Now, it seems likely, the foundation of Louth monastery by Mochta must have been subsequent to that epoch, since he should be too young, when the Irish Apostle lived —at
Ardpatrick, to have been the superior over a monastery.
Ardpatrick, to have been the superior over a monastery.
O'Hanlon - Lives of the Irish Saints - v8
Patricii, lib.
iii.
, cap.
xcviii.
, p.
167.
51 See Colgan's "Acta Sanctorum Hiber- nice," Martii xxiv. Appendix ad Vitam S.
against him : "Satan, though silent himself,
barks through a huge and corpulent moun- the
tain dog, who can do more damage with his claws, than even with his teeth ; lor lie is by descent of the Scotic nation, which is adjoin- ing Britain, and like another Cerberus, ac- cording to the fables of the poets, must be struck down with aspiritualclub, that thus he
may be silent for ever with his master Pluto. "
See
"
Commentaria in Jeremiam," Prsefatio.
"
the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity,
Book of Obits," and Martyrology ot
August 19. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 2 75
and Ireland. 5^
sa he
CHAPTER II
AFTER ARRIVING IN IRELAND, ST. MOCHTA BUILDS A CHURCH AT KILMORE—HIS AUSTERE MANNER OF LIVING—HE REMOVES TO LUGHMADH OR LOUTH—ST. MOCHTA A DISCIPLE OF ST. PATRICK—INTIMACY BETWEEN HIM AND THE IRISH APOSTLE— FOUNDATION OF A MONASTERY AT LOUTH—HIS RULE AND ATTRIBUTED WRITINGS.
St. Mochta is said to have entered Ireland, at Omeath,1 in the present County of Louth. Probably his passage was directly across the Irish Sea
from Britain. There, in a grove, he began to build a monastery, which, in courseoftime,wasknownasCellaMagna,inLatin. Thismayberendered
Kilmore, in Irish, or the "Great Church," in English. According to
for a return to As at so many other periods of his career, an incredible incident occurred on this voyage, when the Legend of his Acts relates, that one of his companions, named Edan,54 who had been left behind through accident, yet was miraculously conveyed to Ireland, even before Mocteus, whom he there
received at the port of arrival.
tion,
accompanied by
twelve
disciples,
prepared
3 that church be identified with Kilmore Aedhan, where St. may
Colgan,
Aidan is venerated on the 2nd of November. 3 He became ruler over it, while his life and actions themselves furnished a rule for the religious com- munity there formed. He walked in justice and holiness before God ; and besides the ordinary rule he observed, Mochta practised special devotions, thus being so far in advance of others, that it was found difficult to emulate his virtues. He appears to have lived on a vegetable diet, for Cuimin, of Con- deire, 4 states in the poem which begins, "Patrick of the fort of Mocha, loves," that Mochta was one hundred years, without eating a bit of rich food, or fat of any kind. With the statement so exaggerated, that our saint lived for three hundred years, another poem confirms the foregoing tradition^ regard-
ing his great abstinence.
Mochtei, cap. i. , pp. 732, 733.
52 This number of missionaries is given in
several instances, where the Propagation of the Faith was concerned, both in Ireland and in distant countries. It was intended to represent the college of the Apostles, who were the first
Aedhain, in Hua-Meth, venerated on the 2nd of November. As it was in this district St. Mocteus built his first church, so it seems probable his disciple should also have had connection with it. See " Acta Sanctorum Hibernise," Martii xxiv. , Vita S. Mochtei
— n.
Episcopi Lugmadensis, 4, p. 731.
of the
great preachers Gospel
in different countries during the first cen- tury of the Church.
53 On the passage over the Legend of our
"
saint's Acts, it states :
cum mare, oblitus cujusdam Edani causa de quadam a fratribus segregati, navem ascen- dit ; cui deinde navigium clamanti, abscisso arboris ramo, vice navis uti proecepit. Obtemperat Magistri jussis, non diffidens in ejus meritis, ramo supersedet, aequora per- meat ; sed et navem prsevenit, atque in portu Magistrum excipit. "
54 Taken this Edan to have been one of
the four and twenty saints bearing the same
name, and registered in the Irish Calendars, Colgan supposes he must have been the son of iEngus, and patron saint of Kill-mor
Chapter
l
ii. The
Regio Meatheorum,
Cumque ad Hiberni-
commonly called in Irish Hua-Meth, was in
theDioceseofArmaghinUlster. Itsname
was obtained from the descendants of Muir-
eadhach Meith, the son of Iomchadh, who
was the son of Colla da Crioch. See the
"leAbh. Ar\ riA g-CeAnc, or Book of Rights,"
edited by John O'Donovan, n. (a), p. 148.
2
See "Acta Sanctorum Hibernise," xxiv. Martii, Vita S. Mochtei Episcopi Lugma- densis, nn. 4, 5, p. 731.
3 See an account of him, at that date, in the Eleventh Volume of this work.
4 See Rev. Dr. Kelly's "Calendar of Irish
Saints," pp. 160, 161.
5 This is to be found in the "Martyrology
of Donegal," at the 19th of August, and the
276 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 19.
The saint did not remain long in that place he had first selected, as the
inhabitants compelled him to leave ; but, the reasons for their action are
not stated. However, guided in a supernatural manner, and leaving a portion of his monastic property to the monks, St. Mochta brought other holy men with him, to another locality, which he knew to have been that destined for him by the Almighty. To those left behind him, these words were addressed: u The little spring-well of this place shall belong to me, and it shall follow me, to serve my monks and those who shall come after my time. " Where-
upon, he went to a spot named Lugmud or Lughmadh,6 then belonging to the Magi. He may thus be regarded as the founder and patron of Louth Church, which was thus designated. It is more generally written Lugh, in our ancient documents, and it lay within that fertile and wide plain of southern
Ulster, formerly called Conaille, and at a subsequent period Machaire 8
Oirgiall. ? It was anciently an episcopal See, but afterwards, it was united to that of Armagh. From Lughmadh, the whole of Louth County is now named. We are told, that a well at Kilmore followed our saint through subterranean passages, and issued forth at that place indicated.
That Mochta applied himself as an assistant in St. Patrick's labours 9 seems to be generally admitted. It is probable, moreover, that the Irish Apostle had already preached in this part of Ireland, and that he had an
10
Neither is it unlikely, that our saint served there for a time under his illustrious master, before he undertook the erection of any independent church. However that may be, we find Mauctaneus,11 or Mochta, called a pilgrim from Britain, a holy man, and a disciple of St. Patrick, the great primitive bishop. 12 He is named in the second place/3 among the domestics of St. Patrick, in the Book of Sligo, and under the appellation of Mochta Lugh, Priest. In another
establishment, at a place, called Ard-patrick from himself.
he is called the " of St. Patrick. 1 * archipresbyter"
instance,
When Mochteus became the illustrious Apostle's disciple, on a certain
occasion, the master read for him that portion of the Book of Genesis, in which it is related, that before the Deluge, the early inhabitants of the earth attained the age of nine hundred, and even more years ; nevertheless, St. Mochta raised an objection, that such an age seemed incredible, as the human body, composed of flesh, bones, nerves and skin, was so fragile, and liable to
a much earlier decay.
To this observation St. Patrick replied, that the whole
—is an following
English
translation ofthe
of andEdanO'Kelly,Bishop King Oirgiall,
stanza
:
of a. d. i Clogher,
See Sir Ware, James
" The teeth of Mochta, of good habits, Three hundred years durable the
rigour,
Without a word of error escaping
from them,
Without a bit of fat passing down
them. "
148.
"De Hibernia et Antiquitatibus ejus,"
cap. xxvi. , p. 175.
» See his Life, at the 17th of March, in
the Third Volume of this work, Art. i.
I0
6 However, this appears to have been an
erroneous rendering for Lugh-magh, inter- papa no>ter. " See Ussher's "Veterum
preted "the Plain of Lug," or perhaps more
Epistolarum Ilibernicarum Sylloge," Epis.
xi. , p. 32.
13 See Archbishop Ussher's " Britannica-
rum Ecclesiarum Anticpiitates," cap. xviii. , p. 445.
** See Colgan's "Trias Thaumaturga,"
Septima Vita S. Patricii, lib. iii. , cap. xcviii. ,
p. 167.
»s See " Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Anti-
correctly Lubh-magh, meaning
the grassy
Plain. " See
Colgan's
Hibernise," xxiv. Martii, Vita S. Mochtei
Episcopi Lugmadensis, n. 7, p. 731.
7 This is rendered into the Plain of the Oirgiall or of the Orientals.
8
There was a Monastery of Canons Regu- lar established here by Donat O'Carroll,
"
" Acta Sanctorum
See ibid. , chap. xxi. ""
See Colgan's Trias Thaumaturga,"
Quinta Appendix ad Acta S. Patricii, cap.
xxiii. , p. 266.
13
about a. d. 634, calls him "Sanctus Patricius
Cummian, in his Paschal Epistle, written
August 19. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 277
of the Canonical Scriptures had been inspired by God, and traced with his finger, so that in no one case could they be derogated from or discredited.
Moreover, he argued, that the Omnipotent could as readily prolong the life of man to a thousand years as to a single day, according to that of the Psalmist. " A thousand years before His eyes are but as yesterday, which has passed away. " While hesitating about or discussing that question, St.
M
Patrick pronounced the following prophecy :
Since you are incredulous
regarding what is contained in the Sacred Scripture, you shall have this
confirmed by personal experience, as three hundred years on earth shall be
the term of your own life, nor shall you enter into God's glorious kingdom
until that be completed. " This prediction, it is said, was realised, and Mochta
in course of time repented of his error. However, Archbishop Ussher x s very
properly observes, that such a fable may be classed with other incredible
l6
inserted in Jocelyn's Life of St. Patrick.
While residing in his monastery at Ard-Patrick, the blessed Apostle, as we
are told by Jocelyn, proposed to build a church, in a place sufficiently fair
prodigies
1
which was afterwards called Ludha. ? But an then
and
ing enjoined that he should desist therefrom, saying:
of the Lord arrive from Britain, named Mocteus, who, for the sake of God
deserting his country and his parents, shall come into Hibernia, wherein this place shall he build and dwell, and finish his days in piety. " Then, obeying the angel, St. Patrick turned unto the eastern side of the place, and there built to the honour of the God of Ja^ob a tabernacle. 18 And Mocteus com- ing to Louth erected an oratory or a cell, and all other offices fitting for a monastic establishment. Often, St. Patrick was wont to visit him, and to
conferwithhimonthingspertaininguntoGod. Theyusuallymetataplace calledLeach-Mochta. '9 Onacertainday,whiletheyweresittingtogether, and communing about God, St. Patrick received from the hands of an angel the Divine command, that he should absolutely confer on Mocteus that place which he had built, with all matters pertaining thereto, and that he himself should fix his cathedral seat in Ardmachia, afterwards called Armagh. And Patrick willingly did as the Lord had enjoined, although Mochta pro- posed to resign Louth to the Irish Apostle. But, St. Patrick declared, the
; 20
; but, supposi- tion that Mochta may have held the office as Vicar but for a few days, and
fitting,
"
appear-
will of the Lord should not be changed. Thereupon, Mochta said
shall depart before you from this life, I commend my religious family to your
" And, I commend mine to you, should I be
care. " Then replied Patrick
called before you to the Lord. " Accordingly, as. St. Patrick died first the death of the just, so Mochta is said to have ruled after him in the See of Armagh, to which his disciple, St. Benignus, was afterwards elevated. Thence retiring, St. Patrick commended unto Mocteus twelve lepers, to whom he had ministered in Christ when Mocteus assumed the care and
quitates," cap. xvii. , p. 445.
16
Here Archbishop Ussher quotes Gui-
"
Discursibus Panegyricis de pp. 124, 125.
17 In the Tripartite Life of St. Patrick,
lielmi Thyrsei, S. Patricio,"
2° See "Trias Colgan's
however, it is called Lugmhaugh.
18 ""
:
the custody of all these matters.
Apostle, it may seem strange not to find his name on the Catalogue of Arch- bishops and Primates of Armagh ai this is accounted for on a
angel
Soon shall a servant
Now, as our saint survived the Irish
"" Colgan's Trias Thaumaturga," Vita
Tripartita S. Patricii," pars, iii. , cap. lxvii. , p. 162.
Jocelyn states, that in his time, it was called after St. Patrick.
*9 In " St. Mochta's Rock. " See English
Thaumaturga," Sexta Vita S. Patricii, cap. cxxxiv. , pp.
94, 95.
See Ussher's Britannicarum Ecclesia-
rum Antiquitates," cap. xvii. , p. 454.
2a See " Acta Sanctorum Hiber* Colgan's
:
" If I
278 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 19.
until St. Patrick's regular successor had been duly elected and consecrated. We find Sechnall and Sen-Patrick preceding St. Binen or Benignus, and pro- bably as co-adjutors to the Irish Apostle, while their deaths occurred before he had been called away from this life. 22
The foundation of Louth monastery must have been after the middle of thefifthcentury. Theyear454isthoughttohavebeenthelatestprobable date for St. Patrick's erection of Armagh See.
Now, it seems likely, the foundation of Louth monastery by Mochta must have been subsequent to that epoch, since he should be too young, when the Irish Apostle lived —at
Ardpatrick, to have been the superior over a monastery. At a. d. 454 allowing Mochta to have lived one hundred years—the saint could not have
been more than nineteen years old, if his death occurred in 535-23
The first work in which Mochta engaged, after coming to Lugmud, was
to lay out a cemetery. Then the Angel again gave him the ceraculum, to which allusion has been already made. He also lighted a fire. On seeing
it, the Magi said
:
" Unless that fire be extinguished immediately, ours shall
fail, and that must perpetually last. " Whereupon, they endeavoured to
extinguish it by pouring water, but the more did they bring, the more that
fire increased. Then disappointed, they left that place, and there Mochta
began to build, and he succeeded in erecting a noble monastery. So great
was the reputation of St. Mochta in all parts of Ireland, that as bees flock to
a flower-garden, so did disciples come to range themselves under his guid-
ance, and to embrace that austere discipline recommended to them by his
example and precepts. As an effulgent star, he shone brightly above others, andheseemedtothinkofnothingmorethanofarrivingatperfection. Soon an immense number of fervent disciples were under his direction. This saint is classed among the founders of religious orders in Ireland ; and, he is said to have had among his disciples no fewer than one hundred bishops and three
in all
up
from his school, wonderfully propagated the kingdom of Christ. Nor is it
necessary to suppose, that all of these were in Louth, at the same time. *6
However, they promoted and practised Gospel works, removed Gentile superstitions, and substituted Christian observances ; they brought many into the true fold, and these were regenerated in the waters of Baptism, while it pleased the Almighty to confirm their ministry by the gift of miracles.
hundred ? + whom he trained priests,
sanctity ;*i
and forth who, going
nise," Martii xxiv. , Vita S. Mochtei Epis- copi Lugmadensis, n. io, p. 731.
It is thus translated into English : —
" Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," vol. i. , chap, vi. , sect,
" No poverty had Mochta
In the burgh of Louth,
Three hundred priests and one hundred
bishops
Together with him.
Eighty psalm-singing noble —
His household, vastest of courses Without plowing, without reaping',
a3 See Rev. Dr.
Lanigan's
xii. , p. 308, and n. 124, p. 310.
24 This is affirmed in an Irish Poem, which
the O'Clerys quote in their entry regarding St. Mochta's feast, at the 19th of August.
as In a note to that copy of the " Feilire "
"
Breac," there is th—e following quotation
youths,
of St. iEngus, contained in the
Leabhar
!
reading. "
from an Irish poem
ttirvbo bochcAi x>o lYlochcd
tugbAit) tirr
ccc. raccApc &\\ cec ercop
-dpAen pnirr.
OchcmogA rAerxclaiTo rAbroach
AcheAjLdch ai-oble pemeAtro CenA^ cenbuAin cencir\<vo
Cen 5nimf\<vo Achctrxvo teigeAno.
without kiln-drying. Without work save only
"
:
Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy," Irish Manuscript Series, vol. i. , part i. On the Calendar of Oengus. By Whitley Stokes, LL. D. . p. exxxii.
28
Colgan remarks, that in those early days of the Irish Church, the number of episcopal Sees was very great, as was the number of cities, towns and villages, and besides the
August 19. ] LIVES OJB THE IRISH SAINTS. 279
Lest his verbal instructions and precepts might be forgotten, Mochta wrote
a Rule of Holy Institutes, so that not only the living generation of his com-
munity, but those who were to succeed, should be guided in the true ways of
2
salvation. This Rule afterwards bore his name. ? However, it does not seem
to have been preserved. Among the most valuable of those ecclesiastical fragments of ancient Irish literature we possess, may be classed that Formula of Faith, ascribed to St. Mochta of Louth,28 and which was first published
2
by the learned Muratori, in his Anecdota Ambrosiana. 9 It was discovered
by him among the Manuscripts,3° which belonged to the celebrated monas-
tery ofBobbio,31 originally founded by the great Irish ccenobiarch, St. Colum- banus,32 in the sixth century. The Codex, from which it has been copied, must have been written in the eighth century. 33 Not only is it a most ancient expositor of the doctrines taught in the early Church of Ireland, but it has passing ecclesiastical and historic allusions of great value for the investigation of its state and condition. In it, the writer expounds the doc- trine of the Church regarding the Most Holy Trinity, and as a defence against the dangerous errors then propagated by Eutyches 34 and the Novatians. 33 He also laments, that what was the error of a particular individual, Celestius, 36 should not be imputed to his country, which at that time was only on the way to truth and still free from heresy. 37 He also deprecates the prejudice against the province to which he belonged, and from which he came as a pilgrim. 38 The intrinsic evidence contained in that tract seems to point the allusion to Britain, at that time a Roman province. The teaching of the Irish
monasteries, that had their own proper bishops. Similar accounts are contained, in the Acts of our Irish Saints, regarding such places as Clonard, Bangor, and several other localities that might be named.
27 He is therefore regarded as one of the great coenobiarchs of the Irish Church.
Nestorius ; but, about the year 448, he fell into various errors, and especially against the doctrine of the Incarnation of Christ, in which he denied the distinction of the Divine and human nature. See Cave's " Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Historia Literaria," vol. i. , pp. 439, 440.
35 From Novatian these heretics of the third century took their name, and in lapse 460. "The intrinsic arguments which of time added other errors to those received from their chief. In the East, they continued to the seventh century, and later still in the West. See L'Abbe " Dictionnaire
28 Under the name of Bachiarius Macceus, and thought to have been written about a. d.
Muratori and others refer to are—all in favour
of his claims to Irish birth. " Rev. Dr.
Moran's on the Doctrines, "Essays Origin,
Bergier's
de Theologie," tome iii. , pp. 472 to 474.
and Discipline of the Early Irish Church," chap, ii. , n. , p. 239.
29 See vol. ii. , pp. I, et seq.
30 These were afterwards transferred to
the Ambrosian Library at Milan. On occa- t
sion of a visit to that place, in October,
the courteous Librarian offered an opportunity for the examination of the fine collection of Manuscripts and books under his custody, but the writer had to regret a want of time to inspect those valuable de- posits.
31 There Muratori states, it was a Codex traced more than one thousand years before he wrote.
32 See his Life, in the Eleventh Volume of this work, at the 2 1st of November.
36 That Celestius, called a Scot by the
ancient writers, was originally from Hibernia
is shown by Ussher, in the quotations he
presents in "Britannicarum Ecclesiarum
Antiquitates," cap. viii. , pp. 112, 113.
37 He thus " Si unius argues : pro culpa
totius Provincial anathematizanda generatio est, damnetur et ilia beatissima discipula, hsec est Roma, de qua nunc non una, sed duse vel tres, aut eo amplius haereses pullula- runt ; et tamen nulla earum Cathedram Petri, hoc est sedem Fidei, aut tenere potuit, aut movere. Damnentur postremo et omnes Provincice, de quibus diversi erroris rivuli manavere. "
1886,
38 To this objection he admirably 33 So it is stated, by Montfaucon, who answers: M Verumtamen si magnopere describes this Manuscript in his " Museum quseritur, ubi natus sim, accipiatur mea,
Italicum," p. 18.
34 At first Eutyches, a priest of Constan-
tinople, strenuously defended the Catholic faith in the Council of Ephesus against
quam in Baptismi nativitate respondi ; non enim mihi Patria confessionem, sed confessio Patriam dedit ; quia credidi, et accepi. "
» This profession of Faith states :
280 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
[August 19
theological schools in reference to the Sacrament of Penance is laid down there, and it is described as the only means of salvation left the sinner, who has made a shipwreck of his baptismal innocence. 3? He also declares the Old and New Testament should be received with equal reverence, and that all Scripture not agreeing with the Sacred Canons should be rejected/
He is said to have written an 1 but the of it has been Epistle,* genuineness
contested. This attributed tract appears, however, to have been written by a Priest, and if the production of this saint—which may well be doubted— either he was not advanced to the grade of a bishop, or he wrote, at least, beforeattainingthelatterdignity. Otherworkshavebeenattributedtohim, but not on sufficiently good grounds, and these are thus enumerated, by Colgan, in the following order. I. De Fide contra Querulos,42 lib. i. II. De Reparatione Lapsi, sive de Fructu Pcenitentiae ad Januarium/3 lib. i. III. De Fine Salamonis,44 lib. i. IV. Chronicorum/s lib. i. V. De Judi- ciis Nativitatum, 46 lib. i. VI. Qusedam ad Theologiam Spectantia. *7 How- ever, it is thought, that these, or, at least, some of them, may not be different from what Mocteus is supposed to have written regarding Faith and on receiving the Fallen/8 Yet, Sir James Ware was in error, when he supposed a passage in the Ulster Annals referred to the present Mochta/9 where it was stated, at the year cdlxxl, that the first prey was taken from Ireland, by the Saxons, and this is set down on the authority of Macteus. s° However, the Mocteus here indicated differed from our saint, since he was a bishop,
Magh,s
" Pcenitentiam peccatorum plenissima fide suscipimus ac veluti secundam gratiam
suspicamur, sicut Apostolus ad Corinthios dicit: Volui per vos venire, ut secundam gratiam habeatis. "
40 The whole text of that valuable tract has been published in an accessible form by Rev.
scribe,
to 303.
41 It was headed with these words :
" Maucteus peccator presbyter, sancti Patricii discipulus, in Domino salutem. " See Sir James Ware, " De Scriptoribus Hibernire,"
to was a learned Bishop of Louth who died in the year 823. See Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals of the Four Masters," vol. i. , pp. 434, 435-
x andwhodieda. t>. Thislatterlearned 889. 5'
andanchorite,at
man must have written some Chronicle, and he refers to Cuanach's writings for confirmation of his statements The present holy man is to be distin- guished, likewise, from St. Mochta de Insula,** son of Cernachan, who died in 922,55 at his church of Inis Mochta, now Inishmot, in the County of Meath.
46 For this Possuevin, Gesner, Bale, Pitts and other writers, are mentioned.
48 See Colgan's " Acta Sanctorum Hiber- niae," Martii xxiv. Appendix ad Vitam S. Mochtei, cap. iv. , pp. 735, 736.
49 See "De Scriptoribus Hiberniae," lib. ii. , cap. i. , p. 106.
50 To this is added, "Sic in libro Cuanach Church. " Appendix, No. V. , pp. 297 inveni. " The Cuana or Cuanus here alluded
Dr. Moran, in his
"
Essays on the Origin,
Doctrines, and Discipline of the Early Irish
Chronicum Scotorum," pp. 172, 173. 42 This is stated on the authority of William M. Hennessy's edition.
Genadius, Honorius and Possuevin. 51 He is also called the foster-son of 43 This is given on the authority of Possue- Fethghna. See Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals vin, Mirseus, Gesner, Bale, and other of the Four Masters," vol. i„ pp. 544.
writers. It has been published in the 545-
lib. ii. , cap. i. , p. 106.
•"
edition. This tract indicates, that the author was a learned man, profoundly versed in a knowledge of the Sacred Scriptures, as also, an elegant and a judicious writer.
53 " See Colgan's
nian," Martii xxiv.
Acta Sanctorum
Bibliotheca Patrum," tomus iii. , Cologne
Hiber- Appendix ad Vitam S.
March, in the Third Volume of this woik, 44 This is stated, on the authority of Art. vii.
"
5 1 His death is placed at A. D. 893, in the
47 Harpsfeld is quoted.
Mochtei, cap. iv. , p. 736.
s4 See an account of him, at the 26th of
64. 55 See Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals of the
Fulbertus Carnotensis,
45 For this statement, reference is made Four Masters," vol. ii. , pp. 610, 611, and
Epist.
51 See Colgan's "Acta Sanctorum Hiber- nice," Martii xxiv. Appendix ad Vitam S.
against him : "Satan, though silent himself,
barks through a huge and corpulent moun- the
tain dog, who can do more damage with his claws, than even with his teeth ; lor lie is by descent of the Scotic nation, which is adjoin- ing Britain, and like another Cerberus, ac- cording to the fables of the poets, must be struck down with aspiritualclub, that thus he
may be silent for ever with his master Pluto. "
See
"
Commentaria in Jeremiam," Prsefatio.
"
the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity,
Book of Obits," and Martyrology ot
August 19. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 2 75
and Ireland. 5^
sa he
CHAPTER II
AFTER ARRIVING IN IRELAND, ST. MOCHTA BUILDS A CHURCH AT KILMORE—HIS AUSTERE MANNER OF LIVING—HE REMOVES TO LUGHMADH OR LOUTH—ST. MOCHTA A DISCIPLE OF ST. PATRICK—INTIMACY BETWEEN HIM AND THE IRISH APOSTLE— FOUNDATION OF A MONASTERY AT LOUTH—HIS RULE AND ATTRIBUTED WRITINGS.
St. Mochta is said to have entered Ireland, at Omeath,1 in the present County of Louth. Probably his passage was directly across the Irish Sea
from Britain. There, in a grove, he began to build a monastery, which, in courseoftime,wasknownasCellaMagna,inLatin. Thismayberendered
Kilmore, in Irish, or the "Great Church," in English. According to
for a return to As at so many other periods of his career, an incredible incident occurred on this voyage, when the Legend of his Acts relates, that one of his companions, named Edan,54 who had been left behind through accident, yet was miraculously conveyed to Ireland, even before Mocteus, whom he there
received at the port of arrival.
tion,
accompanied by
twelve
disciples,
prepared
3 that church be identified with Kilmore Aedhan, where St. may
Colgan,
Aidan is venerated on the 2nd of November. 3 He became ruler over it, while his life and actions themselves furnished a rule for the religious com- munity there formed. He walked in justice and holiness before God ; and besides the ordinary rule he observed, Mochta practised special devotions, thus being so far in advance of others, that it was found difficult to emulate his virtues. He appears to have lived on a vegetable diet, for Cuimin, of Con- deire, 4 states in the poem which begins, "Patrick of the fort of Mocha, loves," that Mochta was one hundred years, without eating a bit of rich food, or fat of any kind. With the statement so exaggerated, that our saint lived for three hundred years, another poem confirms the foregoing tradition^ regard-
ing his great abstinence.
Mochtei, cap. i. , pp. 732, 733.
52 This number of missionaries is given in
several instances, where the Propagation of the Faith was concerned, both in Ireland and in distant countries. It was intended to represent the college of the Apostles, who were the first
Aedhain, in Hua-Meth, venerated on the 2nd of November. As it was in this district St. Mocteus built his first church, so it seems probable his disciple should also have had connection with it. See " Acta Sanctorum Hibernise," Martii xxiv. , Vita S. Mochtei
— n.
Episcopi Lugmadensis, 4, p. 731.
of the
great preachers Gospel
in different countries during the first cen- tury of the Church.
53 On the passage over the Legend of our
"
saint's Acts, it states :
cum mare, oblitus cujusdam Edani causa de quadam a fratribus segregati, navem ascen- dit ; cui deinde navigium clamanti, abscisso arboris ramo, vice navis uti proecepit. Obtemperat Magistri jussis, non diffidens in ejus meritis, ramo supersedet, aequora per- meat ; sed et navem prsevenit, atque in portu Magistrum excipit. "
54 Taken this Edan to have been one of
the four and twenty saints bearing the same
name, and registered in the Irish Calendars, Colgan supposes he must have been the son of iEngus, and patron saint of Kill-mor
Chapter
l
ii. The
Regio Meatheorum,
Cumque ad Hiberni-
commonly called in Irish Hua-Meth, was in
theDioceseofArmaghinUlster. Itsname
was obtained from the descendants of Muir-
eadhach Meith, the son of Iomchadh, who
was the son of Colla da Crioch. See the
"leAbh. Ar\ riA g-CeAnc, or Book of Rights,"
edited by John O'Donovan, n. (a), p. 148.
2
See "Acta Sanctorum Hibernise," xxiv. Martii, Vita S. Mochtei Episcopi Lugma- densis, nn. 4, 5, p. 731.
3 See an account of him, at that date, in the Eleventh Volume of this work.
4 See Rev. Dr. Kelly's "Calendar of Irish
Saints," pp. 160, 161.
5 This is to be found in the "Martyrology
of Donegal," at the 19th of August, and the
276 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 19.
The saint did not remain long in that place he had first selected, as the
inhabitants compelled him to leave ; but, the reasons for their action are
not stated. However, guided in a supernatural manner, and leaving a portion of his monastic property to the monks, St. Mochta brought other holy men with him, to another locality, which he knew to have been that destined for him by the Almighty. To those left behind him, these words were addressed: u The little spring-well of this place shall belong to me, and it shall follow me, to serve my monks and those who shall come after my time. " Where-
upon, he went to a spot named Lugmud or Lughmadh,6 then belonging to the Magi. He may thus be regarded as the founder and patron of Louth Church, which was thus designated. It is more generally written Lugh, in our ancient documents, and it lay within that fertile and wide plain of southern
Ulster, formerly called Conaille, and at a subsequent period Machaire 8
Oirgiall. ? It was anciently an episcopal See, but afterwards, it was united to that of Armagh. From Lughmadh, the whole of Louth County is now named. We are told, that a well at Kilmore followed our saint through subterranean passages, and issued forth at that place indicated.
That Mochta applied himself as an assistant in St. Patrick's labours 9 seems to be generally admitted. It is probable, moreover, that the Irish Apostle had already preached in this part of Ireland, and that he had an
10
Neither is it unlikely, that our saint served there for a time under his illustrious master, before he undertook the erection of any independent church. However that may be, we find Mauctaneus,11 or Mochta, called a pilgrim from Britain, a holy man, and a disciple of St. Patrick, the great primitive bishop. 12 He is named in the second place/3 among the domestics of St. Patrick, in the Book of Sligo, and under the appellation of Mochta Lugh, Priest. In another
establishment, at a place, called Ard-patrick from himself.
he is called the " of St. Patrick. 1 * archipresbyter"
instance,
When Mochteus became the illustrious Apostle's disciple, on a certain
occasion, the master read for him that portion of the Book of Genesis, in which it is related, that before the Deluge, the early inhabitants of the earth attained the age of nine hundred, and even more years ; nevertheless, St. Mochta raised an objection, that such an age seemed incredible, as the human body, composed of flesh, bones, nerves and skin, was so fragile, and liable to
a much earlier decay.
To this observation St. Patrick replied, that the whole
—is an following
English
translation ofthe
of andEdanO'Kelly,Bishop King Oirgiall,
stanza
:
of a. d. i Clogher,
See Sir Ware, James
" The teeth of Mochta, of good habits, Three hundred years durable the
rigour,
Without a word of error escaping
from them,
Without a bit of fat passing down
them. "
148.
"De Hibernia et Antiquitatibus ejus,"
cap. xxvi. , p. 175.
» See his Life, at the 17th of March, in
the Third Volume of this work, Art. i.
I0
6 However, this appears to have been an
erroneous rendering for Lugh-magh, inter- papa no>ter. " See Ussher's "Veterum
preted "the Plain of Lug," or perhaps more
Epistolarum Ilibernicarum Sylloge," Epis.
xi. , p. 32.
13 See Archbishop Ussher's " Britannica-
rum Ecclesiarum Anticpiitates," cap. xviii. , p. 445.
** See Colgan's "Trias Thaumaturga,"
Septima Vita S. Patricii, lib. iii. , cap. xcviii. ,
p. 167.
»s See " Britannicarum Ecclesiarum Anti-
correctly Lubh-magh, meaning
the grassy
Plain. " See
Colgan's
Hibernise," xxiv. Martii, Vita S. Mochtei
Episcopi Lugmadensis, n. 7, p. 731.
7 This is rendered into the Plain of the Oirgiall or of the Orientals.
8
There was a Monastery of Canons Regu- lar established here by Donat O'Carroll,
"
" Acta Sanctorum
See ibid. , chap. xxi. ""
See Colgan's Trias Thaumaturga,"
Quinta Appendix ad Acta S. Patricii, cap.
xxiii. , p. 266.
13
about a. d. 634, calls him "Sanctus Patricius
Cummian, in his Paschal Epistle, written
August 19. ] LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. 277
of the Canonical Scriptures had been inspired by God, and traced with his finger, so that in no one case could they be derogated from or discredited.
Moreover, he argued, that the Omnipotent could as readily prolong the life of man to a thousand years as to a single day, according to that of the Psalmist. " A thousand years before His eyes are but as yesterday, which has passed away. " While hesitating about or discussing that question, St.
M
Patrick pronounced the following prophecy :
Since you are incredulous
regarding what is contained in the Sacred Scripture, you shall have this
confirmed by personal experience, as three hundred years on earth shall be
the term of your own life, nor shall you enter into God's glorious kingdom
until that be completed. " This prediction, it is said, was realised, and Mochta
in course of time repented of his error. However, Archbishop Ussher x s very
properly observes, that such a fable may be classed with other incredible
l6
inserted in Jocelyn's Life of St. Patrick.
While residing in his monastery at Ard-Patrick, the blessed Apostle, as we
are told by Jocelyn, proposed to build a church, in a place sufficiently fair
prodigies
1
which was afterwards called Ludha. ? But an then
and
ing enjoined that he should desist therefrom, saying:
of the Lord arrive from Britain, named Mocteus, who, for the sake of God
deserting his country and his parents, shall come into Hibernia, wherein this place shall he build and dwell, and finish his days in piety. " Then, obeying the angel, St. Patrick turned unto the eastern side of the place, and there built to the honour of the God of Ja^ob a tabernacle. 18 And Mocteus com- ing to Louth erected an oratory or a cell, and all other offices fitting for a monastic establishment. Often, St. Patrick was wont to visit him, and to
conferwithhimonthingspertaininguntoGod. Theyusuallymetataplace calledLeach-Mochta. '9 Onacertainday,whiletheyweresittingtogether, and communing about God, St. Patrick received from the hands of an angel the Divine command, that he should absolutely confer on Mocteus that place which he had built, with all matters pertaining thereto, and that he himself should fix his cathedral seat in Ardmachia, afterwards called Armagh. And Patrick willingly did as the Lord had enjoined, although Mochta pro- posed to resign Louth to the Irish Apostle. But, St. Patrick declared, the
; 20
; but, supposi- tion that Mochta may have held the office as Vicar but for a few days, and
fitting,
"
appear-
will of the Lord should not be changed. Thereupon, Mochta said
shall depart before you from this life, I commend my religious family to your
" And, I commend mine to you, should I be
care. " Then replied Patrick
called before you to the Lord. " Accordingly, as. St. Patrick died first the death of the just, so Mochta is said to have ruled after him in the See of Armagh, to which his disciple, St. Benignus, was afterwards elevated. Thence retiring, St. Patrick commended unto Mocteus twelve lepers, to whom he had ministered in Christ when Mocteus assumed the care and
quitates," cap. xvii. , p. 445.
16
Here Archbishop Ussher quotes Gui-
"
Discursibus Panegyricis de pp. 124, 125.
17 In the Tripartite Life of St. Patrick,
lielmi Thyrsei, S. Patricio,"
2° See "Trias Colgan's
however, it is called Lugmhaugh.
18 ""
:
the custody of all these matters.
Apostle, it may seem strange not to find his name on the Catalogue of Arch- bishops and Primates of Armagh ai this is accounted for on a
angel
Soon shall a servant
Now, as our saint survived the Irish
"" Colgan's Trias Thaumaturga," Vita
Tripartita S. Patricii," pars, iii. , cap. lxvii. , p. 162.
Jocelyn states, that in his time, it was called after St. Patrick.
*9 In " St. Mochta's Rock. " See English
Thaumaturga," Sexta Vita S. Patricii, cap. cxxxiv. , pp.
94, 95.
See Ussher's Britannicarum Ecclesia-
rum Antiquitates," cap. xvii. , p. 454.
2a See " Acta Sanctorum Hiber* Colgan's
:
" If I
278 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS. [August 19.
until St. Patrick's regular successor had been duly elected and consecrated. We find Sechnall and Sen-Patrick preceding St. Binen or Benignus, and pro- bably as co-adjutors to the Irish Apostle, while their deaths occurred before he had been called away from this life. 22
The foundation of Louth monastery must have been after the middle of thefifthcentury. Theyear454isthoughttohavebeenthelatestprobable date for St. Patrick's erection of Armagh See.
Now, it seems likely, the foundation of Louth monastery by Mochta must have been subsequent to that epoch, since he should be too young, when the Irish Apostle lived —at
Ardpatrick, to have been the superior over a monastery. At a. d. 454 allowing Mochta to have lived one hundred years—the saint could not have
been more than nineteen years old, if his death occurred in 535-23
The first work in which Mochta engaged, after coming to Lugmud, was
to lay out a cemetery. Then the Angel again gave him the ceraculum, to which allusion has been already made. He also lighted a fire. On seeing
it, the Magi said
:
" Unless that fire be extinguished immediately, ours shall
fail, and that must perpetually last. " Whereupon, they endeavoured to
extinguish it by pouring water, but the more did they bring, the more that
fire increased. Then disappointed, they left that place, and there Mochta
began to build, and he succeeded in erecting a noble monastery. So great
was the reputation of St. Mochta in all parts of Ireland, that as bees flock to
a flower-garden, so did disciples come to range themselves under his guid-
ance, and to embrace that austere discipline recommended to them by his
example and precepts. As an effulgent star, he shone brightly above others, andheseemedtothinkofnothingmorethanofarrivingatperfection. Soon an immense number of fervent disciples were under his direction. This saint is classed among the founders of religious orders in Ireland ; and, he is said to have had among his disciples no fewer than one hundred bishops and three
in all
up
from his school, wonderfully propagated the kingdom of Christ. Nor is it
necessary to suppose, that all of these were in Louth, at the same time. *6
However, they promoted and practised Gospel works, removed Gentile superstitions, and substituted Christian observances ; they brought many into the true fold, and these were regenerated in the waters of Baptism, while it pleased the Almighty to confirm their ministry by the gift of miracles.
hundred ? + whom he trained priests,
sanctity ;*i
and forth who, going
nise," Martii xxiv. , Vita S. Mochtei Epis- copi Lugmadensis, n. io, p. 731.
It is thus translated into English : —
" Ecclesiastical History of Ireland," vol. i. , chap, vi. , sect,
" No poverty had Mochta
In the burgh of Louth,
Three hundred priests and one hundred
bishops
Together with him.
Eighty psalm-singing noble —
His household, vastest of courses Without plowing, without reaping',
a3 See Rev. Dr.
Lanigan's
xii. , p. 308, and n. 124, p. 310.
24 This is affirmed in an Irish Poem, which
the O'Clerys quote in their entry regarding St. Mochta's feast, at the 19th of August.
as In a note to that copy of the " Feilire "
"
Breac," there is th—e following quotation
youths,
of St. iEngus, contained in the
Leabhar
!
reading. "
from an Irish poem
ttirvbo bochcAi x>o lYlochcd
tugbAit) tirr
ccc. raccApc &\\ cec ercop
-dpAen pnirr.
OchcmogA rAerxclaiTo rAbroach
AcheAjLdch ai-oble pemeAtro CenA^ cenbuAin cencir\<vo
Cen 5nimf\<vo Achctrxvo teigeAno.
without kiln-drying. Without work save only
"
:
Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy," Irish Manuscript Series, vol. i. , part i. On the Calendar of Oengus. By Whitley Stokes, LL. D. . p. exxxii.
28
Colgan remarks, that in those early days of the Irish Church, the number of episcopal Sees was very great, as was the number of cities, towns and villages, and besides the
August 19. ] LIVES OJB THE IRISH SAINTS. 279
Lest his verbal instructions and precepts might be forgotten, Mochta wrote
a Rule of Holy Institutes, so that not only the living generation of his com-
munity, but those who were to succeed, should be guided in the true ways of
2
salvation. This Rule afterwards bore his name. ? However, it does not seem
to have been preserved. Among the most valuable of those ecclesiastical fragments of ancient Irish literature we possess, may be classed that Formula of Faith, ascribed to St. Mochta of Louth,28 and which was first published
2
by the learned Muratori, in his Anecdota Ambrosiana. 9 It was discovered
by him among the Manuscripts,3° which belonged to the celebrated monas-
tery ofBobbio,31 originally founded by the great Irish ccenobiarch, St. Colum- banus,32 in the sixth century. The Codex, from which it has been copied, must have been written in the eighth century. 33 Not only is it a most ancient expositor of the doctrines taught in the early Church of Ireland, but it has passing ecclesiastical and historic allusions of great value for the investigation of its state and condition. In it, the writer expounds the doc- trine of the Church regarding the Most Holy Trinity, and as a defence against the dangerous errors then propagated by Eutyches 34 and the Novatians. 33 He also laments, that what was the error of a particular individual, Celestius, 36 should not be imputed to his country, which at that time was only on the way to truth and still free from heresy. 37 He also deprecates the prejudice against the province to which he belonged, and from which he came as a pilgrim. 38 The intrinsic evidence contained in that tract seems to point the allusion to Britain, at that time a Roman province. The teaching of the Irish
monasteries, that had their own proper bishops. Similar accounts are contained, in the Acts of our Irish Saints, regarding such places as Clonard, Bangor, and several other localities that might be named.
27 He is therefore regarded as one of the great coenobiarchs of the Irish Church.
Nestorius ; but, about the year 448, he fell into various errors, and especially against the doctrine of the Incarnation of Christ, in which he denied the distinction of the Divine and human nature. See Cave's " Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Historia Literaria," vol. i. , pp. 439, 440.
35 From Novatian these heretics of the third century took their name, and in lapse 460. "The intrinsic arguments which of time added other errors to those received from their chief. In the East, they continued to the seventh century, and later still in the West. See L'Abbe " Dictionnaire
28 Under the name of Bachiarius Macceus, and thought to have been written about a. d.
Muratori and others refer to are—all in favour
of his claims to Irish birth. " Rev. Dr.
Moran's on the Doctrines, "Essays Origin,
Bergier's
de Theologie," tome iii. , pp. 472 to 474.
and Discipline of the Early Irish Church," chap, ii. , n. , p. 239.
29 See vol. ii. , pp. I, et seq.
30 These were afterwards transferred to
the Ambrosian Library at Milan. On occa- t
sion of a visit to that place, in October,
the courteous Librarian offered an opportunity for the examination of the fine collection of Manuscripts and books under his custody, but the writer had to regret a want of time to inspect those valuable de- posits.
31 There Muratori states, it was a Codex traced more than one thousand years before he wrote.
32 See his Life, in the Eleventh Volume of this work, at the 2 1st of November.
36 That Celestius, called a Scot by the
ancient writers, was originally from Hibernia
is shown by Ussher, in the quotations he
presents in "Britannicarum Ecclesiarum
Antiquitates," cap. viii. , pp. 112, 113.
37 He thus " Si unius argues : pro culpa
totius Provincial anathematizanda generatio est, damnetur et ilia beatissima discipula, hsec est Roma, de qua nunc non una, sed duse vel tres, aut eo amplius haereses pullula- runt ; et tamen nulla earum Cathedram Petri, hoc est sedem Fidei, aut tenere potuit, aut movere. Damnentur postremo et omnes Provincice, de quibus diversi erroris rivuli manavere. "
1886,
38 To this objection he admirably 33 So it is stated, by Montfaucon, who answers: M Verumtamen si magnopere describes this Manuscript in his " Museum quseritur, ubi natus sim, accipiatur mea,
Italicum," p. 18.
34 At first Eutyches, a priest of Constan-
tinople, strenuously defended the Catholic faith in the Council of Ephesus against
quam in Baptismi nativitate respondi ; non enim mihi Patria confessionem, sed confessio Patriam dedit ; quia credidi, et accepi. "
» This profession of Faith states :
280 LIVES OF THE IRISH SAINTS.
[August 19
theological schools in reference to the Sacrament of Penance is laid down there, and it is described as the only means of salvation left the sinner, who has made a shipwreck of his baptismal innocence. 3? He also declares the Old and New Testament should be received with equal reverence, and that all Scripture not agreeing with the Sacred Canons should be rejected/
He is said to have written an 1 but the of it has been Epistle,* genuineness
contested. This attributed tract appears, however, to have been written by a Priest, and if the production of this saint—which may well be doubted— either he was not advanced to the grade of a bishop, or he wrote, at least, beforeattainingthelatterdignity. Otherworkshavebeenattributedtohim, but not on sufficiently good grounds, and these are thus enumerated, by Colgan, in the following order. I. De Fide contra Querulos,42 lib. i. II. De Reparatione Lapsi, sive de Fructu Pcenitentiae ad Januarium/3 lib. i. III. De Fine Salamonis,44 lib. i. IV. Chronicorum/s lib. i. V. De Judi- ciis Nativitatum, 46 lib. i. VI. Qusedam ad Theologiam Spectantia. *7 How- ever, it is thought, that these, or, at least, some of them, may not be different from what Mocteus is supposed to have written regarding Faith and on receiving the Fallen/8 Yet, Sir James Ware was in error, when he supposed a passage in the Ulster Annals referred to the present Mochta/9 where it was stated, at the year cdlxxl, that the first prey was taken from Ireland, by the Saxons, and this is set down on the authority of Macteus. s° However, the Mocteus here indicated differed from our saint, since he was a bishop,
Magh,s
" Pcenitentiam peccatorum plenissima fide suscipimus ac veluti secundam gratiam
suspicamur, sicut Apostolus ad Corinthios dicit: Volui per vos venire, ut secundam gratiam habeatis. "
40 The whole text of that valuable tract has been published in an accessible form by Rev.
scribe,
to 303.
41 It was headed with these words :
" Maucteus peccator presbyter, sancti Patricii discipulus, in Domino salutem. " See Sir James Ware, " De Scriptoribus Hibernire,"
to was a learned Bishop of Louth who died in the year 823. See Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals of the Four Masters," vol. i. , pp. 434, 435-
x andwhodieda. t>. Thislatterlearned 889. 5'
andanchorite,at
man must have written some Chronicle, and he refers to Cuanach's writings for confirmation of his statements The present holy man is to be distin- guished, likewise, from St. Mochta de Insula,** son of Cernachan, who died in 922,55 at his church of Inis Mochta, now Inishmot, in the County of Meath.
46 For this Possuevin, Gesner, Bale, Pitts and other writers, are mentioned.
48 See Colgan's " Acta Sanctorum Hiber- niae," Martii xxiv. Appendix ad Vitam S. Mochtei, cap. iv. , pp. 735, 736.
49 See "De Scriptoribus Hiberniae," lib. ii. , cap. i. , p. 106.
50 To this is added, "Sic in libro Cuanach Church. " Appendix, No. V. , pp. 297 inveni. " The Cuana or Cuanus here alluded
Dr. Moran, in his
"
Essays on the Origin,
Doctrines, and Discipline of the Early Irish
Chronicum Scotorum," pp. 172, 173. 42 This is stated on the authority of William M. Hennessy's edition.
Genadius, Honorius and Possuevin. 51 He is also called the foster-son of 43 This is given on the authority of Possue- Fethghna. See Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals vin, Mirseus, Gesner, Bale, and other of the Four Masters," vol. i„ pp. 544.
writers. It has been published in the 545-
lib. ii. , cap. i. , p. 106.
•"
edition. This tract indicates, that the author was a learned man, profoundly versed in a knowledge of the Sacred Scriptures, as also, an elegant and a judicious writer.
53 " See Colgan's
nian," Martii xxiv.
Acta Sanctorum
Bibliotheca Patrum," tomus iii. , Cologne
Hiber- Appendix ad Vitam S.
March, in the Third Volume of this woik, 44 This is stated, on the authority of Art. vii.
"
5 1 His death is placed at A. D. 893, in the
47 Harpsfeld is quoted.
Mochtei, cap. iv. , p. 736.
s4 See an account of him, at the 26th of
64. 55 See Dr. O'Donovan's "Annals of the
Fulbertus Carnotensis,
45 For this statement, reference is made Four Masters," vol. ii. , pp. 610, 611, and
Epist.
