30); but, as wind is necessary for fire, so too parikalpa or vitarka is necessary to the fire of the defilements: thus there should thus be a second "separation," separation from bad
thoughts
(Saundarananda, xiii.
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Therearethirtyexplanations .
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.
"
The Yamaka, i. 174, ii. 250, demonstrates that thirst is the origin, not ignorance (Ledi Sayadaw, JPTS. , 1914, p. 135).
34. Mahdvagga, i. 6. 20. Madhyama, TD 1, p. 468b27cl9: samudayasatyam katamat / ydsau trsnd nandirdgasahagatd tatra tatrdbhinandini. According to the Sautrantikas, four trsnds are samudayasatya: 1. desire for present existence, the desire for present results: 2. desire for later existences, the desire for future results; 3. desire accompanied by nandi; and 4. desire tatra tatra abhinandini.
35. A non-metrical version in the Tanjur: las dan sredpa dan mi rig pa / phyi ma'i tshe la 'du byed mams kyi rgyu. Three pddas of five syllables in Paramartha: "Action, thirst, ignorance, these three in the future are the cause of all existence. " Hsiian-tsang has four pddas: "Action, thirst and ignorance are the cause which produces the future samskdras which creates the series of existence called pudgala": this is a gatha taken from Samyukta, TD 2, p. 88b9.
The Vydkhyd also attests that this quotation is a stanza: . . . gdthdydm esa nirdesah karma trmdvidyd samskdrdndm caksurddindm hetur abhisampardye.
36. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 224cl6: yatas ca bhiksavah panca bijajdtdny (compare Cosmologie bouddhique, p. 220) akhanddny acchidrdny aputiny avdtdtdpahatdnihavani (? ) sdrdni sukhasayitani prtkividhdtuS ca bhavaty abdhdtus ca / evam tdni bijdni vrddhim virudhim vipulatdm dpadyanta iti hi bhiksava upameyam krtd yavad evasyarthasya vijfiaptaya itimam
? drstantam upanyasyedam uktam /panca bijajdtdniti bhiksavah sopdddnasya vijHdnasyaitad adhivacanam / prthividhdtur iti catasrndm vij&dnasthitindm etad adhivacanam. Compare Samyutta, iiiJ4: seyyathd. . . pathavidhdtu evam catasso vinndnatthitiyo . . . seyyathd pancabijajOtani evam vinndnam sahdram datthabbam.
On the vijfidnasthitiSy see Ko? a, iii. 5.
37. Vyakhyd: dbhiprdyika ity abhiprdye bhavah / abhiprdyena vd divyatity dbhiprdyikah sutre nirdesah / trsnddhikam pudgalam adhikrtya krta ity abhiprdyah / Idksanikas tv abhidharme / laksane bhavo Idksaniko nirdefah /. . . sdsravasya skandhapancakasya samudayasatyatvalaksanayogdt.
38. In the Vyakhyd this Sutra is called the sahetusapratya-saniddnasutra (see the fragment quoted in Koia, iii, Cosmologie); but in the Madhyamakavrtti, p. 452: Pratityasamutpada- sutra.
39. See iii. 30, Madhyamakavrtti, p. 544.
40. Like the limb which has been smeared with a dried paste of masura. In the way that the limb is grasped (dgrhita) by this anointing, in that same way the dtmabhdva is grasped by desire.
41. According to the Japanese editor, Ekottardgama (TD 2. p. 740a-741b).
42. The Vyakhyd quotes the Madhyamaka kdrikd, xxiv. 8: dve satye samupdsritya buddhdndm dharmadesana lokasamvrtisatyam ca satyam ca paramdrthatah //
Compare the stanzas quoted in the commentary to the Kathdvatthu, p. 22: duve saccdni akkhdsi sambuddho vadatdm varo /
sammutim paramattham ca tatiyam nupalabbhati // tattha samketavacanam saccam lokasammutikdranam /
paramatthavacanam saccam dhammdnam tathalakkhanam //
(The edition has tathd lakkhanam. )
See the translation of the Kathdvatthu, p. 63, 180, 371; Ledi Sayadaw, "Some points in
Buddhist doctrine," JPTS. , 1914. 129.
The problem of the single truth (Suttanipdta, 884), of the two truths and of the four
truths--which implies the question of the real existence of Nirvana (see Anguttara, ii. 161)--is discussed in Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 399bl0 and following, and in the Nydydnusdra of Sarhghabhadra (TD 29, p. 665a27). These document have been translated in the Introduction.
43. Vyakhyd: The two examples indicate the two modes of bheda or breaking: pots, etc. , are broken by a blow (upakrama) whereas water, etc. , is broken by mental analysis (buddhi); for by breaking one cannot take away the taste, etc. from water. Or rather, that which exists conventionally (samvrti) is of two types: 1. conventionally depending on another thing (samvrtyantaravyapds'raya), and 2. depending of a real thing (dravya): of the first, there is at one and the same time breaking (bheda) and analysis (anydpoha) [for example, the pot]; of the second, there is only analysis: one cannot disassociate an atom which is made up of eight things (Ko/a, ii. 22) . . . samvrtisat=samvyavahdrena sat. paramdrthasat-paramdrthena sat svalaksanena sat.
Paramartha, in the Bhdsyam, departs from the original:
"First if the idea of a thing no longer arises when this thing has been broken, then this thing exists conventionally (samvrtisat). When the pot is reduced to baked earth, the idea of pot does not arise with respect to this baked earth. Therefore things like "a pot" exist only as a metaphoric designation (prajnapti) of shape (hsing-hsiang ? f? ffi ~dkrti, samsthdna). Secondly, if the idea of a thing does not arise when, by the mind, one takes away from this thing other given things (dharmas), then this thing exists conventionally; for example, water. If one mentally takes away the color, taste, and the primary elements, etc. ,
Footnotes 1045
? 1046 Chapter Six
from water, then the idea of water is no longer produced. Thus things such as water exist as
the metaphorical designations of a combination (chil-chi IKHS , samavdya? ).
Thirdly, one expresses Paramartha, the real thing, by words, phrases , and syllables (Kofa,
ii. 47); it is by reason of words that a knowledge relative to Paramartha is producedBut
when one enters absorption, consciousness does not bear on words (Kola, vi. 5c-d) and,
when it has left absorption, the consciousness no longer bears on Paramartha: thus the
words and the consciousness referred to here exist only as metaphorical designations of the
thing expressed (? hsien-chih 8H7F , udbhdvandP). Why are these three types of
dharmas samvrti? What is only made up of words does not have a nature in and of itself,
and is samvrti. To say, in conformity with the usage of the world, that "there is a pot, there
is water, there are words," is true andriotfalse. Therefore this is samvrtisatya. What differs
from these three types of dharmas is called paramdrthasatya. If the idea of a thing arises as
before when this thing is destroyed, or when one has separated it from other dharmas by
the mind, or when one makes an abstraction of it from words, then this thing or dharma
really exists, for example, rUpa. One can cut rupa, one can subtract different dharmas from
it, its taste, etc. : but the idea which bears on rupa remains the same. The same for vedand,
etc. . . According to other masters, the dharmas which are the object of supermundane
(lokottara) knowledge or of the knowledge acquired consecutively to it are also called
tne
paramdrthasatya: the dhdtus (ching-chieh WM- ) > Paramartha. What differs from these three is samvrtisatya.
result, and the Path are
44. According to Hui-hui, the Sautrantikas. The Vydkhyd explains: paramasya jndnasydr- thah paramarthah / paramarthah ca sa satyam ca tad iti paramdrthasatyam. It adds: trividham hiyogdcdrdndm sat paramdrthasat samvrtisat dravyasat /dravyatahsvalaksanatah sad dravyasat. The older masters are thus the Yogacarins (see iv. 4a, note 25).
Compare the doctrine of the Bodhisattvabhumi, I. iv, fol. 18a, Musefon, 1906, p. 220 and following; four types of tattvartha or tattva: 1. the reality recognized in popular usage (laukikaprasiddha); 2. the reality established by reason (yuktiprasiddha); 3. the reality that the Sravakas and the Pratyekabuddhas cognize through a pure or worldly knowledge, this leading to the pure knowledge consecutive to the pure knowledge (andsravena andsravdvdh- akena anasravaprsthalabdhena ca laukikena jridnena): this reality is the Truths; and 4. the reality which is the sphere of knowledge purified of any hindrance to cognizable ob]ects(jneyavaranavisuddhajHdnagocara): this is tathata. (Compare Sutrdlamkdra,-xi. 3l).
45. This worldly knowledge is samvrtijftana, vii. 2. 21.
46. Paramartha: "The truths have been spoken of in summary. If one asks for a long presentation, one should see how it is spoken of in the Treatise of the Six Higher Knowledges (abhijHd) (liu shen shih lun /\J$Wlffl ) (TD 29, p. 269a3).
47. Paramartha: "One must tell by which cultivation of which means one enters into the Seeing of the Truths. Thus, beginning from the first step, one must tell of its progression. " (TD 29, p. 269a4). Hsiian-tsang: "One must tell by which cultivation of which means one arrives at darianamdrga (TD 29, p. 116b27).
48. a. Here bhdvand is the equivalent of samddhi or absorption (iv. l23c-d).
b. Vrtta or vrtti (vi. 8a) is almost synonymous to ? lla, as we can see in the Saundara- nanda, xiii. 10, xvi. 31; it is the perfect fila of the Bhiksu to be content with the clothing of a
monk, etc. (vi. 7c-d).
49. Udgrhndti, glossed by papthati.
50. Satyadariandnuloma - satyadarSanadhikdrika.
51. On the three patffids, Digha, iii. 219; Vibhanga, 324, Visuddhimagga, 439 (in the order: cintd, suta, bhdvand).
? 52. Vibhdsdy TD 27, p. 940c25. Vasubandhu does not admit this theory; this is why he says: "AccordingtotheVaibhasikas . . . "
53. "This thing corresponds to this name; this is the name of this thing. "
54. According to Samghabhadra (TD 29, p. 669c5), the opinion of the Sautrantikas.
55. To what sphere do the prajnas belong, Vibhdsd (TD 27, p. 218a23). (See vii. l8c-d). irutamayi: 1st opinion, Kamadhatu and the Four Dhyanas; 2nd opinion, adds
dhydndntara; 3rd opinion, adds andgdmya. cintdmayi: Kamadhatu. bhdvandmayi: impure, in 17 spheres: pure, in 9 spheres.
Mode of acquisition: 1st opinion, the three obtained through prayoga (exercise) and through vairdgya (detachment); 2nd opinion, and also at birth (aupapattika); and further the irutamayi of Rupadhatu at birth and through prayoga, the irutamayi of Kamadhatu through prayoga; the cintdmayi through prayoga; and the bhdvandmayi in the three manners.
56. These grammatical explanations are omitted by the Tibetan translator. The two Chinese translators omit the explanation by Pdnini iv. 3. 134, but however give the example.
57. Hsuan-tsang: "How would he who desires to apply himself (prayuj) to bhdvand purify his own person (dirayabhajana) so that bhdvand will be successful? " (TD 29, p. 116c23).
58. The first "separation" is to separate the organs from the objects of sense. Fire shoots forth from fuel, defilement from the visayas (Saundarananda, xiii.
30); but, as wind is necessary for fire, so too parikalpa or vitarka is necessary to the fire of the defilements: thus there should thus be a second "separation," separation from bad thoughts (Saundarananda, xiii. 49). Bad thoughts or akuialavitarka (Koia, v. 46,59), with their opposites, are explained in Saundarananda, xv. 21 (vydpdda-vihimsd and maitrikdrunya, kamavitarka, jnativitarka, 30-41, janapadavitarka, 42-51, amarana or amaravitarkd). One gets rid of these vitarkas by dndpdnasmrti (vi. 9). vi. 58 (Hsiian-tsang TD 29, p. 130al3. )
On aranya, in which one cultivates "separation from the body," see Visuddhimagga, 71. 59. On alpecchata and samtuspi, see Anguttara, v. 219, i. 38, Visuddhimagga, 81, Divya, 61,
96, etc.
60. Vibhdsd> TD 21\ p. 214al7 and foil. Vasubandhu does not admit this explanation.
61. See U. Wogihara, Asanga's BodhisattvabhUmi (Leipzig 1908). p. 34-36 (Siksasamuccaya. 35. 6).
62. Koia, ii. 25, iv. 8.
63. See Digha, iii. 224-5; Visuddhimagga, 59, 93, 627. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 907bll and foil. , discusses the name, the nature, etc. of the vamias. and how the first three exist in the higher spheres.
64. Prahdnabhdvandrdmatd = nirodhamdrgdrdmatd; affection or willingness with respect to Nirvana and to the Path leading to Nirvana. Vibhdsdt TD 27, p. 909al5, four expanations. Digha, iii. 225: . . . pahdndrdmo hoti pahdnarato bhdvandrdmo hoti bhdvandrato. . . yo hi tattha dakkho . . . ayam vuccati . . . pordne aggarWe ariyavamse phito.
65. Vrtti = jivikd or food, drink, etc. ; karmdnta - work, labor; on samyagdjiva, see iv. 86a, vi. 68, samyakkarmanta, vi. 68.
66. Hsuan-tsang: "who, having renounced the worldly regimen and popular activity, have left the world by taking refuge in the Buddha in order to search out deliverance. " (TD 29, p. 117a20) Paramartha: "who leave the world buddham adhikrtya, and search out deliverance" (p. 269b21).
Footnotes 1047
? 1048 Chapter Six
67. Hsiian-tsang: He establishes a regimen, an activity auxiliary to the Path.
68. Mahdsamgiti - Dtgha, iii. 228. Anguttara, ii. 10, 248, on the four arisings of desire or thirst, tanhuppdda. The fourth itibhavdbhavahetu tanha uppajjajmdnd uppajjati in our text, corresponds, to itibhavavibhavahetos trsnd.
69. Hsiian-tsang omits iti which Paramartha translates. Vydkhyd: The word iti indicates the different types of bhava and vibhava {bhavavibhavaprakdrdbhidyotaka). Desire for a certain type of existence: "May I be Indra! May I be a Cakravartin! "; desire or vibhava or vindsa, nonexistence: "May I be annihilated! May I not exist after death! " (aho batocchidyeyam na bhaveyam param marandd kyddi). See Kosa, v. 10c, v. 19.
70. Literally: "In what sort of a person will bhdvand be successful? "
Hsiian-tsang: ". . . what receptacle (bhdjana) can be the support of bhdvand? "
71. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 662c8. According to the Abhisamaydlamkdrdloka, one is vitarkacarita because of rdgavikalpabdhulya. Sutrdlamkdra (Huber) Para. 42: One teaches asubhd to the old washerman, prdndydma to the old blacksmith.
How one arrests the vitarkas, Majjhima, i. 118, Vitakkasamthdnasutta. Rdgacarita, trsndcarita, iv. 80a, 100a; opposed to drsticarita.
72. On asubhabhdvand, Mahdvyutpatti, 52; the Sutra on the vimuktyayatanas quoted in Vydkhayd, p. 57 (ad 1. 27) has a slightly different list which ends: viksiptakam vd asthi vd asthisamkaliko vd. Dtgha, ii. 296 (atthisamkhalika); Dhammsangani, 264; Atthasdlini, 298; Visuddhimagga, 178; Psalms of the Brethern, p. 125; Przyluski, A$oka, 386; Maitri-upa- nisad. i. 3.
' See Ko/a, viii. 29, 32, 35b-d.
73. rgyus pas bran bren du sbrel ba'i ken rus. Paramartha: bones attached to red nerves.
Hsiian-tsang has only vipadumaka.
74. On adhimuktimanasikdra, ii. 72, p. 320 of the English translation and p. 920,923.
Viskambhana = vikkhambhana, Visuddhimagga, 5.
75. The Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 205bl3 and foil. , presents four opinions on these three
categories of ascetics.
76. In the preparatory exercise (prayogakdle) one should avoid all occasions of desire; thus the ascetic will not consider even one part of a feminine body.
77. Tibetan: "in order to reduce or concentrate his mind.
78. Tibetan: "In order that the mind is even more concentrated. "
79- Quoted in Vydkhyd ad viii. 32. Hsiian-tsang puts all the characteristics mentioned in the Bhdsyam in the kdrikd: "Non-desire, of the ten spheres, having for their object visible things of Kamadhatu, produced by humans, loathsome, having an object of its own time period,acquired intwoways. "
80. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 206cll, gives three opinions. Vasubandhu adopts the third.
81. Particularly ? ariputra and Aniruddha, who were capable of meditating on asubhd with
respect to the Buddha and to goddesses (Vibhdsd).
82. See p. 918. Asubha does not cut off the defilements; it is thus impure; only the meditations which include seeing of the sixteen aspects (suffering, impermanence, etc. ) cut off the defilements.
83. Visuddhimagga, 111, 197, 266-293; according to Samyutta, v. 321, etc. Saundarananda,
? xv. 64. On prdndydma, etc. , Hopkins, "Yoga-Technique in the Great Epic," JAOS, xxii. 333. 84. According to Hsiian-tsang (TD 29, p. 118a8), an explanation from a Sutra (glossed as
Samyukta 29. 2, TD 2, p. 205c25); Vibhdsd (TD 27, p. 134a25) quotes the Prajnaptitestra. 85. See p. 926.
86. There is upeksd in the Fourth Dhyana, but inbreathing and outbreathing are absent there.
87. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 423a2, gives divergent opinions: it is also adhimukti-manaskdrasam- prayuktd.
88. Non-Buddhists possess the teaching (upadesa) of prdndydma, but not that of dndpanasmrti.
89. Mahdvyutpatti, Para. 53; Digha, ii. 291 (Warren, p. 354; Sp. Hardy, Eastern Monachism, p. 267); Majjhima, i. 425.
90. Vydkhyd; adhyupeksya - andsahya. 91. Not mentioned in the Vibhdsd.
92. Kosa, iii. 45c-d.
93. Divya, 105, vairambha and vairambhaka; Samyutta, ii. 231, verambhavdtakhitta (var. 0
veramba ) sakuna; Jdtaka, translation, iii. 164, 287, 288.
94. See Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 135al5. Paramartha: Either between the eyebrows, or on the point of the nose, in the desired place and as far as the toes, hold mindfulness in the center like a thread which holds pearls together. Tibetan: Like a manisiitra placed at the end of the nose to the tips of the toes, ascertain if the breaths (a/vdsapra/vdsdh) are favorable or unfavorable, cold or hot. Vydkhyd: kim anugrdhakd ete ydvad usnd iti sthdpani (? ) veyarh drastavyd kdyapradefa evdnugrdhakddivisesasthdpanatah.
The Yamaka, i. 174, ii. 250, demonstrates that thirst is the origin, not ignorance (Ledi Sayadaw, JPTS. , 1914, p. 135).
34. Mahdvagga, i. 6. 20. Madhyama, TD 1, p. 468b27cl9: samudayasatyam katamat / ydsau trsnd nandirdgasahagatd tatra tatrdbhinandini. According to the Sautrantikas, four trsnds are samudayasatya: 1. desire for present existence, the desire for present results: 2. desire for later existences, the desire for future results; 3. desire accompanied by nandi; and 4. desire tatra tatra abhinandini.
35. A non-metrical version in the Tanjur: las dan sredpa dan mi rig pa / phyi ma'i tshe la 'du byed mams kyi rgyu. Three pddas of five syllables in Paramartha: "Action, thirst, ignorance, these three in the future are the cause of all existence. " Hsiian-tsang has four pddas: "Action, thirst and ignorance are the cause which produces the future samskdras which creates the series of existence called pudgala": this is a gatha taken from Samyukta, TD 2, p. 88b9.
The Vydkhyd also attests that this quotation is a stanza: . . . gdthdydm esa nirdesah karma trmdvidyd samskdrdndm caksurddindm hetur abhisampardye.
36. Samyukta, TD 2, p. 224cl6: yatas ca bhiksavah panca bijajdtdny (compare Cosmologie bouddhique, p. 220) akhanddny acchidrdny aputiny avdtdtdpahatdnihavani (? ) sdrdni sukhasayitani prtkividhdtuS ca bhavaty abdhdtus ca / evam tdni bijdni vrddhim virudhim vipulatdm dpadyanta iti hi bhiksava upameyam krtd yavad evasyarthasya vijfiaptaya itimam
? drstantam upanyasyedam uktam /panca bijajdtdniti bhiksavah sopdddnasya vijHdnasyaitad adhivacanam / prthividhdtur iti catasrndm vij&dnasthitindm etad adhivacanam. Compare Samyutta, iiiJ4: seyyathd. . . pathavidhdtu evam catasso vinndnatthitiyo . . . seyyathd pancabijajOtani evam vinndnam sahdram datthabbam.
On the vijfidnasthitiSy see Ko? a, iii. 5.
37. Vyakhyd: dbhiprdyika ity abhiprdye bhavah / abhiprdyena vd divyatity dbhiprdyikah sutre nirdesah / trsnddhikam pudgalam adhikrtya krta ity abhiprdyah / Idksanikas tv abhidharme / laksane bhavo Idksaniko nirdefah /. . . sdsravasya skandhapancakasya samudayasatyatvalaksanayogdt.
38. In the Vyakhyd this Sutra is called the sahetusapratya-saniddnasutra (see the fragment quoted in Koia, iii, Cosmologie); but in the Madhyamakavrtti, p. 452: Pratityasamutpada- sutra.
39. See iii. 30, Madhyamakavrtti, p. 544.
40. Like the limb which has been smeared with a dried paste of masura. In the way that the limb is grasped (dgrhita) by this anointing, in that same way the dtmabhdva is grasped by desire.
41. According to the Japanese editor, Ekottardgama (TD 2. p. 740a-741b).
42. The Vyakhyd quotes the Madhyamaka kdrikd, xxiv. 8: dve satye samupdsritya buddhdndm dharmadesana lokasamvrtisatyam ca satyam ca paramdrthatah //
Compare the stanzas quoted in the commentary to the Kathdvatthu, p. 22: duve saccdni akkhdsi sambuddho vadatdm varo /
sammutim paramattham ca tatiyam nupalabbhati // tattha samketavacanam saccam lokasammutikdranam /
paramatthavacanam saccam dhammdnam tathalakkhanam //
(The edition has tathd lakkhanam. )
See the translation of the Kathdvatthu, p. 63, 180, 371; Ledi Sayadaw, "Some points in
Buddhist doctrine," JPTS. , 1914. 129.
The problem of the single truth (Suttanipdta, 884), of the two truths and of the four
truths--which implies the question of the real existence of Nirvana (see Anguttara, ii. 161)--is discussed in Vibhdsa, TD 27, p. 399bl0 and following, and in the Nydydnusdra of Sarhghabhadra (TD 29, p. 665a27). These document have been translated in the Introduction.
43. Vyakhyd: The two examples indicate the two modes of bheda or breaking: pots, etc. , are broken by a blow (upakrama) whereas water, etc. , is broken by mental analysis (buddhi); for by breaking one cannot take away the taste, etc. from water. Or rather, that which exists conventionally (samvrti) is of two types: 1. conventionally depending on another thing (samvrtyantaravyapds'raya), and 2. depending of a real thing (dravya): of the first, there is at one and the same time breaking (bheda) and analysis (anydpoha) [for example, the pot]; of the second, there is only analysis: one cannot disassociate an atom which is made up of eight things (Ko/a, ii. 22) . . . samvrtisat=samvyavahdrena sat. paramdrthasat-paramdrthena sat svalaksanena sat.
Paramartha, in the Bhdsyam, departs from the original:
"First if the idea of a thing no longer arises when this thing has been broken, then this thing exists conventionally (samvrtisat). When the pot is reduced to baked earth, the idea of pot does not arise with respect to this baked earth. Therefore things like "a pot" exist only as a metaphoric designation (prajnapti) of shape (hsing-hsiang ? f? ffi ~dkrti, samsthdna). Secondly, if the idea of a thing does not arise when, by the mind, one takes away from this thing other given things (dharmas), then this thing exists conventionally; for example, water. If one mentally takes away the color, taste, and the primary elements, etc. ,
Footnotes 1045
? 1046 Chapter Six
from water, then the idea of water is no longer produced. Thus things such as water exist as
the metaphorical designations of a combination (chil-chi IKHS , samavdya? ).
Thirdly, one expresses Paramartha, the real thing, by words, phrases , and syllables (Kofa,
ii. 47); it is by reason of words that a knowledge relative to Paramartha is producedBut
when one enters absorption, consciousness does not bear on words (Kola, vi. 5c-d) and,
when it has left absorption, the consciousness no longer bears on Paramartha: thus the
words and the consciousness referred to here exist only as metaphorical designations of the
thing expressed (? hsien-chih 8H7F , udbhdvandP). Why are these three types of
dharmas samvrti? What is only made up of words does not have a nature in and of itself,
and is samvrti. To say, in conformity with the usage of the world, that "there is a pot, there
is water, there are words," is true andriotfalse. Therefore this is samvrtisatya. What differs
from these three types of dharmas is called paramdrthasatya. If the idea of a thing arises as
before when this thing is destroyed, or when one has separated it from other dharmas by
the mind, or when one makes an abstraction of it from words, then this thing or dharma
really exists, for example, rUpa. One can cut rupa, one can subtract different dharmas from
it, its taste, etc. : but the idea which bears on rupa remains the same. The same for vedand,
etc. . . According to other masters, the dharmas which are the object of supermundane
(lokottara) knowledge or of the knowledge acquired consecutively to it are also called
tne
paramdrthasatya: the dhdtus (ching-chieh WM- ) > Paramartha. What differs from these three is samvrtisatya.
result, and the Path are
44. According to Hui-hui, the Sautrantikas. The Vydkhyd explains: paramasya jndnasydr- thah paramarthah / paramarthah ca sa satyam ca tad iti paramdrthasatyam. It adds: trividham hiyogdcdrdndm sat paramdrthasat samvrtisat dravyasat /dravyatahsvalaksanatah sad dravyasat. The older masters are thus the Yogacarins (see iv. 4a, note 25).
Compare the doctrine of the Bodhisattvabhumi, I. iv, fol. 18a, Musefon, 1906, p. 220 and following; four types of tattvartha or tattva: 1. the reality recognized in popular usage (laukikaprasiddha); 2. the reality established by reason (yuktiprasiddha); 3. the reality that the Sravakas and the Pratyekabuddhas cognize through a pure or worldly knowledge, this leading to the pure knowledge consecutive to the pure knowledge (andsravena andsravdvdh- akena anasravaprsthalabdhena ca laukikena jridnena): this reality is the Truths; and 4. the reality which is the sphere of knowledge purified of any hindrance to cognizable ob]ects(jneyavaranavisuddhajHdnagocara): this is tathata. (Compare Sutrdlamkdra,-xi. 3l).
45. This worldly knowledge is samvrtijftana, vii. 2. 21.
46. Paramartha: "The truths have been spoken of in summary. If one asks for a long presentation, one should see how it is spoken of in the Treatise of the Six Higher Knowledges (abhijHd) (liu shen shih lun /\J$Wlffl ) (TD 29, p. 269a3).
47. Paramartha: "One must tell by which cultivation of which means one enters into the Seeing of the Truths. Thus, beginning from the first step, one must tell of its progression. " (TD 29, p. 269a4). Hsiian-tsang: "One must tell by which cultivation of which means one arrives at darianamdrga (TD 29, p. 116b27).
48. a. Here bhdvand is the equivalent of samddhi or absorption (iv. l23c-d).
b. Vrtta or vrtti (vi. 8a) is almost synonymous to ? lla, as we can see in the Saundara- nanda, xiii. 10, xvi. 31; it is the perfect fila of the Bhiksu to be content with the clothing of a
monk, etc. (vi. 7c-d).
49. Udgrhndti, glossed by papthati.
50. Satyadariandnuloma - satyadarSanadhikdrika.
51. On the three patffids, Digha, iii. 219; Vibhanga, 324, Visuddhimagga, 439 (in the order: cintd, suta, bhdvand).
? 52. Vibhdsdy TD 27, p. 940c25. Vasubandhu does not admit this theory; this is why he says: "AccordingtotheVaibhasikas . . . "
53. "This thing corresponds to this name; this is the name of this thing. "
54. According to Samghabhadra (TD 29, p. 669c5), the opinion of the Sautrantikas.
55. To what sphere do the prajnas belong, Vibhdsd (TD 27, p. 218a23). (See vii. l8c-d). irutamayi: 1st opinion, Kamadhatu and the Four Dhyanas; 2nd opinion, adds
dhydndntara; 3rd opinion, adds andgdmya. cintdmayi: Kamadhatu. bhdvandmayi: impure, in 17 spheres: pure, in 9 spheres.
Mode of acquisition: 1st opinion, the three obtained through prayoga (exercise) and through vairdgya (detachment); 2nd opinion, and also at birth (aupapattika); and further the irutamayi of Rupadhatu at birth and through prayoga, the irutamayi of Kamadhatu through prayoga; the cintdmayi through prayoga; and the bhdvandmayi in the three manners.
56. These grammatical explanations are omitted by the Tibetan translator. The two Chinese translators omit the explanation by Pdnini iv. 3. 134, but however give the example.
57. Hsuan-tsang: "How would he who desires to apply himself (prayuj) to bhdvand purify his own person (dirayabhajana) so that bhdvand will be successful? " (TD 29, p. 116c23).
58. The first "separation" is to separate the organs from the objects of sense. Fire shoots forth from fuel, defilement from the visayas (Saundarananda, xiii.
30); but, as wind is necessary for fire, so too parikalpa or vitarka is necessary to the fire of the defilements: thus there should thus be a second "separation," separation from bad thoughts (Saundarananda, xiii. 49). Bad thoughts or akuialavitarka (Koia, v. 46,59), with their opposites, are explained in Saundarananda, xv. 21 (vydpdda-vihimsd and maitrikdrunya, kamavitarka, jnativitarka, 30-41, janapadavitarka, 42-51, amarana or amaravitarkd). One gets rid of these vitarkas by dndpdnasmrti (vi. 9). vi. 58 (Hsiian-tsang TD 29, p. 130al3. )
On aranya, in which one cultivates "separation from the body," see Visuddhimagga, 71. 59. On alpecchata and samtuspi, see Anguttara, v. 219, i. 38, Visuddhimagga, 81, Divya, 61,
96, etc.
60. Vibhdsd> TD 21\ p. 214al7 and foil. Vasubandhu does not admit this explanation.
61. See U. Wogihara, Asanga's BodhisattvabhUmi (Leipzig 1908). p. 34-36 (Siksasamuccaya. 35. 6).
62. Koia, ii. 25, iv. 8.
63. See Digha, iii. 224-5; Visuddhimagga, 59, 93, 627. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 907bll and foil. , discusses the name, the nature, etc. of the vamias. and how the first three exist in the higher spheres.
64. Prahdnabhdvandrdmatd = nirodhamdrgdrdmatd; affection or willingness with respect to Nirvana and to the Path leading to Nirvana. Vibhdsdt TD 27, p. 909al5, four expanations. Digha, iii. 225: . . . pahdndrdmo hoti pahdnarato bhdvandrdmo hoti bhdvandrato. . . yo hi tattha dakkho . . . ayam vuccati . . . pordne aggarWe ariyavamse phito.
65. Vrtti = jivikd or food, drink, etc. ; karmdnta - work, labor; on samyagdjiva, see iv. 86a, vi. 68, samyakkarmanta, vi. 68.
66. Hsuan-tsang: "who, having renounced the worldly regimen and popular activity, have left the world by taking refuge in the Buddha in order to search out deliverance. " (TD 29, p. 117a20) Paramartha: "who leave the world buddham adhikrtya, and search out deliverance" (p. 269b21).
Footnotes 1047
? 1048 Chapter Six
67. Hsiian-tsang: He establishes a regimen, an activity auxiliary to the Path.
68. Mahdsamgiti - Dtgha, iii. 228. Anguttara, ii. 10, 248, on the four arisings of desire or thirst, tanhuppdda. The fourth itibhavdbhavahetu tanha uppajjajmdnd uppajjati in our text, corresponds, to itibhavavibhavahetos trsnd.
69. Hsiian-tsang omits iti which Paramartha translates. Vydkhyd: The word iti indicates the different types of bhava and vibhava {bhavavibhavaprakdrdbhidyotaka). Desire for a certain type of existence: "May I be Indra! May I be a Cakravartin! "; desire or vibhava or vindsa, nonexistence: "May I be annihilated! May I not exist after death! " (aho batocchidyeyam na bhaveyam param marandd kyddi). See Kosa, v. 10c, v. 19.
70. Literally: "In what sort of a person will bhdvand be successful? "
Hsiian-tsang: ". . . what receptacle (bhdjana) can be the support of bhdvand? "
71. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 662c8. According to the Abhisamaydlamkdrdloka, one is vitarkacarita because of rdgavikalpabdhulya. Sutrdlamkdra (Huber) Para. 42: One teaches asubhd to the old washerman, prdndydma to the old blacksmith.
How one arrests the vitarkas, Majjhima, i. 118, Vitakkasamthdnasutta. Rdgacarita, trsndcarita, iv. 80a, 100a; opposed to drsticarita.
72. On asubhabhdvand, Mahdvyutpatti, 52; the Sutra on the vimuktyayatanas quoted in Vydkhayd, p. 57 (ad 1. 27) has a slightly different list which ends: viksiptakam vd asthi vd asthisamkaliko vd. Dtgha, ii. 296 (atthisamkhalika); Dhammsangani, 264; Atthasdlini, 298; Visuddhimagga, 178; Psalms of the Brethern, p. 125; Przyluski, A$oka, 386; Maitri-upa- nisad. i. 3.
' See Ko/a, viii. 29, 32, 35b-d.
73. rgyus pas bran bren du sbrel ba'i ken rus. Paramartha: bones attached to red nerves.
Hsiian-tsang has only vipadumaka.
74. On adhimuktimanasikdra, ii. 72, p. 320 of the English translation and p. 920,923.
Viskambhana = vikkhambhana, Visuddhimagga, 5.
75. The Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 205bl3 and foil. , presents four opinions on these three
categories of ascetics.
76. In the preparatory exercise (prayogakdle) one should avoid all occasions of desire; thus the ascetic will not consider even one part of a feminine body.
77. Tibetan: "in order to reduce or concentrate his mind.
78. Tibetan: "In order that the mind is even more concentrated. "
79- Quoted in Vydkhyd ad viii. 32. Hsiian-tsang puts all the characteristics mentioned in the Bhdsyam in the kdrikd: "Non-desire, of the ten spheres, having for their object visible things of Kamadhatu, produced by humans, loathsome, having an object of its own time period,acquired intwoways. "
80. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 206cll, gives three opinions. Vasubandhu adopts the third.
81. Particularly ? ariputra and Aniruddha, who were capable of meditating on asubhd with
respect to the Buddha and to goddesses (Vibhdsd).
82. See p. 918. Asubha does not cut off the defilements; it is thus impure; only the meditations which include seeing of the sixteen aspects (suffering, impermanence, etc. ) cut off the defilements.
83. Visuddhimagga, 111, 197, 266-293; according to Samyutta, v. 321, etc. Saundarananda,
? xv. 64. On prdndydma, etc. , Hopkins, "Yoga-Technique in the Great Epic," JAOS, xxii. 333. 84. According to Hsiian-tsang (TD 29, p. 118a8), an explanation from a Sutra (glossed as
Samyukta 29. 2, TD 2, p. 205c25); Vibhdsd (TD 27, p. 134a25) quotes the Prajnaptitestra. 85. See p. 926.
86. There is upeksd in the Fourth Dhyana, but inbreathing and outbreathing are absent there.
87. Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 423a2, gives divergent opinions: it is also adhimukti-manaskdrasam- prayuktd.
88. Non-Buddhists possess the teaching (upadesa) of prdndydma, but not that of dndpanasmrti.
89. Mahdvyutpatti, Para. 53; Digha, ii. 291 (Warren, p. 354; Sp. Hardy, Eastern Monachism, p. 267); Majjhima, i. 425.
90. Vydkhyd; adhyupeksya - andsahya. 91. Not mentioned in the Vibhdsd.
92. Kosa, iii. 45c-d.
93. Divya, 105, vairambha and vairambhaka; Samyutta, ii. 231, verambhavdtakhitta (var. 0
veramba ) sakuna; Jdtaka, translation, iii. 164, 287, 288.
94. See Vibhdsd, TD 27, p. 135al5. Paramartha: Either between the eyebrows, or on the point of the nose, in the desired place and as far as the toes, hold mindfulness in the center like a thread which holds pearls together. Tibetan: Like a manisiitra placed at the end of the nose to the tips of the toes, ascertain if the breaths (a/vdsapra/vdsdh) are favorable or unfavorable, cold or hot. Vydkhyd: kim anugrdhakd ete ydvad usnd iti sthdpani (? ) veyarh drastavyd kdyapradefa evdnugrdhakddivisesasthdpanatah.
