21), however, places the
agrarian
law
exertions to ensure success, and had penetrated of C.
exertions to ensure success, and had penetrated of C.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
276, ed.
Oxford, 1740–42;
scourged, and banished to the Oasis, on account of Fabric. Bibl. Graec, vol. iii. p. 520. ) [J. C. M. ]
his zeal for orthodoxy and the promptitude with MAXIMUS, L. A'PPIUS, a distingrished
which he succoured those who suffered in the same Roman general in the reigns of Domitian and Tra-
cause (Gregor. Nazianz. Orat. XXV. C. 13, 14). jan. In A. D. 91 Maximus quelled the revolt of
He obtained his release in about four years (16. ), Antonius in Germany, and at the same time bad
probably on the death of Valens ; and it was the magnanimity to burn all the letters of the
perhaps soon after his release that he presented to latter, that they might not expose others to the
the emperor Gratian at Mediolanum (Milan), his vengeance of Domitian. In A. d. 101 he fought
work Tepl tîs alotews, De Fide, written against with success under Trajan in the Dacian war against
the Arians (comp. Hieron. De Viris Ilustr. c. 127). Decebalus. In A. D. 115 he was one of Trajan's
Tillemont, however, thinks that the work was pre- generals in the Parthian war ; but here his good
sented to the emperor when Maximus was in Italy, fortune failed him, for he was defeated and perished
A. D. 382, after the council of Constantinople. in this year. We learn from the Fasti that he
He wrote also against other heretics, but whether was consul in A. D. 103. (Dion Cass. lxvii. 11,
in the same work or in another is not clear (Greg. lxviii. 9, 30) There is some doubt about the
Naz. ib. ); and disputed ably against the heathens exact form of his name. Dion Cassius names him
(16. ). Apparently on his return from Milan be simply L. Maximus ; but Domitian, in a letter
visited Constantinople, where Gregory Nazianzen contained among those of Pliny (x. 66), and the
had just been appointed to the patriarchate (A. D. Fasti call him L. Appius Maximus, which is the
379). Gregory received him with the highest form we have adopted. But Martial (ix. 85), and
honour ; and pronounced an oration in his praise Aurelius Victor (Epit. 11. $ 10), give to the con-
(Orat. xxv. ), compared with which the sober queror of Antonius the name of Appius Norbanus.
commendations of Athanasius and Basil are cold These statements can only be reconciled by sup-
and tame. He received him at his table, and posing that his full name was L. Appius Maximus
treated him with the greatest confidence and Norbanus.
regard. He was, however, grievously disappointed MAXIMUS BYZANTIUS. [MAXIMUS
in bim. Whether the events which followed were EPIROTA. ]
the results solely of the ambition of Maximus, MA'XIMUS CAESAR, whose full name was
or whether Maximus was himself the tool of others, C. JULIUS VERUS MAXIMUS, was the son of Max.
TRU,
C.
MAXIS
frien Italy
spiracy in a
an epigram
4. Ovidius
kean that
be was one
doubt the
MAXI.
LITY C. F. (
299, and co
Their conat
victories ore
Exertions to
ints Campa
and then pr
colleague er
the soldiers
Conquest or
Papinius ba
army, Cary
Orded to a
both of whic
previously si
the latter to
may into E
the peace.
the town of
defeated the
## p. 987 (#1003) ###########################################
"MAXIMUS.
987
MAXIMUS.
MAXIYUS
clair. Taking advantage of the sickson et
Ty, and supported by some Egyptar el
-, sent by Peter, patriurch of Alliard
whose directions they professed to act. Mar.
zs ordained, during the Digbt patred of
sinople, in the place of Grezart, Thomas
had not been perfectly canonical Thea
roceeding excited the greatest indignation
e people, with whom Gregori ras peaks
he emperor Theodosio, then at Thess-
a hom the usurper applied, show than my
Jaximus therefore withdrew to do
3 which he was in a short time esperado
on, Peter. (Gregor. Nazian Cerit
ras 750—1029. )
zation of Gregory, ubo was recorded
chate of Constantinople by Vectra
fit Marimus. His election de
v the kcond general (irst Carsten
nicil, and the presbyteri se bo
vere declared not to be presoriai
can 3 sec. Dionys. Enta;
Isidor. Mercat ; apud Cod
d. Hardouin) He attempted to
ert his claims to the patiente;
zalian bishops for a while resed
ort him, he met with no mars
CAE
SAU
iminus I. , upon whose accession he became Caesar | liscans on the payment of a large sum of money
and Prinoeps Judentutis ; and having accompanied On his return to Rome he celebrated a splendid
the emperor in the campaigns against the barba- triumph-according to Livy, over the Samnites and
rians, he was subsequently styled Germanicus, Etruscans, and after the triumph of Papirius ; nc
Surmaticus, and Dacicus. It does not appear pro- cording to the Triumphal Fasti, over the Samnites
bable, however, that he was invested with the alone, and a month before the triumph of his col-
tribunician power or with the consulship, or that he league. Carvilius acquired great popularity by
was ever formally associated in the imperial dignity distributing a large part of the booty among the
with the title of Augustus, although such legends soldiers, which his colleague had not done ; but
as VICTORIA AUGUSTORUM and MAXIMINUS ET even after this distribution he paid into the trea-
Maximus. Augusti. GERMANICI, are found upon sury 380,000 pounds of bronze, and applied the
medals. He was murdered, along with his father, remainder to the erection of a temple of Fors For-
by the troops while besieging Aquileia, A. D. 238, tuna. With the bronze armour taken from the
at the age of eighteen, or, according to other au- Samnites he made a colossal statue of Jupiter upon
thorities, twenty-one. From coins and inscriptions the Capitol, which was of such a height that it
we are enabled to pronounce with certainty that could be seen from the temple on the Alban Mount;
liis name was Maximus, and not Maximinus, as and with the bronze which fell off in polishing this
Capitolinus would lead us to suppose.
work he had his own statue cast, which was placed
This youth was equally celebrated for the sur- at the feet of the colossus. (Liv. x. 9, 39, 43-45,
passing beauty of his person, the elaborate finish 46 ; Zonar. viii. 1; Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 7, s. 18;
of his dress, and the excessive haughtiness of his Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. iii. p. 392, &c. ) In
demeanour. He was, however, educated with the year after his consulship Carvilius was appointed
much care, was well acquainted with Greek and legate to the consul D. Junius Brutus, as the con-
Latin literature, and seems in many respects to suls of that year did not possess military experience,
have had a good disposition. It is said that Alex- and had been elected in expectation of a state of
ander had at one time some thoughts of bestowing peace. (Zonar. l. c. )
his sister, Theoclia, upon Maximus in marriage ; In B. c. 272, Carvilius was elected consul a
and at a later period he was betrothed to Junia second time with his former colleague L. Papirius
Fadilla, a great-grand-daughter of Antoninus. Cursor, as the people, recollecting their former vic-
(Capitolinus, Maximin. jun. ; Eckhel, vol. vii. p. tories, fully hoped that they would put an end to
291, 297 ; MAXIMINUS I. )
(W. R. ] the Samnite war before Pyrrhus could return again
to Italy. They did not disappoint the expectations
TAS
of the people, though of the details of the war we
have no information. They conquered the Sam-
nites, Lucanians, Bruttians, and Tarentines, and
celebrated a triumph on account of their victories.
(Fasti Capit. ; Zonar, viii. 6; Liv. Epit. 14 ;
Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome vol. iii. p. 524. ) It must
be of this Sp. Carvilius that Velleius Paterculus (ii.
128) relates, that, though born of equestrian rank,
he arrived at the highest honours of the state, and
not of the consul of B. c. 234 [No. 2], as Orelli
MAXIMUS, CAESO'NIUS, was banished supposes (Onom. Tull. vol. ii. p. 133).
from Italy by Nero on the detection of Piso's con- 2. SP. CARVILIUS, SP. F. C. n. Máximus RUGA,
spiracy in A. D. 66. (Tac. Ann. xv. 72. ) From son of No. 1, was consul, B. c. 234, with L. Pos-
an epigram of Martial (vii. 44), addressed to one tumius Albinus, and carried on war first against
Q. Ovidius, a friend of Caesonius Maximus, we the Corsicans and then against the Sardinians : ac-
learn that Maximus had been consul, and also that cording to the Fasti Capitolini he obtained a triumph
he was one of the friends of Seneca, which was no over the latter people. (Zonar, viii. 18. ) He was
doubt the cause of his punishment.
consul a second time in B. C. 228 with Q. Fabius
MAXIMUS, CARVI'LIUS. 1. Sp. Carvi- Maximus Verrucossus, in which ycar, according to
LIUS C. F. C. N. MAXIMUS, was curule aedile B. C. Cicero (Cato, 4), he did not resist, like his col-
299, and consul B. C. 293, with L. Papirius Cursor. league, the agrarian law of the tribune C. Flamic
Their consulship was distinguished by brilliant nius for the division of the lands in Cisalpine Gaul.
victories over the Samnites, who had made immense Polybius (ii.
21), however, places the agrarian law
exertions to ensure success, and had penetrated of C. Flaminius four years earlier, in the consulship
into Campania. Carvilius first took Amiternum, of M. Aemilius Lepidus, B. C. 232.
and then proceeded to assault Cominium, while his Carvilius is not mentioned again till the year
of
colleague engaged with the great Samnite army, the fatal battle of Cannae, B. c. 216, when he pro-
the soldiers of which had devoted themselves to posed, in order to fill up the numbers of the senate
conquest or death by the most solemn vows. After and to unite the Latin allies more closely to the
Papirius had gained a brilliant victory over this Romans in this their season of adversity, that the
army, Carvilius took Cominium, and then pro- vacancies in the senate should be supplied by electing
ceeded to attack Palumbinum and Herculaneum, two senators from each one of the Latin tribes, but
both of which fell into his hands, although he had his proposition was rejected with the utmost indig-
previously suffered a defeat from the Samnites near nation and contempt. He died in B. C. 212, at
the latter town. After this Carvilius was called which time he was augur. (Liv. xxiii. 22, xxvi.
away into Etruria, where the Faliscans had broken 23. )
the peace. Here, too, he was successful; he took Carvilius is related to have been the first person
the town of Troilium and five other fortified places, who divorced his wife, which he is said to have
defeated the enemy and granted peace to the Fa- | done on the ground of barrenness, but his conduct
SAB
Cocoordor
Corcow
EBM
bocca
CUIN OP MAXIMUS CAESAR.
of Gregory Naziarzen zues
a, sc. De vita sa. 16; h
; la MariaFer TILA
for the patriarchate
, and #
the praises of his teatras
ime of Gregory's admiras,
tener, prised the red
'Hara, la Laska Heni
Vatr. 16), which is
Harimus, De Pise, aldi
erome, is lost (ALIPER
-, Hieronym. I
. ;
m Dot Pales; Tilled
43, &a ; Carc, Halt
6, ed Orford, 1741-7;
112. p. 520. ) [J. CL
PPIUS, a
zis of Dimitar as ID
s quelled the rest &
at the site tizza
2) the letters of
expor others to the
4. D. IV be
che Dacias ir
ras age of 10:21
; bai bere ki
Jefeated and person
the Fizet is be
on Case Is it
donos ske
assius as a
utian, is
1/1. 66), asi
us which is a
tis (11. 24
Tre to tie at
pizs Maris
och bra
:
opias vietas
(VzS
so
## p. 988 (#1004) ###########################################
988
MAXIMUS.
· MAXIMUS.
ke others, we
into EnotDO
Boss, ticks,
messengers and
wel stake hi
after some time
so greater ser
and the two A
back to the city
in his prescace
person, but wer
when their toc
cut on and the
ines, from age
Searceir able La
foed in para
Marines and
the ežects of the
Apocrinarios so
herings is one o
artice. Vario
reported to be
mbapot Den.
* Certama
antipabashed
works of Mar
Anastasius Ar
neously stated
ID 291); ba
Bicent docum
Pius ;
was generally disapproved. Whether, however, ( nent Greek ecclesiastic of the sixth and serenth
this was really the first instance of divorce at Rome centuries. He was born at Constantinople abont
may be questioned. (Gell. iv. 3 ; Val. Max. ii. 1. A. D. 580. His parents were eminent for their
$4; Dionys. ü. 25; Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. lineage and station, and still more for their piety.
iïl p. 355. )
Maximus was educated with great strictness; and
MAXIMUS CHRYSOBERGES. An account his careful education, diligence, and natural abilje
of the only published work of this writer is given ties, enabled him to attain the highest excellence
elsewhere. (CHRYSOBERGES Lucas. ) He fou in grammar, rhetoric, and philosophy. He gave
rished about A. D. 1400, and was, though a Greek, his especial attention to the last, cherishing the love
a strenuous defender of the opinions of the Latin of truth and seeking its attainment, and rejecting
church, sending letters to various persons on this all sophistical reasonings.
subject, especially to the people of Constantinople. His own inclination would have led him to a
Wbether the ſlepi diapópw kepalaiwv, Quaestioncs life of privacy and study, but his merit had at-
Sucrae Miscellaneae, by “ Maximus the Monk," tracted regard ; and Heraclius, who had ob-
contained in a MS. of the Imperial Library attained the Byzantine sceptre in A. D. 610, made
Vienna, are by Chrysoberges, is not clear. Max. him his chief secretary, and treated him with the
imus Chrysoberges had for his antagonist Nilus greatest regard and confidence. How long Max-
Damyla. [Nilus. ) (Comp. Fabric. Bibl. Gruec. imus held his important office is not clear ; but
vol ir. p. 679, vol. xi. p. 397 ; Cave, llist. Litt. long before the death of Heraclius (who died A. D.
vol. ii. Appendix, p. 87 ; and Dissert. Prima, p. 641), probably about the middle of that emperor's
14. )
[J. C. M. ] reign, he resigned his post ; and leaving the palace,
: MAXIMUS, CLAU'DIUS, a stoic philosopher en braced a monastic life at Chrysopolis, on the
of the age of the Antonines. He is mentioned by Asiatic side of the Bosporus, opposite Constanti-
Julius Capitolinus (M. Anton. Philosoph. Vita, c. nople. Here he was distinguished by the severity
3) among the preceptors of the emperor Marcus of his ascetic practices, and was soon appointed
Aurelius, who has himself made honourable men hegumenus or abbot of his monastery.
tion of Maximus in his De Rebus suis, lib. i. c. 15 Maximus did not spend his life at Chrysopolis :
(seu ut alii, c. 12), in the reading of which passage he withdrew into Africa (i. e. the Roman province
Casaubon conjecturally substitutes Tapd Ka. Mašlo so called, of which Carthage was the capital); but
jou for the received lection, Tapékanois Mačiuor. at what time and on what account is not clear.
He speaks shortly after (c. 16, seu 13, ad fin. ) of Whether Maximus returned to Chrysopolis is not
a sickness of Maximus in the lifetime of Antoninus known: he was still in Africa in a. D. 645, when
and in another place (viii. 25, seu ut alii, 22, he had his disputation with Pyrrhus, the deposed
sub init. ) he speaks of the death of Maximus and patriarch of Constantinople, in the presence of the
of his widow Secunda. If the sickness mentioned patrician, Gregorius (GREGORIUS, historical, No.
in the first of these quotations was the mortal sick- 4) and the bishops of the province. He had already
ness, we must place the death of Maximus before distinguished himself by his zealous exertions to
that of Antoninus Pius, A. D. 161 ; at any rate it impede the spread of the Monothelite heresy, which
occurred before that of the emperor Aurelius (A. D. he had induced the African bishops to anathema-
180). Some have identified Claudius Maximus tise in a provincial council. In this disputation,
with the Maximus who was consul, A. D. 144; and so cogent were the arguments of Maximus, that
Fabricius (Bibl. Graec. vol iii. p. 550) identifies Pyrrhus owned himself vanquished, and recanted
him with the Claudius Maximus,“ proconsul of his heresy, to which, however, he subsequently re-
Bithynia" (more correctly of Africa), before whom turned, and ultimately (A. D. 654 or 655) recovered
Appuleius defended himself against the charge of his see. Maximus, apparently on the accession of
magic, brought against him by Pontianus. [APPU- Martin I. to the papal throne (A. D. 649), went to
LEJUS] Whether the consul of A. D. 144 and the Rome, and so successfully stimulated the zeal of
proconsul of Africa are the same person (as Tille- the new pope against the Monothelites, that he
mont believes), and whether the stoic philosopher is convoked the council of Lateran, in which the
correctly identified with either, is quite uncertain. heresy and all its abettors were anathematized.
Several learned men, including Jos. Scaliger, This step so irritated the emperor, Constans II. ,
Jac. Cappellus, Dan. Heinsius, and Tillemont who had endeavoured to extinguish the controversy
(Hist
. des Empereurs, vol. ii. p. 550, note 11, sur by a “Typus ” (Tútos) or edict, forbidding all dis-
l'Emp. Tite Antonin) identify Claudius Maximus cussion of the subject [CONSTANS II. ), that on
with Maximus of Tyre (Maximus TYRIUS), but various pretexts he ordered (A. D. 653) the pope
Gatacker and Meric Casaubon (Not. ad Antonin. and Maximus, with two disciples of the latter,
lib. de Rebus suis, i. 15, s. 12), and Davis (Praef. Anastasius Apocrisiarius and another Anastasins,
ad Ed. Maximi Tyri, secund. fragmentum), have and several of the Westem (probably Italian)
shown that this is not correct. Claudius Maximus bishops to be sent as prisoners to Constantinople.
was a stoic, the Tyrian was a Platonist : Claudius The pope arrived at Constantinople A. D. 654,
died, at any rate, before the emperor Marcus and was treated with great severity; and after
Aurelius, while the Tyrian lived under the reign some time was exiled to Chersonae, in the
of Commodus. (Fabric. Biblo Graec. vol. v. p. Chersonesus Taurica or Crimea, where he died
515. )
[J. C. M. ] A. D. 655. Maximus, the time of whose artiral is
MAXIMUS, M. CLO'DIUS PUPIE'NUS, not stated, was repeatedly examined, and after-
was elected emperor with Balbinus, in A. D. 238, wards sentenced to banishment at Bizya, in Thrace.
when the senate received intelligence of the death The two Anastasii were also banished, but to
of the two Gordians in Africa. For particulars, different places; Maximus was not suffered
see BALBINUS.
to remain at peace in his place of exile. Theo
MAXIMUS CONFESSOR (ó oooynths), dosius, bishop of the Bithynian Caesareia, and
known also as the MONK (ó uovaxós), an emi- | two nobles, Paulus and another Theodosius, and
Anastasius App
200ed some va
275, 276,
Venice, roli
Care, His Lite
bric Bith Gro
Santor. Augas
Marimus is
Greek and la
Ettory is cele
the 12th and
13h August
The writing
aren beld in 1
esiderable ar
judgment of 1
style of his 'A:
ture, or rathe
brun S. Sen
long, spun-out
tions and circi
carelessly and
0
bis meaning
works very we
with wandering
irrelevant and i
ever, is less se
and observest
manifest the p
(Phot. Bil. Co
Bithe points is
Vanous of hi
of the sixteen
separately or
writings of the
kmetimes in a
able collection
S. Marimi Coi
imique Philosing
An introductioi
Marimus, and 1
## p. 989 (#1005) ###########################################
MAXIMUS.
989
MAXIMUS.
some others, were sent to him apparently to get his history ; and the works are in some cases ac-
him to renounce his opposition to the Monothelites companied by ancient anonymous Greek scholia,
Blows, kicks, and spitting, were resorted to by the as well as by the notes of the learned editor. This
messengers and their servants, but in vain ; nothing edition is not complete: a third volume was in
could shake his firmness. He was brought back preparation by Combéfis at the time of his death,
after some time to Constantinople, and subjected to A. D. 1679 ; but no successor undertook to com-
still greater severities. He was severely scourged; plete the unfinished labour.
scourged, and banished to the Oasis, on account of Fabric. Bibl. Graec, vol. iii. p. 520. ) [J. C. M. ]
his zeal for orthodoxy and the promptitude with MAXIMUS, L. A'PPIUS, a distingrished
which he succoured those who suffered in the same Roman general in the reigns of Domitian and Tra-
cause (Gregor. Nazianz. Orat. XXV. C. 13, 14). jan. In A. D. 91 Maximus quelled the revolt of
He obtained his release in about four years (16. ), Antonius in Germany, and at the same time bad
probably on the death of Valens ; and it was the magnanimity to burn all the letters of the
perhaps soon after his release that he presented to latter, that they might not expose others to the
the emperor Gratian at Mediolanum (Milan), his vengeance of Domitian. In A. d. 101 he fought
work Tepl tîs alotews, De Fide, written against with success under Trajan in the Dacian war against
the Arians (comp. Hieron. De Viris Ilustr. c. 127). Decebalus. In A. D. 115 he was one of Trajan's
Tillemont, however, thinks that the work was pre- generals in the Parthian war ; but here his good
sented to the emperor when Maximus was in Italy, fortune failed him, for he was defeated and perished
A. D. 382, after the council of Constantinople. in this year. We learn from the Fasti that he
He wrote also against other heretics, but whether was consul in A. D. 103. (Dion Cass. lxvii. 11,
in the same work or in another is not clear (Greg. lxviii. 9, 30) There is some doubt about the
Naz. ib. ); and disputed ably against the heathens exact form of his name. Dion Cassius names him
(16. ). Apparently on his return from Milan be simply L. Maximus ; but Domitian, in a letter
visited Constantinople, where Gregory Nazianzen contained among those of Pliny (x. 66), and the
had just been appointed to the patriarchate (A. D. Fasti call him L. Appius Maximus, which is the
379). Gregory received him with the highest form we have adopted. But Martial (ix. 85), and
honour ; and pronounced an oration in his praise Aurelius Victor (Epit. 11. $ 10), give to the con-
(Orat. xxv. ), compared with which the sober queror of Antonius the name of Appius Norbanus.
commendations of Athanasius and Basil are cold These statements can only be reconciled by sup-
and tame. He received him at his table, and posing that his full name was L. Appius Maximus
treated him with the greatest confidence and Norbanus.
regard. He was, however, grievously disappointed MAXIMUS BYZANTIUS. [MAXIMUS
in bim. Whether the events which followed were EPIROTA. ]
the results solely of the ambition of Maximus, MA'XIMUS CAESAR, whose full name was
or whether Maximus was himself the tool of others, C. JULIUS VERUS MAXIMUS, was the son of Max.
TRU,
C.
MAXIS
frien Italy
spiracy in a
an epigram
4. Ovidius
kean that
be was one
doubt the
MAXI.
LITY C. F. (
299, and co
Their conat
victories ore
Exertions to
ints Campa
and then pr
colleague er
the soldiers
Conquest or
Papinius ba
army, Cary
Orded to a
both of whic
previously si
the latter to
may into E
the peace.
the town of
defeated the
## p. 987 (#1003) ###########################################
"MAXIMUS.
987
MAXIMUS.
MAXIYUS
clair. Taking advantage of the sickson et
Ty, and supported by some Egyptar el
-, sent by Peter, patriurch of Alliard
whose directions they professed to act. Mar.
zs ordained, during the Digbt patred of
sinople, in the place of Grezart, Thomas
had not been perfectly canonical Thea
roceeding excited the greatest indignation
e people, with whom Gregori ras peaks
he emperor Theodosio, then at Thess-
a hom the usurper applied, show than my
Jaximus therefore withdrew to do
3 which he was in a short time esperado
on, Peter. (Gregor. Nazian Cerit
ras 750—1029. )
zation of Gregory, ubo was recorded
chate of Constantinople by Vectra
fit Marimus. His election de
v the kcond general (irst Carsten
nicil, and the presbyteri se bo
vere declared not to be presoriai
can 3 sec. Dionys. Enta;
Isidor. Mercat ; apud Cod
d. Hardouin) He attempted to
ert his claims to the patiente;
zalian bishops for a while resed
ort him, he met with no mars
CAE
SAU
iminus I. , upon whose accession he became Caesar | liscans on the payment of a large sum of money
and Prinoeps Judentutis ; and having accompanied On his return to Rome he celebrated a splendid
the emperor in the campaigns against the barba- triumph-according to Livy, over the Samnites and
rians, he was subsequently styled Germanicus, Etruscans, and after the triumph of Papirius ; nc
Surmaticus, and Dacicus. It does not appear pro- cording to the Triumphal Fasti, over the Samnites
bable, however, that he was invested with the alone, and a month before the triumph of his col-
tribunician power or with the consulship, or that he league. Carvilius acquired great popularity by
was ever formally associated in the imperial dignity distributing a large part of the booty among the
with the title of Augustus, although such legends soldiers, which his colleague had not done ; but
as VICTORIA AUGUSTORUM and MAXIMINUS ET even after this distribution he paid into the trea-
Maximus. Augusti. GERMANICI, are found upon sury 380,000 pounds of bronze, and applied the
medals. He was murdered, along with his father, remainder to the erection of a temple of Fors For-
by the troops while besieging Aquileia, A. D. 238, tuna. With the bronze armour taken from the
at the age of eighteen, or, according to other au- Samnites he made a colossal statue of Jupiter upon
thorities, twenty-one. From coins and inscriptions the Capitol, which was of such a height that it
we are enabled to pronounce with certainty that could be seen from the temple on the Alban Mount;
liis name was Maximus, and not Maximinus, as and with the bronze which fell off in polishing this
Capitolinus would lead us to suppose.
work he had his own statue cast, which was placed
This youth was equally celebrated for the sur- at the feet of the colossus. (Liv. x. 9, 39, 43-45,
passing beauty of his person, the elaborate finish 46 ; Zonar. viii. 1; Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 7, s. 18;
of his dress, and the excessive haughtiness of his Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. iii. p. 392, &c. ) In
demeanour. He was, however, educated with the year after his consulship Carvilius was appointed
much care, was well acquainted with Greek and legate to the consul D. Junius Brutus, as the con-
Latin literature, and seems in many respects to suls of that year did not possess military experience,
have had a good disposition. It is said that Alex- and had been elected in expectation of a state of
ander had at one time some thoughts of bestowing peace. (Zonar. l. c. )
his sister, Theoclia, upon Maximus in marriage ; In B. c. 272, Carvilius was elected consul a
and at a later period he was betrothed to Junia second time with his former colleague L. Papirius
Fadilla, a great-grand-daughter of Antoninus. Cursor, as the people, recollecting their former vic-
(Capitolinus, Maximin. jun. ; Eckhel, vol. vii. p. tories, fully hoped that they would put an end to
291, 297 ; MAXIMINUS I. )
(W. R. ] the Samnite war before Pyrrhus could return again
to Italy. They did not disappoint the expectations
TAS
of the people, though of the details of the war we
have no information. They conquered the Sam-
nites, Lucanians, Bruttians, and Tarentines, and
celebrated a triumph on account of their victories.
(Fasti Capit. ; Zonar, viii. 6; Liv. Epit. 14 ;
Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome vol. iii. p. 524. ) It must
be of this Sp. Carvilius that Velleius Paterculus (ii.
128) relates, that, though born of equestrian rank,
he arrived at the highest honours of the state, and
not of the consul of B. c. 234 [No. 2], as Orelli
MAXIMUS, CAESO'NIUS, was banished supposes (Onom. Tull. vol. ii. p. 133).
from Italy by Nero on the detection of Piso's con- 2. SP. CARVILIUS, SP. F. C. n. Máximus RUGA,
spiracy in A. D. 66. (Tac. Ann. xv. 72. ) From son of No. 1, was consul, B. c. 234, with L. Pos-
an epigram of Martial (vii. 44), addressed to one tumius Albinus, and carried on war first against
Q. Ovidius, a friend of Caesonius Maximus, we the Corsicans and then against the Sardinians : ac-
learn that Maximus had been consul, and also that cording to the Fasti Capitolini he obtained a triumph
he was one of the friends of Seneca, which was no over the latter people. (Zonar, viii. 18. ) He was
doubt the cause of his punishment.
consul a second time in B. C. 228 with Q. Fabius
MAXIMUS, CARVI'LIUS. 1. Sp. Carvi- Maximus Verrucossus, in which ycar, according to
LIUS C. F. C. N. MAXIMUS, was curule aedile B. C. Cicero (Cato, 4), he did not resist, like his col-
299, and consul B. C. 293, with L. Papirius Cursor. league, the agrarian law of the tribune C. Flamic
Their consulship was distinguished by brilliant nius for the division of the lands in Cisalpine Gaul.
victories over the Samnites, who had made immense Polybius (ii.
21), however, places the agrarian law
exertions to ensure success, and had penetrated of C. Flaminius four years earlier, in the consulship
into Campania. Carvilius first took Amiternum, of M. Aemilius Lepidus, B. C. 232.
and then proceeded to assault Cominium, while his Carvilius is not mentioned again till the year
of
colleague engaged with the great Samnite army, the fatal battle of Cannae, B. c. 216, when he pro-
the soldiers of which had devoted themselves to posed, in order to fill up the numbers of the senate
conquest or death by the most solemn vows. After and to unite the Latin allies more closely to the
Papirius had gained a brilliant victory over this Romans in this their season of adversity, that the
army, Carvilius took Cominium, and then pro- vacancies in the senate should be supplied by electing
ceeded to attack Palumbinum and Herculaneum, two senators from each one of the Latin tribes, but
both of which fell into his hands, although he had his proposition was rejected with the utmost indig-
previously suffered a defeat from the Samnites near nation and contempt. He died in B. C. 212, at
the latter town. After this Carvilius was called which time he was augur. (Liv. xxiii. 22, xxvi.
away into Etruria, where the Faliscans had broken 23. )
the peace. Here, too, he was successful; he took Carvilius is related to have been the first person
the town of Troilium and five other fortified places, who divorced his wife, which he is said to have
defeated the enemy and granted peace to the Fa- | done on the ground of barrenness, but his conduct
SAB
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was generally disapproved. Whether, however, ( nent Greek ecclesiastic of the sixth and serenth
this was really the first instance of divorce at Rome centuries. He was born at Constantinople abont
may be questioned. (Gell. iv. 3 ; Val. Max. ii. 1. A. D. 580. His parents were eminent for their
$4; Dionys. ü. 25; Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. lineage and station, and still more for their piety.
iïl p. 355. )
Maximus was educated with great strictness; and
MAXIMUS CHRYSOBERGES. An account his careful education, diligence, and natural abilje
of the only published work of this writer is given ties, enabled him to attain the highest excellence
elsewhere. (CHRYSOBERGES Lucas. ) He fou in grammar, rhetoric, and philosophy. He gave
rished about A. D. 1400, and was, though a Greek, his especial attention to the last, cherishing the love
a strenuous defender of the opinions of the Latin of truth and seeking its attainment, and rejecting
church, sending letters to various persons on this all sophistical reasonings.
subject, especially to the people of Constantinople. His own inclination would have led him to a
Wbether the ſlepi diapópw kepalaiwv, Quaestioncs life of privacy and study, but his merit had at-
Sucrae Miscellaneae, by “ Maximus the Monk," tracted regard ; and Heraclius, who had ob-
contained in a MS. of the Imperial Library attained the Byzantine sceptre in A. D. 610, made
Vienna, are by Chrysoberges, is not clear. Max. him his chief secretary, and treated him with the
imus Chrysoberges had for his antagonist Nilus greatest regard and confidence. How long Max-
Damyla. [Nilus. ) (Comp. Fabric. Bibl. Gruec. imus held his important office is not clear ; but
vol ir. p. 679, vol. xi. p. 397 ; Cave, llist. Litt. long before the death of Heraclius (who died A. D.
vol. ii. Appendix, p. 87 ; and Dissert. Prima, p. 641), probably about the middle of that emperor's
14. )
[J. C. M. ] reign, he resigned his post ; and leaving the palace,
: MAXIMUS, CLAU'DIUS, a stoic philosopher en braced a monastic life at Chrysopolis, on the
of the age of the Antonines. He is mentioned by Asiatic side of the Bosporus, opposite Constanti-
Julius Capitolinus (M. Anton. Philosoph. Vita, c. nople. Here he was distinguished by the severity
3) among the preceptors of the emperor Marcus of his ascetic practices, and was soon appointed
Aurelius, who has himself made honourable men hegumenus or abbot of his monastery.
tion of Maximus in his De Rebus suis, lib. i. c. 15 Maximus did not spend his life at Chrysopolis :
(seu ut alii, c. 12), in the reading of which passage he withdrew into Africa (i. e. the Roman province
Casaubon conjecturally substitutes Tapd Ka. Mašlo so called, of which Carthage was the capital); but
jou for the received lection, Tapékanois Mačiuor. at what time and on what account is not clear.
He speaks shortly after (c. 16, seu 13, ad fin. ) of Whether Maximus returned to Chrysopolis is not
a sickness of Maximus in the lifetime of Antoninus known: he was still in Africa in a. D. 645, when
and in another place (viii. 25, seu ut alii, 22, he had his disputation with Pyrrhus, the deposed
sub init. ) he speaks of the death of Maximus and patriarch of Constantinople, in the presence of the
of his widow Secunda. If the sickness mentioned patrician, Gregorius (GREGORIUS, historical, No.
in the first of these quotations was the mortal sick- 4) and the bishops of the province. He had already
ness, we must place the death of Maximus before distinguished himself by his zealous exertions to
that of Antoninus Pius, A. D. 161 ; at any rate it impede the spread of the Monothelite heresy, which
occurred before that of the emperor Aurelius (A. D. he had induced the African bishops to anathema-
180). Some have identified Claudius Maximus tise in a provincial council. In this disputation,
with the Maximus who was consul, A. D. 144; and so cogent were the arguments of Maximus, that
Fabricius (Bibl. Graec. vol iii. p. 550) identifies Pyrrhus owned himself vanquished, and recanted
him with the Claudius Maximus,“ proconsul of his heresy, to which, however, he subsequently re-
Bithynia" (more correctly of Africa), before whom turned, and ultimately (A. D. 654 or 655) recovered
Appuleius defended himself against the charge of his see. Maximus, apparently on the accession of
magic, brought against him by Pontianus. [APPU- Martin I. to the papal throne (A. D. 649), went to
LEJUS] Whether the consul of A. D. 144 and the Rome, and so successfully stimulated the zeal of
proconsul of Africa are the same person (as Tille- the new pope against the Monothelites, that he
mont believes), and whether the stoic philosopher is convoked the council of Lateran, in which the
correctly identified with either, is quite uncertain. heresy and all its abettors were anathematized.
Several learned men, including Jos. Scaliger, This step so irritated the emperor, Constans II. ,
Jac. Cappellus, Dan. Heinsius, and Tillemont who had endeavoured to extinguish the controversy
(Hist
. des Empereurs, vol. ii. p. 550, note 11, sur by a “Typus ” (Tútos) or edict, forbidding all dis-
l'Emp. Tite Antonin) identify Claudius Maximus cussion of the subject [CONSTANS II. ), that on
with Maximus of Tyre (Maximus TYRIUS), but various pretexts he ordered (A. D. 653) the pope
Gatacker and Meric Casaubon (Not. ad Antonin. and Maximus, with two disciples of the latter,
lib. de Rebus suis, i. 15, s. 12), and Davis (Praef. Anastasius Apocrisiarius and another Anastasins,
ad Ed. Maximi Tyri, secund. fragmentum), have and several of the Westem (probably Italian)
shown that this is not correct. Claudius Maximus bishops to be sent as prisoners to Constantinople.
was a stoic, the Tyrian was a Platonist : Claudius The pope arrived at Constantinople A. D. 654,
died, at any rate, before the emperor Marcus and was treated with great severity; and after
Aurelius, while the Tyrian lived under the reign some time was exiled to Chersonae, in the
of Commodus. (Fabric. Biblo Graec. vol. v. p. Chersonesus Taurica or Crimea, where he died
515. )
[J. C. M. ] A. D. 655. Maximus, the time of whose artiral is
MAXIMUS, M. CLO'DIUS PUPIE'NUS, not stated, was repeatedly examined, and after-
was elected emperor with Balbinus, in A. D. 238, wards sentenced to banishment at Bizya, in Thrace.
when the senate received intelligence of the death The two Anastasii were also banished, but to
of the two Gordians in Africa. For particulars, different places; Maximus was not suffered
see BALBINUS.
to remain at peace in his place of exile. Theo
MAXIMUS CONFESSOR (ó oooynths), dosius, bishop of the Bithynian Caesareia, and
known also as the MONK (ó uovaxós), an emi- | two nobles, Paulus and another Theodosius, and
Anastasius App
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275, 276,
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An introductioi
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## p. 989 (#1005) ###########################################
MAXIMUS.
989
MAXIMUS.
some others, were sent to him apparently to get his history ; and the works are in some cases ac-
him to renounce his opposition to the Monothelites companied by ancient anonymous Greek scholia,
Blows, kicks, and spitting, were resorted to by the as well as by the notes of the learned editor. This
messengers and their servants, but in vain ; nothing edition is not complete: a third volume was in
could shake his firmness. He was brought back preparation by Combéfis at the time of his death,
after some time to Constantinople, and subjected to A. D. 1679 ; but no successor undertook to com-
still greater severities. He was severely scourged; plete the unfinished labour.
