)
Strongbow
lands in Ireland.
Cambridge Medieval History - v5 - Contest of Empire and the Papacy
942 (#988) ############################################
942
Chronological Table
1090-1097 Henry IV's expedition to Italy.
1091 Completion of the Norman conquest of Sicily.
1092 Annexation of Cumberland and Westmorland to England.
(Nov. ) Death of Malik Shāh.
1093 Revolt of Conrad in Italy.
1093–1109 Anselm Archbishop of Canterbury.
1095 (Mar. ) Council of Piacenza.
(27 Nov. ) Council of Clermont. Pope Urban II proclaims the First
Crusade.
1097 (19 June) Surrender of Nicaea.
(1 July) Battle of Dorylaeum.
1098 (21 Mar. ) The Cistercian Order founded by Robert of Molesme.
(3 June) Fall of Antioch.
(28 June) Defeat of Karböghā's army near Antioch, the turning-point
in the history of the First Crusade.
1099 (15 July) Capture of Jerusalem.
(22 July) Godfrey of Bouillon chosen Prince of Jerusalem.
(12 Aug. ) Defeat of the Egyptians near Ascalon; the last achievement
of the First Crusade.
1099-1118 Paschal II Pope.
1100-1135 Henry I King of England.
1100-1118 Baldwin I King of Jerusalem.
1100 (Sept. ) Death of the anti-Pope Clement III.
Coronation Charter of Henry I of England.
c. 1100 Irnerius, founder of the Glossators, teaches Roman Law at Bologna.
1103 Accession of Roger II, Count of Sicily.
1104 Revolt of Henry V against his father the Emperor Henry IV.
1106 (7 Aug. ) Death of the Emperor Henry IV. End of the schism between
the Empire and the Papacy.
(28 Sept. ) Battle of Tinchebrai.
The Order of Fontevrault approved by Pope Paschal II.
1107 (23 May) Council of Troyes.
(Aug. ) Henry I of England reconciled to Anselm; English Investiture
compromise.
1108-1137 Reign of Louis VI of France.
c. 1108 Practice of lay-investiture by the King of France lapses.
1110-1111 Henry V's expedition to Italy.
1111 Imprisonment of Pope Paschal II, and his concession of investiture;
Henry V crowned Emperor.
1115 Revolt of Saxony.
(25 June) Foundation of Clairvaux.
(24 July) Death of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany.
1115-1153 St Bernard Abbot of Clairvaux.
1118-1119 Gelasius II Pope.
1118 (April) Excommunication of Henry V by Pope Gelasius II, and renewal
of the schism between the Empire and the Papacy.
1118–1131 Baldwin II King of Jerusalem.
1119-1124 Calixtus II Pope.
1119 (23 Dec. ) Pope Calixtus II confirms the Carta Caritatis of the Cistercian
Order.
c. 1120 Foundation of the Orders of Templars and Hospitallers.
1120 Foundation of the Premonstratensian Order.
1121 Condemnation of Abelard at Soissons.
1122 (23 Sept. ) The Concordat of Worms reconciles the Empire and the
Papacy.
1123 First Lateran Council.
1124-1130 Honorius II Pope.
1125 (23 May) Death of the Emperor Henry V.
1125 (30 Aug. ) Lothar of Supplinburg elected to the German kingship as
Lothar III.
## p. 943 (#989) ############################################
Chronological Table
943
1127 (2 Mar. ) Charles the Good, Count of Flanders, murdered at Bruges.
Death of William, Duke of Apulia.
Conversion of the Wends recommenced.
(Dec. ) Conrad of Hohenstaufen elected anti-king at Spires.
1128 (June) Marriage of the Empress Matilda to Geoffrey Plantagenet.
(Aug. ) Roger II of Sicily invested with the duchy of Apulia by Pope
Honorius II.
1130 Disputed election of Innocent II and Anacletus II as Pope.
Count Roger II crowned King of Sicily at Palermo (25 Dec. ).
1131 The Gilbertine Order founded at Sempringham in Lincolnshire.
1131-1144 Fulk King of Jerusalem.
1133 (4 June) Lothar III crowned as Emperor at Rome by Pope Innocent II.
1135 (Mar. ) The Diet of Bamberg ends the conflict between the Emperor
Lothar III and the Hohenstaufen.
Death of Henry I of England (1 Dec. ). Succession of Stephen.
1136 Lothar III's second expedition to Italy.
1137 (4 Dec. ) Death of the Emperor Lothar III.
1137-1180 Reign of Louis VII of France.
1138 (25 Jan. ) Death of the anti-Pope Anacletus II.
(3 Mar. ) Conrad III elected King of Germany.
(Aug. ) Battle of the Standard near Northallerton.
1139 Second Lateran Council.
Innocent II makes the Augustinian Rule compulsory on Canons Regular.
Matilda lands in England. Outbreak of civil war.
(22 July) Pope Innocent II defeated and captured by the Normans at
the battle of the Garigliano.
1140 Condemnation of Abelard at Sens at the instance of St Bernard.
1141 (2 Feb. ) Stephen taken prisoner at the battle of Lincoln.
(3 Mar. ) The Empress Matilda proclaimed Queen of England,
Death of Hugh of St Victor.
c. 1141 Compilation of Gratian's Decretum.
1143 Communal rising at Rome.
Foundation of the new city of Lübeck.
1143-1144 Celestine II Pope.
1144 (25 Dec. ) The Muslims capture Edessa.
1144–1145 Lucius II Pope.
1144-1163 Baldwin III King of Jerusalem.
1145-1153 Eugenius III Pope.
1146 (31 Mar. ) St Bernard preaches the Second Crusade at the assembly at
1147 Wendish massacre at Lübeck. The Wendish Crusade.
Disasters to the Crusaders in Asia Minor.
1148 Matilda leaves England.
(July) Defeat of the Crusaders before Damascus.
Trial of Gilbert de la Porrée before the Pope at Rheims.
c. 1148 The De Consideratione of St Bernard.
1150 Henry becomes Duke of Normandy.
1151 (13 Jan. ) Death of Suger, Abbot of St Denis.
(7 Sept. ) Death of Geoffrey Plantagenet. Henry of Normandy succeeds
to Anjou and Maine.
1152 (15 Feb. ) Death of Conrad III.
(4 Mar. ) Election of Frederick Barbarossa as King of Germany at
Frankfort.
(May) Marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine to Henry of Anjou.
1153 (Mar. ) Treaty of Constance between Frederick Barbarossa and Pope
Eugenius III.
Occupation of Bona. Norman dominion in Africa reaches its greatest
extent.
(Nov. ) Treaty of Wallingford between Stephen and Henry of Anjou.
1154-1155 (Oct. ) Frederick Barbarossa's first expedition to Italy.
Vézelay.
## p. 944 (#990) ############################################
944
Chronological Table
1154 (25 Oct. ) Death of Stephen of England.
1154–1166 William I King of Sicily.
1154 1159 Hadrian IV (Nicholas Breakspear) Pope.
1154-1189 Henry II King of England.
1155 Execution of Arnold of Brescia.
(18 June) Frederick Barbarossa crowned Emperor at Rome by Pope
Hadrian IV.
1156 (28 May) The Normans defeat the Byzantines at Brindisi.
Treaty of Benevento between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Papacy.
(17 Sept. ) Diet of Ratisbon establishes the power of Henry the Lion and
creates the duchy of Austria.
1157 (Oct. ) Diet of Besançon.
1158 Peace between the Emperor Manuel and William I, King of Sicily.
(July) Second expedition of Frederick Barbarossa to Italy.
Surrender of Milan.
Diet of Roncaglia.
1159 Revolt of Milan.
(7 Sept. ) Disputed election of Alexander III and Victor IV as Pope.
1160 (Jan. ) Capture of Mahdiyah. End of the Norman dominion in Africa.
(Feb. ) Synod of Pavia. Frederick Barbarossa recognises the anti-Pope
Victor IV.
1160–1162 Final subjection of the Wends by Henry the Lion.
1162 (Mar. ) Capture and destruction of Milan by Frederick Barbarossa.
Becket appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.
1163–1174 Amaury I King of Jerusalem.
1164 (Jan. ) Constitutions of Clarendon.
(Apr. ) Death of the anti-Pope Victor IV.
The Order of the Knights of Calatrava approved by Pope Alexander III.
c. 1164 Death of Peter the Lombard.
1165 (23 Nov. ) Pope Alexander III enters Rome supported by Norman troops.
1166 Assize of Clarendon.
The Carta of Henry II of England.
1166-1168 Frederick Barbarossa's fourth expedition to Italy.
1166-1189 William II King of Sicily.
1167 Beginnings of the Lombard League. Milan rebuilt.
(24 July) Frederick Barbarossa begins the siege of Rome.
(Aug. ) The German army driven from Rome by pestilence.
1169 Conquest of Egypt for Nūr-ad-Din of Damascus.
1170 The Inquest of Sheriffs.
(Aug.
) Strongbow lands in Ireland.
(29 Dec. ) Murder of Becket in Canterbury Cathedral.
c. 1170 Rise of the Universities.
1171 Foundation of the Order of the Knights of Santiago.
1171-1172 Henry II visits Ireland, and receives general submission.
c. 1172 Writing of the Roman de Rou.
1173-1174 Rebellion in England.
1174-1177 Frederick Barbarossa's fifth expedition to Italy.
1174_1185 Baldwin IV King of Jerusalem.
1174-1193 Reign of Saladin.
1176 (29 May) Defeat of Frederick Barbarossa at Legnano.
Treaty of Anagni between the Emperor and the Pope. End of the Papal
schism.
Assize of Northampton.
1177 (23 July) Treaty of Venice.
1179 (Mar. ) Third Lateran Council.
The Grand Assize (of Windsor).
1180 (13 Apr. ) Diet of Gelnhausen. Partition of the Duchy of Saxony.
(24 June) Diet of Ratisbon. Partition of the Duchy of Bavaria.
Death of John of Salisbury.
1181 Henry II's Assize of Arms.
## p. 945 (#991) ############################################
Chronological Table
945
1181 Submission and exile of Henry the Lion.
1181-1185 Lucius III Pope.
1183 (June) The Peace of Constance.
1184 Diet of Mayence.
(Sept. ) Frederick Barbarossa's sixth journey to Italy.
1185 Failure of William II of Sicily's invasion of the Eastern Empire.
1185–1187 Urban III Pope.
1185–1186 Baldwin V King of Jerusalem.
1186 (27 Jan. ) Marriage of Henry VI of Germany to Constance of Sicily.
1187 (4 July) Defeat of the Christians in Syria at Hițțin.
(3 Oct. ) Jerusalem taken by Saladin.
1187 (Oct. -Dec. ) Gregory VIII Pope.
1187-1191 Clement III Pope.
1188 The Saladin Tithe.
1189 The Third Crusade.
(3 Apr. ) Peace of Strasbourg between Pope and Emperor.
(May) Frederick Barbarossa goes on the Crusade.
(6 July) Death of Henry Il of England.
(18 Nov. ) Death of William II of Sicily.
1190 (Jan. ) Tancred of Lecce crowned King of Sicily.
(10 June) Death of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
Foundation of the Teutonic Order.
1191 (15 Apr. ) Imperial coronation of Henry VI.
Third Crusade. The Crusaders recover Acre (12 July).
(7 Sept. ) Richard Coeur-de-Lion defeats Saladin at Arsūf.
1191-1198 Celestine III Pope.
1192 (June) Concordat of Gravina.
Truce with Saladin.
1193 (14 Feb. ) Richard Coeur-de-Lion surrendered to the Emperor by Duke
Leopold of Austria.
(Feb. ) Death of Saladin.
The Knights of St John initiate the movement for a new Crusade.
1194 (3 Feb. ) Release of Richard Coeur-de-Lion.
(20 Feb. ) Death of Tancred, King of Sicily.
(Mar. ) Reconciliation between the Emperor Henry VI and the Welfs
at Tilleda.
(25 Dec. ) Henry VI crowned King of Sicily. End of the Norman
dominion.
1195 (6 Aug. ) Death of Henry the Lion.
1196 (Apr. ) Diet of Würzburg. Henry VI attempts to make the German
kingship hereditary.
(Dec. ) His son Frederick chosen king at Frankfort.
1197 (28 Sept. ) Death of the Emperor Henry VI.
1198 (12 Dec. ) Death of Averroes.
1204 Capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade.
c. 1210 Latin translations from Aristotle's Metaphysics in the West.
1210 The study of certain books of Aristotle forbidden to the University of
Paris.
1215 Fourth Lateran Council.
1219 The Fifth Crusade.
(5 Nov. ) The Crusaders capture Damietta.
St Francis of Assisi in Egypt.
1221 Restoration of Damietta to the Saracens.
c. 1225 Composition of the Sachsenspiegel.
1226 The Teutonic Order undertakes the conquest of the heathen Prussians.
1228 Frederick II recovers Jerusalem.
1234 Gregory IX's Collection of Decretals.
1244 (23 Aug. ) The Khwärazmian Turks capture Jerusalem.
(17 Oct. ) Defeat of the Franks at Gaza.
1248-54 St Louis' First Crusade.
C. MED. H. VOL. V.
60
## p. 946 (#992) ############################################
946
Chronological Table
1250–1258 Bracton writes his De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae.
1252 William of Rubruquis sent on a mission to the Great Khan.
1253 Pope Innocent IV forms the first Missionary Society since the con-
version of the West.
1254 Alfonso of Castile issues the Fuero Real.
1256-1265 Compilation of the Partidas.
c. 1260 Death of Accursius the Glossator.
1268 Capture of Jaffa and Antioch by the Mamlūk Sultan Baibars.
1270 St Louis IX of France starts on his Second Crusade.
1273-1314 Missionary activity of Raymond Lull.
1274 (7 Mar. ) Death of St Thomas Aquinas.
1277 Siger of Brabant condemned by the Inquisition of France.
1280 Death of Albert of Cologne (Albertus Magnus).
1286 Death of William of Moerbeke, the translator from the Greek,
1289 Capture of Tripolis by the Mamlūk Sultan Qalā’ūn.
1291 (18 May) Storm of Acre by the Mamlūks. End of the Kingdom of
Jerusalem.
1294 Death of Roger Bacon.
1298 Boniface VIII's Decretals (the Sext).
1308 Death of Duns Scotus.
1335 Pope Benedict XII issues new constitutions for White monks (Cister-
cians).
1336 New constitutions issued for Black monks (Benedictines and Cluniacs).
1339 New constitutions issued for the Austin canons.
1357 Death of Bartolus of Sassoferrato, the Commentator.
1395 The Congregation (reformed Canons) of Windesheim founded in
Germany.
1421 The reformed Benedictine congregation of Santa Giustina founded in
Italy.
1430 William of Lyndwood finishes his Commentary on the provincial con-
stitutions of the Archbishops of Canterbury.
1495 Erection of the Reichskammergericht and final Reception of Roman
Law in Germany.
## p. 947 (#993) ############################################
947
INDEX
Abbeville, commune of, 649, 651
Abbo, abbot of Fleury, 663
'Abdallāh ibn Hauqal, Muslim emir in
Sicily, 176
*Abdallāh ibn Maimūn, a leader of the
Ismā'ilians, 244; his propaganda, ib.
'Abd-ar-Raḥmān, Arab poet, at Sicilian
court, 207
Abelard, nephew of Robert Guiscard, 173;
revolts of, 176, 178 sq. ; flees to Greece,
180; fresh revolt of, 182
Abelard, Peter, his career and philosophy,
796 sqq. ; compared with Hugh of St Victor,
803; influence on Peter the Lombard, 804;
attacked by Walter of St Victor, 804;
and Arnold of Brescia, 372; 680
Abernethy, 517
Abingdon, abbot of, 577
Abingdon, History of, on the Justiciar, 577
Abruzzi, the, 169, 178 sq. , 187, 202
Abū ad-Dah, Arab poet, 207
Abu `Ali al-Mansăr al-Hakim, Fātimite
Caliph, see Hākim
Abu'l-fadā'il Sa'id-ad-Daulah, see Sa'id-ad-
Daulah
Abu'l-fidā, Arab historian, 257 note, 258
note
Abu'l-ḥasan ‘Ali az-Zāhir, see Zābir
Abu'l-jaish Khumārawaih, Tūlūnid, his
rule in Egypt, 244 sq.
Abu'l-Mahāsin, Arab historian, on treaty
between Greeks and Fātimites, 251 note
Abu'l-mish Kāfūr, see Kāfür
Abu'l-qāsim Aḥmad al-Musta‘li, see Mustaʻli
Abu manşür Nizār al-'Aziz, see 'Aziz
Abu Muhammad Lulū al-kabir, see Lūlū
Abu-qubais, castle, 252
Abu Tamim Ma'add al-Mu'izz, see Mu'izz
Abu tamim Ma'add al-Mustanşir, see Mus-
tansir
Abu Ya là, Arab historian, 263 note
Acca, schooling of, 771
Accursii, Franciscus, jurist, 757
Accursius, the glossator, 737 sq. , 748
Acquapendente, 102
Acre, 248 sq. , 262, 264; submits to Godfrey
of Bouillon, 300; captured by Baldwin I,
304, 329; siege of, in Third Crusade, 310
sq. ; factions among Christians in, 317;
refuge for Tripolitans, ib. ; fall of, 318 sq. ,
325, 330; 462 note
Adalbero, archbishop of Bremen, supports
Anacletus II, 342; imprisoned by Henry
the Lion, 356; the Wends and, 355
Adalbero, archbishop of Trèves, secures elec-
tion of Conrad III, 346; his gains after
the conference at Worms, 347; his defiance
of Innocent II, 350 sq.
Adalbero, bishop of Würzburg, expelled
from his city, 120; temporarily restored,
144; death of, 92
Adalbert, archbishop of Bremen, refuses the
Papacy, 22; enforces reform decrees, 27;
papal vicar for the Baltic lands, 29, 34;
his dominant position in North Germany,
114; associated in government with Anno,
44, 115; supersedes Anno, 115 sq. ; victory
in Hungary, 115 ; receives many grants
from Henry IV, 115 sq. ; his overthrow,
116; his influence over Henry IV's policy
in Saxony, 128 note, 130; death of, 49;
117, 398
Adalbert, archbishop of Mayence, a chief
enemy of Henry V, 156 sq. ; his character,
and aims, 158; breach with Henry V,
158 sq. , 104; reconciled with Henry V,
160; revolts against Henry, ib. ; the centre
of revolt, 161 sq. ; tries to provoke Calix-
tus II to act against Henry V, 108, 162 sq. ;
his influence at Lothar III's election, 166,
335
Adalbert, St, bishop of Prague, 4
Adalbert, St, the first bishop in Pomerania,
165; saves Stettin, 355
Adalbert, archbishop of Ravenna, deposed
by Henry II, 16
Adalbert, son of Vladislav of Bohemia,
archbishop of Salzburg, 389, 395
Adalbert, bishop of Worms, expelled by
citizens, 132
Adalferio, St, 668
Adalman, archbishop of Milan, supported
by citizens, 213
Adam, abbot of Ebrach, sent by Frederick I
on embassy to Rome, 382
Adam of Lucca, abbot of Farfa, 5
Adam du Petit Pont, his logic, 808
Adana, crusaders welcomed at, 288
Adelaide, Empress, wife of Otto the Great,
662
Adelaide (Praxedis), wife of Henry IV, see
Praxedis
Adelaide, sister-in-law of Henry IV, marries
Rudolf of Swabia, 113
Adelaide, mother of Roger II of Sicily, her
regency and death, 184
Adelaide, second wife of Henry I of England,
539
Adelaide of Maurienne, wife of Louis VI of
France, 621
Adelaide of Vohburg, first wife of Frederick I,
divorced, 390
Adelaide, countess of Turin and Savoy, 13
note
Adelard of Bath, bis philosophy, 810;
studies Arabic, 553
60-2
## p. 948 (#994) ############################################
948
Index
770 sq.
Ademar, bishop of Puy, made papal represen-
tative in First Crusade, 273
‘Adil (Saphadin), Sultan of Egypt, brother
of Saladin, 315, 479
Admont, monastery of, 395
Adolf of Altena, archbishop of Cologne,
opposes Henry VI's plans for making king-
ship hereditary, 474 sq.
Adolf, count of Dassel, and Henry the Lion,
460
Adolf II of Schauenburg, count of Holstein,
and German expansion eastwards, 354
sqq. ; his wars with the Wends, 398;
founds Lübeck, 400; his death, 398
Adolf III of Schauenberg, count of Holstein,
406; supports Philip of Cologne against
Frederick I, 408; goes on Third Crusade,
460 sq. ; returns to Germany and recovers
his lands, 465
Aelfric, abbot of Eynsham, 775
Aesgar the Staller, declares for Edgar the
Aetheling, 501
Aethelwold, bishop of Winchester, and Eng-
lish monasteries, 663
Afdal, vizier of Egypt, captures Jerusalem, 264
Africa, North (Barbary), 239; Idrisids and
Agblabids in, 242; Fātimite Caliphate in,
244; Zairids of, 177, 226; pirates of,
226, 266 sq. ; 225; first Norman attempts
to establish themselves in, 184; Roger II's
conquests in, 189 sq. ; loss of Norman
possessions in, 194 sq. ; Henry VI and,
472 sq.
account of arrival of Normans in S. Italy,
168; his description of Pandulf III, 169
Aimeri, bishop of Clermont, and Louis VI,
598
Aire, 599
Aistulf, King of the Lombards, 210, 730
Aitherius, bishop of Lisieux, and schools,
Aix-la-Chapelle, Henry IV enthroned at, 31;
Henry V crowned at, 148; Lothar III,
crowned at, 336; rising against Lothar
at, 338; Conrad III crowned at, 346, 368;
352; Conrad's son Henry crowned at, 353;
Frederick I crowned at, 382; Henry VI
crowned at, 407; 475; seat of count-
palatine, 118; council of (817), 13, 660;
659
Aix, province of, 90
Al-aftakin, governor of Damascus, captured
by Fātimites, 248
Al-'aini, Arab historian, on treaty between
Greeks and Fātimites, 251 note
Alais, sister of Philip Augustus, 572
Alais, heiress of Humbert III of Maurienne,
betrothed to John Lackland, 567
Alan of Lille (Alanus de Insulis), philosophy
of, 810
Alan, count of Rennes, made a guardian of
William of Normandy, 492
Alan of Richmond, count, supports William
II, 522
Alaric II, his Breviarium Alaricianum, 721
sq.
Al-Arish, southern limit of kingdom of
Jerusalem, 301
Albano, 96
Al-Bārah, crusaders' victory at, 290
Alberic, abbot of Citeaux, 672
Alberic of Rheims, and Abelard, 798
Alberic of Rome, drives Campo from Farfa,
5; Odo of Cluny and, 662
Alberic of Tusculum, father of Pope Bene
dict IX, 17
Albericus of Rosate, jurist, 740
Albert of Austria, and monastic reform, 693
Albert the Bear, of Ballenstädt, the Saxon
rival of the Welfs, 152 sq. ; appointed
margrave of the East Mark by Lothar
of Saxony, 164; deprived, 339 sq. ; aids
missionaries in Pomerania, 343; receives
duchy of Saxony from Conrad III, 346;
loses Saxony, 347 sq. ; the Wends and,
355, 398; obtains North Mark, 343, 350;
and Brandenburg, 344, 357; rivalry with
Henry the Lion, 384, 401; death of, 402;
405
Albert of Morra, see Gregory VIII, Pope
Albert of the Sabina, anti-Pope, 96
Albert of Wettin, margrave of Meissen,
465
Albert, uncle of Baldwin, count of Hainault,
candidate for bishopric of Liège, 466
Albert, brother of Henry duke of Brabant,
papal candidate for the bishopric of Liège,
466; driven out and murdered, 466 sq.
Afshin, Turkish leader, 261; ravages
Northern Syria, 263
Agapetus I, Pope, 766
Agde, council of (506), 11
Agnes, Empress, crowned, 22; regent for
Henry IV, 31, 33, 112 sqq. ; her disposal
of patronage, 113 sq. , 122; relations with
Italy, 35, 114; deprived of regency, 44,
114 sq. ; 21, 59 sq. , 64
Agnes, daughter of Henry IV, marries Duke
Frederick I of Swabia, 140; second mar-
riage, to Margrave Liutpold of Austria,
154; her children, 153, 154 note, 351
Agnes, daughter of Duke Rudolf of Swabia,
marries Berthold of Zäbringen, 140
Agnes of Saarbruck, second wife of Frede-
rick II of Swabia, defends Spires against
Lothar III, 339
Agnes, cousin of Henry VI, marries Henry,
son of Henry the Lion, 469
Ahmad ibn 'Abdallāh, head of Ismā'ilians,
244
Ahmad ibn Husain, al-Mutanabbi, see Muta-
nabbi
Ahmad ibn Tūlūn, first independentemir in
Egypt, 244
Ahmad Shāh, Turkish leader, 261
Aicard, archbishop of Arles, establishes
commune there, 635
Ailward, the chamberlain, and Henry II,
567
Aimé of Monte Cassino, chronicler, his
## p. 949 (#995) ############################################
Index
949
Albert of Aix, chronicler, on Peter the Her.
mit's crusade, 275; his estimates of num.
bers, 277 sq. , 298; on Alexius and Godfrey,
282 note; on First Crusade, 281
Alberti, counts of Prato, their wars with
Florence, 224
Albertus Magnus, and Roger Bacon, 814;
and Aristotle, 818 sq. , 821, 824
Albi, see of, 10; commune of, 650
Albini, Nigel de, endowed by Henry I, 536
Albini, William de, of Belvoir, 534; endowed
by Henry I, 536
Albini, William de, earl of Sussex (or Arun-
del), made earl, 548; supports Henry II,
568 sq. ; 582
Al-Buqai'ah, Nicephorus in, 247
Alcántara, Order of, 333, 683
Alciat, Andrew, the jurist, 741, 752
Alcobaça, abbey, 683
Alcuin, at the court of Charles the Great,
772 sqq. ; 659, 776, 784
Aldobrandeschi, feudal lords in Tuscany, 225
Alençon, 488, 517, 530, 541, 543
Aleppo, capital of Saif-ad-Daulah, 245 sqq. ;
position at, on death of Saif-ad-Daulah,
246, 250; under Sa'd-ad-Daulah, 250 sq. ;
captured by the Greeks, 246 sq. , 249; dis.
puted between Byzantines and Egypt, 251
sq. ; Lūlü emir of, 254; annexed by Egypt,
255; tributary to Byzantines, 256 sqq. ;
captured by Egyptians, 258; rule of
Thumālin, 258 sq. ; and Turkish invasion,
260 sqq. ; under Seljūqs, 263 sq.
942
Chronological Table
1090-1097 Henry IV's expedition to Italy.
1091 Completion of the Norman conquest of Sicily.
1092 Annexation of Cumberland and Westmorland to England.
(Nov. ) Death of Malik Shāh.
1093 Revolt of Conrad in Italy.
1093–1109 Anselm Archbishop of Canterbury.
1095 (Mar. ) Council of Piacenza.
(27 Nov. ) Council of Clermont. Pope Urban II proclaims the First
Crusade.
1097 (19 June) Surrender of Nicaea.
(1 July) Battle of Dorylaeum.
1098 (21 Mar. ) The Cistercian Order founded by Robert of Molesme.
(3 June) Fall of Antioch.
(28 June) Defeat of Karböghā's army near Antioch, the turning-point
in the history of the First Crusade.
1099 (15 July) Capture of Jerusalem.
(22 July) Godfrey of Bouillon chosen Prince of Jerusalem.
(12 Aug. ) Defeat of the Egyptians near Ascalon; the last achievement
of the First Crusade.
1099-1118 Paschal II Pope.
1100-1135 Henry I King of England.
1100-1118 Baldwin I King of Jerusalem.
1100 (Sept. ) Death of the anti-Pope Clement III.
Coronation Charter of Henry I of England.
c. 1100 Irnerius, founder of the Glossators, teaches Roman Law at Bologna.
1103 Accession of Roger II, Count of Sicily.
1104 Revolt of Henry V against his father the Emperor Henry IV.
1106 (7 Aug. ) Death of the Emperor Henry IV. End of the schism between
the Empire and the Papacy.
(28 Sept. ) Battle of Tinchebrai.
The Order of Fontevrault approved by Pope Paschal II.
1107 (23 May) Council of Troyes.
(Aug. ) Henry I of England reconciled to Anselm; English Investiture
compromise.
1108-1137 Reign of Louis VI of France.
c. 1108 Practice of lay-investiture by the King of France lapses.
1110-1111 Henry V's expedition to Italy.
1111 Imprisonment of Pope Paschal II, and his concession of investiture;
Henry V crowned Emperor.
1115 Revolt of Saxony.
(25 June) Foundation of Clairvaux.
(24 July) Death of the Countess Matilda of Tuscany.
1115-1153 St Bernard Abbot of Clairvaux.
1118-1119 Gelasius II Pope.
1118 (April) Excommunication of Henry V by Pope Gelasius II, and renewal
of the schism between the Empire and the Papacy.
1118–1131 Baldwin II King of Jerusalem.
1119-1124 Calixtus II Pope.
1119 (23 Dec. ) Pope Calixtus II confirms the Carta Caritatis of the Cistercian
Order.
c. 1120 Foundation of the Orders of Templars and Hospitallers.
1120 Foundation of the Premonstratensian Order.
1121 Condemnation of Abelard at Soissons.
1122 (23 Sept. ) The Concordat of Worms reconciles the Empire and the
Papacy.
1123 First Lateran Council.
1124-1130 Honorius II Pope.
1125 (23 May) Death of the Emperor Henry V.
1125 (30 Aug. ) Lothar of Supplinburg elected to the German kingship as
Lothar III.
## p. 943 (#989) ############################################
Chronological Table
943
1127 (2 Mar. ) Charles the Good, Count of Flanders, murdered at Bruges.
Death of William, Duke of Apulia.
Conversion of the Wends recommenced.
(Dec. ) Conrad of Hohenstaufen elected anti-king at Spires.
1128 (June) Marriage of the Empress Matilda to Geoffrey Plantagenet.
(Aug. ) Roger II of Sicily invested with the duchy of Apulia by Pope
Honorius II.
1130 Disputed election of Innocent II and Anacletus II as Pope.
Count Roger II crowned King of Sicily at Palermo (25 Dec. ).
1131 The Gilbertine Order founded at Sempringham in Lincolnshire.
1131-1144 Fulk King of Jerusalem.
1133 (4 June) Lothar III crowned as Emperor at Rome by Pope Innocent II.
1135 (Mar. ) The Diet of Bamberg ends the conflict between the Emperor
Lothar III and the Hohenstaufen.
Death of Henry I of England (1 Dec. ). Succession of Stephen.
1136 Lothar III's second expedition to Italy.
1137 (4 Dec. ) Death of the Emperor Lothar III.
1137-1180 Reign of Louis VII of France.
1138 (25 Jan. ) Death of the anti-Pope Anacletus II.
(3 Mar. ) Conrad III elected King of Germany.
(Aug. ) Battle of the Standard near Northallerton.
1139 Second Lateran Council.
Innocent II makes the Augustinian Rule compulsory on Canons Regular.
Matilda lands in England. Outbreak of civil war.
(22 July) Pope Innocent II defeated and captured by the Normans at
the battle of the Garigliano.
1140 Condemnation of Abelard at Sens at the instance of St Bernard.
1141 (2 Feb. ) Stephen taken prisoner at the battle of Lincoln.
(3 Mar. ) The Empress Matilda proclaimed Queen of England,
Death of Hugh of St Victor.
c. 1141 Compilation of Gratian's Decretum.
1143 Communal rising at Rome.
Foundation of the new city of Lübeck.
1143-1144 Celestine II Pope.
1144 (25 Dec. ) The Muslims capture Edessa.
1144–1145 Lucius II Pope.
1144-1163 Baldwin III King of Jerusalem.
1145-1153 Eugenius III Pope.
1146 (31 Mar. ) St Bernard preaches the Second Crusade at the assembly at
1147 Wendish massacre at Lübeck. The Wendish Crusade.
Disasters to the Crusaders in Asia Minor.
1148 Matilda leaves England.
(July) Defeat of the Crusaders before Damascus.
Trial of Gilbert de la Porrée before the Pope at Rheims.
c. 1148 The De Consideratione of St Bernard.
1150 Henry becomes Duke of Normandy.
1151 (13 Jan. ) Death of Suger, Abbot of St Denis.
(7 Sept. ) Death of Geoffrey Plantagenet. Henry of Normandy succeeds
to Anjou and Maine.
1152 (15 Feb. ) Death of Conrad III.
(4 Mar. ) Election of Frederick Barbarossa as King of Germany at
Frankfort.
(May) Marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine to Henry of Anjou.
1153 (Mar. ) Treaty of Constance between Frederick Barbarossa and Pope
Eugenius III.
Occupation of Bona. Norman dominion in Africa reaches its greatest
extent.
(Nov. ) Treaty of Wallingford between Stephen and Henry of Anjou.
1154-1155 (Oct. ) Frederick Barbarossa's first expedition to Italy.
Vézelay.
## p. 944 (#990) ############################################
944
Chronological Table
1154 (25 Oct. ) Death of Stephen of England.
1154–1166 William I King of Sicily.
1154 1159 Hadrian IV (Nicholas Breakspear) Pope.
1154-1189 Henry II King of England.
1155 Execution of Arnold of Brescia.
(18 June) Frederick Barbarossa crowned Emperor at Rome by Pope
Hadrian IV.
1156 (28 May) The Normans defeat the Byzantines at Brindisi.
Treaty of Benevento between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Papacy.
(17 Sept. ) Diet of Ratisbon establishes the power of Henry the Lion and
creates the duchy of Austria.
1157 (Oct. ) Diet of Besançon.
1158 Peace between the Emperor Manuel and William I, King of Sicily.
(July) Second expedition of Frederick Barbarossa to Italy.
Surrender of Milan.
Diet of Roncaglia.
1159 Revolt of Milan.
(7 Sept. ) Disputed election of Alexander III and Victor IV as Pope.
1160 (Jan. ) Capture of Mahdiyah. End of the Norman dominion in Africa.
(Feb. ) Synod of Pavia. Frederick Barbarossa recognises the anti-Pope
Victor IV.
1160–1162 Final subjection of the Wends by Henry the Lion.
1162 (Mar. ) Capture and destruction of Milan by Frederick Barbarossa.
Becket appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.
1163–1174 Amaury I King of Jerusalem.
1164 (Jan. ) Constitutions of Clarendon.
(Apr. ) Death of the anti-Pope Victor IV.
The Order of the Knights of Calatrava approved by Pope Alexander III.
c. 1164 Death of Peter the Lombard.
1165 (23 Nov. ) Pope Alexander III enters Rome supported by Norman troops.
1166 Assize of Clarendon.
The Carta of Henry II of England.
1166-1168 Frederick Barbarossa's fourth expedition to Italy.
1166-1189 William II King of Sicily.
1167 Beginnings of the Lombard League. Milan rebuilt.
(24 July) Frederick Barbarossa begins the siege of Rome.
(Aug. ) The German army driven from Rome by pestilence.
1169 Conquest of Egypt for Nūr-ad-Din of Damascus.
1170 The Inquest of Sheriffs.
(Aug.
) Strongbow lands in Ireland.
(29 Dec. ) Murder of Becket in Canterbury Cathedral.
c. 1170 Rise of the Universities.
1171 Foundation of the Order of the Knights of Santiago.
1171-1172 Henry II visits Ireland, and receives general submission.
c. 1172 Writing of the Roman de Rou.
1173-1174 Rebellion in England.
1174-1177 Frederick Barbarossa's fifth expedition to Italy.
1174_1185 Baldwin IV King of Jerusalem.
1174-1193 Reign of Saladin.
1176 (29 May) Defeat of Frederick Barbarossa at Legnano.
Treaty of Anagni between the Emperor and the Pope. End of the Papal
schism.
Assize of Northampton.
1177 (23 July) Treaty of Venice.
1179 (Mar. ) Third Lateran Council.
The Grand Assize (of Windsor).
1180 (13 Apr. ) Diet of Gelnhausen. Partition of the Duchy of Saxony.
(24 June) Diet of Ratisbon. Partition of the Duchy of Bavaria.
Death of John of Salisbury.
1181 Henry II's Assize of Arms.
## p. 945 (#991) ############################################
Chronological Table
945
1181 Submission and exile of Henry the Lion.
1181-1185 Lucius III Pope.
1183 (June) The Peace of Constance.
1184 Diet of Mayence.
(Sept. ) Frederick Barbarossa's sixth journey to Italy.
1185 Failure of William II of Sicily's invasion of the Eastern Empire.
1185–1187 Urban III Pope.
1185–1186 Baldwin V King of Jerusalem.
1186 (27 Jan. ) Marriage of Henry VI of Germany to Constance of Sicily.
1187 (4 July) Defeat of the Christians in Syria at Hițțin.
(3 Oct. ) Jerusalem taken by Saladin.
1187 (Oct. -Dec. ) Gregory VIII Pope.
1187-1191 Clement III Pope.
1188 The Saladin Tithe.
1189 The Third Crusade.
(3 Apr. ) Peace of Strasbourg between Pope and Emperor.
(May) Frederick Barbarossa goes on the Crusade.
(6 July) Death of Henry Il of England.
(18 Nov. ) Death of William II of Sicily.
1190 (Jan. ) Tancred of Lecce crowned King of Sicily.
(10 June) Death of the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa.
Foundation of the Teutonic Order.
1191 (15 Apr. ) Imperial coronation of Henry VI.
Third Crusade. The Crusaders recover Acre (12 July).
(7 Sept. ) Richard Coeur-de-Lion defeats Saladin at Arsūf.
1191-1198 Celestine III Pope.
1192 (June) Concordat of Gravina.
Truce with Saladin.
1193 (14 Feb. ) Richard Coeur-de-Lion surrendered to the Emperor by Duke
Leopold of Austria.
(Feb. ) Death of Saladin.
The Knights of St John initiate the movement for a new Crusade.
1194 (3 Feb. ) Release of Richard Coeur-de-Lion.
(20 Feb. ) Death of Tancred, King of Sicily.
(Mar. ) Reconciliation between the Emperor Henry VI and the Welfs
at Tilleda.
(25 Dec. ) Henry VI crowned King of Sicily. End of the Norman
dominion.
1195 (6 Aug. ) Death of Henry the Lion.
1196 (Apr. ) Diet of Würzburg. Henry VI attempts to make the German
kingship hereditary.
(Dec. ) His son Frederick chosen king at Frankfort.
1197 (28 Sept. ) Death of the Emperor Henry VI.
1198 (12 Dec. ) Death of Averroes.
1204 Capture of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade.
c. 1210 Latin translations from Aristotle's Metaphysics in the West.
1210 The study of certain books of Aristotle forbidden to the University of
Paris.
1215 Fourth Lateran Council.
1219 The Fifth Crusade.
(5 Nov. ) The Crusaders capture Damietta.
St Francis of Assisi in Egypt.
1221 Restoration of Damietta to the Saracens.
c. 1225 Composition of the Sachsenspiegel.
1226 The Teutonic Order undertakes the conquest of the heathen Prussians.
1228 Frederick II recovers Jerusalem.
1234 Gregory IX's Collection of Decretals.
1244 (23 Aug. ) The Khwärazmian Turks capture Jerusalem.
(17 Oct. ) Defeat of the Franks at Gaza.
1248-54 St Louis' First Crusade.
C. MED. H. VOL. V.
60
## p. 946 (#992) ############################################
946
Chronological Table
1250–1258 Bracton writes his De Legibus et Consuetudinibus Angliae.
1252 William of Rubruquis sent on a mission to the Great Khan.
1253 Pope Innocent IV forms the first Missionary Society since the con-
version of the West.
1254 Alfonso of Castile issues the Fuero Real.
1256-1265 Compilation of the Partidas.
c. 1260 Death of Accursius the Glossator.
1268 Capture of Jaffa and Antioch by the Mamlūk Sultan Baibars.
1270 St Louis IX of France starts on his Second Crusade.
1273-1314 Missionary activity of Raymond Lull.
1274 (7 Mar. ) Death of St Thomas Aquinas.
1277 Siger of Brabant condemned by the Inquisition of France.
1280 Death of Albert of Cologne (Albertus Magnus).
1286 Death of William of Moerbeke, the translator from the Greek,
1289 Capture of Tripolis by the Mamlūk Sultan Qalā’ūn.
1291 (18 May) Storm of Acre by the Mamlūks. End of the Kingdom of
Jerusalem.
1294 Death of Roger Bacon.
1298 Boniface VIII's Decretals (the Sext).
1308 Death of Duns Scotus.
1335 Pope Benedict XII issues new constitutions for White monks (Cister-
cians).
1336 New constitutions issued for Black monks (Benedictines and Cluniacs).
1339 New constitutions issued for the Austin canons.
1357 Death of Bartolus of Sassoferrato, the Commentator.
1395 The Congregation (reformed Canons) of Windesheim founded in
Germany.
1421 The reformed Benedictine congregation of Santa Giustina founded in
Italy.
1430 William of Lyndwood finishes his Commentary on the provincial con-
stitutions of the Archbishops of Canterbury.
1495 Erection of the Reichskammergericht and final Reception of Roman
Law in Germany.
## p. 947 (#993) ############################################
947
INDEX
Abbeville, commune of, 649, 651
Abbo, abbot of Fleury, 663
'Abdallāh ibn Hauqal, Muslim emir in
Sicily, 176
*Abdallāh ibn Maimūn, a leader of the
Ismā'ilians, 244; his propaganda, ib.
'Abd-ar-Raḥmān, Arab poet, at Sicilian
court, 207
Abelard, nephew of Robert Guiscard, 173;
revolts of, 176, 178 sq. ; flees to Greece,
180; fresh revolt of, 182
Abelard, Peter, his career and philosophy,
796 sqq. ; compared with Hugh of St Victor,
803; influence on Peter the Lombard, 804;
attacked by Walter of St Victor, 804;
and Arnold of Brescia, 372; 680
Abernethy, 517
Abingdon, abbot of, 577
Abingdon, History of, on the Justiciar, 577
Abruzzi, the, 169, 178 sq. , 187, 202
Abū ad-Dah, Arab poet, 207
Abu `Ali al-Mansăr al-Hakim, Fātimite
Caliph, see Hākim
Abu'l-fadā'il Sa'id-ad-Daulah, see Sa'id-ad-
Daulah
Abu'l-fidā, Arab historian, 257 note, 258
note
Abu'l-ḥasan ‘Ali az-Zāhir, see Zābir
Abu'l-jaish Khumārawaih, Tūlūnid, his
rule in Egypt, 244 sq.
Abu'l-Mahāsin, Arab historian, on treaty
between Greeks and Fātimites, 251 note
Abu'l-mish Kāfūr, see Kāfür
Abu'l-qāsim Aḥmad al-Musta‘li, see Mustaʻli
Abu manşür Nizār al-'Aziz, see 'Aziz
Abu Muhammad Lulū al-kabir, see Lūlū
Abu-qubais, castle, 252
Abu Tamim Ma'add al-Mu'izz, see Mu'izz
Abu tamim Ma'add al-Mustanşir, see Mus-
tansir
Abu Ya là, Arab historian, 263 note
Acca, schooling of, 771
Accursii, Franciscus, jurist, 757
Accursius, the glossator, 737 sq. , 748
Acquapendente, 102
Acre, 248 sq. , 262, 264; submits to Godfrey
of Bouillon, 300; captured by Baldwin I,
304, 329; siege of, in Third Crusade, 310
sq. ; factions among Christians in, 317;
refuge for Tripolitans, ib. ; fall of, 318 sq. ,
325, 330; 462 note
Adalbero, archbishop of Bremen, supports
Anacletus II, 342; imprisoned by Henry
the Lion, 356; the Wends and, 355
Adalbero, archbishop of Trèves, secures elec-
tion of Conrad III, 346; his gains after
the conference at Worms, 347; his defiance
of Innocent II, 350 sq.
Adalbero, bishop of Würzburg, expelled
from his city, 120; temporarily restored,
144; death of, 92
Adalbert, archbishop of Bremen, refuses the
Papacy, 22; enforces reform decrees, 27;
papal vicar for the Baltic lands, 29, 34;
his dominant position in North Germany,
114; associated in government with Anno,
44, 115; supersedes Anno, 115 sq. ; victory
in Hungary, 115 ; receives many grants
from Henry IV, 115 sq. ; his overthrow,
116; his influence over Henry IV's policy
in Saxony, 128 note, 130; death of, 49;
117, 398
Adalbert, archbishop of Mayence, a chief
enemy of Henry V, 156 sq. ; his character,
and aims, 158; breach with Henry V,
158 sq. , 104; reconciled with Henry V,
160; revolts against Henry, ib. ; the centre
of revolt, 161 sq. ; tries to provoke Calix-
tus II to act against Henry V, 108, 162 sq. ;
his influence at Lothar III's election, 166,
335
Adalbert, St, bishop of Prague, 4
Adalbert, St, the first bishop in Pomerania,
165; saves Stettin, 355
Adalbert, archbishop of Ravenna, deposed
by Henry II, 16
Adalbert, son of Vladislav of Bohemia,
archbishop of Salzburg, 389, 395
Adalbert, bishop of Worms, expelled by
citizens, 132
Adalferio, St, 668
Adalman, archbishop of Milan, supported
by citizens, 213
Adam, abbot of Ebrach, sent by Frederick I
on embassy to Rome, 382
Adam of Lucca, abbot of Farfa, 5
Adam du Petit Pont, his logic, 808
Adana, crusaders welcomed at, 288
Adelaide, Empress, wife of Otto the Great,
662
Adelaide (Praxedis), wife of Henry IV, see
Praxedis
Adelaide, sister-in-law of Henry IV, marries
Rudolf of Swabia, 113
Adelaide, mother of Roger II of Sicily, her
regency and death, 184
Adelaide, second wife of Henry I of England,
539
Adelaide of Maurienne, wife of Louis VI of
France, 621
Adelaide of Vohburg, first wife of Frederick I,
divorced, 390
Adelaide, countess of Turin and Savoy, 13
note
Adelard of Bath, bis philosophy, 810;
studies Arabic, 553
60-2
## p. 948 (#994) ############################################
948
Index
770 sq.
Ademar, bishop of Puy, made papal represen-
tative in First Crusade, 273
‘Adil (Saphadin), Sultan of Egypt, brother
of Saladin, 315, 479
Admont, monastery of, 395
Adolf of Altena, archbishop of Cologne,
opposes Henry VI's plans for making king-
ship hereditary, 474 sq.
Adolf, count of Dassel, and Henry the Lion,
460
Adolf II of Schauenburg, count of Holstein,
and German expansion eastwards, 354
sqq. ; his wars with the Wends, 398;
founds Lübeck, 400; his death, 398
Adolf III of Schauenberg, count of Holstein,
406; supports Philip of Cologne against
Frederick I, 408; goes on Third Crusade,
460 sq. ; returns to Germany and recovers
his lands, 465
Aelfric, abbot of Eynsham, 775
Aesgar the Staller, declares for Edgar the
Aetheling, 501
Aethelwold, bishop of Winchester, and Eng-
lish monasteries, 663
Afdal, vizier of Egypt, captures Jerusalem, 264
Africa, North (Barbary), 239; Idrisids and
Agblabids in, 242; Fātimite Caliphate in,
244; Zairids of, 177, 226; pirates of,
226, 266 sq. ; 225; first Norman attempts
to establish themselves in, 184; Roger II's
conquests in, 189 sq. ; loss of Norman
possessions in, 194 sq. ; Henry VI and,
472 sq.
account of arrival of Normans in S. Italy,
168; his description of Pandulf III, 169
Aimeri, bishop of Clermont, and Louis VI,
598
Aire, 599
Aistulf, King of the Lombards, 210, 730
Aitherius, bishop of Lisieux, and schools,
Aix-la-Chapelle, Henry IV enthroned at, 31;
Henry V crowned at, 148; Lothar III,
crowned at, 336; rising against Lothar
at, 338; Conrad III crowned at, 346, 368;
352; Conrad's son Henry crowned at, 353;
Frederick I crowned at, 382; Henry VI
crowned at, 407; 475; seat of count-
palatine, 118; council of (817), 13, 660;
659
Aix, province of, 90
Al-aftakin, governor of Damascus, captured
by Fātimites, 248
Al-'aini, Arab historian, on treaty between
Greeks and Fātimites, 251 note
Alais, sister of Philip Augustus, 572
Alais, heiress of Humbert III of Maurienne,
betrothed to John Lackland, 567
Alan of Lille (Alanus de Insulis), philosophy
of, 810
Alan, count of Rennes, made a guardian of
William of Normandy, 492
Alan of Richmond, count, supports William
II, 522
Alaric II, his Breviarium Alaricianum, 721
sq.
Al-Arish, southern limit of kingdom of
Jerusalem, 301
Albano, 96
Al-Bārah, crusaders' victory at, 290
Alberic, abbot of Citeaux, 672
Alberic of Rheims, and Abelard, 798
Alberic of Rome, drives Campo from Farfa,
5; Odo of Cluny and, 662
Alberic of Tusculum, father of Pope Bene
dict IX, 17
Albericus of Rosate, jurist, 740
Albert of Austria, and monastic reform, 693
Albert the Bear, of Ballenstädt, the Saxon
rival of the Welfs, 152 sq. ; appointed
margrave of the East Mark by Lothar
of Saxony, 164; deprived, 339 sq. ; aids
missionaries in Pomerania, 343; receives
duchy of Saxony from Conrad III, 346;
loses Saxony, 347 sq. ; the Wends and,
355, 398; obtains North Mark, 343, 350;
and Brandenburg, 344, 357; rivalry with
Henry the Lion, 384, 401; death of, 402;
405
Albert of Morra, see Gregory VIII, Pope
Albert of the Sabina, anti-Pope, 96
Albert of Wettin, margrave of Meissen,
465
Albert, uncle of Baldwin, count of Hainault,
candidate for bishopric of Liège, 466
Albert, brother of Henry duke of Brabant,
papal candidate for the bishopric of Liège,
466; driven out and murdered, 466 sq.
Afshin, Turkish leader, 261; ravages
Northern Syria, 263
Agapetus I, Pope, 766
Agde, council of (506), 11
Agnes, Empress, crowned, 22; regent for
Henry IV, 31, 33, 112 sqq. ; her disposal
of patronage, 113 sq. , 122; relations with
Italy, 35, 114; deprived of regency, 44,
114 sq. ; 21, 59 sq. , 64
Agnes, daughter of Henry IV, marries Duke
Frederick I of Swabia, 140; second mar-
riage, to Margrave Liutpold of Austria,
154; her children, 153, 154 note, 351
Agnes, daughter of Duke Rudolf of Swabia,
marries Berthold of Zäbringen, 140
Agnes of Saarbruck, second wife of Frede-
rick II of Swabia, defends Spires against
Lothar III, 339
Agnes, cousin of Henry VI, marries Henry,
son of Henry the Lion, 469
Ahmad ibn 'Abdallāh, head of Ismā'ilians,
244
Ahmad ibn Husain, al-Mutanabbi, see Muta-
nabbi
Ahmad ibn Tūlūn, first independentemir in
Egypt, 244
Ahmad Shāh, Turkish leader, 261
Aicard, archbishop of Arles, establishes
commune there, 635
Ailward, the chamberlain, and Henry II,
567
Aimé of Monte Cassino, chronicler, his
## p. 949 (#995) ############################################
Index
949
Albert of Aix, chronicler, on Peter the Her.
mit's crusade, 275; his estimates of num.
bers, 277 sq. , 298; on Alexius and Godfrey,
282 note; on First Crusade, 281
Alberti, counts of Prato, their wars with
Florence, 224
Albertus Magnus, and Roger Bacon, 814;
and Aristotle, 818 sq. , 821, 824
Albi, see of, 10; commune of, 650
Albini, Nigel de, endowed by Henry I, 536
Albini, William de, of Belvoir, 534; endowed
by Henry I, 536
Albini, William de, earl of Sussex (or Arun-
del), made earl, 548; supports Henry II,
568 sq. ; 582
Al-Buqai'ah, Nicephorus in, 247
Alcántara, Order of, 333, 683
Alciat, Andrew, the jurist, 741, 752
Alcobaça, abbey, 683
Alcuin, at the court of Charles the Great,
772 sqq. ; 659, 776, 784
Aldobrandeschi, feudal lords in Tuscany, 225
Alençon, 488, 517, 530, 541, 543
Aleppo, capital of Saif-ad-Daulah, 245 sqq. ;
position at, on death of Saif-ad-Daulah,
246, 250; under Sa'd-ad-Daulah, 250 sq. ;
captured by the Greeks, 246 sq. , 249; dis.
puted between Byzantines and Egypt, 251
sq. ; Lūlü emir of, 254; annexed by Egypt,
255; tributary to Byzantines, 256 sqq. ;
captured by Egyptians, 258; rule of
Thumālin, 258 sq. ; and Turkish invasion,
260 sqq. ; under Seljūqs, 263 sq.
