Of ACHAR-
In the religion of the early Romans there is no Ne in Attica, son of Pasion, the celebrated banker,
trace of the worship of Apollo.
In the religion of the early Romans there is no Ne in Attica, son of Pasion, the celebrated banker,
trace of the worship of Apollo.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
(Comp.
Eurip.
Iphig.
Taur.
1246, &c.
; be identical, and Pausanias adds, that this was
Athen. xv. p. 701; Ov. Mel. i. 439; Apollon. quite in accordance with the belief of the Greeks.
Rhod. ï. 706. )
(Comp. Strab. xiv. p. 635; Plut. de El ap. Delph. 4,
4. The god of song and music. We find him in de Def. Orac. 7. ) It has further been said, that if
the Iliad (i. 603) delighting the immortal gods | Apollo be regarded as the Sun, the powers and
with his play on the phorminx during their re- attributes which we have enumerated above are
past ; and the Homeric bards derived their art of easily explained and accounted for; that the sur-
song either from Apollo or the Muses. (Od. viii. name of poibos (the shining or brilliant), which is
488, with Eustath. ) Later traditions ascribed to frequently applied to Apollo in the Homeric poems,
Apollo even the invention of the flute and lyre points to the sun; and lastly, that the traditions
(Callim. Hymn, in Del. 253; Plut. de Mus. ), while concerning the Hyperboreans and their worship of
the more common tradition was, that he received Apollo bear the strongest marks of their regarding
the lyre from Hermes. Ovid (Heroid. xvi. 180) | the god in the same light. (Alcaeus, ap. Himer,
makes Apollo build the walls of Troy by playing xiv. 10; Diod. ii. 47. ) Still greater stress is laid
on the lyre, as Amphion did the walls of Thebes. on the fact that the Egyptian Horus was regarded
Respecting his musical contests, see Marsyas, as identical with Apollo (Herod. ii. 144, 156;
Midas.
Diod. i. 25; Plut. de Is. et Os. 12, 61; Aelian,
5. The god who protects the flocks and cattle Hist. An. x. 14), as Horus is usually considered
(voulos Seds, from vouds or vous), a meadow or as the god of the burning sun. Those who adopt
pasture land). Homer (n. ü. 766) says, that this view derive Apollo from the East or from
Apollo reared the swift steeds of Eumelus Phere Egypt, and regard the Athenian 'Arów matpūos
tiades in Pieria, and according to the Homeric as the god who was brought to Attica by the
hymn to Hermes (22, 70, &c. ) the herds of the Egyptian colony under Cecrops. Another set of
gods fed in Pierin under the care of Apollo. At accounts derives the worship of Apollo from the
the command of Zeus, Apollo guarded the cattle of very opposite quarter of the world——from the coun-
Laomedon in the valleys of mount Ida (1l. xxi. try of the Hyperboreans, that is, a nation living
488. ) There are in Homer only a few allusions to beyond the point where the north wind rises, and
this feature in the character of Apollo, but in later whose country is in consequence most happy and
writers it assumes a very prominent form (Pind fruitful. According to a fragment of an ancient
Pyth. ix. 114; Callim. Hymn. in Apoll. 50, &c. ): Doric hymn in Pausanias (x. 5. $ 4), the oracle of
and in the story of Apollo tending the flocks of Delphi was founded by Hyperboreans and Olenus ;
Admetus at Pherae in Thessaly, on the banks of Leto, too, is said to have come from the Hyperbo
the river Amphrysus, the idea reaches its height. reans to Delos, and Eileithyia likewise. (Herod.
(Apollod. i. 9. & 15; Eurip. Aloest. 8; Tibull. ii. 3. iv. 33, &c. ; Paus. i. 18. $ 4; Diod. ii. 47. ) The
11; Virg. Georg. iii. 2. )
Hyperboreans, says Diodorus, worship Apollo more
6. The god who delights in the foundation of towns zealously than any other people ; they are all
and the establishment of civil constitutions. His priests of Apollo; one town in their country is
assistance in the building of Troy was mentioned sacred to Apollo, and its inhabitants are for the
above ; respecting his aid in raising the walls of most part players on the lyre. (Comp. Pind. Pyth.
Megara, see Alcathous. Pindar (Pyth. v. 80) | x. 55, &c. )
calls Apollo the åpxoyétns, or the leader of the These opposite accounts respecting the original
Dorians in their migration to Peloponnesus; and seat of the worship of Apollo might lead us to
this idea, as well as the one that he delighted suppose, that they refer to two distinct divinities,
in the foundation of cities, seems to be intimately which were in the course of time united into one,
connected with the circumstance, that a town or a as indeed Cicero (de Nat. Deor. iii. 23) distin-
colony was never founded by the Greeks without guishes four different Apollos.
Müller has re-
consulting an oracle of Apollo, so that in every jected most decidedly and justly the hypothesis,
case he became, as it were, their spiritual leader. that Apollo was derived from Egypt; but he re
The epithets KTIOTT)s and oikiotais (see Böckb, ad jects at the same time, without very satisfactory
Pind. l. c. ) refer to this part in the character of reasons, the opinion that Apollo was connected
Apollo.
with the worship of nature or any part of it; for,
These characteristics of Apollo necessarily ap according to him, Apollo is a purely spiritual divi-
pear in a peculiar light, if we adopt the view which nity, and far above all the other gods of Olympus.
was almost universal among the later poets, mytho- | As regards the identity of Apollo and Helios, ho
:
## p. 232 (#252) ############################################
232
APOLLO.
APOLLODORUS.
3
justly remarks, that it would be a strange pheno- | Romans till the time of Augustus, who, after the
menon if this identity should have fallen into battle of Actium, not only dedicated to him a por-
oblivion for several centuries, and then have been tion of the spojis, but built or embellished his tcro-
revived. This objection is indeed strong, but not ple at Actium, and founded a new one at Rome
insurmountable if we recollect the tendency of the on the Palatine, and instituted quinquennial games
Greeks to change a peculiar attribute of a god into at Actium. (Suet. Aug. 31, 52; Dict. of Ant. s. r.
a separate divinity; and this process, in regard to 'Artía; Hartung, die Roliyion der Römer, ii. p.
Helios and A pollo, seems to have taken place pre-205. )
vious to the time of Homer. Müller's view of Apollo, the national divinity of the Greeks, was
A pollo, which is at least very ingenious, is briefly of course represented in all the ways which the
this. The original and essential feature in the plastic arts were capable of. As the ideas of the
character of Apollo is that of “the averter of evil” god became gradunily and more and more fully de-
('ATémwv); he is originally a divinity peculiar to veloped, so his representations in works of art rose
the Doric race; and the most ancient seats of his from a rude wooden image to the perfect ideal of
worship are the Thessalian Tempe and Delphi. youthful manliness, so that he appeared to the an-
From thence it was transplanted to Crete, the inha- cients in the light of a twin brother of Aphrodite.
bitants of which spread it over the coasts of Asia (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 4. $ 10. ) The most beautiful
Minor and parts of the continent of Greece, such and celebrated among the extant representations of
as Boeotia and Attica. In the latter country it Apollo are the Apollo of Belvedere at Rome, which
was introduced during the immigration of the was discovered in 1503 at Rettuno (Mus. Pro-Ciem.
Ionians, whence the god became the 'ArómWv i. 14, 15), and the Apollino at Florence. (Hirt.
Tatp@os of the Athenians. The conquest of Pelo | Mythol. Bilderbuch, i. p. 29, &c. ) In the Apollo
ponnesus by the Dorians raised Apollo to the rank of Belvedere, the god is represented with com-
of the principal divinity in the peninsula. The manding but serene majesty ; sublime intellect and
'ATÓANWv vómios was originally a local divinity of physical beauty are combined in it in the most
the shepherds of Arcadia, who was transformed wonderful manner. The forehead is higher than
into and identified with the Dorian Apollo during in other ancient figures, and on it there is a pair
the process in which the latter became the national of locks, while the rest of his hair flows freely
divinity of the Peloponnesians. In the same man- down on his neck. The limbs are well propor-
per as in this instance the god assumed the cha- tioned and harmonious, the muscles are not worked
racter of a god of herds and flocks, his character out too strongly, and at the hips the figure is ra-
was changed and modified in other parts of Greece ther thin in proportion to the breast. (Buttmann,
also : with the Hyperboreans he was the god of Mythologus, i. p. 1-22 ; G. Hermann, Dissertatio do
prophecy, and with the Cretans the god with bow Apolline et Diana, 2 parts, Leipzig, 1836 and 1837;
and darts. In Egypt he was made to form a part Müller, Dorians, book ii. )
(L. S. )
of their astronomical system, which was afterwards APOLLO'CRATES ('Apollokpáros), the elder
introduced into Greece, where it became the pre- son of Dionysius, the Younger, was left by his
valent opinion of the learned.
father in command of the island and citadel of
But whatever we may think of this and other Syracuse, but was compelled by famine to surren-
modes of explaining the origin and nature of Apollo, der them to Dion, about B. C. 354. He was allowed
one point is certain and attested by thousands of to sail away to join his father in Italy. (Plut. Dion,
facts, that Apollo and his worship, his festivals 37, &c. , 56 ; Sirab. vi. p. 259; Nepos, Dion, 5;
and oracles, had more influence upon the Greeks Aelian, 1. H. ü. 41. ) Athenaeus speaks (vi. pp.
than any other god. It may safely be asserted, 435, f. , 436, a. ) of A pollocrates as the son of the
that the Greeks would never have become what elder Dionysius ; but this must be a mistake, unless
they were, without the worship of Apollo : in him we suppose with Kühn (ad Ael. I. c. ), that there
the brightest side of the Grecian mind is reflected. were two persons of this name, one a son of the
Respecting his festivals, see Dict. of Ant. s. v. elder and the other of the younger Dionysius.
'ATOAnwvia, Thargelia, and others.
APOLLODOʻRUS('ATOMÓSwoos) 1.
Of ACHAR-
In the religion of the early Romans there is no Ne in Attica, son of Pasion, the celebrated banker,
trace of the worship of Apollo. The Romans be- who died B. C. 370, when his son Apollodorus was
came acquainted with this divinity through the twenty-four years of age. (Dem. pro Phorm. p.
Greeks, and adopted all their notions and ideas 951. ) His mother, who married Phormion, a
about him from the latter people. There is no freedman of Pasion, after her husband's death,
doubt that the Romans knew of his worship among lived ten years longer, and after her death in B. c.
the Greeks at a very early time, and tradition says 360, Phormion became the guardian of her younger
that they consulted his oracle at Delphi even be son, Pasicles. Several years later (B. C. 350),
fore the expulsion of the kings. But the first time Apollodorus brought an action against Phormion,
that we hear of the worship of Apollo at Rome is for whom Demosthenes wrote a defence, the oration
in the year B. C. 430, when, for the purpose of for Phormion, which is still extant.
In this year,
arerting a plague, a temple was raised to him, and Apollodorus was archon eponymus at Athens.
soon after dedicated by the consul, C. Julius. (Liv. (Diod. xvi. 46. ) When Apollodorus afterwards at-
iv. 25, 29. ) A second temple was built to him in tacked the witnesses who had supported Phormion,
the year B. c. 350. One of these two (it is not Demosthenes wrote for Apollodorus the two orations
certain which) stood outside the porta Capena. still extant kata Stepávov. (Aeschin. de Fals. Leis.
During the second Punic war, in R. c. 212, the p. 50; Plut. Demosth. 15. ) Apollodorus had many
ludi Apollinares were instituted in honour of Apollo. and very important law-suits, in most of which
(Liv. xxv. 12; Macrob. Sut. i. 17; Dict. of Ant. Demosthenes wrote the specches for him (Clinton,
8. v. Luli Apollinares; comp. Ludi Sacculares. ) Fast. Hell. ii. p. 410, &c. 3d. ed. ) [DEMOSTHENES];
The worship of this divinity, however, did not the latest of them is that against Neaera, in which
form a very prouinent part in the religion of the Apollodorus is the pleader, and which may perhaps
## p. 233 (#253) ############################################
APOLLODORUS.
233
APOLLODORUS.
V
$.
be referred to the year B. c. 340, when Apollo | Apollodorus wrote 47 comedies, and five times
dorus was fifty-four years of age. Apollodorus gained the prize. We know the titles and possess
was a very wealthy man, and performed twice the fragments of several of his plays; but ten coinedies
liturgy of the trierarchy. (Dem. c. Polyc. p. 1208, are mentioned by the ancienis under the name of
6. Nicostr. p. 1247. )
Apollodorus alone, and without any suggestion as
2. Of AMPHIPOLIs, one of the generals of Alex- to whether they belong to Apollodorus of Carys-
ander the Great, was entrusted in B. C. 331, tus or to Apollodorus of Gela. (A. Meineke,
together with Menes, with the administration of Hist. Crit. Comicor. Graccor. p. 462, &c. )
Babylon and of all the satrapies as far as Cilicia. 7. Tyrant of CASSANDREIA (formerly Potidaea) in
Alexander also gave them 1000 talents to collect the peninsula of Pallene. He at first pretended to be
as many troops as they could. (Diod. xvii. 54; a friend of the people ; but when he had gained ibeir
Curtius, v. 1 ; comp. Arrian, Anab. vii. 18; Appian, confidence, he forined a conspiracy for the purpose
de Bell. Civ. ii. 152. )
of making himself tyrant, and bound hiö accom-
3. Of ARTEMITÁ, whence he is distinguished plices by most barbarous ceremonies described in
from others of the name of Apollodorus by the Diodorus. (xxii. Exc. p. 563. ) When he had
ethnic adjective 'Apteuítas or 'Apteuitnuós. (Steph. gained kis object, about B. C. 279, he began his
Byz. s. v. 'Apteuíta. ) The time in which he lived tyrannical reign, which in cruelty, rapaciousness,
is unknown. He wrote a work on the Parthians and debauchery, has seldom been equalled in any
which is referred to by Strabo (ii. p. 118, xi. pp. country. The ancients mention him along with
509, 519, xv. p. 685), and by Athenaeus (xv. p. the most detestable tyrants that ever lived.
682), who mentions the fourth book of his work. (Polyb. vii. 7; Seneca, De Ira, ii. 5, De Benef.
There are two passages in Strabo (xi. pp. 516 and vii. 19. ) But notwithstanding the support which
526), in which according to the common reading he derived from the Gauls, who were then pene-
he speaks of an Apollodorus Adramyttenus ; bui trating southward, he was unable to maintain him-
as he is evidently speaking of the author of the self, and was conquered and put to death by
Parthica, the word 'ASpauuttavós has justly been Antigonus Gonatas. (Polyaen. vi. 7, iv. 6, 18;
changed into 'ApteuiTTVós. Whether this Apollo Aelian, V. H. xiv. 41; Hist. An. v. 15; Plut. De
dorus of Artemita is the same as the one to whom Sera Num. Vind. 10, 11 ; Paus. iv. 5. & 1; Hein-
a history of Caria is ascribed, cannot be decided. sius, ad Ovid. ex Pont. ii. 9. 43. )
Stephanus Byzantius (s. vv. 'Aprórnoos and Aaro- 8. Of Cumae, a Greek grammarian, who is said
via) mentions the seventh and fourteenth books of to have been the first person that was distinguished
this work.
by the title of grammarian and critic. (Clem. Alex.
4. An ATHENIAN, commanded the Persian Strom. i. p. 309. ) According to Pliny (H. N. vii.
auxiliaries wbich the Athenians had solicited from 37) his fame was so great that he was honoured by
the king of Persia against Philip of Macedonia in the Amphictyonic council of the Greeks.
B. C. 340. Apollodorus was engaged with these 9. Of CYRENE, a Greek grammarian, who is often
troops in protecting the town of Perinthus while cited by other Greek grammarians, as by the Scho-
Philip invaded its territory. (Paus. i. 29. $ 7; liast on Euripides (Orest. 1485), in the Etymolo-
comp. Diod. xvi. 75; Arrian, Anab. ii. 14. ) gicum M. (s. v. Bwuonóxoi), and by Suidas (s. vr.
5. A BoEOTIAN, who together with Epaenetus | άντικρυς, βωμολόχος, Νάνιον, and βδελύσσω).
came as ambassador from Boeotia to Messenia, in From Athenaeus (xi. p. 487) it would seem that
B. c.
Athen. xv. p. 701; Ov. Mel. i. 439; Apollon. quite in accordance with the belief of the Greeks.
Rhod. ï. 706. )
(Comp. Strab. xiv. p. 635; Plut. de El ap. Delph. 4,
4. The god of song and music. We find him in de Def. Orac. 7. ) It has further been said, that if
the Iliad (i. 603) delighting the immortal gods | Apollo be regarded as the Sun, the powers and
with his play on the phorminx during their re- attributes which we have enumerated above are
past ; and the Homeric bards derived their art of easily explained and accounted for; that the sur-
song either from Apollo or the Muses. (Od. viii. name of poibos (the shining or brilliant), which is
488, with Eustath. ) Later traditions ascribed to frequently applied to Apollo in the Homeric poems,
Apollo even the invention of the flute and lyre points to the sun; and lastly, that the traditions
(Callim. Hymn, in Del. 253; Plut. de Mus. ), while concerning the Hyperboreans and their worship of
the more common tradition was, that he received Apollo bear the strongest marks of their regarding
the lyre from Hermes. Ovid (Heroid. xvi. 180) | the god in the same light. (Alcaeus, ap. Himer,
makes Apollo build the walls of Troy by playing xiv. 10; Diod. ii. 47. ) Still greater stress is laid
on the lyre, as Amphion did the walls of Thebes. on the fact that the Egyptian Horus was regarded
Respecting his musical contests, see Marsyas, as identical with Apollo (Herod. ii. 144, 156;
Midas.
Diod. i. 25; Plut. de Is. et Os. 12, 61; Aelian,
5. The god who protects the flocks and cattle Hist. An. x. 14), as Horus is usually considered
(voulos Seds, from vouds or vous), a meadow or as the god of the burning sun. Those who adopt
pasture land). Homer (n. ü. 766) says, that this view derive Apollo from the East or from
Apollo reared the swift steeds of Eumelus Phere Egypt, and regard the Athenian 'Arów matpūos
tiades in Pieria, and according to the Homeric as the god who was brought to Attica by the
hymn to Hermes (22, 70, &c. ) the herds of the Egyptian colony under Cecrops. Another set of
gods fed in Pierin under the care of Apollo. At accounts derives the worship of Apollo from the
the command of Zeus, Apollo guarded the cattle of very opposite quarter of the world——from the coun-
Laomedon in the valleys of mount Ida (1l. xxi. try of the Hyperboreans, that is, a nation living
488. ) There are in Homer only a few allusions to beyond the point where the north wind rises, and
this feature in the character of Apollo, but in later whose country is in consequence most happy and
writers it assumes a very prominent form (Pind fruitful. According to a fragment of an ancient
Pyth. ix. 114; Callim. Hymn. in Apoll. 50, &c. ): Doric hymn in Pausanias (x. 5. $ 4), the oracle of
and in the story of Apollo tending the flocks of Delphi was founded by Hyperboreans and Olenus ;
Admetus at Pherae in Thessaly, on the banks of Leto, too, is said to have come from the Hyperbo
the river Amphrysus, the idea reaches its height. reans to Delos, and Eileithyia likewise. (Herod.
(Apollod. i. 9. & 15; Eurip. Aloest. 8; Tibull. ii. 3. iv. 33, &c. ; Paus. i. 18. $ 4; Diod. ii. 47. ) The
11; Virg. Georg. iii. 2. )
Hyperboreans, says Diodorus, worship Apollo more
6. The god who delights in the foundation of towns zealously than any other people ; they are all
and the establishment of civil constitutions. His priests of Apollo; one town in their country is
assistance in the building of Troy was mentioned sacred to Apollo, and its inhabitants are for the
above ; respecting his aid in raising the walls of most part players on the lyre. (Comp. Pind. Pyth.
Megara, see Alcathous. Pindar (Pyth. v. 80) | x. 55, &c. )
calls Apollo the åpxoyétns, or the leader of the These opposite accounts respecting the original
Dorians in their migration to Peloponnesus; and seat of the worship of Apollo might lead us to
this idea, as well as the one that he delighted suppose, that they refer to two distinct divinities,
in the foundation of cities, seems to be intimately which were in the course of time united into one,
connected with the circumstance, that a town or a as indeed Cicero (de Nat. Deor. iii. 23) distin-
colony was never founded by the Greeks without guishes four different Apollos.
Müller has re-
consulting an oracle of Apollo, so that in every jected most decidedly and justly the hypothesis,
case he became, as it were, their spiritual leader. that Apollo was derived from Egypt; but he re
The epithets KTIOTT)s and oikiotais (see Böckb, ad jects at the same time, without very satisfactory
Pind. l. c. ) refer to this part in the character of reasons, the opinion that Apollo was connected
Apollo.
with the worship of nature or any part of it; for,
These characteristics of Apollo necessarily ap according to him, Apollo is a purely spiritual divi-
pear in a peculiar light, if we adopt the view which nity, and far above all the other gods of Olympus.
was almost universal among the later poets, mytho- | As regards the identity of Apollo and Helios, ho
:
## p. 232 (#252) ############################################
232
APOLLO.
APOLLODORUS.
3
justly remarks, that it would be a strange pheno- | Romans till the time of Augustus, who, after the
menon if this identity should have fallen into battle of Actium, not only dedicated to him a por-
oblivion for several centuries, and then have been tion of the spojis, but built or embellished his tcro-
revived. This objection is indeed strong, but not ple at Actium, and founded a new one at Rome
insurmountable if we recollect the tendency of the on the Palatine, and instituted quinquennial games
Greeks to change a peculiar attribute of a god into at Actium. (Suet. Aug. 31, 52; Dict. of Ant. s. r.
a separate divinity; and this process, in regard to 'Artía; Hartung, die Roliyion der Römer, ii. p.
Helios and A pollo, seems to have taken place pre-205. )
vious to the time of Homer. Müller's view of Apollo, the national divinity of the Greeks, was
A pollo, which is at least very ingenious, is briefly of course represented in all the ways which the
this. The original and essential feature in the plastic arts were capable of. As the ideas of the
character of Apollo is that of “the averter of evil” god became gradunily and more and more fully de-
('ATémwv); he is originally a divinity peculiar to veloped, so his representations in works of art rose
the Doric race; and the most ancient seats of his from a rude wooden image to the perfect ideal of
worship are the Thessalian Tempe and Delphi. youthful manliness, so that he appeared to the an-
From thence it was transplanted to Crete, the inha- cients in the light of a twin brother of Aphrodite.
bitants of which spread it over the coasts of Asia (Plin. H. N. xxxvi. 4. $ 10. ) The most beautiful
Minor and parts of the continent of Greece, such and celebrated among the extant representations of
as Boeotia and Attica. In the latter country it Apollo are the Apollo of Belvedere at Rome, which
was introduced during the immigration of the was discovered in 1503 at Rettuno (Mus. Pro-Ciem.
Ionians, whence the god became the 'ArómWv i. 14, 15), and the Apollino at Florence. (Hirt.
Tatp@os of the Athenians. The conquest of Pelo | Mythol. Bilderbuch, i. p. 29, &c. ) In the Apollo
ponnesus by the Dorians raised Apollo to the rank of Belvedere, the god is represented with com-
of the principal divinity in the peninsula. The manding but serene majesty ; sublime intellect and
'ATÓANWv vómios was originally a local divinity of physical beauty are combined in it in the most
the shepherds of Arcadia, who was transformed wonderful manner. The forehead is higher than
into and identified with the Dorian Apollo during in other ancient figures, and on it there is a pair
the process in which the latter became the national of locks, while the rest of his hair flows freely
divinity of the Peloponnesians. In the same man- down on his neck. The limbs are well propor-
per as in this instance the god assumed the cha- tioned and harmonious, the muscles are not worked
racter of a god of herds and flocks, his character out too strongly, and at the hips the figure is ra-
was changed and modified in other parts of Greece ther thin in proportion to the breast. (Buttmann,
also : with the Hyperboreans he was the god of Mythologus, i. p. 1-22 ; G. Hermann, Dissertatio do
prophecy, and with the Cretans the god with bow Apolline et Diana, 2 parts, Leipzig, 1836 and 1837;
and darts. In Egypt he was made to form a part Müller, Dorians, book ii. )
(L. S. )
of their astronomical system, which was afterwards APOLLO'CRATES ('Apollokpáros), the elder
introduced into Greece, where it became the pre- son of Dionysius, the Younger, was left by his
valent opinion of the learned.
father in command of the island and citadel of
But whatever we may think of this and other Syracuse, but was compelled by famine to surren-
modes of explaining the origin and nature of Apollo, der them to Dion, about B. C. 354. He was allowed
one point is certain and attested by thousands of to sail away to join his father in Italy. (Plut. Dion,
facts, that Apollo and his worship, his festivals 37, &c. , 56 ; Sirab. vi. p. 259; Nepos, Dion, 5;
and oracles, had more influence upon the Greeks Aelian, 1. H. ü. 41. ) Athenaeus speaks (vi. pp.
than any other god. It may safely be asserted, 435, f. , 436, a. ) of A pollocrates as the son of the
that the Greeks would never have become what elder Dionysius ; but this must be a mistake, unless
they were, without the worship of Apollo : in him we suppose with Kühn (ad Ael. I. c. ), that there
the brightest side of the Grecian mind is reflected. were two persons of this name, one a son of the
Respecting his festivals, see Dict. of Ant. s. v. elder and the other of the younger Dionysius.
'ATOAnwvia, Thargelia, and others.
APOLLODOʻRUS('ATOMÓSwoos) 1.
Of ACHAR-
In the religion of the early Romans there is no Ne in Attica, son of Pasion, the celebrated banker,
trace of the worship of Apollo. The Romans be- who died B. C. 370, when his son Apollodorus was
came acquainted with this divinity through the twenty-four years of age. (Dem. pro Phorm. p.
Greeks, and adopted all their notions and ideas 951. ) His mother, who married Phormion, a
about him from the latter people. There is no freedman of Pasion, after her husband's death,
doubt that the Romans knew of his worship among lived ten years longer, and after her death in B. c.
the Greeks at a very early time, and tradition says 360, Phormion became the guardian of her younger
that they consulted his oracle at Delphi even be son, Pasicles. Several years later (B. C. 350),
fore the expulsion of the kings. But the first time Apollodorus brought an action against Phormion,
that we hear of the worship of Apollo at Rome is for whom Demosthenes wrote a defence, the oration
in the year B. C. 430, when, for the purpose of for Phormion, which is still extant.
In this year,
arerting a plague, a temple was raised to him, and Apollodorus was archon eponymus at Athens.
soon after dedicated by the consul, C. Julius. (Liv. (Diod. xvi. 46. ) When Apollodorus afterwards at-
iv. 25, 29. ) A second temple was built to him in tacked the witnesses who had supported Phormion,
the year B. c. 350. One of these two (it is not Demosthenes wrote for Apollodorus the two orations
certain which) stood outside the porta Capena. still extant kata Stepávov. (Aeschin. de Fals. Leis.
During the second Punic war, in R. c. 212, the p. 50; Plut. Demosth. 15. ) Apollodorus had many
ludi Apollinares were instituted in honour of Apollo. and very important law-suits, in most of which
(Liv. xxv. 12; Macrob. Sut. i. 17; Dict. of Ant. Demosthenes wrote the specches for him (Clinton,
8. v. Luli Apollinares; comp. Ludi Sacculares. ) Fast. Hell. ii. p. 410, &c. 3d. ed. ) [DEMOSTHENES];
The worship of this divinity, however, did not the latest of them is that against Neaera, in which
form a very prouinent part in the religion of the Apollodorus is the pleader, and which may perhaps
## p. 233 (#253) ############################################
APOLLODORUS.
233
APOLLODORUS.
V
$.
be referred to the year B. c. 340, when Apollo | Apollodorus wrote 47 comedies, and five times
dorus was fifty-four years of age. Apollodorus gained the prize. We know the titles and possess
was a very wealthy man, and performed twice the fragments of several of his plays; but ten coinedies
liturgy of the trierarchy. (Dem. c. Polyc. p. 1208, are mentioned by the ancienis under the name of
6. Nicostr. p. 1247. )
Apollodorus alone, and without any suggestion as
2. Of AMPHIPOLIs, one of the generals of Alex- to whether they belong to Apollodorus of Carys-
ander the Great, was entrusted in B. C. 331, tus or to Apollodorus of Gela. (A. Meineke,
together with Menes, with the administration of Hist. Crit. Comicor. Graccor. p. 462, &c. )
Babylon and of all the satrapies as far as Cilicia. 7. Tyrant of CASSANDREIA (formerly Potidaea) in
Alexander also gave them 1000 talents to collect the peninsula of Pallene. He at first pretended to be
as many troops as they could. (Diod. xvii. 54; a friend of the people ; but when he had gained ibeir
Curtius, v. 1 ; comp. Arrian, Anab. vii. 18; Appian, confidence, he forined a conspiracy for the purpose
de Bell. Civ. ii. 152. )
of making himself tyrant, and bound hiö accom-
3. Of ARTEMITÁ, whence he is distinguished plices by most barbarous ceremonies described in
from others of the name of Apollodorus by the Diodorus. (xxii. Exc. p. 563. ) When he had
ethnic adjective 'Apteuítas or 'Apteuitnuós. (Steph. gained kis object, about B. C. 279, he began his
Byz. s. v. 'Apteuíta. ) The time in which he lived tyrannical reign, which in cruelty, rapaciousness,
is unknown. He wrote a work on the Parthians and debauchery, has seldom been equalled in any
which is referred to by Strabo (ii. p. 118, xi. pp. country. The ancients mention him along with
509, 519, xv. p. 685), and by Athenaeus (xv. p. the most detestable tyrants that ever lived.
682), who mentions the fourth book of his work. (Polyb. vii. 7; Seneca, De Ira, ii. 5, De Benef.
There are two passages in Strabo (xi. pp. 516 and vii. 19. ) But notwithstanding the support which
526), in which according to the common reading he derived from the Gauls, who were then pene-
he speaks of an Apollodorus Adramyttenus ; bui trating southward, he was unable to maintain him-
as he is evidently speaking of the author of the self, and was conquered and put to death by
Parthica, the word 'ASpauuttavós has justly been Antigonus Gonatas. (Polyaen. vi. 7, iv. 6, 18;
changed into 'ApteuiTTVós. Whether this Apollo Aelian, V. H. xiv. 41; Hist. An. v. 15; Plut. De
dorus of Artemita is the same as the one to whom Sera Num. Vind. 10, 11 ; Paus. iv. 5. & 1; Hein-
a history of Caria is ascribed, cannot be decided. sius, ad Ovid. ex Pont. ii. 9. 43. )
Stephanus Byzantius (s. vv. 'Aprórnoos and Aaro- 8. Of Cumae, a Greek grammarian, who is said
via) mentions the seventh and fourteenth books of to have been the first person that was distinguished
this work.
by the title of grammarian and critic. (Clem. Alex.
4. An ATHENIAN, commanded the Persian Strom. i. p. 309. ) According to Pliny (H. N. vii.
auxiliaries wbich the Athenians had solicited from 37) his fame was so great that he was honoured by
the king of Persia against Philip of Macedonia in the Amphictyonic council of the Greeks.
B. C. 340. Apollodorus was engaged with these 9. Of CYRENE, a Greek grammarian, who is often
troops in protecting the town of Perinthus while cited by other Greek grammarians, as by the Scho-
Philip invaded its territory. (Paus. i. 29. $ 7; liast on Euripides (Orest. 1485), in the Etymolo-
comp. Diod. xvi. 75; Arrian, Anab. ii. 14. ) gicum M. (s. v. Bwuonóxoi), and by Suidas (s. vr.
5. A BoEOTIAN, who together with Epaenetus | άντικρυς, βωμολόχος, Νάνιον, and βδελύσσω).
came as ambassador from Boeotia to Messenia, in From Athenaeus (xi. p. 487) it would seem that
B. c.
