No More Learning

That is: The self nature (svabhdva, svalaksana) of rupa, etc. , always exists; but the being,
rUpa, etc. (rupadibhdva), is not held to be eternal. Would it thus be different from its self nature? No, it is not different from its self nature. Purely arbitrary, this theory is an arbitrary action, which has no justification (ndtra yuktir asti).
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103. Samyukta, 13. 21 (TD 2, p. 92bl5? ).
104. According to Hsiian-tsang: "the word 'is' is applied to what exists, as well as to what does not exist. " Bodhicaryavatara, 581. 17: astiiabdasya nipdtatvdt kdlatrayavrttitvam. See ii. 55d, page 245 of our translation.
105. Or, according to one varient: "on the subject of the Parivrajakas. . . " This refers to the monks who assassinated Maudgalyayana and who affirmed the non-existence of past action:
yat karmdbhyatitam tan ndsti.
According to the gloss of the Japanese editor, this Sutra is found in Madhyama 4. 10;
according to the Vydkhyd, in the Samyuktakdgama. Neither Jdtaka 522, nor the Dhammapada commentary (x. 7), which recounts the death of Maudgalyayana, gives the name of the Parivrajakas.
106. Quotation {Samyukta, TD 2, p. 92cl6) reproduced in Bodhicaryavatara ad ix. 142 (p. 581):caksurbhiksavautpadydmdnamnakutasridagacchati/ nirudhyamdnamcanakvacit samnicayam gaccbati / iti hi bhiksavah caksur abhUtvd bhavati bh&tvd ca prativigacchati.
Another fragment of the ParamdrthaiunyatdsUtra is quoted ad ix. 73 (p. . 474): iti hi bhiksavo'sti karma / asti phalam J kdrakas tu nopalabhyate ya iman skandhdn vijahdti anyami ca skandhdn upddatte; a quotation reproduced in Madhyamakdvatdra (p. 262, Tibetan trans. ), Sutrdlamkdra, xviii. lOl (text p. 158, trans, p. 264) and utilized by Vasubandhu (Hsiian-tsang's edition, TD 29, p. 154cl3, p. 155b26) in the supplement to the Ko/a.
107. AbhUd bhavisyati ca: that which, in the present, has been or will be "visible," is the object.
108. Divyacaksuravabhdsa, vii. 42.
109. Samyukta, 26. 25. "Progress" = khyad par du 'gro. Samghabhadra (TD 29, p. 635bl7)
quotes a more developed redaction.
110. Lo rtsi ba pa rnams, "troops in the rain. " One should add this quotation to the two passages mentioned by Garbe, Sdmkhya-Philosophie, p. 36, Yogabhdsya, iii. 52 and Sdmkhyattattvakaumudi, ad 47. Samghabhadra, TD 29, p. 634a5.
111. Mahdniddesa p. 133: sabbam vuccati dvddasdyatandni; Samyutta, iv. 13: kifi ca bhikkhave sabbam? cakkhum cevarupd ca . . . Majjhima, i. 3. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 91a27. See also De la Valle'e Poussin's Nirvana (1924), Chap. Ill, Para. 1.
112. Hsiian-tsang: "The past and the future truly exist, as does the present. All those who, here, are not capable of explaining [gloss of the Japanese editor, "the objections of the Sautrantikas"] and who desire their own good (Mahdvyutpatti, 245. 1201), should know that "The nature of things is very profound;' it is not of the sphere of reasoning. Do those who are not capable of explaining it have the right to deny it? (ch'i pu neng shih pien po wet
Samghabhadra (TD 29, p. 634cl9-635a2) protests with vigor: "Do not attribute to the Vaibhasikas opinions which are not theirs! . . . What are the difficulties that I have not explained? "
I do not believe that Stcherbatski's version, p. 91, is correct, dran ba = t'ung- shih . M S = >># = to explain. There is no reason to correct "undoubtedly" by b/ad pa which is not suggested either by Hsiian-tsang or by Samghabhadra, although MacGovern thinks so.
113. Added by Paramartha. 114. Adhvasamgfhitatvdt =adhvasvabhdvatvdt,i. 7c.
115. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 394bl9: "When future conditioned (samskrta) things arise, should
? one say that they arise having already arisen, or that they arise not yet having arisen? What harm is there in admitting either of these hypotheses? Both of them are bad . . .
"Answer: One should say that the dbarma, already arisen, arises by reason of causes and conditions (hetupratyaya): this means that all dharmas already possess their self natures, each one of them remains in its nature and, already possessing this nature, one says that it has arisen. But it has not arisen from causes and conditions: even though its nature is already arisen, one says that it arises because it is produced by a complex of causes and conditions. On the other hand, an unarisen dharma arises by reason of cause and conditions: that is, a future dharma is qualified as non-arisen because it presently arises from causes and conditions. . . "
116. Above note 112 and page 821; the Japanese editor glosses vastu as "having the nature of anuiaya, etc. "
117. The Vydkhyd defines tadvisayaih as prahinaprakdravisayaih. 118. Vastu glossed as above; the defilements, v. 4.
119- According to the gloss of the Japanese editor: he continues to be bound to the Truth of Suffering (that is to say to the five updddnaskandhas considered as suffering).
120. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 449a25.
121. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 457 and following.
122. Anaya disa = anaya vartanyd.
123. See v. 3,17-18, 39.
124. Quoted in Vydkhyd (Petrograd) p. 14 line 19. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 112al3.
125. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 313bl5. See above note 21 and vi. 58b.
126. For the calculation of the dravyas, "distinct things," see v. 4-5a, 5b-c. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 243c20, p. 247b29.
127. See Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 248bll.
128. They are independent because they are associated with rdga, etc. (Vydkhyd). Hsiian-tsang: "They are not mentioned because they are very few (being two in number) and are not independent (that is, not arisng through their own force). "
129. See Atthasdlini, 369, trans. 475. Avidyd is the root of other dsravas and of samsdra. lt is said: avidyd hetuh samrdgdya . . . and yah kdscana durgatayo. . . (Itivuttaka, Para. 40); see vi. 3.
130. According to the author: vineyajanavaidd dfspiyogah prthag uktah.
131. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 248a22: This name is not justified either by the aspect (dkdra) or by the object (dlambana) of this updddna. . . Whereas the defilements of Kamadhatu take place (pravartate) by reason of the pleasure of lust, by reason of external objects, by reason of enjoyment (bhoga), and by reason of another, and are consequently called kdmopdddna, the defilements of the two higher spheres are of opposite character and are produced internally: thus they are called dtmavddopdddna.
132. Anaianddibhih: by means of starvation, by throwing oneself into water or fire (jaldgniprapatana), by silence (mauna), or by wearing rags (csrdddna).
133. Isfavisayaparivarjanena: all types of ascetic practices: rasapariytdga, bhUmifayya, malapankadhdrana, nagnacaryd, kefottuficana, etc. On the other ascetic practices, etc. , see iv. 64, 86 and v. 7, 8.
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134. The Vibhdsd (TD 27', p. 248a4) contains an interesting text by Ghosaka.
135. The etymology of upadana is bhavam upddaddti "who grasps bhava" (see above note 3). Now avidyd does not "grasp" (see above note 3). The Vibhdsd, (TD 27, p. 247c7) gives several explanations.
136. The author, according to the Vydkhayd. According to Hui-hui, the Sautrantika says: "The updddnas have rdga for their nature: rdga with respect to the five enjoyments is kdmopdddna; with respect to the sixty-two drstis, it is drstyupdddna; with respect to the iilavratas, it is itlavratopdddna; and with respect to the dtmavdda of the three Dhatus, it is atmavadopadana.
137. Our Sutra gives ten synonyms. The first three are mentioned in the Vydkhyd. The list of Anguttara, ii. 10, has eight terms: kdmardga, nandi, sneha, mucchd, pipdsd, parildha, jjhosana, and tanhd (see also Samyutta, iv. 188, Vibhanga, 374). The version of Hsiian-tsang has twelve terms.
138. Compare Samyutta, iii.
101: api cayo tattha (pancupdddnakkhandhesu) chandardgo tarn tattha updddnam ti (see also iii. 167, iv. 89).
139. In other words, it is only rdga which is yoga or updddna.
140. The Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 257a23, gives only three explanations: 1. they are atomic; 2. they constitute anusayana (sui-tseng $ 8 ^ )'>> 3. sui-fu ' $fi$JL which corres- ponds to rjes su 'bran ba - anubandh. Vasubandhu adds sui-chu ISJM which corresponds to rjes 'brel - anusaj.
P'u-kuang believes that "atomic" explains -iaya, and that the other terms explain rf<<#-(and this appears to be the thought of Vasubandhu); for Hui-k'ai, the four terms explain anusaya (and this is the thesis of Samghabhadra).
i. Samghabhadra, TD 29, p. 64lcl0:
1) Before the defilements (klesa) are manifested, their mode of existence (pracdra, pravrtti) isdifficulttoknow. Theyarethussubtle(anu). ThisiswhyAnandasays:"Idonot know if I produce or if I do not produce a thought of pride (mdna) with respect to my companions. " He does not say that he does not produce a thought of pride because the mode of existence of the anusaya of pride is difficult to know. If Ananda does not know of the existence or the non-existence of a prideful thought, how much less so prthagjanas. Such is also the case for the other anufayas.
According to another opinion, the anusayas are subtle, because they accomplish their anusayana in a very short (anu) period of time (ksana).
2) They accomplish their anusayana (they become active or nourish themselves) in two ways: from the fact of their object (dlambanatas), and from the fact of their samprayuktas (samprayOgatas). How is this? As we have explained, either (a) as an enemy (fatruvat) searching out a weak point (chidrdnvesin) or as a serpent who poisons by his glance (drstivisavat); (b) as a ball of hot iron heats up water or as the serpent who poisons through contact (sparsavisavat).
These two, the dlambana and the samprayuktas, are similar to the nourishment that anusayana creates for an infant: it causes the infant to grow and causes his talents to accumulate (upacaya) little by little; in the same way the dlambana and the samprayuktas make the series of the klesa grow and accumulate.
3) They adhere: they produce the adhesion of the prdptis in a beginningless series.
4) They bind: for they are very difficult to put down, like quartan fever (Huber, Sutrdlamkdra, p. 177) or rat poison. According to another opinion, they bind, that is, their prdptis always follow after (anu): like the water of the ocean . . .
For these reasons these two types of klesa receive the name of anusaya.
ii. The Tibetan translates (a) phra-rgyas - "atomic-extended," because, says Candra Das, the anusaya "first comes into insignificant form and then assumes more important dimensions;" (b) bag-la-nal; nal = "to lie down, sleep;" perhaps bag la signifies: "with
? respect to;" the varient of Jaschke, bag-med-pa = "in the absence of fear" is probabaly not relevant here.
=
Chinese equivalents: sui-mien |? jj|E
"darkness-sleep. " iii. Non-technical use of anuseti, anusayHum, references of Morris, JPTS. 1886, p. 123: "to adhere closely to," "to continue, to endure. " Samyutta, ii. 65, anuseti - ceteti, pakappeti, "to will, imagine, consider. "
r
141. Anusanga = ryes su brel, Mabdvyutpatti, 281. 122. Vydkhyd: dlambandt samprayukteb-
hyo vd svdrh samtatim vardhayantafy prdptibhir upacinvanti: increasing their series, either by reason of their object, or by reason of their associated dbarmas, they fix it by means of the prdptis. Anubadhnanttty anukrdntef cdturthakajvaravan musikdvisavac ca: they bind, because they "follow" like the quartan fever or like the poison of a rat (Bodbicarydvatdra, ix. 24).
142. Suklavidarsana: klesakunapam akusalamulam asravantity avidydbhavadrstikdmasravds catvdrah.
On dsrava - dsrava - dsrava - asava -dsaya, see Senart, Melanges Harlez, p. 292-3; Keith, Buddhist Philosophy, p. 128 note; Atthasalini, p. 48. Among the Jainas, Sarvadarsana, trans, p. 53-54.
143- According to Hsuan-tsang: The anusayas remove good (kusala).
144. According to Hsiian-tsang: The anusayas bind beings. The Vydkhyd has a lacuna here. It gives klesayanti--which corresponds to 'byor byed--which appears to be a copyist's error for slesayanti.
145. The Vydkhyd interprets these definitions: ogha comes from the root vah; haranti is thus the equivalent of vahanti. The anusayas are oghas because they transport the mental series into another existence, or from object to object (visaydntara). They are yogas because they bind this series to another existence, or to an object. They are updddnas because they grasp this series and put it into a new existence, or into sense objects (kdma).
146. Explanation of the Sautrantikas (Vydkhyd).
147. Samyukta TD 2, p. 128b29. Compare anusotagdmin and the patisotagdmin of
Anguttara, i. 5.
148. A summary of the Pali explanations in Compendium, p. 170, 227.
149- On these different categories, Mabdvyutpatti, 109. 52 and following: samyojana, bandhana, anusaya, paryutthdna, upaklesa, paryavasthdna, paryavanaddha, dsrava, ogha, yoga, updddna, grantha, nivarana. Paryutthdna = kun nas Idan ba; paryavasthdna (var. paryupasthdna) - kun nas dkris pa; paryavanaddha - yons su dkris pa. On the nivaranas,
Ko/a, iv. trans, p. 678, Digha, i. 246.
150. Vibbdsd, TD 27, p. 236bl9.
151. One distinguishes three samyojanas that the Srotaapanna abandons (Kosa, vi. 43c-d), discussed in Vibbdsd, TD 27, p. 236bl9; nine samyojanas (Vibbdsd, p. 258a3); five samyojanas, namely rdga, pratigha, mdna, irsyd, and mdtsarya (Vibbdsd, p. 252a21).
The sword samyojana means "bond" (bsi-fu ? | # i | ) , "connection with suffering," "nourishment mixed with poison. " The Aryans are disgusted with even the best rebirths and with impure (sdsrava) absorptions, such as the apramdnas, vimoksas, abhibhvdyatanas, and krtsndyatanas (see Ko/a, viii), as with a food mixed with poison.
Vasumitra explains why only five klesas are "bonds": "Only the defilements which embrace error (mi^) with respect to things (dravya) and which are svalaksanaklesas (v. 23) bind the mind. Three defilements are of this type,--rdga, pratigha, mdna,--and are thus "bonds. " The five views and doubt are sdmdnyakleias (v. 23) which include error of
"<*>>#-sleep;" yin-mien P? ? |JS =
footnotes 885
? 886 Chapter Five
reasoning- [and bear on non-existent things, such as the "self']. Avidyd includes these two errors, but, more frequently, only the second one; thus it is not cut off like a "bond" Among the paryavasthanas, jealousy and egoism {irsya, matsarya) are bonds: error with respect to things, they trouble the two categories of persons (monks and laity), they trouble humans and gods, and do evil to many. The other paryavasthanas do not do this. "
The Abhidhammasamgaha {Compendium, p. 172), numbers the samyojanas in the Suttas and Abhidhamma.
152. There exists a non-universal (asarvatraga) drsfisamyojana consisting of mithyddrsti, to be abandoned through the Truths of Nirodha and the Path; but its objects are the pure dharmas (v. 18); it does not bear on the dharmas associated with the pardmarfas.
153. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 258c21.
154. Vydkhyd: "The reason proposed does not raise any difficulty" (na bhavaty ayam parihdrah). What then is the reason given? On this point, Samghabhadra (TD 29, p. 643bl6):'
"By reason of their intense activity, irsya and matsarya constitute separate samyojanas. . " The Vydkhyd reproduces the essentials of the text of Samghabhadra and gives some fragments of the Karika that this master adds to the Karikas of Vasubandhu in the Samayapradipikd (Taisho no. 1563). Hsiian-tsang attributes the said Karika to Vasubandhu (TD 29, p. 108b25) and here (p. 108cl8-24) places the following commentary in the Bhdsyam: "When one admits the existence of the ten paryavasthanas, one should say: irsya and mdtsargya constitute distinct samyojanas for four reasons: (1) by reason of their intense activity (abhiksnasamuddcdritvdt); (2) because they produce, in good realms of rebirth, lack of power and of goods (alpeidkhya, alpabhogakdranatvdt)--a just punishment for jealousy and greed; (3) because they indicate the totality of the klesas (sarvasUcandt), which are either sad (samtdpasahagata) or happy (dmodasahagata); (4) because they torment two categories of persons (dvipaksakleiamatvdc, ca; Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 259a28): the laity and the clergy (jealousy over goods, jealousy over spiritual attainments), gods and Asuras, gods and humans, oneself and others. Thus they have been set aside (mdtsarayersye prthak krte). [The Blessed One said: "gods and humans, Oh Kau? ika, are bound by jealousy and greed": these are par excellence (ddhikyena) the kleias of the good realms of rebirth. ]
Paramartha also attributes the following karika to V asubandhu:. . . The reason proposed does not raise difficulties . . . The stanza says: "Because they are the causes of (rebirth in) a non-noble family and of poverty, because they involve all others, because they torment the two categories (of persons), jealousy and greed are separate samyojanas "The commentary says: "There are other masters who say that among the paryavasthanas, jealousy and greed present three defects. Through jealousy, one is reborn into a miserable family. "
155. Madhyama TD 1, p. 778cl5 (=Majjhima, i. 432; Malunkyaputra = man-t'ung-tze i t i ^ )> Dirgha, 8. 2, Samyukta, TD 2, p. 153a21; Digha, ii. 92, 252, iii. 234,
Anguttara, iv. 459, v. 17.
156. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 252b25: "Why are these five called avarabhdgiya? What is the meaning of this expression? These five samyojanas manifest themselves (samuddcdra) in the lower sphere, are abandoned in this same sphere, bind birth (i. e. , being about rebirth) and produce outflowing and retributive results in this same sphere. "
157. Apare, according to the Vydkhyd, refers to the Yogacarins. Theory presented in Vibhdsd, ibid.
158. Ekottara, TD 2, p. 630a8; Samyukta, TD 2, p. 264b24ff, p. 342b25. The Sutra, according to the Vydkhyd, begins: kiyata bhadanta srotadpanno bhavati / yatai ca Mahdndmann dryafrdvaka idam duhkham dryasatyam. . . iyam duhkhanirodhagdminipratipad dryasatyam iti yathdbhUtam prajdndti trini easya samyojandni prahindni bhavanti parijfidtdni tadyathd satkdyadrspih
? filavratapardmars'o vicikitsd ca / sa esdm traydndm samyojandndm prahdndt srotadpanno bbavati avinipdtadharmd sambodhipardyanah saptakfdbhavaparamah saptakftvo devdrhfca manusydmica samsrtya samdhavya duhkhasydntam karisyati. Compare Digha, iii. 107 = 132: avam puggalo yathdnusiffham tathdpapipajjamdno tinnam sarkyojandnarh parikkhayd sotadpanno bhavassati avinipdtadhammo niyato sambodhipardyano. Puggalapantiatti p. 12, definition of the prthagjana: yassa . . . tint samyojandni appahindni. . . See vi. 34a-b, where this Sutra is commented upon.
159. "According to the School, there are three types of kie/as. "This refers to darianaheya, v. 4. Hsiian-tsang: "The true explanation is that, whereas the Srotaapanna abandons six klefas, it is said that he abandons three, because these three comprise . . . "
160. Apare, according to the Vydkhyd, refers to the author.
161. Dirgha, TD 1, p. 51bl2; Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 253c2:" . . . they cause one to rise, to turn
towards the heights, and the series to be reborn above . . . "
162. Ekottara, TD 2, p. 589c20, Samyukta, TD 2, p.