -211), but he does not say what office he held in
Fabius gave a banquet to the citizens of Rome, the church, or whether be held any ; nor does he
and pronounced the funeral oration of the deceased, connect him with any locality. Honorius of Autun
a fragment of which is still extant. (Cic. pro (De Scriptor. Eccles. i. 47), extracting from Jerome,
Muraen. 36 ; Schol. Bob. in Milonian. p. 283, reads the name Maximinus ; and Rufinus, trans
Orelli ; Appian, Gull. 2 ; Vell. Pat. ii. 10. ) Plin. lating from Eusebius, who has a short passage re-
(H. N. xxxiii. 11) confounds this Fabius with the lating to the same writer (H. E. v. 27), gives the
preceding.
name in the same form ; but it is probably incor-
10. Q. Fabius Q. F. Q. AEMILIANI N. Max- rect. There was a Maximus bishop of Jerusalem
IMUS ALLOBROGICUS, son of the preceding, was in the reign of Antoninus Pius or Marcus Aurelius,
remarkable only for his vices. The city praetor or the earlier part of that of Commodus, i. e. some-
interdicted him from administering to his father's where between A. D. 156 and A. D. 185, and pro-
estate ; and the scandalous life of Fabius made the bably in the early part of that interval: another
prohibition to be universally approved. (Cic. Tus- Maximus occupied the same see from A. D. 185;
cul. i. 33; Val. Max. iii. 5. & 2. )
and the successive episcopates of himself and seven
11. Q. Fabius Q. F. Q. N. Maximus, with the successors occupy about eighty years, the length of
agnomen SERVILIANUS, was adopted from the gens each separate episcopate not being known. The
Servilia, by Fabius Aemilianus (No. 8). He was date therefore of this latter Maximus of Jerusalem
uterine brother of Cn. Servilius Caepio, consul in accords sufficiently with the notice in Jerome re-
B. C. 141. (Appian, Hispan. 70. ) He was consul specting the writer ; but it is remarkable that
in B. c. 142. His province was Lusitania, and the though both Eusebius and Jerome mention the
war with Viriarathus. (Appian, Iber. 67; Oros. bishop (Eusebius, Chronic. and Hieron. Euseb.
v. 4; Cic. ad Att. xii. 5; comp. de Orat. i. 26. ) Chron. Interpretatio), they do not either of them
Valerius Maximus (vi. 1. & 5, viii. 5. § 1) ascribes identify the writer with him; and it is re-
to Fabius a censorship which the Fasti do not markable that in the list given by Eusebius of
confirm.
the bishops of Jerusalem in his Histor. Eccles.
12. Q. FABIUS MAXIMUS EBURNUS, was city (v. 27), the names of the second Maximus and
praetor in B. c. 118, when he presided at the im- his successor, Antoninus, do not appear. It must
peachment of C. Papirius Carbo, accused of majestas be considered therefore uncertain whether the
by L. Crassus. (CARBO, PAPIRius, No. 2. ; Cic. writer and the bishop are the same person, though
de Orat. i. 26. ) Fabius was consul in B. c. 116. it is most likely they were. The title of the work
He condemned one of his sons to death for immo of Maximus noticed by Jerome and Eusebius (for
rality ; but being subsequently accused by Cn. the two questions of the origin of evil and the
Pompeius Strabo of exceeding the limits of the creation of matter appear to have been compre-
“patria potestas," he went into exile, and probably hended in one treatise) was Top rîs ûns, De
to Nuceria (Cic. pro Balb. ll ; Val. Max. vi. 1. Materia. Eusebius has given a long extract from
$ 5; Oros. v. 16. )
it. (Praep. Evang. vii. 21, 22. ) The same ex-
tract, or a portion of it, is incorporated, without
acknowledgment, in the Dialogus Adamantii de
recta in Deum Fide, or Contra Marcionitas, sect.
iv. commonly ascribed to Origen, but in reality
written or compiled long after his time. It is also
quoted in the Philocalia, c. 24, compiled by Gregory
Nazianzen and Basil the Great, almost entirely
from the works of Origen. In the short inscription
to the chapter they are said to be from the Prae
paratio Evangelica of Eusebius ; and their being
13. Q. FABIUS Q. F. Q. N. MAXIMUS, was contained also in the supposed work of Origen,
joined with Q. Caelius Rufus in B. C. 59, in the De Recta Fide, is affirmed in a probably inter-
prosecution of C. Antonius Hybrida (ANTONIUS, polated sentence of the concluding paragraph of
No. 10] for extortion in his province of Macedonia. the chapter. (Delarue, Opera Origenis, vol. i.
(Cic. in Vatin, 11 ; Schol Bob. in Vatinian. p. 321, p. 800, seq. ) This passage, apparently the only
Orelli. ) For his services as legatus to Caesar in part of Maximus' work which has come down
Spain, B. C. 45 (Caes. B. H. 2, 41), he obtained a to us, is given in the Bibliotheca Patrum of
triumph and the consulship of that year on Caesar's | Galland (vol. ii. p. 146), who identifies the author
38 2
a
R. F. Q. x. MAIS, en
elected angur in the rock d us
Liv. XII. 26), although he is
nd bad borne no otice prezat
96. (Liv. xxxiii, 42)
MAXIMUS, praeter peregrinos i
s. 18), was
probably the same
abius, quaestor of the procesu
pain, B. C. 185. (Lir. im.
le preceding Marimi is uncertain
Q. P. Q. N. Maxmos ARES
adoption only a Fabius Murna
he eldest son of L. Palas de
ror of Persens, consul in a c LS
under his father (Aemila) in
A war, & c. 168, and was despuzten
ne with the news of bis vices
şb. xxix. 6. ) Fabius was pret 1
9-148, and consul ir 145.
rau
ince, where he encountered,
d Viriarathus (Liv. xlir
. 36;
65, 67, 90, Maced, 17; Pint Peo!
c. de Amic. 25. ) Fabia 12*
iron of the historian Polsbas un
COIN OP FABIUS MAXIMUS.
le interesting and honourable trza
fraternal conduct, and of the hou
for him by his younger brothers,
(Polyb. xvii. 18. § 6, Dei
9, 10. § 3, 14, triï . 1111
§ 8; Cic. De Amig 19. Parsiz i
ABIUS Q. AEMILIANI : les
amed ALLOBROGICUS, frog his ride
## p. 996 (#1012) ###########################################
096
MAXIMUS.
MAXIMUS.
aguiled by The
tas and sole en
whde te bere
moles: Valentin
IIsrcam, which
o bi treber G
Nething now
bis power, and
jects
, but two
suficient to for
professed friend
and the unpara
bis ambition 80
Erats of wisde
kept bis fotar
feable youth
when a man,
brother of a mi
las was the
Marinus aime
EDIOS sete
tingents of the
like barbarian
Es than in
the ministers
Lim annare
and, although
Ambrose and
the forces of
passes of the
Marinus wit
with the bishop, and gives his reasons for so doing boasted of being a relation of his contemporary, the
in the Prolegomena to the volume, c. 6; see also emperor Theodosius the Great, though the fact is
Cave, Hist. Litt. ad ann. 196, vol. p. 95 ; Tille- that he had merely lived some years in the household
mont, Mémoires, vol. ii. p. 760, &c. , note xii. sur of that emperor in a subordinate capacity. He was
Origène.
of obscure parentage ; an uncle of his, however, is
Beside the two bishops of Jerusalem of this name mentioned in history, and also a brother, Marcelli-
already noticed, there was a third in the reign of Con- nus, whose name will appear again in the course of
stantine the Great and his sons. He suffered in one this sketch. Maximus accompanied Theodosius
of the later persecutions of the heathen emperors, on several of his expeditions, was promoted, and,
apparently under Maximian Galerius. (Philostorg. perhaps as early as A. D. 368, proceeded with his
11. E. iji. 12. ) He suffered the loss of his right master to Britain, where he remained many years
eye, and some infliction, possibly ham-stringing, in in the quality of a general, as it seems, but de-
his right leg. (Theodoret. H. E. ii. 26. ) His cidedly not as governor of that province, as some
sufferings in the cause of Christianity and the modern writers of eminence pretend. It is said
general excellence of his character so endeared him that he married Helena, the daughter of Eudda, a
to the people of Jerusalem, among whom he offi- rich noble of Caersegont (Caernarvon in Wales),
ciated as priest, that when he was appointed by but the authority is more than doubtful. (Comp.
Macarius, bishop of that city, to the vacant bishop- Gibbon, c. xxvii
. p. 7, note k. ed. 1815, 8vo. ) The
ric of Diospolis, the multitude would not allow predilection of the emperor Gratian for foreign bar-
him to depart ; and Macarius was obliged to forego barians excited discontent among the legions in
the appointment, and nominate another in his place. Britain, which were the most turbulent in the
According to some accounts, Macarius repented whole Roman army. Maximus is said to have
almost immediately of the nomination of Maximus secretly fomented their disaffection, and thus a ter.
to Diospolis, and readily consented to his remaining rible revolt broke out which led to the accession of
at Jerusalem, taking him for his assistant in the Maximus and the ruin of Gratian. Zosimus,
duties of the episcopal office, and his intended suc- though by no means a detractor of Maximus,
cessor, fearing lest Eusebius of Caesaraea and Pa- charges him with having acted thus ; but Orosius
trophilus of Scythopolis should procure the election and Sulpicius Severus both state that the troops
of a favourer of Arianism. (Sozomen, H. E. ii. bad forced Maximus, who was known as a man of
20. ) On the decease of Macarius some time principle and merit, to accept the imperial dignity,
between A. D. 331 and 335, Maximus succeeded which was offered him by the rebels ; and Orosius
him, and was present at the council of Tyre, says that he solemnly protested his innocence.
A. D. 335, when Athanasius was condemned. So However this may be, Maximus was proclaimed
zomen records (H. E. ii. 25) that at this council emperor in A. D. 383 (not in 381 as Prosper states
Paphnutius, a bishop of the Thebais or Upper in his Chronicon). A short time before his acces-
Egypt, and himself a confessor, took Maximus by sion he had adopted the Christian religion.
the hand, and told him to leave the place : “ For,” Maximus immediately gave orders to all the
said he, “it does not become us, who have lost troops stationed in Britain to assemble as soon as
our eyes and been hamstrung for the sake of reli- possible, and he lost no time in attacking Gratian
gion, to join the council of the wicked. ” This in Gaul. It is related in the life of Gratian that
appeal was in vain, and Maximus was induced by he was defeated by the usurper near Paris, deserted
some unfairness to subscribe the decree condemning by his general Merobaudes, a Frankish chief, and
Athanasius. However, he soon repented of this finally slain near Lyon, on his flight to Italy, by
step, and at a synod of sixteen bishops of Palestine Andragathius, who pursued him by order of Maxi-
joyfully admitted Athanasius to communion when mus. The sudden overthrow of the power of Gra-
returning from the council of Sardica, through Asia, tian was followed by the as sudden and complete
to Alexandria. Sozomen relates (H. E. iv. 20) establishment of the power of Maximus : Gaul,
that Maximus was deposed by the influence of Spain, and Britain did homage to the fortunate
Acacius of Caesaraea and Patrophilus, A. D. 349 usurper, who associated his son Victor with him,
or 350, and Cyril (CYRILLUS, ST. , of Jerusalem) proclaiming him Caesar, and perhaps Augustus ;
appointed in his place; but if there is any truth in and the new emperor took up his residence at
this statement, of which Jerome, in his Chronicle, Trèves, where there are still some monuments er-
does not speak, the death of Maximus must have tant of his reign. No persecutions were instituted
very shortly succeeded his deposition. (Socrat. against the adherents of Gratian, except Mero-
H. E. ii. 8 ; Sozom. U. cc. , and iii, 6 ; Theodoret, baudes and Balio or Vallio, who lost their heads:
1. C. ; Philostorg. h. c. ; Le Quien, Oriens Chris- on account of their ambiguous conduct, and it
tianus, vol. iii. col. 156, &c. ) [J. C. M. ] seems that, with these exceptions, Maximus was
MAXIMUS, JU'LIUS, one of the generals not wrong when, in later times, he boasted that
sent by Civilis against Vocula. (Tac. Hist. iv. his elevation had caused no loss of Roman life ex-
33. ) ( Civilis ; VOCULA. ]
cept on the field of battle. Yet even Merobaudes
MAXIMUS, JU’LIUS VERUS. [MAXIMUS and Vallio were not Romans but barbarians. When
CAESAR. ]
the news of the downfall of Gratian and the suc-
MAXIMUS, JU’NIUS, a contemporary of cess of Maximus reached Theodosius, he resolved
Statius, from whom we learn that he made an epi- to wrest the crown from the usurper, but ambas-
tome of the histories of Sallust and Livy. (Stat. sadors arrived from Maximus with peaceful offers,
Silv. iv. 7, ult. )
backed by stern declarations of sacrificing every
MAXIMUS, LABE'RIUS. (LABERIUS. ) thing for the maintenance of his power ; and as Theo
MAXIMUS, MAGNUS CLEMENS, Roman dosius was then unable to wage war with a rebel
emperor, A. D. 383–388, in Gaul, Britain, and who was popular among the experienced and bold
Spain, was a native of Spain (Zosim. iv. p. 247), veterans of the West, he accepted the propositions
but not of England, as modern authors assert. He made to him. Maximus was, in consequence, re-
habitants of
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## p. 997 (#1013) ###########################################
MAXIMUS. '
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MAXIMUS.
IMES.
on of his contemporary, the
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appear again in the correo
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e emperor Gratian for foreca bi
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were the most turbulent in die
army. Marimus is said to her
ed their disaffection, and abas a
ke out which led to the accessed
the ruin of Gratian I
means a detractor of Marss
ith having acted thus ; bat (ragas
Sereros both state that the man
animus, who was known as:
meris, to accept the imperator
ffered him by the rebels ; 200 (
e solemnly protested his ismerter
his may be, Marimas was processed
4. D. 383 (not in 381 a Prosper satis
ticon). A short time before is
adopted the Christian religion
s immediately gave orders we all in
oned in Britain to assemble as 11
ad he lost no time in atecas .
It is related in the life of Gratis
cognised by Theodosius and Valentinian as Augus. , at the same time as his pursuers. The troops of
tus and sole emperor in Gaul, Spain, and Britain, Theodosius immediately stormed the city, and with
while the new emperor in his turn promised not to such energy that they took it at once, and seized
inolest Valentinian in the possession of Italy and Maximus, it is said, while seated on his throne.
Illyricum, which he had held already in the time Theodosius was waiting the issue at his head-quar-
of his brother Gratian.
ters, three miles from Aquileia. Thither Maximus
Nothing now prevented Maximus from enjoying was carried, loaded with chains. With a stern
his power, and promoting the happiness of his sub yet calm voice Theodosius reproached him for his
jects, but two circumstances, each of which was rebellion against Gratian and unbounded ambition,
sufficient to foretell a future commotion. The and then gave orders for his decapitation, which
professed friendship of Theodosius was not real, took place on the same day (27th or 20th of
and the unparalleled success of Maximus swelled August, 388). Victor, the son of Maximus, being
his ambition so much that he stepped beyond those then engaged in Gaul against the Franks, Arbo-
limits of wisdom within which he ought to have gastes marched against him with a strong force.
kept his future plans. Italy was governed by a Victor was defeated and taken prisoner, and shared
fooble youth, but who might become dangerous the fate of his father. Andragathus, the com-
when a man, unless he forgot that he was the mander of the fleet of Maximus, upon hearing of
brother of a murdered emperor. The possession of the death of his master, threw himself in a fit of
Italy was therefore the great object at which despair into the sea and was drowned. Theodosius
Maximus aimed ; and the revenues of his vast do- was merciful and generous towards the mother and
minions were exhausted to form an army, the con- sisters of his fallen rival ; but he nullified all the
tingents of which were raised among the most war- laws issued by Maximus. Valentinian nominally
like barbarians of the time. Yet less confident in succeeded Maximus in the possession of Italy and
arms than in intrigues, Maximus prerailed upon the country beyond the Alps, but the real emperor
the ministers of young Valentinian to accept from was Theodosius. (Zosim. iv. p. 247, &c. ed. Oxon.
him auxiliaries for an intended war in Pannonia ; | 1679, 8vo. ; Sozomen. vii. 12, &c. ; Oros. vii. 34,
and, although his motives were seen through by St. &c. ; Socrates, H. E. v. 11, &c. ; Rufin. ii. 14-17;
Ambrose and the other councillors of Valentinian, Greg. Turon. Hist. Franc. i. 43 ; Ambros. Enar-
the forces of Maximus were allowed to cross the ratio in Psalm. LXI. (in the first vol. of his works,
passes of the Alps (387). In their rear followed p. 961), Epistol. XXIV.
