) After that period we find His-
tiea, or Orcus, governed by another tyrant named Phil-
istides, who, as Demosthenes asserts, was secretly sup-
pjrted and befriended by Philip of Macedon (Phil.
tiea, or Orcus, governed by another tyrant named Phil-
istides, who, as Demosthenes asserts, was secretly sup-
pjrted and befriended by Philip of Macedon (Phil.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
16, p.
464, seq. )--The Grecian oracles, or, at least, the most
celebrated of them, were of foreign origin, and were
established either by Egyptian or Phoenician strangers.
(Hccrcn, Idecn, vol. 6, p. 94. --Compare Knight's In-
quiry, \< 43, 71, 223. ) But it was impossible for these
sacerdotal settlements to assume in Greece the aspect
which they took in Africa. The character of the coun-
try and the spirit of the people were alike opposed to
it. For though the popular religion in Greece was
not wholly unconnected with politics, the state, having
never, as in Egypt, been founded entirely upon reli-
gion, never made a temple its central point, these set-
tlements, however, continued as oracles, of which the
Greek stood in need both in public and private life.
(Hccrcn, Idccn, I. c. -- Politics of Ancient Greece, p.
78. ) Somewhat analogous to this view of the sub-
ject is the position assumed by the advocates for the
existence of early sacerdotal castes or colleges in
Greece; and they consider the oracles as a remnant
surviving the overthrow of sacerdotal power. Hence
they undertake to explain why the oracles play so sub-
ordinate a part, and exercise so little influence in the
earlier periods of Grecian history; for the struggle be-
tween the sacerdotal caste and the warlike portion of
the population had been too recent for this, and the ha-
tred of the latter was still ardent against those who had
endeavoured to reduce them under their sway. (Con-
stant, dc la Religion, vol. 3, p. 369. ) Homer speaks
of no oracle except Dodona, and of that indirectly;
no mention is made of Delphi in either of his poems.
What had, however, been wrested by force from the
sacerdotal caste, was in a great measure regained by
the influence of these very oracles on the weak'and su-
perstitious. Everything that could tend to keep up a
feeling of awe in the visiter was carefully exhibited.
The seats of the oracles were established in the bosoms
of forests, by the lonely sources of rivers, on wild and
craggy mountains, in gloomy caves, but, above all, near
the mansions of the dead; and, notwithstanding the
efforts of philosophy, and the raillery and sarcasm of
the comic muse, they succeeded in acquiring a power
which often placed in the hands of their expounders
the common fortunes of Greece. --The ambiguity of
the oracular responses has always been a subject of
remark: in this, indeed, all the artifice and adroitness
of the priests directly centred. Every prediction was
susceptible of a double meaning, and the veracity of
the gods in this way remained safe from impeachment.
It must be remarked, however, that this fatal ambigu-
ity on the part of the oracles does not confine itself
merely to the ages of tradition and fable. On the con-
trary, it becomes more frequent the more men part
with the improper and degrading notions of the deity
which they had originally entertained. As long as
men are still sufficiently rude and ignorant to believe
the gods capable of voluntary falsehood, the predic-
tions of oracles need be marked by no ambiguity; a
deviation from truth on the part of the deity is in such
a condition of society regarded merely as a mark
of divine anger. But when the character of the gods
? ? is better understood, and when their attributes are
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? ORC
ORCHOMENUS.
he states the number at thirty-three, of which twenty,
according to him, were inhabited, and the remaining
thirteen deserted. --The Orkneys at the present day are
still called Orcades by the French. They are separa-
ted from the northern extremity of Scotland by the
Pentland Straits or Frith, in which the sea is so bois-
terous that the surf upon the rocks spreads a fine rain
to a league's distance within the land: no wind, how-
ever strong, will enable the mariner to stem the cur-
rent in this place. The group consists of 67 islands
and islets, 27 of which arc inhabited. Red sand-
stone is the prevailing rock. The soil of some of the
islands is of inferior quality, but that of others is ex-
cellent. The Shetland or Zetland islands are eighty-
six in number, of which forty arc inhabited. They
contain granite and rocks of igneous origin, with red
sandstone: their vegetation is poorer than that of the
Orkneys, and their soil for the most part is marshy.
(Maltc-Brun, vol. 8, p. 684. )
Orchomexcs, I. a celebrated city of Bceotia, near
the Ophissus. and to the northwest of the Lake Co-
pais. It was the second city of the land, and at one
time even rivalled Thebes itself in wealth, power, and
importance. Its first inhabitants are said to have been
the Phlegyas, a lawless race, who regarded neither
gods nor men* but laid the whole country under con-
tribution by their frequent and daring robberies.
(Horn. , Hymn. Apoll. , 278. -- Schol. in Apollon.
Rhod. . 1, 735. --Horn. , II. , 13, 3*02-- Pausan. , 9, 36. )
Pausanias, however, reports that a city named An-
dreis existed before the time of Phlcgyas, who is said
to have been a son of Mars. The Phlegyae having
been destroyed by the gods for their impiety, with the
exception of a small remnant who fled into Phocis,
were succeeded by the Minya? (vid. Minye), who arc
commonly looked upon as the real founders of Orchom-
enus. which thence obtained the surname of "the
Minyean. " (Od. , 11, 283-- Pmd. , 01. , 14, 1-- Apoll.
Rhod. , 3, 1094-- Thucyd. , 4, 36. ) At this period
Orchomenus became so renowned for its wealth and
power that Homer represents it as vying with the most
opulent cities in the world. (II. , 9, 381. ) These
riches arc said to have been deposited in a building
erected for that purpose by Minyas, and which Pau-
sanias describes as an astonishing work, and equally
worthy of admiration with the walls of Tyrins or the
pyramids of Egypt (9, 36). Thebes was at that time
inferior in power to the Minyean city, and in a war
with Erginus, king of the latter, was compelled to be-
come its tributary. (Strabo, 414. -- Pausan. , I. c. )
As another proof of the wealth and civilization to
which Orchomenus had attained, it is mentioned that
Eteoclcs, one of its early kings, was the first to erect
and consecrate a temple to the Graces (Strab. , I. c. --
Pausan. , 9, 35), whence Orchomenus is designated
by Pindar (Pyth. , 12, 45) as the city of the Graces.
In a war waged against Hercules, its power, however,
was greatly impaired, though at the period of the
Trojan war it still retained its independence, since we
find it mentioned by Homer as a separate principality,
distinct from Bceotia. (//. , 2, 511. ) It appears to
have joined the Bceotian confederacy about six years
after the siege of Troy (Strabo, 410), and Thucydides
informs us in his time it was no longer termed the
Minyean, but the Bceotian Orchomenus (4, 76. --
Compare Herod. , 8, 34). It was occupied by the
Lacedemonians at the time they held the Cadmean
? ? citadel, but joined the Thebans after the battle of
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? ORE
ORE
t'ic Achman league. Surprised again by Clcomcncs,
it was retaken by Antigonus Doson, who placed there
a Macedonian garrison. After his death, however, it
appears to have reverted to the Achaeans. (Polyb. , 2,
46 --Id. , 2, 54 --Id. , 4, 6-- Strabo, 338. ) The plain
of Orchomenus was in a great measure occupied by a
small lake, formed by the rain-water which descended
from the surrounding hills: one of these, situated
over against the town, was named Trachys. The
modern village of Kalpaki is built on the ruins of Or-
chomenus. (Cramer's Ant. Greece, vol. 3, p. 306,
seqq. )--III. A city of Thessaly, on the confines of
Macedonia. (Schol. in Apoll. Rhod. , 2, 1186. --Van
Stavcren, ad Hygin, fah. , I. --Midler, Orchomcnos
und die Minycr, p. 249. )--IV. A city of Pontus, ac-
cording to the scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius (2,
1186). Consult the remarks of Mullcr (Orchomcnos,
ice, p. 288).
Orcus, the god of the lower world, in the old Latin
religion, corresponding to the Hades or Pluto of the
Greeks. Verrius says that the ancients pronounced
Orcus as if written Uragus, or, rather, Urgus, whence
it would signify the Driver (from urgeo). answering to
the Hades- Agcsilaus of the Greeks. This etymology,
however, is very doubtful. (Feslus, s. v. --Kcightlcy's
Mythology, p. 527. )
Ordovices, % people of Britain, occupying what
would correspond at the present day to the northern
portion of Wales, together with the isle of Anglesey.
(Tacit. . Hist. , 12, 33. --Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 2, pt.
2, p. 187. ) It was probably owing to the nature of
their country, and to the vicinity of Deva, now Ches-
ter, where a whole Roman legion was quartered, that
the Romans had so few towns and stations among the
Ordovices. Mediomanium was their capital, and was
probably situated at Mayicood or Meifad, in Mont-
gomeryshire. (Mela, 3, 6. --Plm. , 4, 16-,-Manncrt,
I. e. )
Oreades, nymphs of the mountains, so called from
the Greek opoc, "<z mountain. " Another form of the
name is Orcstiades ('OpeoTuUhr). They generally at-
tended upon Diana, and accompanied her in hunting.
(Virg. , ten. , 1, 504-- Ocid, Met. , 8, 787. --Horn. , II. ,
6, 420. )
Orkst. k, a people of Epirus, situate apparently to
the southeast of the Lynccstre, and, like them, origi-
nally independent of the Macedonian kings, though af-
terward annexed to their dominions. At a later peri-
od, having revolted under the protection of a Roman
force, they were declared free on the conclusion of
peace between Philip and the Romans. (Liv. , 33, 34.
--/i{? 42,38. ) Their country was apparently of small
extent, and contained but few towns. Among those
Orestia is named by Stcphanus Byzantinus, who states
it to have been tho birthplace of Ptolemy, the son of
Lagus. Its foundation was ascribed by tradition to
Orestes This is probably the same city called by
Strabo (326) Argos Orcoticum, built, as he" affirms, by
Orestes. Hierocles also (p. 641) recognises an Ar-
gos in Macedonia. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1,
p. 197. )
Orestes, son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.
On the assassination of Agamemnon, Orestes, then
quite young, was saved from his father's fate by his
sister Elcctra, who had him removed to the court of
their uncle Strophius, king of Phocis. There he form-
ed an intimate friendship with Pylades, the son of
? ? Strophius, and with him concerted the means, which
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? ORI
ORIBASIUS.
er Callas. Thucydidcs first notices Oreus at the close
of his history, as the last place retained by the Athe-
nians in Eubuea (8, 95). From Xcnophon we learn,
that, having been subsequently occupied by the Lace-
demonians, who had expelled Neogenes tuts tyrant, it
revolted from them previous to the battle of Lcuctra.
{Hut. Gr. , 5, 4, 57.
) After that period we find His-
tiea, or Orcus, governed by another tyrant named Phil-
istides, who, as Demosthenes asserts, was secretly sup-
pjrted and befriended by Philip of Macedon (Phil. , 3,
p. 125): he was afterward defeated and slain by the
Athenians and Chalcidians. (Stcph. Byz. , s. v. ) . Es-
chincs, on the other hand, cites a decree of Orcus, to
prove that Demosthenes had been bribed by the citi-
zens of that town. (JEsch. in Ctcs. , p, 68. )--In the
second Punic war, Orcus, when besieged by Attalus
and Sulpicius, a Roman general, was betrayed into
their hands by Plator, who had been intrusted by Phil-
ip with the command of the place, (/-. ir, 28, 6. ) It
must have been restored, however, to that monarch on
peace being concluded; for, in the Macedonian war,
we find it sustaining another obstinate siege against
the same enemies, when it was taken by assault. (Liv. ,
31,46. -- Polyb. , 11, 6. --Id. , 18, 28. ) This city no
lonjrcr existed in Piiny's time (4, 12). Its ruins are
slill to be seen near the coast, opposite to Cape Volo
of Thcssaly. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 126. )
Orgktorix, a nobleman of the Helvetii, the most
conspicuous for rank and riches of any of his country-
men. He attempted to possess himself of the chief
power in his native state, and was, in consequence,
summoned to trial. His retainers, however, assembled
in great numbers, and prevented the case from being
heard. He died not long after, having fallen, as was
supposed, by his own hands. (C<es. , B. G. , 1, 2,
scqq)
Obihasics, an eminent physician, and the intimate
friend of the Emperor Julian, was born at Sardis, in
Lydia, according to Suidas and Philostorgius (Hist. .
Ecclcs. , 7, 15), or, rather, according to Eunapius (Dc j
Vitus Philosoph. ct Sophist. ), who was his contempo-
rary, at Pergamus, a celebrated city of Mysia, and the
birthplace of Galen. After enjoying the advantages of
a goad education, he became a pupil of Zeno, an able
physician of Cyprus, to whom the Emperor Julian ad-
dressed a letter, still extant. (Epist. ,47. ) Oribasius
soon became so famous in the practice of his profession,
as to induce Julian, upon being raised to the rank of
Caesar, to take him with him into Gaul as his physician,
AD. 355. Julian always held him in high esteem;
and, indeed, he owed him a debt of gratitude, if, as
Eunapius asserts, Oribasius aided in procuring for him
the empire. How this was effected by Oribasius, the
writer just mentioned does not state, and history is si-
lent on the subject. It is this circumstance which has
led Boissonadc, the last editor of Eunapius, to doubt
the accuracy of the meaning commonly attached to
the words of this writer. He asks whether the pas-
sage in question, 'O &c tooovtov tizT^eoveiiTci Tait; u. 7. -
Xaic lipeTaic:, ware Kal ftatrtfoa tov 'lovfaavuv dirt- j
fct$t, may not in fact mean that Oribasius had in-
stilled into the bosom of Julian, both by precept and ex-
ample, such virtues as made him truly a king? But,
however this may be, it is certain that they were upon
the most intimate terms, as is proved by one of Ju-
lian's letters, addressed to Oribasius, which still re-
mains (Episl. , 17), and is, at the same time, a monu-
? ? ment of their superstition and pagan idolatry. When
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? ORI
OR!
copied from Galen, is highly valuable from its accu-
racy and precision. As Dr. Freind remarks, he has
given a correct account of the salivary glands, which
appear to have been overlooked by Galen; at least no
description of them is to be found in such anatomical
works of his as have come down to us. His method
of treating epilepsy is also deserving of attention, as
it appears to be a rational one, and yet is not clearly
recommended by any other ancient authority. It con-
sists in first abstracting blood several times, then ad-
ministeringdrastic purgatives, such as colocynth, scam-
mony, and black or white hellebore, applying cupping
instruments to the occiput, and afterward sinapisms
and other stimulants. In confirmation of the benefi-
cial effects of hellebore in epilepsy, I would refer the
reader to a case related by Aulus Gellius (17, 15).
As a professed copyist from Galen, Oribasius may be
Bafcly consulted for a correct exposition of his doc-
trines. "--We have no complete edition of Oribasius.
The 40th chapter of the first Book of the Hebdomckon-
tabibloi, treating of waters, and the first six chapters
of the fifth book, were edited by Riccius; Roma, 1548,
4to. The first two books were edited by Gruner,
Jena, 1784, 4to. The 24th and 25th books, treating
of anatomy, &c, were edited by Dundas, Lugd. Bat,
1735, 4to. The 46th and 47th books, treating of frac-
tures, &c, as well as the fragments of the books re-
specting bandages and dressings, are contained in the
collection of Oocchi. There remain unedited from
the 3d to the 15th books, and from the 43d to the 45th
inclusive; and there remain to be discovered from the
16th to the 23d, and from the 26th to the 42d, inclu-
sive. Latin translations, however, have been printed
of some of the books that are yet unpublished in the
Greek text. --The text of the Abridgment has never
been printed. A Latin translation by Rasarius ap-
peared at Venice, 1553, 8vo, and at Paris, 1554, 12mo.
--The treatise on Simples, translated into Latin, ap-
peared at the end of Sichard's edition of Ccelius Au-
rclianus, Basle, 1559, fol. Another translation by
Rasarius is contained in the Basle edition of the works
of Oribasius. --The Commentary on the Aphorisms of
Hippocrates was published at Paris by Winter (Quin-
tenus), 1633, 8vo, and reprinted at Basle in 1535, at
Rome in 1553, and at Padua in 1558, in 8vo. (Schbll,
Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 7, p. 250, seaq. )
Oricum or Oricus, a port of Illyricum, at the head
of a bay, the outer side of which is formed by the
Acroceraunian promontory. Scylax (p. 10) and other
early writers place it in Illyria, while Ptolemy enu-
merates it among the cities of Epirus. Herodotus (9,
IJ4) speaks of it as a port not far from Apollonia and the
mouth of the Amis. It was known also to Hccate-
us and Apollodorus (np. Steph. Byz. , s. v. 'UpiKoc).
Scymnus of Chios appears to be tho only writer who
? lives any account of its foundation; he ascribes it to
tho Eubceans after their return from Troy. These are
the same people with the Abantes (v. 440). Apollo-
nius speaks of the arrival of a party of Golchians in
this port (4, 1216), whenco Pliny calls it a colony of
;'iat people (3, 23). Oricum, however, is much more
known in history as a haven frequented by the Ro-
mans in their communication with Greece, being very
conveniently situated for that purpose from its proxim-
ity to Hydruntum and Brundisium. During the sec-
ond Punic war, this town was taken by Philip, king
of Macedonia, but was afterward recovered by tho
? ? prretor Valerius Lavinus, who surprised the enemy in
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? ORIGENES.
OHIGENES.
eventually became acquainted with it. Surprised at
the hardihood of the deed, and yet forced to respect
such ardent and devoted piety in so young a man, he
encouraged him to persevere. Origen himself was
subsequently convinced of his error, and confuted in
his writings the literal interpretation of a text which
had led him to this extreme. --After a visit to Home,
where Zephirinus was the bishop, Origen turned his
attention to the acquiring of the Hebrew tongue, a
thing yery unusual at that time (Hieron. , de Vir. II-
lustr. , c. 56); but his knowledge of the language was
never very great. About the year 212, his preaching
reclaimed from the Valcntinian heresy a wealthy per-
son of the name of Ambrose, who afterward assisted
him materially in the publication of his Commentaries
on the Scriptures. His reputation kept continually in-
creasing, and he became eminent not merely as an in-
structer in religion, but also in philosophy and human
sciences. The governor of Arabia, having heard won-
derful accounts of his abilities, requested Demetrius
and the patriarch of Egypt to send Origen to him,
that they might converse together on literature and
the sciences. The voyage was made, and, when the
curiosity of the ruler was gratified, Origen returned to
his native capital. This city, however, he soon after
qnitted, and fled to Cssarea to avoid the cruelties ex-
ercised upon the Alcxandreans by the odious Caracal-
la. At Cssarea he gave public lectures, and, though
not yet a priest, was invited by the bishops in this
quarter to expound the scriptures in the assemblies of
the faithful. Demetrius took offence at this, and Ori-
gen, at his earnest request, returned to the capital of
Egypt and resumed his former functions. About this
lime the Emperor Alexander Severus had stopped for
a while at Antioch, to expedite the preparations for
war against the Persians; and the Empress Mammea,
who accompanied her son, sent letters and an escort
to Origen, inviting him to Antioch. The opportunity
was eagerly embraced, and Origen unfolded to his il-
lustrious hearer the hopes and the promises of the gos-
pel. At a later period also he had a correspondence
with the Emperor Philip and his wife Severa. On his
return once more to Alcxandrea, he directed his atten-
tion to the writing of commentaries on the Old and
New Testaments, at the instance principally of Am-
brose, whom he had both instructed in the sciences,
and, as we have already observed, reclaimed from his
heretical opinions. This disciple, well known in Alex-
andrea by the fame of his riches, liberally supplied his
former master with all the means requisite for pursuing
his studies. Origen had around him several secreta-
ries, to whom he dictated notes, and seven others to
arrange these notes in order: the former were called
notarii, the latter librarii. Other copyists were em-
ployed in transcribing works. Origen commented first
on the Gospel of St. John, then on Genesis, the first
twenty-five Psalms, and the Lamentations of Jere-
miah. Obliged at this period to undertake a journey
to Athens, for the purpose of succouring the churches
of Aehaia, he again visited Ciesarea on his way, where
the bishop of this church and the bishop of Jerusa-
lem ordained him priest. He was at this time forty-
five years of age. Demetrius vehemently disapproved
of this ordination, and made known the act committed
by Origen on his own person, and which he had thus
far kept secret. According to him, Origen could not
bo admitted to sacred orders, and he insisted that this
? ? point of ancient discipline could not be abandoned by
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? ORIGENES.
logic, geometry, arithmetic, music, grammar, rhetoric,
and all the sects of the philosophers; so that he was
resorted to by many students of secular literature,
whom he received chiefly that lie might embrace the
opportunity of instructing them in the faith of Christ"
(de Vir. Illustr. , c. 54). Elsewhere he calls him the
greatest teacher since the Apostles. \Ve find this
same Jerome, however, at a later period of his life, vi-
olently attacking Origen, and approving of the perse-
cution of his followers. Sulpicius Severus says, that
in reading Origen's works he saw many things that
pleased him, hut many also in which he (Origen) was
undoubtedly mistaken. He wonders how one and the
same man could be so different from himself; and
adds, "where he is right, he has not an equal since
the Apostles; where he is in the wrong, no man has
erred more shamefully. " (Dialog. , 1, 3. ) All agree
that he was a man of an active and powerful mind,
and of fervent piety; fond of investigating truth, and
free from all mean prejudices, of the most profound
learning, and the most untiring industry. His whole
life was occupied in writing, teaching, and especially
in explaining the Scriptures. No man, certainly none
in ancient times, did more to settle the true text of
the sacred writings, and to spread them among the
people; and yet few, perhaps, have introduced more
dangerous principles into their interpretation. For,
whether from a defect in judgment or from a fault in
his education, he applied to the Scriptures the allegor-
ical method which the Tlatonists used in interpreting
the heathen mythology. He says himself, "that the
source of many evils lies in adhering to the carnal or
external part of Scripture. Those who do so shall
not attain the kingdom of God. Let us therefore seek
after the spirit and the substantial fruit of the word,
which are hidden and mysterious. " And, again, " the
Scriptures are of little use to those who understand
them as they are written. "--In the fourth century, the
writings of Origen led to violent controversies in the
Church. Epiphanius, in a letter preserved by Jerome,
enumerates eight erroneous opinions as contained in
his works. He is charged with holding heretical no-
tions concerning the Son and the Holy Spirit; with
maintaining that the human soul is not created with
the body, but has a previous existence; that in the
resurrection the body will not have the same members
as before; and that future punishments will not be
eternal, but that both fallen angels and wicked men
will be restored, at some distant period, to the favour
of God. (Hicron. adv. Ruf. , lib. 2, vol. 4, p. 403. )
These opinions were not generally held by his follow-
ers, who maintained that the passages from which they
had been drawn had been interpolated in his writings
by heretics. In 401, Theophilus, bishop of Alexan-
drea, held a synod, in which Origen and his followers
were condemned, and the reading of his works was
prohibited; and the monks, most of whom were Ori-
genists, were driven out of Alexandrea. His opin-
ions were again condemned by the second general
council of Constantinople, in A. D. 553. -- We will
now proceed to give a more particular account of the
several works of this father, as far as they have come
down to us, or are known from the statements of other
writers. 1. Tlepi 'Apxuv (" On Pint Principles'").
This work was divided into four books; but we pos-
sess only a short notice of it in the Myriobiblon of
Photius (Cod. , 8), an extract in Euscbius (contra. Mar-
cell. Ancyran. , lib. 1), and some fragments in the Phi-
? ? localia. Rufinus made a Latin translation of the work
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? ORIGENES.
464, seq. )--The Grecian oracles, or, at least, the most
celebrated of them, were of foreign origin, and were
established either by Egyptian or Phoenician strangers.
(Hccrcn, Idecn, vol. 6, p. 94. --Compare Knight's In-
quiry, \< 43, 71, 223. ) But it was impossible for these
sacerdotal settlements to assume in Greece the aspect
which they took in Africa. The character of the coun-
try and the spirit of the people were alike opposed to
it. For though the popular religion in Greece was
not wholly unconnected with politics, the state, having
never, as in Egypt, been founded entirely upon reli-
gion, never made a temple its central point, these set-
tlements, however, continued as oracles, of which the
Greek stood in need both in public and private life.
(Hccrcn, Idccn, I. c. -- Politics of Ancient Greece, p.
78. ) Somewhat analogous to this view of the sub-
ject is the position assumed by the advocates for the
existence of early sacerdotal castes or colleges in
Greece; and they consider the oracles as a remnant
surviving the overthrow of sacerdotal power. Hence
they undertake to explain why the oracles play so sub-
ordinate a part, and exercise so little influence in the
earlier periods of Grecian history; for the struggle be-
tween the sacerdotal caste and the warlike portion of
the population had been too recent for this, and the ha-
tred of the latter was still ardent against those who had
endeavoured to reduce them under their sway. (Con-
stant, dc la Religion, vol. 3, p. 369. ) Homer speaks
of no oracle except Dodona, and of that indirectly;
no mention is made of Delphi in either of his poems.
What had, however, been wrested by force from the
sacerdotal caste, was in a great measure regained by
the influence of these very oracles on the weak'and su-
perstitious. Everything that could tend to keep up a
feeling of awe in the visiter was carefully exhibited.
The seats of the oracles were established in the bosoms
of forests, by the lonely sources of rivers, on wild and
craggy mountains, in gloomy caves, but, above all, near
the mansions of the dead; and, notwithstanding the
efforts of philosophy, and the raillery and sarcasm of
the comic muse, they succeeded in acquiring a power
which often placed in the hands of their expounders
the common fortunes of Greece. --The ambiguity of
the oracular responses has always been a subject of
remark: in this, indeed, all the artifice and adroitness
of the priests directly centred. Every prediction was
susceptible of a double meaning, and the veracity of
the gods in this way remained safe from impeachment.
It must be remarked, however, that this fatal ambigu-
ity on the part of the oracles does not confine itself
merely to the ages of tradition and fable. On the con-
trary, it becomes more frequent the more men part
with the improper and degrading notions of the deity
which they had originally entertained. As long as
men are still sufficiently rude and ignorant to believe
the gods capable of voluntary falsehood, the predic-
tions of oracles need be marked by no ambiguity; a
deviation from truth on the part of the deity is in such
a condition of society regarded merely as a mark
of divine anger. But when the character of the gods
? ? is better understood, and when their attributes are
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? ORC
ORCHOMENUS.
he states the number at thirty-three, of which twenty,
according to him, were inhabited, and the remaining
thirteen deserted. --The Orkneys at the present day are
still called Orcades by the French. They are separa-
ted from the northern extremity of Scotland by the
Pentland Straits or Frith, in which the sea is so bois-
terous that the surf upon the rocks spreads a fine rain
to a league's distance within the land: no wind, how-
ever strong, will enable the mariner to stem the cur-
rent in this place. The group consists of 67 islands
and islets, 27 of which arc inhabited. Red sand-
stone is the prevailing rock. The soil of some of the
islands is of inferior quality, but that of others is ex-
cellent. The Shetland or Zetland islands are eighty-
six in number, of which forty arc inhabited. They
contain granite and rocks of igneous origin, with red
sandstone: their vegetation is poorer than that of the
Orkneys, and their soil for the most part is marshy.
(Maltc-Brun, vol. 8, p. 684. )
Orchomexcs, I. a celebrated city of Bceotia, near
the Ophissus. and to the northwest of the Lake Co-
pais. It was the second city of the land, and at one
time even rivalled Thebes itself in wealth, power, and
importance. Its first inhabitants are said to have been
the Phlegyas, a lawless race, who regarded neither
gods nor men* but laid the whole country under con-
tribution by their frequent and daring robberies.
(Horn. , Hymn. Apoll. , 278. -- Schol. in Apollon.
Rhod. . 1, 735. --Horn. , II. , 13, 3*02-- Pausan. , 9, 36. )
Pausanias, however, reports that a city named An-
dreis existed before the time of Phlcgyas, who is said
to have been a son of Mars. The Phlegyae having
been destroyed by the gods for their impiety, with the
exception of a small remnant who fled into Phocis,
were succeeded by the Minya? (vid. Minye), who arc
commonly looked upon as the real founders of Orchom-
enus. which thence obtained the surname of "the
Minyean. " (Od. , 11, 283-- Pmd. , 01. , 14, 1-- Apoll.
Rhod. , 3, 1094-- Thucyd. , 4, 36. ) At this period
Orchomenus became so renowned for its wealth and
power that Homer represents it as vying with the most
opulent cities in the world. (II. , 9, 381. ) These
riches arc said to have been deposited in a building
erected for that purpose by Minyas, and which Pau-
sanias describes as an astonishing work, and equally
worthy of admiration with the walls of Tyrins or the
pyramids of Egypt (9, 36). Thebes was at that time
inferior in power to the Minyean city, and in a war
with Erginus, king of the latter, was compelled to be-
come its tributary. (Strabo, 414. -- Pausan. , I. c. )
As another proof of the wealth and civilization to
which Orchomenus had attained, it is mentioned that
Eteoclcs, one of its early kings, was the first to erect
and consecrate a temple to the Graces (Strab. , I. c. --
Pausan. , 9, 35), whence Orchomenus is designated
by Pindar (Pyth. , 12, 45) as the city of the Graces.
In a war waged against Hercules, its power, however,
was greatly impaired, though at the period of the
Trojan war it still retained its independence, since we
find it mentioned by Homer as a separate principality,
distinct from Bceotia. (//. , 2, 511. ) It appears to
have joined the Bceotian confederacy about six years
after the siege of Troy (Strabo, 410), and Thucydides
informs us in his time it was no longer termed the
Minyean, but the Bceotian Orchomenus (4, 76. --
Compare Herod. , 8, 34). It was occupied by the
Lacedemonians at the time they held the Cadmean
? ? citadel, but joined the Thebans after the battle of
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? ORE
ORE
t'ic Achman league. Surprised again by Clcomcncs,
it was retaken by Antigonus Doson, who placed there
a Macedonian garrison. After his death, however, it
appears to have reverted to the Achaeans. (Polyb. , 2,
46 --Id. , 2, 54 --Id. , 4, 6-- Strabo, 338. ) The plain
of Orchomenus was in a great measure occupied by a
small lake, formed by the rain-water which descended
from the surrounding hills: one of these, situated
over against the town, was named Trachys. The
modern village of Kalpaki is built on the ruins of Or-
chomenus. (Cramer's Ant. Greece, vol. 3, p. 306,
seqq. )--III. A city of Thessaly, on the confines of
Macedonia. (Schol. in Apoll. Rhod. , 2, 1186. --Van
Stavcren, ad Hygin, fah. , I. --Midler, Orchomcnos
und die Minycr, p. 249. )--IV. A city of Pontus, ac-
cording to the scholiast on Apollonius Rhodius (2,
1186). Consult the remarks of Mullcr (Orchomcnos,
ice, p. 288).
Orcus, the god of the lower world, in the old Latin
religion, corresponding to the Hades or Pluto of the
Greeks. Verrius says that the ancients pronounced
Orcus as if written Uragus, or, rather, Urgus, whence
it would signify the Driver (from urgeo). answering to
the Hades- Agcsilaus of the Greeks. This etymology,
however, is very doubtful. (Feslus, s. v. --Kcightlcy's
Mythology, p. 527. )
Ordovices, % people of Britain, occupying what
would correspond at the present day to the northern
portion of Wales, together with the isle of Anglesey.
(Tacit. . Hist. , 12, 33. --Mannert, Geogr. , vol. 2, pt.
2, p. 187. ) It was probably owing to the nature of
their country, and to the vicinity of Deva, now Ches-
ter, where a whole Roman legion was quartered, that
the Romans had so few towns and stations among the
Ordovices. Mediomanium was their capital, and was
probably situated at Mayicood or Meifad, in Mont-
gomeryshire. (Mela, 3, 6. --Plm. , 4, 16-,-Manncrt,
I. e. )
Oreades, nymphs of the mountains, so called from
the Greek opoc, "<z mountain. " Another form of the
name is Orcstiades ('OpeoTuUhr). They generally at-
tended upon Diana, and accompanied her in hunting.
(Virg. , ten. , 1, 504-- Ocid, Met. , 8, 787. --Horn. , II. ,
6, 420. )
Orkst. k, a people of Epirus, situate apparently to
the southeast of the Lynccstre, and, like them, origi-
nally independent of the Macedonian kings, though af-
terward annexed to their dominions. At a later peri-
od, having revolted under the protection of a Roman
force, they were declared free on the conclusion of
peace between Philip and the Romans. (Liv. , 33, 34.
--/i{? 42,38. ) Their country was apparently of small
extent, and contained but few towns. Among those
Orestia is named by Stcphanus Byzantinus, who states
it to have been tho birthplace of Ptolemy, the son of
Lagus. Its foundation was ascribed by tradition to
Orestes This is probably the same city called by
Strabo (326) Argos Orcoticum, built, as he" affirms, by
Orestes. Hierocles also (p. 641) recognises an Ar-
gos in Macedonia. (Cramer's Ancient Greece, vol. 1,
p. 197. )
Orestes, son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra.
On the assassination of Agamemnon, Orestes, then
quite young, was saved from his father's fate by his
sister Elcctra, who had him removed to the court of
their uncle Strophius, king of Phocis. There he form-
ed an intimate friendship with Pylades, the son of
? ? Strophius, and with him concerted the means, which
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? ORI
ORIBASIUS.
er Callas. Thucydidcs first notices Oreus at the close
of his history, as the last place retained by the Athe-
nians in Eubuea (8, 95). From Xcnophon we learn,
that, having been subsequently occupied by the Lace-
demonians, who had expelled Neogenes tuts tyrant, it
revolted from them previous to the battle of Lcuctra.
{Hut. Gr. , 5, 4, 57.
) After that period we find His-
tiea, or Orcus, governed by another tyrant named Phil-
istides, who, as Demosthenes asserts, was secretly sup-
pjrted and befriended by Philip of Macedon (Phil. , 3,
p. 125): he was afterward defeated and slain by the
Athenians and Chalcidians. (Stcph. Byz. , s. v. ) . Es-
chincs, on the other hand, cites a decree of Orcus, to
prove that Demosthenes had been bribed by the citi-
zens of that town. (JEsch. in Ctcs. , p, 68. )--In the
second Punic war, Orcus, when besieged by Attalus
and Sulpicius, a Roman general, was betrayed into
their hands by Plator, who had been intrusted by Phil-
ip with the command of the place, (/-. ir, 28, 6. ) It
must have been restored, however, to that monarch on
peace being concluded; for, in the Macedonian war,
we find it sustaining another obstinate siege against
the same enemies, when it was taken by assault. (Liv. ,
31,46. -- Polyb. , 11, 6. --Id. , 18, 28. ) This city no
lonjrcr existed in Piiny's time (4, 12). Its ruins are
slill to be seen near the coast, opposite to Cape Volo
of Thcssaly. (Cramer's Anc. Greece, vol. 2, p. 126. )
Orgktorix, a nobleman of the Helvetii, the most
conspicuous for rank and riches of any of his country-
men. He attempted to possess himself of the chief
power in his native state, and was, in consequence,
summoned to trial. His retainers, however, assembled
in great numbers, and prevented the case from being
heard. He died not long after, having fallen, as was
supposed, by his own hands. (C<es. , B. G. , 1, 2,
scqq)
Obihasics, an eminent physician, and the intimate
friend of the Emperor Julian, was born at Sardis, in
Lydia, according to Suidas and Philostorgius (Hist. .
Ecclcs. , 7, 15), or, rather, according to Eunapius (Dc j
Vitus Philosoph. ct Sophist. ), who was his contempo-
rary, at Pergamus, a celebrated city of Mysia, and the
birthplace of Galen. After enjoying the advantages of
a goad education, he became a pupil of Zeno, an able
physician of Cyprus, to whom the Emperor Julian ad-
dressed a letter, still extant. (Epist. ,47. ) Oribasius
soon became so famous in the practice of his profession,
as to induce Julian, upon being raised to the rank of
Caesar, to take him with him into Gaul as his physician,
AD. 355. Julian always held him in high esteem;
and, indeed, he owed him a debt of gratitude, if, as
Eunapius asserts, Oribasius aided in procuring for him
the empire. How this was effected by Oribasius, the
writer just mentioned does not state, and history is si-
lent on the subject. It is this circumstance which has
led Boissonadc, the last editor of Eunapius, to doubt
the accuracy of the meaning commonly attached to
the words of this writer. He asks whether the pas-
sage in question, 'O &c tooovtov tizT^eoveiiTci Tait; u. 7. -
Xaic lipeTaic:, ware Kal ftatrtfoa tov 'lovfaavuv dirt- j
fct$t, may not in fact mean that Oribasius had in-
stilled into the bosom of Julian, both by precept and ex-
ample, such virtues as made him truly a king? But,
however this may be, it is certain that they were upon
the most intimate terms, as is proved by one of Ju-
lian's letters, addressed to Oribasius, which still re-
mains (Episl. , 17), and is, at the same time, a monu-
? ? ment of their superstition and pagan idolatry. When
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? ORI
OR!
copied from Galen, is highly valuable from its accu-
racy and precision. As Dr. Freind remarks, he has
given a correct account of the salivary glands, which
appear to have been overlooked by Galen; at least no
description of them is to be found in such anatomical
works of his as have come down to us. His method
of treating epilepsy is also deserving of attention, as
it appears to be a rational one, and yet is not clearly
recommended by any other ancient authority. It con-
sists in first abstracting blood several times, then ad-
ministeringdrastic purgatives, such as colocynth, scam-
mony, and black or white hellebore, applying cupping
instruments to the occiput, and afterward sinapisms
and other stimulants. In confirmation of the benefi-
cial effects of hellebore in epilepsy, I would refer the
reader to a case related by Aulus Gellius (17, 15).
As a professed copyist from Galen, Oribasius may be
Bafcly consulted for a correct exposition of his doc-
trines. "--We have no complete edition of Oribasius.
The 40th chapter of the first Book of the Hebdomckon-
tabibloi, treating of waters, and the first six chapters
of the fifth book, were edited by Riccius; Roma, 1548,
4to. The first two books were edited by Gruner,
Jena, 1784, 4to. The 24th and 25th books, treating
of anatomy, &c, were edited by Dundas, Lugd. Bat,
1735, 4to. The 46th and 47th books, treating of frac-
tures, &c, as well as the fragments of the books re-
specting bandages and dressings, are contained in the
collection of Oocchi. There remain unedited from
the 3d to the 15th books, and from the 43d to the 45th
inclusive; and there remain to be discovered from the
16th to the 23d, and from the 26th to the 42d, inclu-
sive. Latin translations, however, have been printed
of some of the books that are yet unpublished in the
Greek text. --The text of the Abridgment has never
been printed. A Latin translation by Rasarius ap-
peared at Venice, 1553, 8vo, and at Paris, 1554, 12mo.
--The treatise on Simples, translated into Latin, ap-
peared at the end of Sichard's edition of Ccelius Au-
rclianus, Basle, 1559, fol. Another translation by
Rasarius is contained in the Basle edition of the works
of Oribasius. --The Commentary on the Aphorisms of
Hippocrates was published at Paris by Winter (Quin-
tenus), 1633, 8vo, and reprinted at Basle in 1535, at
Rome in 1553, and at Padua in 1558, in 8vo. (Schbll,
Hist. Lit. Gr. , vol. 7, p. 250, seaq. )
Oricum or Oricus, a port of Illyricum, at the head
of a bay, the outer side of which is formed by the
Acroceraunian promontory. Scylax (p. 10) and other
early writers place it in Illyria, while Ptolemy enu-
merates it among the cities of Epirus. Herodotus (9,
IJ4) speaks of it as a port not far from Apollonia and the
mouth of the Amis. It was known also to Hccate-
us and Apollodorus (np. Steph. Byz. , s. v. 'UpiKoc).
Scymnus of Chios appears to be tho only writer who
? lives any account of its foundation; he ascribes it to
tho Eubceans after their return from Troy. These are
the same people with the Abantes (v. 440). Apollo-
nius speaks of the arrival of a party of Golchians in
this port (4, 1216), whenco Pliny calls it a colony of
;'iat people (3, 23). Oricum, however, is much more
known in history as a haven frequented by the Ro-
mans in their communication with Greece, being very
conveniently situated for that purpose from its proxim-
ity to Hydruntum and Brundisium. During the sec-
ond Punic war, this town was taken by Philip, king
of Macedonia, but was afterward recovered by tho
? ? prretor Valerius Lavinus, who surprised the enemy in
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? ORIGENES.
OHIGENES.
eventually became acquainted with it. Surprised at
the hardihood of the deed, and yet forced to respect
such ardent and devoted piety in so young a man, he
encouraged him to persevere. Origen himself was
subsequently convinced of his error, and confuted in
his writings the literal interpretation of a text which
had led him to this extreme. --After a visit to Home,
where Zephirinus was the bishop, Origen turned his
attention to the acquiring of the Hebrew tongue, a
thing yery unusual at that time (Hieron. , de Vir. II-
lustr. , c. 56); but his knowledge of the language was
never very great. About the year 212, his preaching
reclaimed from the Valcntinian heresy a wealthy per-
son of the name of Ambrose, who afterward assisted
him materially in the publication of his Commentaries
on the Scriptures. His reputation kept continually in-
creasing, and he became eminent not merely as an in-
structer in religion, but also in philosophy and human
sciences. The governor of Arabia, having heard won-
derful accounts of his abilities, requested Demetrius
and the patriarch of Egypt to send Origen to him,
that they might converse together on literature and
the sciences. The voyage was made, and, when the
curiosity of the ruler was gratified, Origen returned to
his native capital. This city, however, he soon after
qnitted, and fled to Cssarea to avoid the cruelties ex-
ercised upon the Alcxandreans by the odious Caracal-
la. At Cssarea he gave public lectures, and, though
not yet a priest, was invited by the bishops in this
quarter to expound the scriptures in the assemblies of
the faithful. Demetrius took offence at this, and Ori-
gen, at his earnest request, returned to the capital of
Egypt and resumed his former functions. About this
lime the Emperor Alexander Severus had stopped for
a while at Antioch, to expedite the preparations for
war against the Persians; and the Empress Mammea,
who accompanied her son, sent letters and an escort
to Origen, inviting him to Antioch. The opportunity
was eagerly embraced, and Origen unfolded to his il-
lustrious hearer the hopes and the promises of the gos-
pel. At a later period also he had a correspondence
with the Emperor Philip and his wife Severa. On his
return once more to Alcxandrea, he directed his atten-
tion to the writing of commentaries on the Old and
New Testaments, at the instance principally of Am-
brose, whom he had both instructed in the sciences,
and, as we have already observed, reclaimed from his
heretical opinions. This disciple, well known in Alex-
andrea by the fame of his riches, liberally supplied his
former master with all the means requisite for pursuing
his studies. Origen had around him several secreta-
ries, to whom he dictated notes, and seven others to
arrange these notes in order: the former were called
notarii, the latter librarii. Other copyists were em-
ployed in transcribing works. Origen commented first
on the Gospel of St. John, then on Genesis, the first
twenty-five Psalms, and the Lamentations of Jere-
miah. Obliged at this period to undertake a journey
to Athens, for the purpose of succouring the churches
of Aehaia, he again visited Ciesarea on his way, where
the bishop of this church and the bishop of Jerusa-
lem ordained him priest. He was at this time forty-
five years of age. Demetrius vehemently disapproved
of this ordination, and made known the act committed
by Origen on his own person, and which he had thus
far kept secret. According to him, Origen could not
bo admitted to sacred orders, and he insisted that this
? ? point of ancient discipline could not be abandoned by
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? ORIGENES.
logic, geometry, arithmetic, music, grammar, rhetoric,
and all the sects of the philosophers; so that he was
resorted to by many students of secular literature,
whom he received chiefly that lie might embrace the
opportunity of instructing them in the faith of Christ"
(de Vir. Illustr. , c. 54). Elsewhere he calls him the
greatest teacher since the Apostles. \Ve find this
same Jerome, however, at a later period of his life, vi-
olently attacking Origen, and approving of the perse-
cution of his followers. Sulpicius Severus says, that
in reading Origen's works he saw many things that
pleased him, hut many also in which he (Origen) was
undoubtedly mistaken. He wonders how one and the
same man could be so different from himself; and
adds, "where he is right, he has not an equal since
the Apostles; where he is in the wrong, no man has
erred more shamefully. " (Dialog. , 1, 3. ) All agree
that he was a man of an active and powerful mind,
and of fervent piety; fond of investigating truth, and
free from all mean prejudices, of the most profound
learning, and the most untiring industry. His whole
life was occupied in writing, teaching, and especially
in explaining the Scriptures. No man, certainly none
in ancient times, did more to settle the true text of
the sacred writings, and to spread them among the
people; and yet few, perhaps, have introduced more
dangerous principles into their interpretation. For,
whether from a defect in judgment or from a fault in
his education, he applied to the Scriptures the allegor-
ical method which the Tlatonists used in interpreting
the heathen mythology. He says himself, "that the
source of many evils lies in adhering to the carnal or
external part of Scripture. Those who do so shall
not attain the kingdom of God. Let us therefore seek
after the spirit and the substantial fruit of the word,
which are hidden and mysterious. " And, again, " the
Scriptures are of little use to those who understand
them as they are written. "--In the fourth century, the
writings of Origen led to violent controversies in the
Church. Epiphanius, in a letter preserved by Jerome,
enumerates eight erroneous opinions as contained in
his works. He is charged with holding heretical no-
tions concerning the Son and the Holy Spirit; with
maintaining that the human soul is not created with
the body, but has a previous existence; that in the
resurrection the body will not have the same members
as before; and that future punishments will not be
eternal, but that both fallen angels and wicked men
will be restored, at some distant period, to the favour
of God. (Hicron. adv. Ruf. , lib. 2, vol. 4, p. 403. )
These opinions were not generally held by his follow-
ers, who maintained that the passages from which they
had been drawn had been interpolated in his writings
by heretics. In 401, Theophilus, bishop of Alexan-
drea, held a synod, in which Origen and his followers
were condemned, and the reading of his works was
prohibited; and the monks, most of whom were Ori-
genists, were driven out of Alexandrea. His opin-
ions were again condemned by the second general
council of Constantinople, in A. D. 553. -- We will
now proceed to give a more particular account of the
several works of this father, as far as they have come
down to us, or are known from the statements of other
writers. 1. Tlepi 'Apxuv (" On Pint Principles'").
This work was divided into four books; but we pos-
sess only a short notice of it in the Myriobiblon of
Photius (Cod. , 8), an extract in Euscbius (contra. Mar-
cell. Ancyran. , lib. 1), and some fragments in the Phi-
? ? localia. Rufinus made a Latin translation of the work
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? ORIGENES.
