No More Learning

8. Present problems.
a. Domestic.
1) Education.
2) Finances.
b. Foreign.
1) Gibraltar.
2) Union with Portugal.
Spain area, 196,670 sq. mi. , population, 17,565,632.
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X. THE IBERIAN PENINSULA. PORTUGAL.
Crawford: Stephens.
A. To NAPOLEON.
1. One of the numerous states of the peninsula in medieval
times; gradually gains so much national consciousness
(Camoens, De Gama, Dom Henry) as to make its subjec-
tion to Spain difficult.
2. Overrun by Philip II. Loss of a large part of its colonial
empire. War of Independence, 1640-65.
3. Close political and social relations with England until
Napoleon's wars.
B. NAPOLEON OCCUPIES THE COUNTRY, 1807, WHEN PORTUGAL
REFUSES TO PROHIBIT TRADE WITH ENGLAND.
1. Flight of the Braganzas to Brazil.
2. Popular rising, aided by the English (Wellington and
Moore. )
C. PORTUGAL A PROVINCE OF BRAZIL, 1807-21.
D. PORTUGAL SINCE THE SEPARATION FROM BRAZIL.
1. Rising for a constitution in 1821; the Radical Constitu-
tion.
2. King John, leaving his son Pedro I. to rule Brazil, returns
to Portugal, accepting the constitution. (By a secret
article, in a treaty with Brazil, it is provided that the two
crowns shall never again be united. )
a. Re-actionary opposition of the Queen and Miguel, 1821-
26.
b. Abrogation of the constitution (influence of the Spanish
counter-revolution of 1824. )
3. Pedro of Brazil, on death of John, resigns his rights to the
Portuguese crown in favor of his infant daughter, first
granting the moderately liberal constitution of 1826.
U Civil war between the Pedrists and the Miguelists, 1826-34.
(Arrival of Pedro to act as regent, after resigning the
Brazilian throne to his son, Pedro II. )
5. Constitution disregarded; the country distracted by rebel-
lions and civil wars until 1851.
6. Growth of constitutional sentiment. Queen Maria folio wed
in 1853 by her son Pedro V. ; succeeded by Luis I. ; suc-
ceeded, 1889, by his son Carlos I.
Peaceful and parliamentary government since 1851.
E. THE CONSTITUTION (1826, revised in 1852, 1878, 1885. )
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F. THE CHURCH.
Q. PROBLEMS.
Education and Finance.
Federation with Spain.
Area, including Azores and Madeira islands, 34,038 sq. mi.
population, 4,708,178.
Dependencies area, 743,204 sq. mi. ; population, 5,371,200.
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? 38
. Y7. THE SMALL CENTRAL STATES SWITZERLAND.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
General Histories.
Adams and Cunningham.
Moses.
Wilson.
MacCracken.
Winchester.
Vincent.
Sowerby: The Forest Cantons.
English Historical Review, Oct. '95: The Sonderbund.
Yale Review, Nov. '95 : The Referendum, etc.
Sullivan: Direct Legislation.
Constitution in Old South Leaflets.
A. HISTORY.
1. To 1815.
a. The League of Uri, Schwys, and Unterwalden, 1291;
Mortgarten (1315); growth ef the League Luzerne,
Berne, Zurich, etc. ; Sempach, 1385; virtual independ-
ence (leagues of cities elsewhere and their fate); Charles
the Bold, 1474-77; peace of Westphalia, 1648; various
forms of the League; growth to 13 states (all German);
internal discord; Swiss mercenaries; the Reformation.
b. 1798. Uprisings of the lower classes; French interven-
tion; the Helvetic Republic (centralization. )
c. Napoleon and the Act of Mediation, 1803.
2. Switzerland and the Congress of Vienna, 1815; the Federal
Pact.
a. A loose federation; neutrality guaranteed.
b. Epoch of discord; religious and political dissensions.
An ill-assorted, loose union of democratic and oligarchic,
country and city, Protestant and Catholic, German,
French and Italian cantons (22. )
c. The Sonderbund; civil war, 1847.
3. Constitution of 1848.
B. SWITZERLAND TODAY.
(Population about 3,00,000; 59 per cent. Protestant, 41 per
cent. Catholic. )
1. The federal government,
a. Legislature.
(The referendum and initiative. )
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? 39
b. Executive and Judiciary.
2. Canton and commune.
3. Religion.
4. Education.
5. Army.
6. Wealth.
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? XIII. SMALL CENTRAL STATES-THE NETHERLANDS.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Rogers: Holland.
Grattan: History of the Netherlands.
Grant Duff.
Griffis: Brave Little Holland.
A. HISTORY TO 1815.
1. Beginnings of Flanders and Holland, ninth century, fiefs
of the empire.
a. Liberal governments.
b. Early decline of feudalism and rise of cities.
2. Fiefs of Burgundy Philip the Good, Charles the Bold.
"The Great Privilege" secured from Mary of Burgundy.
3. Austrian possessions.
4. Spanish.
a. The Inquisition.
b.
The War for Independence southern provinces recon-
quered by Spain.
5. The Dutch Republic, 1609-1795.
a. Peace of Westphalia, 1648.
b. Progress in power and civilization.
c. Struggles with Louis XIV.
d. Stadtholder hereditary, 1748.
6. The Batavian Republic, 1795-1806.
7. Kingdom of Holland (Louis Napoleon. )
8. Consolidation with France, 1810. ("The alluvium of
French rivers. ")
9. "The Dutch take Holland," 1813.
B. THE KINGDOM OF THE NETHERLANDS, 1815. ,
Holland and the Austrian Netherlands united .
The Revolt of Belgium, 1830.
C. HOLLAND TODAY.
(The Netherlands. )
1. Government, national and local.
The franchise history of, since 1815.
2. Colonies and dependencies.
3. Education.
D. BELGIUM.
1. Causes of separation from Holland; race, religion, unequal
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? representation, Dutch officials, unequal financial burdens.
(Occasion, the French Revolution of 1830. )
2. The Constitution of 1831.
Amendments in 1848, and 1893. (Suffrage. Elections of
1894. Disappearance of the Liberals. )
3. The Culturkampf.
4. King Leopold.
5. Industrial agitation.
6. Relation to France. Fortnightly, Jan. , 1887.
7. Belgium and the Congo State.
Holland area, 12,648; pop. , 4,669,596; steadily increasing;
gained 80 per cent since 1830.
Colonies area, 766,137; pop. about 33 millions.
Belgium area, 11,373; pop. 6,069,321; gain of 50 per cent
since 1830.
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? 1,2
XIII. SCANDINAVIA.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
Boyeson: Story of Norway.
Otte: Denmark and Iceland.
Berkley: Quarterly, October, 1880.
Nineteenth Century, January, 1888.
Political Science Quarterly, I, 259-94. (June 1886. )
A. To THE UNION OF KALMAR.
1. The old Teutonic organization.
2. Consolidation in the ninth century. Gorm, Eric, and Har-
old Haarfager.
Foreign colonization.
Sweden and Denmark quickly feudalized, Norway more
slowly.
Consent of the local Things necessary to new laws until
1200.
3. Various political combinations and wars.
B. UNION OF KALMAR, 1397.
(Queen Margaret and her nephew, Eric of Pomerania).
1. Provisions.
a. Perpetual union for foreign affairs under one king Eric
and his successors.
b. Each state to have its own laws.
2. Result the northern kingdoms vassal states of Denmark.
C. REBELLION OF SWEDEN (GUSTAVUS VASA), 1521-23.
1. Growth into a great state seventeenth and eighteenth
centuries.
The Baltic a Swedish lake in 1700.
2. Charles XII and Peter of Russia.
3. Loss of Finland (1807) and Pomerania (1814).
D. DENMARK [AND NORWAY UNTIL TREATY OF KIEL, 1814].
1. Norway a subject province governed and plundered by
Danish officials.
a. Loss of Norway in 1814.
2. Constitution and constitutional changes.
a. Elective monarchy; growth of feudal anarchy.
b. 1660 Frederick III allies himself with clergy and
burghers against the nobles. Denmark becomes an
hereditary monarchy and practically an absolute des-
potismuntil 1848.
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c. 1848. Representative government.
(The Schleswig-Holstein question, 1848-64. )
d. 1876. Responsible government, after a constitutional
struggle.
e. Constitution today.
Hereditary, constitutional monarchy ; Riksdag of two
houses; upper house, elected indirectly, represents
wealth : lower house elected directly by manhood suf-
frage.
f. Iceland: constitution and government.
E. SWEDEN AND NORWAY, 1814 .
1. Bernadotte, favorite marshal of Napoleon, chosen crown
prince of Sweden, 1812, under name of Charles John.
After Moscow, joins allies and is promised Norway.
Peace of Kiel ; Denmark forced to cede Norway.
2. Norway's attempt at Independence.
Diet of Eidsvold, May 17, 1874. Constitution: limited
hereditar\ r monarch}', representative legislature, Luth-
eran religion, independent judiciary, freedom of the
press, etc.
3. Treaty between the two states.
Union under Swedish king with preservation of her con-
stitution (slightly modified) to Norway.
4. Constitutions of the two states and the union. ( Wilson. )
5. History since the union.
a. Sweden : alterations in the constitution.
b. Norway : struggle for home rule.
1) Abolition of nobility, 1821.
2) Resistance to proposals for closer union.
3) Responsible ministry, 1872-84.
(King's claim of absolute veto on constitutional
amendments. The Sverdrup ministry. )
4) Agitation for separate consular service.
a) Commercial jealousy between the two countries
and conflicting interests.
b) Steen and Stang ministries.
c) Proposal of arbitration in 1893.
d) The 1 894 elections.
e) The joint commission.
Sweden area, 170,979; population, 4,806,865.
Norway area, 124,445; population, 2,000,917.
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? XIV. RUSSIA.
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
General Histories as before.
Rambaud: History of Russia (the best in English).