Alexander
was preparing to march
against him, when he was compelled by his soldiers,
who had become tired of the war, to give up farther
conquests in India.
against him, when he was compelled by his soldiers,
who had become tired of the war, to give up farther
conquests in India.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
)
AGDESTIS. I. a genius or deity mentioned in the
legends of Phrygia, and connected with the mythus of
Cybele and Atys. An account of his origin, as well
as other particulars respecting him, may be obtained
from Pausanias (7,17). He was an androgynous de-
ity, and appears to be the same with the Adagoiis of
the ancient writers. (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p.
48. --Compare the note of Guigniay. 1. )--II. One of
the summits of Mount Dindymus in Phrygia, on which
Atys was said to have been buried. (Pausan. , I, 4. )
AGELADAB, I. an excellent statuary, and illustrious
also as having been the instructer of Phidias, Poly-
cJetus, and Myron. His parents were inhabitants of
Arjos, according to Pausanias (34,8), and he himself
was bom there, probably about B. C. 540. The par-
ticular time, however, -when he lived, has given rise
? ? to much discussion. Sillig. after a long and able ar-
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? AGE
AGESILAUS.
(8, 24, 4) v'ho relates the same story, calls the chil-
dren of Phegcus Temcnus, Axion, and Alphesibcea.
--VI. A son of the Trojan Antenor, and of Thcano, a
priestess of Minerva. (II, 6, 298. ) He appears as
one of the bravest of the Trojans, and as leader in the
storming of the Grecian encampment. He hastens
with other Trojans to the assistance of Hector when
prostrated by Ajax, and, being encouraged by Apollo,
he engages in combat with Achilles, whom he wounds.
As, however, danger threatened him in this conflict,
Apollo assumed Agenor's form, in order that, while
Achilles turned against the god, the Trojans might be
able to escape to the city. (//. , 21, sub fin. --Hygin. ,
Fab. , 112. ) According to Pausanias (10,27,1), Age-
nor was slain by Ncoptolcmus, the son of Achilles,
and was represented by Polygnotus in the great paint-
ing in the Lesche of Delphi.
Agknokidks, a patronymic of Agcnor, designating a
descendant of an Agenor, such as Cadmus, Phineus,
and Perseus.
Aoesander, I. or Agesilaus, from uyciv and uvijp
or Aauc, a surname of Pluto or Hades, describing him
as the god who carries away all men. (Callim. , Hymn,
in Pallad. , 130. -- Spanh. , ad loc. --Hcsych. , s. v. --
JEschyl. ap. Athen. , 3, p. 99. ) Nicander (ap. Athen. ,
15, p. 684) uses the form 'Hyeallaoc. --II. A sculp-
tor, a native of the island of Rhodes. His name oc-
curs in no author except Pliny (H. Ar. , 36, 5, 4), and
we know of but one work which he executed; it is a
work, however, which bears the most decisive testi-
mony to his surpassing genius. In conjunction with
Apollodorus and Athenodorus, he sculptured the group
ofLaocoon. (Vid. Laocoon. ) This celebrated group
was discovered in the year 1506, near the baths of Ti-
tus on the Esquiline Hill: it is now preserved in the
Museum of the Vatican. A great deal has been writ-
ten about the age when Agcsandcr flourished, and vari-
ous opinions have been formed on the subject. Winck-
elmann and Muller, forming their judgment from the
style of art displayed in the work itself assign it to the
age of Lysippus. Miillcr thinks the intensity of suf-
fering depicted, and the somewhat theatrical air which
pervades the group, show that it belongs to a later
age than that of Phidias. Leasing and Thiersch, on
the other hand, after subjecting the passage of Pliny
to an accurate examination, have come to the conclu-
sion, that Agesandcr and the other two artists lived in
the age of Titus, and sculptured the group expressly
for that emperor; and this opinion is pretty generally
acquiesced in. Thiersch has written a great deal to
show that the plastic art did not decline so early as is
generally supposed, but continued to flourish in full
vigour from the time of Phidias uninterruptedly down
to the reign of Titus. Pliny was deceived in saying
that the group was sculptured out of one block, as the
lapse of time has discovered a join in it. It appears from
an inscription on the pedestal of a statue found at Nct-
tuno (the ancient Antium), that Athenodorus was the
son of Agcsander. This makes it not unlikely that
Polydorus also was his son, and that the father execu-
ted the figure ofLaocoon himself, his two sons the re-
maining two figures. (Lessing, Laokoon. -- Wmckel-
mann, Gesch. de Kunst, 10,1, 10. --Thiersch, Epochen
tier llilfUini. il. p. 318, &c. -- Muller, Archaol. dcr
Kunst, p. 152:)
Agesianax, a Greek poet, of whom a beautiful frag-
ment, descriptive of the moon, is preserved in Plutarch
? ? (De facie in orb. Luna, p. 920. ) It is uncertain wheth-
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? AGESIJLAtJS.
joal,ifnotiiole commander at the battle of Mantineia.
Totte ensuing winter must probably be referred his
? juteisyto the coast of Asia, and negotiations formon-
ej with the revolted satraps, alluded to in an obscure
puage of Xenopbon (Agesilaus, 2, 26, 27); and, in
peiforaunce, perhaps, of some stipulation then made, he
OMMil, in the spring of 361, with a body of Lacede-
monian mercenaries, into Egypt. Here, after display,
ing much of his ancient skill, he died, while preparing
for hu voyage home, in the -winter of 361-60, after a
Efe of above eighty years, and a reign of thirty-eight.
HUbody was embalmed in wax. and splendidly buried
at Sparta.
Referring to our sketch of Spartan history, we find
Agesilaus shining most in its first and last period, as
commencing and surrendering a glorious career in
Asia, . -,. ! >? . ! 11 extreme age, maintaining his prostrate
country. From Coroneia to Leuctra we see him part-
Ij unemployed, at times yielding to weak motives, at
times joining in wanton acts of public injustice. No
one of Sparta's great defeats, but some of her had pol-
icy, belongs to him. In what others do, we miss him;
in what he does, we miss the greatness and consisten-
cy belonging to unity of purpose and sole command.
No doubt he was hampered at home; perhaps, too,
from a man withdrawn, when now near fifty, from his
chosen career, great action in a new one of any kind
took! not be looked for. Plutarch gives, among nu-
merous apophthegmata, his letter to the ephors on his
recall: "\\ e have reduced most of Asia, driven back
the barbarians, made arms abundant in Ionia. But
since you bid me, according to the decree, come home,
I (hall follow my letter, may perhaps be even before it.
For my command is not mine, but my country's and
her allies'. And a commander then commands truly
? ccording to right when he sees his own commander
ia the laws and ephors, or others holding office in the
state. " Also, an exclamation on hearing of the battle
of Corinth: "Alas for Greece! she has killed enough
of her sons to have conquered all the barbarians. " Of
hi-s courage, temperance, and hardiness, many instan-
ces are given: to these he added, even in excess, the
len Spartan qualities of kindness and tenderness as
a father and a friend. Thus we have the story of his
riding across a stick with his children ; and, to gratify
his son's affection for Oleonymus, son of the culprit,
he saved Sphodnas from the punishment due, in right
and policy, for nis incursion into Attica in 378. So,
too,the appointment of Pisander. (Vid. Pisander. ) A ,
letter of his runs, " If Nicias is innocent, acquit him I
fcc that; if guilty, for my sake; any how, acquit him. "
From Spartan cupidity and dishonesty, and mostly,
even in public life, from ill faith, his character is clear.
In person he was small, mean-looking, and lame, on
which last ground objection had been made to his ac-
cestion, an oracle, curiously fulfilled, having warned
Sparta of evils awaiting her under a " lame sovereign-
ty. " In his reign, indeed, her fall took place, but not
through him. Agesilaus himself was Sparta's most
perfect citizen and most consummate general; in many
? ays, perhaps, her greatest man. (Xen. , HeU. , 3,3, to |
the end ; AgcsHnus. --Diod. , 14,15. --Paus. , 3, 9, 10. |
--Pint, and C. Nepos, in Vita. --Plut. , Apophthegm. )
--til. A Greek historian, who wrote a work on the
earir history of Italy ('IraXt/eu), fragments of which
<<re preserved in Plutarch (Parallcla, p. 312) and Sto-
iwns. (Florilcfr. , 9, 27, 54, 49, 65, 10, ed. Gaisf. )--
IV. A brother of Themistocles, who went into the Per-
? ? ? an camp, and stabbed one of the body-guards instead
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? AG I
AGIS.
him next in B. C. 195, when he was at the head of the
Lacedemonian exiles, who joined Fiamininua in his
attack opon Nabis, the tyrant of Lacedsmon. (lav. ,
34, 86. ) He formed one of an embassy sent about
B. C. 183 to Rome by the Lacedemonian exiles, and,
with his companions, was intercepted by pirates and
killed. (Polyb. , 24. 11. )
Agksistbate. Vtd. Agis IV.
Aoktor ('Ayyrup),& surname given to several gods:
for instance, to Jupiter at Lacedsmon (Stob. , Sntu ,
42): the name seems to describe Zeus as the leader
and ruler of men; but others think that it is synony-
mous with Agamemnon (vid. Agamemnon): to Apol-
jo (Eurip. , Med. , 426), where, however, Elmsley and
others prefer uyrJTup: to Mercury, who conducts the
souls of men to the lower world. Under this name
Mercury had a statue at Megalopolis. (Paua. , 8, 31,
4 4. ) .
Agobnus Urbicus, a wnter on the science of the
Agrimensores. (Diet, of Ant. , p. 38. ) It is uncertain
when he lived; but he appears to have been a Chris-
tian, and it is not improbable, from some expressions
which he UBes, that he lived at the latter part of the
fourth century of our era. The extant works ascribed
to him are: "Aggeni Urbici in Juliuin Frontinum Com-
mentarius," a commentary upon the work " De Agro-
rum Qualitate," which is ascribed to Frontinus; "In
Julium Frontinum Commentariorura Liber secundus
qui Diazographus dicitur;" and " Commentariorum de
Controversiis Agrorum Pars prior et altera. " The
last-named work Niebuhr supposes to have been writ-
ten by Frontinus, and in the time of Domitian, since the
author speaks of " prestantissimus Domitianus ;" an
expression which would never have been applied to
this tyrant after his death. (Hut. of Rome, vol. 2, p.
621. )
Aggrammes, called Xandrames (Savdpupnc) by Di-
odorus, the ruler of the Gangarids and Prasii in India,
was said to be the son of a barber, whom the queen
had married.
Alexander was preparing to march
against him, when he was compelled by his soldiers,
who had become tired of the war, to give up farther
conquests in India. {Curt. , 6, 2. --Diod. , 17, 93, 94.
--Arrian, Anab. , 5, 26, Stc. --Plut. , Alex. , 60. )
Agias ('Ayiac), I. a Greek poet, whose name was
formerly written Augias, through a mistake of the first
editor of the Exccrpta of Proems. It has been cor-
rected by Thiersch in the Acta Philol. Monac. , 2, p.
584, from the Coitex Monacensis, which in one pas-
sage has Agias, and in another Hagias. The name
itself does not occur in early Greek writers, unless it
be supposed that Egias or Hegias ('liyiac) in Clemens
Alexandrinus (Strom. , 6, p. 622) and Pausanias (1,
2, v 1) are only different forms of the same name.
He was a native of Trcezen, and the time at which he
wrote appears to have been about the year B. C. 740.
His poem was celebrated in antiquity, under the name
of Nooroi, i. c, the history of the return of the Achaean
heroes from Troy, and consisted of five books. The
poem began with the cause of the misfortunes which
befell the Acheans on their way home and after their
arrival, that is, with the outrage committed upon Cas-
sandra and the Palladium; and the whole poem filled
up the space which was left between the work of the
poet A minus and the Odyssey. The ancients them-
selves appear to have been uncertain about the author
of this poem, for they refer to it simply by the name
? ? of fioaroi, and when they mention the author, they
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? AGIS.
j with Procles), succeeded his father Archida
musB. C. 427, and reigned a little more than 28 years
& lie summer of B. C. 426, he led an army of Pelo
fanaesians and their allies as far as the isthmus, wit
lie intention of invading Attica; but they were deterret
from advancing farther by a succession of earthquake
which happened -when they had got so far. (Thucyd.
3,89) In the spring- of the following year he led an
army into Attica, but quitted it fifteen days after he
hail entered it. (Thucyd. . , 4, 2, 6. ) In B. C. 419, the
Argives, at the instigation of Alcibiades, attacked Epi
(haras; and Agis, with the -whole force of Lacede
mon, set out at the same time, and marched to the
frontier city. Leuctra. No one, Thucydides tells us
knew the purpose of this expedition. It was probably
to mike a diversion in favour of Epidaurus. { 7'//. -. ? ,'
fill, vol. 3, p. 342. ) At I^euctra the aspect of the
sacrifices deterred him from proceeding. He therefore
led his troops back, and sent round notice to the allies
to be ready for an expedition at the end of the sacred
month of the Carnean festival; and when the Argives
repeated their attack on Epidaurus, the Spartans again
marched to the frontier town, Caryte, and again turned
lack, professedly on account of the aspect of the vic-
tims. In the middle of the following summer (B. C.
413). the Epidaurians being still hard pressed by the
Argives, the Lacedemonians, with their" whole force
MM gome allies, under the command of Agis, invaded
Argolis. By a skilful manoeuvre, he succeeded in in-
tercepting the Argives, and posted his army advanta-
geously between them and the city. But just as the
battle was about to begin, Thrasyllus, one of the Ar-
gire generals, and Alciphron came to Agis, and prc-
vailea on him to conclude a truce for four months.
Agis, without disclosing his motives, drew off his army.
On his return he was severely censured for having thus
thrown away the opportunity of reducing Argos, espe-
cially as the Argives had seized the opportunity afford-
ed by his return, and taken Orchomenos. It was pro-
posed to pull down his house, and inflict on him a fine
of 103,000 drachmas. But, on his earnest entreaty,
th? y contented themselves with appointing a council
of war, consisting of 1O Spartans, without whom he
was not to lead an army out of the city. (Thucyd. ,
5, 54, 57, &e. ) Shortly afterward they received in-
telligence from Tegea, that, if not promptly succoured,
the party favourable to Sparta in that city would be
compelled to give way. The Spartans immediately
sent their whole force under the command of Agis.
H>> restored tranquillity at Tegea, and then marched
to Mantincia. By turning the waters so as to flood
the lands of Mantineia, he succeeded in drawing the
army of the Mantineans and Athenians down to the
level ground. A battle ensued, in which the Spartans
were victorious. This was one of the most important
battles everfought between Grecian states. (Thucyd. ,
5, 71-73. ) In B. C. 417, when news reached Sparta
of the counter-revolution at Argos, in which the oli-
garchical and Spartan faction was overthrown, an army
was sent there under AgiB. He was unable to restore
tbe defeated party, but he destroyed the long walls
? lieu the Argives had begun to carry down to the sea,
mdtook HysiE. (Thucyd. , 6, 83. ) In the spring of
3. C. 413, Agis entered Attica with a Peloponncsian
army, and fortified Deceleia, a steep eminence about
15 miJei northeast of Athens (Thucyd. . , 7, 19, 27);
and in the winter of the same year, after the news of
the duastroas fate of the Sicilian expedition had reach-
? ? ed Greece, he marched northward to levy contributions
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? AGIS.
AGN
teconded by the poorer classes and the young men,
and as strenuously opposed by the wealthy. He suc-
ceeded, however, in gaining over three very influen-
tial persons--his uncle Agesilaus (a man of large prop-
erty, but who, being deeply involved in debt, hoped to
profit by the innovations of Agis), Lysander, and Man-
drocleidcs. Having procured Lysander to be elected
one of the ephors, he laid his plans before the senate.
He proposed that the Spartan territory should be divi-
ded into two portions, one to consist of 4500 equal
lots, to be divided among the Spartans, whose ranks
were to be filled up by the admission of the most re-
spectable of the Periceci and strangers; the other to
contain 15,000 equal lots, to be divided among the
Periceci. The senate could not, at first, come to a de-
cision en the matter. Lysander, therefore, convoked
the assembly of the people, to whom Agis submitted
his measure, and offered to make the first sacrifice, by
giving up his lands and money, telling them that his
mother and grandmother, who were possessed of great
wealth, with all his relations and friends, would follow
his example. His generosity drew down the applauses
of the multitude. The opposite party, however, head-
ed by Leonidas, the other king, who had formed his
habits at the luxurious court of Seleucus, king of Syria,
got the senate to reject the measure, though only by
one vote. Agis now determined to rid himself of Le-
onidas. Lysander, accordingly, accused him of having
violated the laws by marrying a stranger and living in
a foreign land. Leonidas was deposed, and was suc-
ceeded by his son-in-law, Cleombrotus, who co-opera-
ted with Agis. Soon afterward, however, Lysander's
term of office expired, and the ephors of the following
vear were opposed to Agis, and designed to restore
Leonidas. They brought an accusation against Ly-
sander and Mandrocleides, of attempting to violate the
laws. Alarmed at the turn events were taking, the
two latter prevailed on the kings to depose the ephors
by force, and appoint others in their room. Leonidas,
who had returned to the city, fled to Tegea, and in his
flight was protected by Agis from the violence medi-
tated against him by Agesilaus. The selfish avarice
of the latter frustrated the plans of Agis, when there
now seemed nothing to oppose the execution of them.
He persuaded his nephew and Lysander that the most
effectual way to secure the consent of the wealthy to
the distribution of their lands, would be to begin by
cancelling the debts. Accordingly, all bonds, registers,
and securities were piled up in the market-place and
burned. Agesilaus, having secured his own ends,
contrived various pretexts for delaying the division of
the lands. Meanwhile, the Achffians applied to Sparta
for assistance against the . 'Etolians. Agis was accord-
ingly Bent at the head of an army. Tho cautious move-
ments of Aratus gave Agis no opportunity of distin-
guishing himself in action, but he gained great credit
by the excellent discipline he preserved among his
troops. During his absence Agesilaus so incensed the
poorer classes by his insolent conduct and the contin-
ued postponement of the division of the lands, that they
made no opposition when the enemies of Agis openly
brought back Leonidas and set him on the throne.
Agis and Cleombrotus fled for sanctuary, the former
to the temple of Athene Chalcicecus. the latter to the
temple of Poseidon. Cleombrotus was suffered to go
into exile. Agis was entrapped by some treacherous
friends and thrown into prison. Leonidas immediate-
? ? ly came with a band of mercenaries, and secured the
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? A. G O
Assoract, w AAHernar* virgin, who disguised her
Kilolearomedicine, it being ordained by the Athe-
nian tare, Ihal no slave or female should lea'm the heal-
<<ut She was tan glit t>>y Hierophilustheart ofmid-
Kifcrfiiid when employed, always discovered her sex
to bn patients. This brought her into so much prac-
n'<<. lhat the males of her profession, who were now
out of employment, accused her before the Areopagus
o/eorrupt conduct, "quod dicerent eum glabrum use,
dann^memta. ru. m~, et >>//<*. ? frtmulare imbcallitatcm. "
Agnodie was about to be condemned, when she dis-
covered her se\ to _the judges. A law was immedi-
ately pasted authorizing all frccbom women to learn
the healinz art. (Hygvn. , fab. , 274. )
Ae>>ox,I. sonof Nicias, was present at the taking of
Samosbj Pericles, having brought reinforcements from
Athens. After the Peloponnesian war had broken out,
IK and Cleopompus, both colleagues of Pericles, were
despatched with the forces which the last-mentioned
commander had previously led, to aid in the reduction
ofPotklra. The expedition was frustrated, however,
by wetness among the troops. Agnon was also the
founder of Amphipolia; but the citizens of that place,
forgetful of past services, opened their gates to Drasi-
ihs, the Spartan general, and when the body of this com-
mander was subsequently interred within Amphipolis,
they threw down every memorial of Agnon. (Thucyd. ,
I,il7. --tt. , 2, 580 II- Vid- Supplement.
ACNOSIDES, an orator, and popular leader at Athens,
who accused Phocion of treason for not having opposed
vithmore activity the movements of Nicanor. After
the death of Phocion, and when the people, repenting
of their conduct towards him, were doing everything to
honour his memory, Agnonides suffered capital pun-
iihment, by a decree passed for that special purpose.
(Pim. , Fit. PAoc. , e. 33, 38. )
AGO<<AU. \ and AQONIA, a festival at Rome in hon-
our of Janus, celebrated on the ninth of January, the
Sith of May, and the 10th of December. (Vid. Dic-
tionary of Antiquities. )
AeoxiEs ('Ayiivioc), a surname or epithet of sever-
al gods. . ? Eschylus (Again. , 513) and Sophocles
(Truth. , 26) use it of Apollo and Jupiter, and appa-
rently in the sense of helpers in struggles and contests.
But it i< more especially used as a surname of Mercu-
ry, who presides over all kinds of solemn contests.
AGONES CAPITOLINI, contests instituted by Domitian
in honour of Jupiter Capitolinus, and celebrated every
fifth year on the Gapitoline Hill. According to Sue-
tonius (Domit. , 4), they were of a threefold character:
musical, which included poetic contests, equestrian,
and gymnastic. Prizes were awarded also for the best
specimens of Greek and Latin prose composition.
Couorinus informs us, that they were instituted in
the twelfth consulship of Domitian and Dolabclla
(A. C. C. 839). It was at these contests that the poet
Statins was defeated. (Cens. , c. 18. --Cm sin. i. ad
Suet. . I. c. ) Games similar to these had been pre-
viously instituted by Nero. (Suet. , Ner. , 12. )
AOOKACKITUS, a statuary of Paros, and the favourite
pupil of Phidias, who, according to Pliny (26, 5), car-
ried his attachment so far as even to have inscribed on
some of his own works the name of his young disciple.
The came writer informs us, that Agoracritus contend-
ed with Alcamenes, another pupil of Phidias, and a
native of Athens, in making a statue of Venus, and had
the mortification to see his rival crowned as victorious,
in consequence of the prejudice of the Athenians in fa-
? ? marof their countryman.
AGDESTIS. I. a genius or deity mentioned in the
legends of Phrygia, and connected with the mythus of
Cybele and Atys. An account of his origin, as well
as other particulars respecting him, may be obtained
from Pausanias (7,17). He was an androgynous de-
ity, and appears to be the same with the Adagoiis of
the ancient writers. (Creuzer, Symbolik, vol. 2, p.
48. --Compare the note of Guigniay. 1. )--II. One of
the summits of Mount Dindymus in Phrygia, on which
Atys was said to have been buried. (Pausan. , I, 4. )
AGELADAB, I. an excellent statuary, and illustrious
also as having been the instructer of Phidias, Poly-
cJetus, and Myron. His parents were inhabitants of
Arjos, according to Pausanias (34,8), and he himself
was bom there, probably about B. C. 540. The par-
ticular time, however, -when he lived, has given rise
? ? to much discussion. Sillig. after a long and able ar-
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? AGE
AGESILAUS.
(8, 24, 4) v'ho relates the same story, calls the chil-
dren of Phegcus Temcnus, Axion, and Alphesibcea.
--VI. A son of the Trojan Antenor, and of Thcano, a
priestess of Minerva. (II, 6, 298. ) He appears as
one of the bravest of the Trojans, and as leader in the
storming of the Grecian encampment. He hastens
with other Trojans to the assistance of Hector when
prostrated by Ajax, and, being encouraged by Apollo,
he engages in combat with Achilles, whom he wounds.
As, however, danger threatened him in this conflict,
Apollo assumed Agenor's form, in order that, while
Achilles turned against the god, the Trojans might be
able to escape to the city. (//. , 21, sub fin. --Hygin. ,
Fab. , 112. ) According to Pausanias (10,27,1), Age-
nor was slain by Ncoptolcmus, the son of Achilles,
and was represented by Polygnotus in the great paint-
ing in the Lesche of Delphi.
Agknokidks, a patronymic of Agcnor, designating a
descendant of an Agenor, such as Cadmus, Phineus,
and Perseus.
Aoesander, I. or Agesilaus, from uyciv and uvijp
or Aauc, a surname of Pluto or Hades, describing him
as the god who carries away all men. (Callim. , Hymn,
in Pallad. , 130. -- Spanh. , ad loc. --Hcsych. , s. v. --
JEschyl. ap. Athen. , 3, p. 99. ) Nicander (ap. Athen. ,
15, p. 684) uses the form 'Hyeallaoc. --II. A sculp-
tor, a native of the island of Rhodes. His name oc-
curs in no author except Pliny (H. Ar. , 36, 5, 4), and
we know of but one work which he executed; it is a
work, however, which bears the most decisive testi-
mony to his surpassing genius. In conjunction with
Apollodorus and Athenodorus, he sculptured the group
ofLaocoon. (Vid. Laocoon. ) This celebrated group
was discovered in the year 1506, near the baths of Ti-
tus on the Esquiline Hill: it is now preserved in the
Museum of the Vatican. A great deal has been writ-
ten about the age when Agcsandcr flourished, and vari-
ous opinions have been formed on the subject. Winck-
elmann and Muller, forming their judgment from the
style of art displayed in the work itself assign it to the
age of Lysippus. Miillcr thinks the intensity of suf-
fering depicted, and the somewhat theatrical air which
pervades the group, show that it belongs to a later
age than that of Phidias. Leasing and Thiersch, on
the other hand, after subjecting the passage of Pliny
to an accurate examination, have come to the conclu-
sion, that Agesandcr and the other two artists lived in
the age of Titus, and sculptured the group expressly
for that emperor; and this opinion is pretty generally
acquiesced in. Thiersch has written a great deal to
show that the plastic art did not decline so early as is
generally supposed, but continued to flourish in full
vigour from the time of Phidias uninterruptedly down
to the reign of Titus. Pliny was deceived in saying
that the group was sculptured out of one block, as the
lapse of time has discovered a join in it. It appears from
an inscription on the pedestal of a statue found at Nct-
tuno (the ancient Antium), that Athenodorus was the
son of Agcsander. This makes it not unlikely that
Polydorus also was his son, and that the father execu-
ted the figure ofLaocoon himself, his two sons the re-
maining two figures. (Lessing, Laokoon. -- Wmckel-
mann, Gesch. de Kunst, 10,1, 10. --Thiersch, Epochen
tier llilfUini. il. p. 318, &c. -- Muller, Archaol. dcr
Kunst, p. 152:)
Agesianax, a Greek poet, of whom a beautiful frag-
ment, descriptive of the moon, is preserved in Plutarch
? ? (De facie in orb. Luna, p. 920. ) It is uncertain wheth-
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? AGESIJLAtJS.
joal,ifnotiiole commander at the battle of Mantineia.
Totte ensuing winter must probably be referred his
? juteisyto the coast of Asia, and negotiations formon-
ej with the revolted satraps, alluded to in an obscure
puage of Xenopbon (Agesilaus, 2, 26, 27); and, in
peiforaunce, perhaps, of some stipulation then made, he
OMMil, in the spring of 361, with a body of Lacede-
monian mercenaries, into Egypt. Here, after display,
ing much of his ancient skill, he died, while preparing
for hu voyage home, in the -winter of 361-60, after a
Efe of above eighty years, and a reign of thirty-eight.
HUbody was embalmed in wax. and splendidly buried
at Sparta.
Referring to our sketch of Spartan history, we find
Agesilaus shining most in its first and last period, as
commencing and surrendering a glorious career in
Asia, . -,. ! >? . ! 11 extreme age, maintaining his prostrate
country. From Coroneia to Leuctra we see him part-
Ij unemployed, at times yielding to weak motives, at
times joining in wanton acts of public injustice. No
one of Sparta's great defeats, but some of her had pol-
icy, belongs to him. In what others do, we miss him;
in what he does, we miss the greatness and consisten-
cy belonging to unity of purpose and sole command.
No doubt he was hampered at home; perhaps, too,
from a man withdrawn, when now near fifty, from his
chosen career, great action in a new one of any kind
took! not be looked for. Plutarch gives, among nu-
merous apophthegmata, his letter to the ephors on his
recall: "\\ e have reduced most of Asia, driven back
the barbarians, made arms abundant in Ionia. But
since you bid me, according to the decree, come home,
I (hall follow my letter, may perhaps be even before it.
For my command is not mine, but my country's and
her allies'. And a commander then commands truly
? ccording to right when he sees his own commander
ia the laws and ephors, or others holding office in the
state. " Also, an exclamation on hearing of the battle
of Corinth: "Alas for Greece! she has killed enough
of her sons to have conquered all the barbarians. " Of
hi-s courage, temperance, and hardiness, many instan-
ces are given: to these he added, even in excess, the
len Spartan qualities of kindness and tenderness as
a father and a friend. Thus we have the story of his
riding across a stick with his children ; and, to gratify
his son's affection for Oleonymus, son of the culprit,
he saved Sphodnas from the punishment due, in right
and policy, for nis incursion into Attica in 378. So,
too,the appointment of Pisander. (Vid. Pisander. ) A ,
letter of his runs, " If Nicias is innocent, acquit him I
fcc that; if guilty, for my sake; any how, acquit him. "
From Spartan cupidity and dishonesty, and mostly,
even in public life, from ill faith, his character is clear.
In person he was small, mean-looking, and lame, on
which last ground objection had been made to his ac-
cestion, an oracle, curiously fulfilled, having warned
Sparta of evils awaiting her under a " lame sovereign-
ty. " In his reign, indeed, her fall took place, but not
through him. Agesilaus himself was Sparta's most
perfect citizen and most consummate general; in many
? ays, perhaps, her greatest man. (Xen. , HeU. , 3,3, to |
the end ; AgcsHnus. --Diod. , 14,15. --Paus. , 3, 9, 10. |
--Pint, and C. Nepos, in Vita. --Plut. , Apophthegm. )
--til. A Greek historian, who wrote a work on the
earir history of Italy ('IraXt/eu), fragments of which
<<re preserved in Plutarch (Parallcla, p. 312) and Sto-
iwns. (Florilcfr. , 9, 27, 54, 49, 65, 10, ed. Gaisf. )--
IV. A brother of Themistocles, who went into the Per-
? ? ? an camp, and stabbed one of the body-guards instead
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? AG I
AGIS.
him next in B. C. 195, when he was at the head of the
Lacedemonian exiles, who joined Fiamininua in his
attack opon Nabis, the tyrant of Lacedsmon. (lav. ,
34, 86. ) He formed one of an embassy sent about
B. C. 183 to Rome by the Lacedemonian exiles, and,
with his companions, was intercepted by pirates and
killed. (Polyb. , 24. 11. )
Agksistbate. Vtd. Agis IV.
Aoktor ('Ayyrup),& surname given to several gods:
for instance, to Jupiter at Lacedsmon (Stob. , Sntu ,
42): the name seems to describe Zeus as the leader
and ruler of men; but others think that it is synony-
mous with Agamemnon (vid. Agamemnon): to Apol-
jo (Eurip. , Med. , 426), where, however, Elmsley and
others prefer uyrJTup: to Mercury, who conducts the
souls of men to the lower world. Under this name
Mercury had a statue at Megalopolis. (Paua. , 8, 31,
4 4. ) .
Agobnus Urbicus, a wnter on the science of the
Agrimensores. (Diet, of Ant. , p. 38. ) It is uncertain
when he lived; but he appears to have been a Chris-
tian, and it is not improbable, from some expressions
which he UBes, that he lived at the latter part of the
fourth century of our era. The extant works ascribed
to him are: "Aggeni Urbici in Juliuin Frontinum Com-
mentarius," a commentary upon the work " De Agro-
rum Qualitate," which is ascribed to Frontinus; "In
Julium Frontinum Commentariorura Liber secundus
qui Diazographus dicitur;" and " Commentariorum de
Controversiis Agrorum Pars prior et altera. " The
last-named work Niebuhr supposes to have been writ-
ten by Frontinus, and in the time of Domitian, since the
author speaks of " prestantissimus Domitianus ;" an
expression which would never have been applied to
this tyrant after his death. (Hut. of Rome, vol. 2, p.
621. )
Aggrammes, called Xandrames (Savdpupnc) by Di-
odorus, the ruler of the Gangarids and Prasii in India,
was said to be the son of a barber, whom the queen
had married.
Alexander was preparing to march
against him, when he was compelled by his soldiers,
who had become tired of the war, to give up farther
conquests in India. {Curt. , 6, 2. --Diod. , 17, 93, 94.
--Arrian, Anab. , 5, 26, Stc. --Plut. , Alex. , 60. )
Agias ('Ayiac), I. a Greek poet, whose name was
formerly written Augias, through a mistake of the first
editor of the Exccrpta of Proems. It has been cor-
rected by Thiersch in the Acta Philol. Monac. , 2, p.
584, from the Coitex Monacensis, which in one pas-
sage has Agias, and in another Hagias. The name
itself does not occur in early Greek writers, unless it
be supposed that Egias or Hegias ('liyiac) in Clemens
Alexandrinus (Strom. , 6, p. 622) and Pausanias (1,
2, v 1) are only different forms of the same name.
He was a native of Trcezen, and the time at which he
wrote appears to have been about the year B. C. 740.
His poem was celebrated in antiquity, under the name
of Nooroi, i. c, the history of the return of the Achaean
heroes from Troy, and consisted of five books. The
poem began with the cause of the misfortunes which
befell the Acheans on their way home and after their
arrival, that is, with the outrage committed upon Cas-
sandra and the Palladium; and the whole poem filled
up the space which was left between the work of the
poet A minus and the Odyssey. The ancients them-
selves appear to have been uncertain about the author
of this poem, for they refer to it simply by the name
? ? of fioaroi, and when they mention the author, they
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? AGIS.
j with Procles), succeeded his father Archida
musB. C. 427, and reigned a little more than 28 years
& lie summer of B. C. 426, he led an army of Pelo
fanaesians and their allies as far as the isthmus, wit
lie intention of invading Attica; but they were deterret
from advancing farther by a succession of earthquake
which happened -when they had got so far. (Thucyd.
3,89) In the spring- of the following year he led an
army into Attica, but quitted it fifteen days after he
hail entered it. (Thucyd. . , 4, 2, 6. ) In B. C. 419, the
Argives, at the instigation of Alcibiades, attacked Epi
(haras; and Agis, with the -whole force of Lacede
mon, set out at the same time, and marched to the
frontier city. Leuctra. No one, Thucydides tells us
knew the purpose of this expedition. It was probably
to mike a diversion in favour of Epidaurus. { 7'//. -. ? ,'
fill, vol. 3, p. 342. ) At I^euctra the aspect of the
sacrifices deterred him from proceeding. He therefore
led his troops back, and sent round notice to the allies
to be ready for an expedition at the end of the sacred
month of the Carnean festival; and when the Argives
repeated their attack on Epidaurus, the Spartans again
marched to the frontier town, Caryte, and again turned
lack, professedly on account of the aspect of the vic-
tims. In the middle of the following summer (B. C.
413). the Epidaurians being still hard pressed by the
Argives, the Lacedemonians, with their" whole force
MM gome allies, under the command of Agis, invaded
Argolis. By a skilful manoeuvre, he succeeded in in-
tercepting the Argives, and posted his army advanta-
geously between them and the city. But just as the
battle was about to begin, Thrasyllus, one of the Ar-
gire generals, and Alciphron came to Agis, and prc-
vailea on him to conclude a truce for four months.
Agis, without disclosing his motives, drew off his army.
On his return he was severely censured for having thus
thrown away the opportunity of reducing Argos, espe-
cially as the Argives had seized the opportunity afford-
ed by his return, and taken Orchomenos. It was pro-
posed to pull down his house, and inflict on him a fine
of 103,000 drachmas. But, on his earnest entreaty,
th? y contented themselves with appointing a council
of war, consisting of 1O Spartans, without whom he
was not to lead an army out of the city. (Thucyd. ,
5, 54, 57, &e. ) Shortly afterward they received in-
telligence from Tegea, that, if not promptly succoured,
the party favourable to Sparta in that city would be
compelled to give way. The Spartans immediately
sent their whole force under the command of Agis.
H>> restored tranquillity at Tegea, and then marched
to Mantincia. By turning the waters so as to flood
the lands of Mantineia, he succeeded in drawing the
army of the Mantineans and Athenians down to the
level ground. A battle ensued, in which the Spartans
were victorious. This was one of the most important
battles everfought between Grecian states. (Thucyd. ,
5, 71-73. ) In B. C. 417, when news reached Sparta
of the counter-revolution at Argos, in which the oli-
garchical and Spartan faction was overthrown, an army
was sent there under AgiB. He was unable to restore
tbe defeated party, but he destroyed the long walls
? lieu the Argives had begun to carry down to the sea,
mdtook HysiE. (Thucyd. , 6, 83. ) In the spring of
3. C. 413, Agis entered Attica with a Peloponncsian
army, and fortified Deceleia, a steep eminence about
15 miJei northeast of Athens (Thucyd. . , 7, 19, 27);
and in the winter of the same year, after the news of
the duastroas fate of the Sicilian expedition had reach-
? ? ed Greece, he marched northward to levy contributions
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? AGIS.
AGN
teconded by the poorer classes and the young men,
and as strenuously opposed by the wealthy. He suc-
ceeded, however, in gaining over three very influen-
tial persons--his uncle Agesilaus (a man of large prop-
erty, but who, being deeply involved in debt, hoped to
profit by the innovations of Agis), Lysander, and Man-
drocleidcs. Having procured Lysander to be elected
one of the ephors, he laid his plans before the senate.
He proposed that the Spartan territory should be divi-
ded into two portions, one to consist of 4500 equal
lots, to be divided among the Spartans, whose ranks
were to be filled up by the admission of the most re-
spectable of the Periceci and strangers; the other to
contain 15,000 equal lots, to be divided among the
Periceci. The senate could not, at first, come to a de-
cision en the matter. Lysander, therefore, convoked
the assembly of the people, to whom Agis submitted
his measure, and offered to make the first sacrifice, by
giving up his lands and money, telling them that his
mother and grandmother, who were possessed of great
wealth, with all his relations and friends, would follow
his example. His generosity drew down the applauses
of the multitude. The opposite party, however, head-
ed by Leonidas, the other king, who had formed his
habits at the luxurious court of Seleucus, king of Syria,
got the senate to reject the measure, though only by
one vote. Agis now determined to rid himself of Le-
onidas. Lysander, accordingly, accused him of having
violated the laws by marrying a stranger and living in
a foreign land. Leonidas was deposed, and was suc-
ceeded by his son-in-law, Cleombrotus, who co-opera-
ted with Agis. Soon afterward, however, Lysander's
term of office expired, and the ephors of the following
vear were opposed to Agis, and designed to restore
Leonidas. They brought an accusation against Ly-
sander and Mandrocleides, of attempting to violate the
laws. Alarmed at the turn events were taking, the
two latter prevailed on the kings to depose the ephors
by force, and appoint others in their room. Leonidas,
who had returned to the city, fled to Tegea, and in his
flight was protected by Agis from the violence medi-
tated against him by Agesilaus. The selfish avarice
of the latter frustrated the plans of Agis, when there
now seemed nothing to oppose the execution of them.
He persuaded his nephew and Lysander that the most
effectual way to secure the consent of the wealthy to
the distribution of their lands, would be to begin by
cancelling the debts. Accordingly, all bonds, registers,
and securities were piled up in the market-place and
burned. Agesilaus, having secured his own ends,
contrived various pretexts for delaying the division of
the lands. Meanwhile, the Achffians applied to Sparta
for assistance against the . 'Etolians. Agis was accord-
ingly Bent at the head of an army. Tho cautious move-
ments of Aratus gave Agis no opportunity of distin-
guishing himself in action, but he gained great credit
by the excellent discipline he preserved among his
troops. During his absence Agesilaus so incensed the
poorer classes by his insolent conduct and the contin-
ued postponement of the division of the lands, that they
made no opposition when the enemies of Agis openly
brought back Leonidas and set him on the throne.
Agis and Cleombrotus fled for sanctuary, the former
to the temple of Athene Chalcicecus. the latter to the
temple of Poseidon. Cleombrotus was suffered to go
into exile. Agis was entrapped by some treacherous
friends and thrown into prison. Leonidas immediate-
? ? ly came with a band of mercenaries, and secured the
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? A. G O
Assoract, w AAHernar* virgin, who disguised her
Kilolearomedicine, it being ordained by the Athe-
nian tare, Ihal no slave or female should lea'm the heal-
<<ut She was tan glit t>>y Hierophilustheart ofmid-
Kifcrfiiid when employed, always discovered her sex
to bn patients. This brought her into so much prac-
n'<<. lhat the males of her profession, who were now
out of employment, accused her before the Areopagus
o/eorrupt conduct, "quod dicerent eum glabrum use,
dann^memta. ru. m~, et >>//<*. ? frtmulare imbcallitatcm. "
Agnodie was about to be condemned, when she dis-
covered her se\ to _the judges. A law was immedi-
ately pasted authorizing all frccbom women to learn
the healinz art. (Hygvn. , fab. , 274. )
Ae>>ox,I. sonof Nicias, was present at the taking of
Samosbj Pericles, having brought reinforcements from
Athens. After the Peloponnesian war had broken out,
IK and Cleopompus, both colleagues of Pericles, were
despatched with the forces which the last-mentioned
commander had previously led, to aid in the reduction
ofPotklra. The expedition was frustrated, however,
by wetness among the troops. Agnon was also the
founder of Amphipolia; but the citizens of that place,
forgetful of past services, opened their gates to Drasi-
ihs, the Spartan general, and when the body of this com-
mander was subsequently interred within Amphipolis,
they threw down every memorial of Agnon. (Thucyd. ,
I,il7. --tt. , 2, 580 II- Vid- Supplement.
ACNOSIDES, an orator, and popular leader at Athens,
who accused Phocion of treason for not having opposed
vithmore activity the movements of Nicanor. After
the death of Phocion, and when the people, repenting
of their conduct towards him, were doing everything to
honour his memory, Agnonides suffered capital pun-
iihment, by a decree passed for that special purpose.
(Pim. , Fit. PAoc. , e. 33, 38. )
AGO<<AU. \ and AQONIA, a festival at Rome in hon-
our of Janus, celebrated on the ninth of January, the
Sith of May, and the 10th of December. (Vid. Dic-
tionary of Antiquities. )
AeoxiEs ('Ayiivioc), a surname or epithet of sever-
al gods. . ? Eschylus (Again. , 513) and Sophocles
(Truth. , 26) use it of Apollo and Jupiter, and appa-
rently in the sense of helpers in struggles and contests.
But it i< more especially used as a surname of Mercu-
ry, who presides over all kinds of solemn contests.
AGONES CAPITOLINI, contests instituted by Domitian
in honour of Jupiter Capitolinus, and celebrated every
fifth year on the Gapitoline Hill. According to Sue-
tonius (Domit. , 4), they were of a threefold character:
musical, which included poetic contests, equestrian,
and gymnastic. Prizes were awarded also for the best
specimens of Greek and Latin prose composition.
Couorinus informs us, that they were instituted in
the twelfth consulship of Domitian and Dolabclla
(A. C. C. 839). It was at these contests that the poet
Statins was defeated. (Cens. , c. 18. --Cm sin. i. ad
Suet. . I. c. ) Games similar to these had been pre-
viously instituted by Nero. (Suet. , Ner. , 12. )
AOOKACKITUS, a statuary of Paros, and the favourite
pupil of Phidias, who, according to Pliny (26, 5), car-
ried his attachment so far as even to have inscribed on
some of his own works the name of his young disciple.
The came writer informs us, that Agoracritus contend-
ed with Alcamenes, another pupil of Phidias, and a
native of Athens, in making a statue of Venus, and had
the mortification to see his rival crowned as victorious,
in consequence of the prejudice of the Athenians in fa-
? ? marof their countryman.
