The cap- their authority for the statement, that the island of
ture of the fortress of Delphinium in Chios and Euboea was originally called Chalcis from the fact of
the plunder of Teos were closely followed by the brass (xan xós) being discovered there first.
ture of the fortress of Delphinium in Chios and Euboea was originally called Chalcis from the fact of
the plunder of Teos were closely followed by the brass (xan xós) being discovered there first.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
) ed out by Callicrates as having favoured the cause
ainter of uncertain age and country of Perseus, were apprehended and sent to Rome,
V. xxxv. 10. s. 37), is perhaps the same to be tried, as it was pretended, before the senate.
nter, Callicles, mentioned by Varro. Among these was Polybius, the historian; and he
236, Bip. )
[W. I. ] was also one of the survivors, who, after a deten-
CRATES(Kardıxpérns), historical. 1. tion of 17 years, were permitted to return to their
is mentioned by Herodotus as the finest country. (Polyb. xxx. 10, xxxi. 8, xxxii. 7, 8,
mest man of all the Greeks of his time. xxxii. 1; Liv. xlv. 31; Paus. vii. 10. ) The base-
in by an arrow just before the armies en- ness of Callicrates was visited on his head, -if,
lataea (B. C. 479), and while the Greeks indeed, such a man could feel such a punishment,
ng till the signs from the sacrifices –in the intense hatred of his countrymen. Men
arourable. (Herod. ix. 72. ) In Herod. deemed it pollution to use the same bath with
name occurs among the ipeves who him, and the very boys in the streets threw in
separately from the rest of the Spar- bis teeth the name of traitor. (Polyb. xxx. 20. )
om the Helots. The word ipéves, how In B. c. 153 he dissuaded the league from taking
hardly be used here in its ordinary any part in the war of the Rhodians against Crete,
"youths,” but has probably its original on the ground that it did not befit them to go to
1 of “commanders. " (See Müller, Dor. war at all without the sanction of the Romans.
Thirlwall's Greece, ii. p. 350, note. ) (Polyb. xxxiii. 15. ) Three years after this, B. C.
rates is the name given to the murderer 150, Menalcidas, then general of the league, having
Nepos (Dion, 8): he is called Callip been bribed by the Oropians with 10 talents to
dorus and Plutarch. [CALLIPTUS. ] aid them against the Athenians, from whose gar-
accomplished flatterer at the court of rison in their town they had received injury,
II. (Euergetes), who, apparently mis- engaged Callicrates in the same cause by the pro-
'vility for knowledge of the world, mise of half the sum. The payment, however, he
adopt Ulysses as his model. He is evaded, and Callicrates retaliated on Menalcidas
ve wom a seal-ring with a bead of by a capital charge; but Menalcidas escaped the
graved on it, and to have given his danger through the favour of Diaeus, his successor
e names of Telegonus and Anticleia. in the office of general, whom he bribed with three
p. 25), d. )
talents. In B. C. 149, Callicrates was sent as
n of Leontium in Achaia, who plays a ambassador to Rome with Diaeus, to oppose the
lisreputable part in the history of the Spartan exiles, whose banishment Diaeus had pro-
ague. By a decree of the Achaeans, cured, and who hoped to be restored by the senate.
corded in B. c. 181, Lacedaemon bad Callicrates, however, died at Rhodes, where they
ed into their confederacy and the resto had touched on their way;
“ his death,” says
1 Lacedaemonian exiles had been pro- Pausanias, “ being, for aught I know, a clear gain
with the exception of those who had to his country. " (Paus. vii. 1), 12. ) [E. E. ]
i ingratitude their previous restoration CALLI'CRATES(Kalik párns), literary. 1. Is
hacans. The Romans, however, had mentioned only once by Athenaeus (xiii
. p. 586) as
se the recall of these men, and in the the author of a comedy called Mooxíwv, and from
he assembly on this question, B. c. 179, the connexion in which his name appears there with
contended, in opposition to Lycortas, those of Antiphanes and Alexis, it may be inferred
equisition should be complied with, that he was a poet of the middle Attic comedy.
ntaining, that neither law, nor solemn (Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Gr. p. 418. )
anything else, should be more regarded 2. A Greek orator who seems to have lived
ill of Rome. The assembly, however, about the time of Demosthenes, and to whom the
ne view of Lycortas, and appointed tables of Pergamus ascribed the oration rate an
s, of whom Callicrates was one, to lay Moodévous taparóuwv, which was usually consider-
he Roman scnate. But he grievously | -d the work of Deinarchus. (Dionys. Deinurch.
## p. 570 (#590) ############################################
570
CALLICRATIDAS.
CALLIGENEIA.
11. ) But no work of Callicrates was known even bers : as Diodorus and Plutarch tell it, the sooth-
as early as the time of Dionysius of Halicarnassus. sayer foretold the admiral's death. His answer at
3. A Greek historian who lived in and after the any rate, uri pap' va elvai tav Stráprav, became
time of the emperor Aurelian. He was a native famous, but is mentioned with censurc by Plutarch
of Tyre, and wrote the history of Aurelian. Von and Cicero. On the whole, Callicratidas is a some
piscus (Aurel. 4), who has preserved a few frag: what refreshing specimen of a plain, blunt Spar-
ments of the work, describes Callicrates as by far tan of the old school, with all the guileiessness
the most learned writer among the Grecks of his and simple honesty, but (it may be added) not
time.
(L. S. ] without the bigotry of that character. Witness
CALLI'CRATES (Kantipátos). ]. An ar- his answer, when asked what sort of men the
chitect, who in company with Ictinus built the lonians were : “ Bad freemen, but excellent slaves. "
Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. (Plut. (Xen. Hell. i. 6. $S 1—33; Diod. xiij. 76—79,
Peric. 13. )
97-99; Plut. Lysand. 5–7, Pelop. 2, Apoph-
2. A Lacedaemonian sculptor, celebrated for the thegm. Lacon ; Cic. de Off: i. 24, 30. ) Aelian
smallness of his works. (Aelian, V. H. i. 17. ) tells us (V. H. xii. 43), that he rose to the privi-
He made ants and other animals out of ivory, leges of citizenship from the condition of a slave
which were 80 small that one could not distinguish (mówv); but see Mitford's Greece, ch. xx. sec. 2,
the different limbs. (Plin. H. N. vii. 21, xxxvi. note 4. )
[E. E. )
5. s. 4. ) According to Athenaeus (ix. p. 782, B. ), CALLICRA'TIDAS (Kallikpatídas), a disci-
he also executed embossed work on vases. (W. 1. ] ple of Pythagoras. Four extracts from his writings
CALLICRATIDAS (Kallikpatidas) was sent on the subject of marriage and domestic happiness
· out in B. C. 406 to succeed Lysander as admiral of are preserved in Stobaeus. (Floril. lxx. 11, lxxxv.
the Lacedaemonian feet, and soon found that the 16-18. )
(A. G. )
jealousy of his predecessor, as well as the strong CALLI'CRITUS (Kallinpitos), a Theban,
contrast of their characters, had left for him a har- was sent as ambassador from the Boeotians to the
vest of difficulties. Yet he was not unsuccessful | Roman senate, B. C. 187, to remonstrate against
in surmounting these, and shewed that plain, the requisition of the latter for the recall of Zeux-
straight-forward honesty may sometimes be no bad ippus from exile. The sentence of banishment
substitute for the arts of the supple diplomatist. had been passed against him both for sacrilege and
The cabals of Lysander's partizans against him he for the murder of Brachyllas (see p. 502, a. ); and
quelled by asking them, whether he should remain Callicritus represented to the Romans on behalf of
where he was, or sail home to report how matters his countrymen, that they could not annul a sen-
stood ; and even those who looked back with most tence which had been legally pronounced. The
regret to the winning and agreeable manners of renonstrance was at first unavailing, though ulti-
his courtly predecessor, admired his virtue, says mately the demand of the senate was not pressed.
Plutarch, even as the beauty of a heroic statue. (Polyb. xxiii. 2. ) It was probably the same Cal-
His great difficulty, however, was the want of licritus who strongly opposed in the Boeotian
funds, and for these he reluctantly went and ap assembly the views of Perseus. He appears even
plied to Cyrus, to whom it is said that Lysander, to have gone to Rome to warn the senate of the
in order to thwart his successor, had returned the king's schemes, and was murdered, by order of the
sums he held; but the proud Spartan spirit of Cal- latier, on his way back. (Liv. xlii. 13, 40. ) [E. E. ]
licratidas could not brook to dance attendance at CALLICTER (Καλλίκτηρ), surnamed Mαντί-
the prince's doors, and be withdrew froin Sardis in Dios, a Greek poet, the author of four cpigrams of
disgust, declaring that the Greeks were most little merit in the Greek Anthology. (Anthol.
wretched in truckling to barbarians for money, Gruec. xi. 5, 6, 118, 333; Brunck, Anal. ii. pp.
and that, if he returned home in safety, he would 294, 529. )
(L. S. ]
do his best to reconcile Lacedaemon to Athens. CALLÍDE'MUS (Kalaíonuos), a Greek author
He succeeded, however, in obtaining a supply from about whom nothing is known, except that Pliny
the Milesians, and he then commenced against the (H. N. iv. 12) and Solinus (17) refer to him as
enemy a series of successful operations.
The cap- their authority for the statement, that the island of
ture of the fortress of Delphinium in Chios and Euboea was originally called Chalcis from the fact of
the plunder of Teos were closely followed by the brass (xan xós) being discovered there first. (L. S. ]
conquest of Methymna. This last place Conon at- CALLI'DIUS. [Calidius. ]
tempted to save, in spite of his inferiority in num- CALLIGEITUS (Kanniyeitos), a Megarian,
bers, but, arriving too late, anchored for the night and TIMAGORAS (Tquayopas), a Cyzican, were
at 'Ekatóvvnoon. The next morning he was chased sent to Sparta in B. C. 412 by Pharnabazus, the
by Callicratidas, who declared that he would put a satrap of Bithynia, to induce the Lacedaemonians
stop to bis adultery with the sea, and was obliged to send a fleet to the Hellespont, in order to assist
to take refuge in Mytilene, where his opponent the Hellespontine cities in revolting from Athens.
blockaded him by sea and land. Conon, however, The Lacedaemonians, however, through the influ-
contrived to send news to the Athenians of the ence of Alcibiades, preferred sending a fleet to
strait in which he was, and a feet of more than Chios; but Calligeitus and Timagoras would not
150 sail was despatched to relieve him. Callicra- take part in this expedition, and applied the money
tidas then, leaving Eteonicus with 50 ships to con- which they broughi from Pharnabazus to the equip
duct the blockade, proceeded with 120 to meet the ment of a separate feet, which left Peloponnesus
enemy. A battle ensued at Arvinusae, remarkable towards the close of the year. (Thuc. viii. 6, 8,
for the unprecedented number of vessels engaged, 39. )
and in this Callicratidas was slain, and the Athe- CALLIGENEIA (Καλλιγένεια), a surname of
nians were victorious. According to Xenophon, Demeter or of hier nurse and companion, or of Gaea
his steersman, Hermon, endeavoured to dissuade (Aristoph. Thesm. 300, with the Schol. ; Hesych.
him from engaging with such superior num- s. v. ; Phot. Lex. s. v. )
[L. S. ]
## p. 571 (#591) ############################################
CALLIMACHUS.
571
CALLIMACHUS.
CALLI'GENES (Kalroyévns), the name of Several of the most distinguished men of that
the physician of Philip, king of Macedonia, who period, such as his successor Eratosthenes, Philos
attended him in his last illness at Amphipolis, B. c. tephanus, Aristophanes of Byzantium, Apollonius
179, and concealed his death from the people till Rhodius, Ister, and Hermippus, were among his
the arrival of Perseus, to whom he had sent intel- pupils. Callimachus was one of the most fertile
ligence of the great danger of the king. (Liv. xl. writers of antiquity, and if the number in Suidas
56. )
(W. A. G. ) be correct, he wrote 800 works, though we may
CALLIMACHUS (Kardiuaxos). 1. Of the take it for granted that most of them were not of
tribe of Aiantis and the oņuos of Aphidna, held great extent, if he followed his own maxim, that a
the office of Polemarch, B. c. 490, and in that ca- great book was equal to a great evil. (Athen. iii.
pacity commanded the right wing of the Athenian p. 72. ) The number of his works of which the
army at Marathon, where he was slain, after be- titles or fragments are known to us, amounts to
having with much gallantry. In the battle he is upwards of forty. But what we possess is very
said to have vowed to Artemis a heifer for every little, and consists principally of poetical produc-
enemy he should slay. By the persuasion of Mii- tions, apparently the least valuable of all his
tiades he had given his casting vote for fighting, works, since Callimachus, notwithstanding the
when the voices of the ten generals were equally reputation he enjoyed for his poems, was not a
divided on the question. This is the last recorded man of real poetical talent : labour and learning
instance of the Polemarch performing the military are with him the substitutes for poctical genius
duties which his name implies. Callimachus was and talent. His prose works, on the other hand,
conspicuously figured in the fresco painting of the which would have furnished us with some highly
battle of Marathon, by Polygnotus, in the ato important information concerning ancient mytho-
TOIKIAN. (Herod. vi. 109–114; Plut. Aristid. et logy, history, literature, &c. , are completely lost
.
Cat. Maj. 2, Sympos. i. 8. § 3; Schol. ad Aris- The poetical productions of Callimachus still ex-
toph. Eq. 658; Paus. i. 15. )
tant are: 1. Hymns, six in number, of which five
2. One of the generals of Mithridates, who, by are written in hexameter verse and in the Ionic
his skill in engineering, defended the town of dialect, and one, on the bath of Pallas, in distichs
Amisus, in Pontus, for a considerable time against and in the Doric dialect. These hymns, which
the Romans, in B. c. 71; and when Lucullus bear greater resemblance to epic than to lyric
had succeeded in taking a portion of the wall, poetry, are the productions of labour and learning,
Callimachus set fire to the place and made his like most of the poems of that period. Almost
escape by sea. He afterwards fell into the hands every line furnishes some curious mythical infor-
of Lucullus at the capture of Nisibis (called by mation, and it is perhaps not saying too much to
the Greeks Antioch) in Mygdonia, B. C. 68, and assert, that these hymns are more overloaded with
was put to death in revenge for the burning of learning than any other poetical production of that
Amisus. (Plut. Lucull. 19, 32; comp. Appian, time. Their style has nothing of the easy flow
Bell. Mithr. 78, 83; Dion Cass. xxxv. 7. ) [E. E. ] of genuine poetry, and is evidently studied and
CALLI'MACHUS (Kalipaxos), one of the laboured. There are some ancient Greek scholia
most celebrated Alexandrine grammarians and on these hymns, which however have no great
poets, was, according to Suidas, a son of Battus merit. 2. Seventy-three epigrams, which belong
and Mesatme, and belonged to the celebrated family to the best specimens of this kind of poetry. The
of the Battiadae at Cyrene, whence Ovid (16. 53) high estimation they enjoyed in antiquity is
and others call him simply Battiades. (Comp. attested by the fact, that Archibius, the gramma-
Strab. xvii. p. 837. ) He was a disciple of the rian, who lived, at the latest, one generation after
grammarian Hermocrates, and afterwards taught Callimachus
, wrote a commentary upon them, and
at Eleusis, a suburb of Alexandria. He was highly that Marianus, in the reign of the emperor Anas-
esteemed by Ptolemy Philadelphus, who invited tasius, wrote a paraphrase of them in iambics.
him to a place in the Museum. (Suid. , ; Strab. They were incorporated in the Greek Anthology
xvii. p. 838. ) Callimachus was still alive in the an early time, and ave thu been preserved.
reign of Ptolemy Euergetes, the successor of Phila- Elegies. These are lost with the exception of
delphus. (Schol. ad Callim. Hymn. ii. 26. ) It some fragments, but there are imitations of them
was formerly beliered, but is now established as an by the Roman poets, the most celebrated of which
historical fact, that Callimachus was chief librarian is the “ De Coma Berenices” of Catullus. If we
of the famous library of Alexandria. This fact may believe the Roman critics, Callimachus was
leads us to the conclusion, that he was the suc- the greatest among the elegiac poets (Quintil. x.
cessor of Zenodotus, and that he held this office 1. $ 58), and Ovid, Propertius, and Catullus took
from about B. c. 260 until his death about B. C. Callimachus for their model in this species of
240. (Ritschl, Die Alexandrin. Biblioth. fc. pp. poetry. We have mention of several more poeti-
19, 84, &c. ) This calculation agrees with the cal productions, but all of them have perished
statement of A. Gellius (xvii. 21), that Calli- except a few fragments, and however much we may
machus lived shortly before the first Punic war.
lament their loss on account of the information we
He was married to a daughter of Euphrates might have derived from them, we have very little
Syracuse, and had a sister Megatime, who was reason to regret their loss as specimens of poetry.
married to Stasenorus, and a son Callimachus, Among them we may mention, 1. The Aitia, an
who is distinguished from his rncle by being called epic poem in four books on the causes of the various
the younger, and is called by Suidas the author of mythical stories, religious ceremonies, and other
An epic poem Περί νήσων.
customs. The work is often referred to, and was
Callimachus was one of the most distinguished paraphrased by Marianus; but the paraphrase is
grammarians, critics, and poets of the Alexandrine lost, and of the original we have only a few frag-
period, and his celebrity surpassed that of nearly ments. 2. An epic poem entitled 'Exáxn, which
all the other Alexandrine scholars and poets. was the name of an old woman who had received
## p. 572 (#592) ############################################
672
CALLIMACHUS.
CALLIMACHUS.
66
Theseus hospitably when he went out to fight is the basis of the one edited by J. A. Ernesti at
against the Marathonian bull. This work was Leiden, 1761, 2 vols. 8vo. , which contains the
likewise paraphrased by Marianus, and we still whole of the commentary of (iraevius' edition, a
possess some fragments of the original. The works much improved text, a more complete collection of
entitled randteia and Taukos were in all proba- the fragments, and additional notes by llemster-
bility likewise epic poems. It appears that there huis and Ruhnken. Among the subsequent edi-
was scarcely any kind of poetry in which Calli- tions we need only mention those of Ch. F. Loesner
machus did not try his strength, for he is said to (Leipzig, 1774, 8vo. ), H. F. M. Volzer (Leipzig,
have written comedies, tragedies, iambic, and 1817, 8vo. ), and C. F. Blomfield (London, 1815,
choliambic poems. Respecting his poem Ibis sec 8vo. ).
[L S. ]
APOLLONIUS RHODIUS.
CALLI'MACHUS, a physician, who was one
Of bis numerous prose works not one is extant of the followers of Herophilus, and who must have
entire, though there were among them some of the lived about the second century B. C. , as he is men-
highest importance. The one of which the loss tioned by Zeuxis. (Galen, Comment. in llippocr.
is most to be lamented was entitled ſlivat marto Epid. 11. " i. 5. vol. xvii. pt. i. p. 8:27. ) He
δαπών συγγραμμάτων, οι πίνακες των εν πάση | wrote a work in explanation of the obsolete words
Taideia dianaubavtwv kai øv ouvéypavav, in 120 used by Hippocrates, which is not now extant, but
books. This work was the first comprehensive which is quoted by Erotianus. (Gloss. Hippocr.
history of Greek literature. It contained, syste praef. ) He may perhaps be the same person who
matically arranged, lists of the authors and their is mentioned by Pliny as having written a work
works. The various departments of litenture ap- De Coronis. (H1. N.
ainter of uncertain age and country of Perseus, were apprehended and sent to Rome,
V. xxxv. 10. s. 37), is perhaps the same to be tried, as it was pretended, before the senate.
nter, Callicles, mentioned by Varro. Among these was Polybius, the historian; and he
236, Bip. )
[W. I. ] was also one of the survivors, who, after a deten-
CRATES(Kardıxpérns), historical. 1. tion of 17 years, were permitted to return to their
is mentioned by Herodotus as the finest country. (Polyb. xxx. 10, xxxi. 8, xxxii. 7, 8,
mest man of all the Greeks of his time. xxxii. 1; Liv. xlv. 31; Paus. vii. 10. ) The base-
in by an arrow just before the armies en- ness of Callicrates was visited on his head, -if,
lataea (B. C. 479), and while the Greeks indeed, such a man could feel such a punishment,
ng till the signs from the sacrifices –in the intense hatred of his countrymen. Men
arourable. (Herod. ix. 72. ) In Herod. deemed it pollution to use the same bath with
name occurs among the ipeves who him, and the very boys in the streets threw in
separately from the rest of the Spar- bis teeth the name of traitor. (Polyb. xxx. 20. )
om the Helots. The word ipéves, how In B. c. 153 he dissuaded the league from taking
hardly be used here in its ordinary any part in the war of the Rhodians against Crete,
"youths,” but has probably its original on the ground that it did not befit them to go to
1 of “commanders. " (See Müller, Dor. war at all without the sanction of the Romans.
Thirlwall's Greece, ii. p. 350, note. ) (Polyb. xxxiii. 15. ) Three years after this, B. C.
rates is the name given to the murderer 150, Menalcidas, then general of the league, having
Nepos (Dion, 8): he is called Callip been bribed by the Oropians with 10 talents to
dorus and Plutarch. [CALLIPTUS. ] aid them against the Athenians, from whose gar-
accomplished flatterer at the court of rison in their town they had received injury,
II. (Euergetes), who, apparently mis- engaged Callicrates in the same cause by the pro-
'vility for knowledge of the world, mise of half the sum. The payment, however, he
adopt Ulysses as his model. He is evaded, and Callicrates retaliated on Menalcidas
ve wom a seal-ring with a bead of by a capital charge; but Menalcidas escaped the
graved on it, and to have given his danger through the favour of Diaeus, his successor
e names of Telegonus and Anticleia. in the office of general, whom he bribed with three
p. 25), d. )
talents. In B. C. 149, Callicrates was sent as
n of Leontium in Achaia, who plays a ambassador to Rome with Diaeus, to oppose the
lisreputable part in the history of the Spartan exiles, whose banishment Diaeus had pro-
ague. By a decree of the Achaeans, cured, and who hoped to be restored by the senate.
corded in B. c. 181, Lacedaemon bad Callicrates, however, died at Rhodes, where they
ed into their confederacy and the resto had touched on their way;
“ his death,” says
1 Lacedaemonian exiles had been pro- Pausanias, “ being, for aught I know, a clear gain
with the exception of those who had to his country. " (Paus. vii. 1), 12. ) [E. E. ]
i ingratitude their previous restoration CALLI'CRATES(Kalik párns), literary. 1. Is
hacans. The Romans, however, had mentioned only once by Athenaeus (xiii
. p. 586) as
se the recall of these men, and in the the author of a comedy called Mooxíwv, and from
he assembly on this question, B. c. 179, the connexion in which his name appears there with
contended, in opposition to Lycortas, those of Antiphanes and Alexis, it may be inferred
equisition should be complied with, that he was a poet of the middle Attic comedy.
ntaining, that neither law, nor solemn (Meineke, Hist. Crit. Com. Gr. p. 418. )
anything else, should be more regarded 2. A Greek orator who seems to have lived
ill of Rome. The assembly, however, about the time of Demosthenes, and to whom the
ne view of Lycortas, and appointed tables of Pergamus ascribed the oration rate an
s, of whom Callicrates was one, to lay Moodévous taparóuwv, which was usually consider-
he Roman scnate. But he grievously | -d the work of Deinarchus. (Dionys. Deinurch.
## p. 570 (#590) ############################################
570
CALLICRATIDAS.
CALLIGENEIA.
11. ) But no work of Callicrates was known even bers : as Diodorus and Plutarch tell it, the sooth-
as early as the time of Dionysius of Halicarnassus. sayer foretold the admiral's death. His answer at
3. A Greek historian who lived in and after the any rate, uri pap' va elvai tav Stráprav, became
time of the emperor Aurelian. He was a native famous, but is mentioned with censurc by Plutarch
of Tyre, and wrote the history of Aurelian. Von and Cicero. On the whole, Callicratidas is a some
piscus (Aurel. 4), who has preserved a few frag: what refreshing specimen of a plain, blunt Spar-
ments of the work, describes Callicrates as by far tan of the old school, with all the guileiessness
the most learned writer among the Grecks of his and simple honesty, but (it may be added) not
time.
(L. S. ] without the bigotry of that character. Witness
CALLI'CRATES (Kantipátos). ]. An ar- his answer, when asked what sort of men the
chitect, who in company with Ictinus built the lonians were : “ Bad freemen, but excellent slaves. "
Parthenon on the Acropolis of Athens. (Plut. (Xen. Hell. i. 6. $S 1—33; Diod. xiij. 76—79,
Peric. 13. )
97-99; Plut. Lysand. 5–7, Pelop. 2, Apoph-
2. A Lacedaemonian sculptor, celebrated for the thegm. Lacon ; Cic. de Off: i. 24, 30. ) Aelian
smallness of his works. (Aelian, V. H. i. 17. ) tells us (V. H. xii. 43), that he rose to the privi-
He made ants and other animals out of ivory, leges of citizenship from the condition of a slave
which were 80 small that one could not distinguish (mówv); but see Mitford's Greece, ch. xx. sec. 2,
the different limbs. (Plin. H. N. vii. 21, xxxvi. note 4. )
[E. E. )
5. s. 4. ) According to Athenaeus (ix. p. 782, B. ), CALLICRA'TIDAS (Kallikpatídas), a disci-
he also executed embossed work on vases. (W. 1. ] ple of Pythagoras. Four extracts from his writings
CALLICRATIDAS (Kallikpatidas) was sent on the subject of marriage and domestic happiness
· out in B. C. 406 to succeed Lysander as admiral of are preserved in Stobaeus. (Floril. lxx. 11, lxxxv.
the Lacedaemonian feet, and soon found that the 16-18. )
(A. G. )
jealousy of his predecessor, as well as the strong CALLI'CRITUS (Kallinpitos), a Theban,
contrast of their characters, had left for him a har- was sent as ambassador from the Boeotians to the
vest of difficulties. Yet he was not unsuccessful | Roman senate, B. C. 187, to remonstrate against
in surmounting these, and shewed that plain, the requisition of the latter for the recall of Zeux-
straight-forward honesty may sometimes be no bad ippus from exile. The sentence of banishment
substitute for the arts of the supple diplomatist. had been passed against him both for sacrilege and
The cabals of Lysander's partizans against him he for the murder of Brachyllas (see p. 502, a. ); and
quelled by asking them, whether he should remain Callicritus represented to the Romans on behalf of
where he was, or sail home to report how matters his countrymen, that they could not annul a sen-
stood ; and even those who looked back with most tence which had been legally pronounced. The
regret to the winning and agreeable manners of renonstrance was at first unavailing, though ulti-
his courtly predecessor, admired his virtue, says mately the demand of the senate was not pressed.
Plutarch, even as the beauty of a heroic statue. (Polyb. xxiii. 2. ) It was probably the same Cal-
His great difficulty, however, was the want of licritus who strongly opposed in the Boeotian
funds, and for these he reluctantly went and ap assembly the views of Perseus. He appears even
plied to Cyrus, to whom it is said that Lysander, to have gone to Rome to warn the senate of the
in order to thwart his successor, had returned the king's schemes, and was murdered, by order of the
sums he held; but the proud Spartan spirit of Cal- latier, on his way back. (Liv. xlii. 13, 40. ) [E. E. ]
licratidas could not brook to dance attendance at CALLICTER (Καλλίκτηρ), surnamed Mαντί-
the prince's doors, and be withdrew froin Sardis in Dios, a Greek poet, the author of four cpigrams of
disgust, declaring that the Greeks were most little merit in the Greek Anthology. (Anthol.
wretched in truckling to barbarians for money, Gruec. xi. 5, 6, 118, 333; Brunck, Anal. ii. pp.
and that, if he returned home in safety, he would 294, 529. )
(L. S. ]
do his best to reconcile Lacedaemon to Athens. CALLÍDE'MUS (Kalaíonuos), a Greek author
He succeeded, however, in obtaining a supply from about whom nothing is known, except that Pliny
the Milesians, and he then commenced against the (H. N. iv. 12) and Solinus (17) refer to him as
enemy a series of successful operations.
The cap- their authority for the statement, that the island of
ture of the fortress of Delphinium in Chios and Euboea was originally called Chalcis from the fact of
the plunder of Teos were closely followed by the brass (xan xós) being discovered there first. (L. S. ]
conquest of Methymna. This last place Conon at- CALLI'DIUS. [Calidius. ]
tempted to save, in spite of his inferiority in num- CALLIGEITUS (Kanniyeitos), a Megarian,
bers, but, arriving too late, anchored for the night and TIMAGORAS (Tquayopas), a Cyzican, were
at 'Ekatóvvnoon. The next morning he was chased sent to Sparta in B. C. 412 by Pharnabazus, the
by Callicratidas, who declared that he would put a satrap of Bithynia, to induce the Lacedaemonians
stop to bis adultery with the sea, and was obliged to send a fleet to the Hellespont, in order to assist
to take refuge in Mytilene, where his opponent the Hellespontine cities in revolting from Athens.
blockaded him by sea and land. Conon, however, The Lacedaemonians, however, through the influ-
contrived to send news to the Athenians of the ence of Alcibiades, preferred sending a fleet to
strait in which he was, and a feet of more than Chios; but Calligeitus and Timagoras would not
150 sail was despatched to relieve him. Callicra- take part in this expedition, and applied the money
tidas then, leaving Eteonicus with 50 ships to con- which they broughi from Pharnabazus to the equip
duct the blockade, proceeded with 120 to meet the ment of a separate feet, which left Peloponnesus
enemy. A battle ensued at Arvinusae, remarkable towards the close of the year. (Thuc. viii. 6, 8,
for the unprecedented number of vessels engaged, 39. )
and in this Callicratidas was slain, and the Athe- CALLIGENEIA (Καλλιγένεια), a surname of
nians were victorious. According to Xenophon, Demeter or of hier nurse and companion, or of Gaea
his steersman, Hermon, endeavoured to dissuade (Aristoph. Thesm. 300, with the Schol. ; Hesych.
him from engaging with such superior num- s. v. ; Phot. Lex. s. v. )
[L. S. ]
## p. 571 (#591) ############################################
CALLIMACHUS.
571
CALLIMACHUS.
CALLI'GENES (Kalroyévns), the name of Several of the most distinguished men of that
the physician of Philip, king of Macedonia, who period, such as his successor Eratosthenes, Philos
attended him in his last illness at Amphipolis, B. c. tephanus, Aristophanes of Byzantium, Apollonius
179, and concealed his death from the people till Rhodius, Ister, and Hermippus, were among his
the arrival of Perseus, to whom he had sent intel- pupils. Callimachus was one of the most fertile
ligence of the great danger of the king. (Liv. xl. writers of antiquity, and if the number in Suidas
56. )
(W. A. G. ) be correct, he wrote 800 works, though we may
CALLIMACHUS (Kardiuaxos). 1. Of the take it for granted that most of them were not of
tribe of Aiantis and the oņuos of Aphidna, held great extent, if he followed his own maxim, that a
the office of Polemarch, B. c. 490, and in that ca- great book was equal to a great evil. (Athen. iii.
pacity commanded the right wing of the Athenian p. 72. ) The number of his works of which the
army at Marathon, where he was slain, after be- titles or fragments are known to us, amounts to
having with much gallantry. In the battle he is upwards of forty. But what we possess is very
said to have vowed to Artemis a heifer for every little, and consists principally of poetical produc-
enemy he should slay. By the persuasion of Mii- tions, apparently the least valuable of all his
tiades he had given his casting vote for fighting, works, since Callimachus, notwithstanding the
when the voices of the ten generals were equally reputation he enjoyed for his poems, was not a
divided on the question. This is the last recorded man of real poetical talent : labour and learning
instance of the Polemarch performing the military are with him the substitutes for poctical genius
duties which his name implies. Callimachus was and talent. His prose works, on the other hand,
conspicuously figured in the fresco painting of the which would have furnished us with some highly
battle of Marathon, by Polygnotus, in the ato important information concerning ancient mytho-
TOIKIAN. (Herod. vi. 109–114; Plut. Aristid. et logy, history, literature, &c. , are completely lost
.
Cat. Maj. 2, Sympos. i. 8. § 3; Schol. ad Aris- The poetical productions of Callimachus still ex-
toph. Eq. 658; Paus. i. 15. )
tant are: 1. Hymns, six in number, of which five
2. One of the generals of Mithridates, who, by are written in hexameter verse and in the Ionic
his skill in engineering, defended the town of dialect, and one, on the bath of Pallas, in distichs
Amisus, in Pontus, for a considerable time against and in the Doric dialect. These hymns, which
the Romans, in B. c. 71; and when Lucullus bear greater resemblance to epic than to lyric
had succeeded in taking a portion of the wall, poetry, are the productions of labour and learning,
Callimachus set fire to the place and made his like most of the poems of that period. Almost
escape by sea. He afterwards fell into the hands every line furnishes some curious mythical infor-
of Lucullus at the capture of Nisibis (called by mation, and it is perhaps not saying too much to
the Greeks Antioch) in Mygdonia, B. C. 68, and assert, that these hymns are more overloaded with
was put to death in revenge for the burning of learning than any other poetical production of that
Amisus. (Plut. Lucull. 19, 32; comp. Appian, time. Their style has nothing of the easy flow
Bell. Mithr. 78, 83; Dion Cass. xxxv. 7. ) [E. E. ] of genuine poetry, and is evidently studied and
CALLI'MACHUS (Kalipaxos), one of the laboured. There are some ancient Greek scholia
most celebrated Alexandrine grammarians and on these hymns, which however have no great
poets, was, according to Suidas, a son of Battus merit. 2. Seventy-three epigrams, which belong
and Mesatme, and belonged to the celebrated family to the best specimens of this kind of poetry. The
of the Battiadae at Cyrene, whence Ovid (16. 53) high estimation they enjoyed in antiquity is
and others call him simply Battiades. (Comp. attested by the fact, that Archibius, the gramma-
Strab. xvii. p. 837. ) He was a disciple of the rian, who lived, at the latest, one generation after
grammarian Hermocrates, and afterwards taught Callimachus
, wrote a commentary upon them, and
at Eleusis, a suburb of Alexandria. He was highly that Marianus, in the reign of the emperor Anas-
esteemed by Ptolemy Philadelphus, who invited tasius, wrote a paraphrase of them in iambics.
him to a place in the Museum. (Suid. , ; Strab. They were incorporated in the Greek Anthology
xvii. p. 838. ) Callimachus was still alive in the an early time, and ave thu been preserved.
reign of Ptolemy Euergetes, the successor of Phila- Elegies. These are lost with the exception of
delphus. (Schol. ad Callim. Hymn. ii. 26. ) It some fragments, but there are imitations of them
was formerly beliered, but is now established as an by the Roman poets, the most celebrated of which
historical fact, that Callimachus was chief librarian is the “ De Coma Berenices” of Catullus. If we
of the famous library of Alexandria. This fact may believe the Roman critics, Callimachus was
leads us to the conclusion, that he was the suc- the greatest among the elegiac poets (Quintil. x.
cessor of Zenodotus, and that he held this office 1. $ 58), and Ovid, Propertius, and Catullus took
from about B. c. 260 until his death about B. C. Callimachus for their model in this species of
240. (Ritschl, Die Alexandrin. Biblioth. fc. pp. poetry. We have mention of several more poeti-
19, 84, &c. ) This calculation agrees with the cal productions, but all of them have perished
statement of A. Gellius (xvii. 21), that Calli- except a few fragments, and however much we may
machus lived shortly before the first Punic war.
lament their loss on account of the information we
He was married to a daughter of Euphrates might have derived from them, we have very little
Syracuse, and had a sister Megatime, who was reason to regret their loss as specimens of poetry.
married to Stasenorus, and a son Callimachus, Among them we may mention, 1. The Aitia, an
who is distinguished from his rncle by being called epic poem in four books on the causes of the various
the younger, and is called by Suidas the author of mythical stories, religious ceremonies, and other
An epic poem Περί νήσων.
customs. The work is often referred to, and was
Callimachus was one of the most distinguished paraphrased by Marianus; but the paraphrase is
grammarians, critics, and poets of the Alexandrine lost, and of the original we have only a few frag-
period, and his celebrity surpassed that of nearly ments. 2. An epic poem entitled 'Exáxn, which
all the other Alexandrine scholars and poets. was the name of an old woman who had received
## p. 572 (#592) ############################################
672
CALLIMACHUS.
CALLIMACHUS.
66
Theseus hospitably when he went out to fight is the basis of the one edited by J. A. Ernesti at
against the Marathonian bull. This work was Leiden, 1761, 2 vols. 8vo. , which contains the
likewise paraphrased by Marianus, and we still whole of the commentary of (iraevius' edition, a
possess some fragments of the original. The works much improved text, a more complete collection of
entitled randteia and Taukos were in all proba- the fragments, and additional notes by llemster-
bility likewise epic poems. It appears that there huis and Ruhnken. Among the subsequent edi-
was scarcely any kind of poetry in which Calli- tions we need only mention those of Ch. F. Loesner
machus did not try his strength, for he is said to (Leipzig, 1774, 8vo. ), H. F. M. Volzer (Leipzig,
have written comedies, tragedies, iambic, and 1817, 8vo. ), and C. F. Blomfield (London, 1815,
choliambic poems. Respecting his poem Ibis sec 8vo. ).
[L S. ]
APOLLONIUS RHODIUS.
CALLI'MACHUS, a physician, who was one
Of bis numerous prose works not one is extant of the followers of Herophilus, and who must have
entire, though there were among them some of the lived about the second century B. C. , as he is men-
highest importance. The one of which the loss tioned by Zeuxis. (Galen, Comment. in llippocr.
is most to be lamented was entitled ſlivat marto Epid. 11. " i. 5. vol. xvii. pt. i. p. 8:27. ) He
δαπών συγγραμμάτων, οι πίνακες των εν πάση | wrote a work in explanation of the obsolete words
Taideia dianaubavtwv kai øv ouvéypavav, in 120 used by Hippocrates, which is not now extant, but
books. This work was the first comprehensive which is quoted by Erotianus. (Gloss. Hippocr.
history of Greek literature. It contained, syste praef. ) He may perhaps be the same person who
matically arranged, lists of the authors and their is mentioned by Pliny as having written a work
works. The various departments of litenture ap- De Coronis. (H1. N.
