ENTERPRISING
CHARACTER OF THE GAULS.
Napoleon - History of Julius Caesar - b
The Project Gutenberg EBook of History of Julius Caesar Vol.
2 of 2, by
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1808-1873.
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www. gutenberg. org/license
Title: History of Julius Caesar Vol. 2 of 2
Author: Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1808-1873.
Release Date: April 29, 2014 [EBook #45532]
Language: English
Character set encoding: UTF-8
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF JULIUS CAESAR VOL. 2 OF 2 ***
Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Chuck Greif and the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www. pgdp. net
(This file was produced from images generously made
available by the Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan
State University Libraries. )
HISTORY
OF
JULIUS CÆSAR.
[Illustration: colophon]
VOL. II.
THE WARS IN GAUL.
NEW YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
FRANKLIN SQUARE.
1866.
PUBLISHER’S NOTE.
It is, perhaps, not without interest, in publishing the second volume of
the History of Julius Cæsar, written by the Emperor Napoleon III. , to
call to memory the names of Sovereigns and Princes who have employed
themselves upon the same subject.
_The King of France, Charles VIII. _, showed an especial admiration for
the _Commentaries_ of Cæsar, and the celebrated monk, Robert Gaguin,
presented to him, in 1480, the translation he had made in French of the
eight books of the War in Gaul. We are informed of this in the edition
of the _translation_ by the learned monk, printed in 1500. This edition,
in large 4to, is from the press of Antoine Verard. (See J. Ch. Brunet,
_Manuel du Libraire et de l’Amateur de Livres_, fourth edition, tom. I. ,
p. 518, and the _Biographie Universelle_, article _Charles VIII. _)
_Charles V. _, who professed a great admiration for Cæsar, left a copy of
the _Commentaries_ filled with marginal notes, written with his own
hand. It was at his instigation that the Viceroy of Sicily, Ferdinand
Gonzaga, sent a scientific mission into France to study Cæsar’s
campaigns on the localities. The forty plans which were made by the
members of this commission, and among which that of Alise is found, were
published in 1575, in the edition of James Strada.
_The Sultan Soliman II. _, contemporary of Charles V. , whom he had taken
for his model, sent through all Europe to procure as many copies of
Cæsar’s _Commentaries_ as could be found, which he ordered to be
collated, and caused a translation to be made into the Turkish language
for his own daily reading.
_The King of France, Henri IV. _, translated the two first books of
Cæsar’s _Commentaries_. The manuscript of this translation was deposited
in the Bibliothèque du Roi, and M. des Noyers took it thence to deliver
it to Louis XIII. , who, in his turn, translated the two last books of
the _Commentaries_. These two translations were joined together, and
printed at the Louvre in 1630.
_Louis XIV. _ translated the first book of the _Commentaries_. His
translation was printed at Paris in 1651, in folio, with figures. This
work has not been reprinted; it is now very rare. The reader may consult
on this subject the _Méthode d’étudier l’Histoire_ of the Abbé
Lenglet-Dufresnoy, tom. II. , p. 481; and J. Ch. Brunet, _Manuel du
Libraire et de l’Amateur de Livres_, fourth edition, tom. I. , p. 519.
_The great Condé_, who had studied with care the campaigns of Cæsar,
encouraged the translation of the _Commentaries_ undertaken by Nicolas
Perrot d’Ablancourt; it was the translation most esteemed and the most
in vogue during the last century.
_Christina, Queen of Sweden_, had composed _Reflections on the Life and
Actions of Cæsar_, as we are informed by J. Arckenholz in his work
entitled _Mémoires concernant Christine, Reine de Suède_, Amsterdam,
1751-1760, tom. IV. , No. 6, p. 4.
_Louis Philippe Joseph d’Orléans_, surnamed _Egalité_, was a great
reader of the _Commentaries_. He caused a map of Cæsar’s campaigns in
Gaul to be made.
Lastly, _the Emperor Napoleon I. _, at St. Helena, dictated a _Précis des
Guerres de César_ to Comte Marchand, who published it in Paris in 1836,
in 8vo.
CONTENTS.
BOOK III.
THE WARS IN GAUL, AFTER THE “COMMENTARIES. ”
CHAPTER I.
POLITICAL CAUSES OF THE GALLIC WAR.
PAGE
I. ENTERPRISING CHARACTER OF THE GAULS. 1
II. WARS OF THE ROMANS BEYOND THE ALPS. 3
III. CONTINUAL PRE-OCCUPATION OF THE ROMANS IN REGARD TO THE
GAULS. 7
IV. PLAN FOLLOWED IN THE RELATION OF THE WAR IN GAUL. 13
CHAPTER II.
STATE OF GAUL IN THE TIME OF CÆSAR.
I. GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION. (_See Plate 1. _) 15
II. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. (_See Plate 2. _) 22
III. MANNERS. 32
IV. INSTITUTIONS. 41
CHAPTER III.
CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE HELVETII.
(Year of Rome 696. )
(BOOK I. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
I. PROJECTS OF INVASION BY THE HELVETII. (_See Plate 3. _) 49
II. CÆSAR’S ARRIVAL AT GENEVA. 52
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE RETRENCHMENT OF THE RHONE. (_See
Plate 8. _) 52
IV. THE HELVETII BEGIN THEIR MARCH TOWARDS THE SAÔNE. CÆSAR
UNITES HIS TROOPS. (_See Plates 2 and 4. _) 59
V. DEFEAT OF THE HELVETII ON THE SAÔNE. (_See Plates 2 and 4. _) 64
VI. DEFEAT OF THE HELVETII NEAR BIBRACTE. (_See Plates 4 and 5. _) 72
VII. PURSUIT OF THE HELVETII 76
VIII. OBSERVATIONS 79
CHAPTER IV.
CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS.
(Year of Rome 696. )
(BOOK I. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
I. SEAT OF THE SUEVI AND OTHER GERMAN TRIBES. (_See Plate 2. _) 80
II. THE GAULS SOLICIT CÆSAR TO COME TO THEIR SUCCOUR. 83
III. MARCH OF CÆSAR UPON BESANÇON. (_See Plate 4. _) 86
IV. PANIC IN THE ROMAN ARMY. 88
V. MARCH TOWARDS THE VALLEY OF THE RHINE. (_See Plate 4. _) 91
VI. INTERVIEW BETWEEN CÆSAR AND ARIOVISTUS. (_See Plate 6. _) 94
VII. MOVEMENTS OF THE TWO ARMIES. (_See Plates 2 and 6. _) 97
VIII. BATTLE AGAINST THE GERMANS. (_See Plate 4. _) 99
IX. OBSERVATIONS. 103
CHAPTER V.
WAR AGAINST THE BELGÆ
(Year of Rome 697. )
(BOOK II. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
I. LEAGUE OF THE BELGÆ. CÆSAR ADVANCES FROM BESANÇON TO
THE AISNE. (_See Plate 4. _) 106
II. CÆSAR’S CAMP AT BERRY-AU-BAC. (_See Plates 2, 7, 8, and 9. _) 109
III. BATTLE ON THE AISNE. 113
IV. RETREAT OF THE BELGÆ. 115
V. CAPTURE OF NOVIODUNUM AND BRATUSPANTIUM. (_See Plate 7. _) 116
VI. MARCH AGAINST THE NERVII. (_See Plates 7 and 10. _) 118
VII. BATTLE ON THE SAMBRE. (_See Plate 10. _) 121
VIII. SIEGE OF THE OPPIDUM OF THE ADUATUCI. (_See Plate 11. _) 128
IX. SUBJUGATION OF THE ARMORICA BY P. CRASSUS. 131
X. EXPEDITION OF GALBA INTO THE VALAIS. 132
CHAPTER VI.
(Year of Rome 698. )
(BOOK III. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
WAR OF THE VENETII--VICTORY OVER THE UNELLI--SUBMISSION OF AQUITAINE--MARCH
AGAINST THE MORINI AND THE MENAPII.
I. INSURRECTION OF THE MARITIME PEOPLES. (_See Plate 12. _) 135
II. WAR AGAINST THE VENETI. (_See Plate 12. _) 137
III. NAVAL COMBAT AGAINST THE VENETI. (_See Plate 12. _) 141
IV. VICTORY OF SABINUS OVER THE UNELLI. (_See Plate 13. _) 144
V. CONQUEST OF AQUITAINE BY P. CRASSUS. 146
VI.
ENTERPRISING CHARACTER OF THE GAULS. 1
II. WARS OF THE ROMANS BEYOND THE ALPS. 3
III. CONTINUAL PRE-OCCUPATION OF THE ROMANS IN REGARD TO THE
GAULS. 7
IV. PLAN FOLLOWED IN THE RELATION OF THE WAR IN GAUL. 13
CHAPTER II.
STATE OF GAUL IN THE TIME OF CÆSAR.
I. GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION. (_See Plate 1. _) 15
II. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. (_See Plate 2. _) 22
III. MANNERS. 32
IV. INSTITUTIONS. 41
CHAPTER III.
CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE HELVETII.
(Year of Rome 696. )
(BOOK I. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
I. PROJECTS OF INVASION BY THE HELVETII. (_See Plate 3. _) 49
II. CÆSAR’S ARRIVAL AT GENEVA. 52
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE RETRENCHMENT OF THE RHONE. (_See
Plate 8. _) 52
IV. THE HELVETII BEGIN THEIR MARCH TOWARDS THE SAÔNE. CÆSAR
UNITES HIS TROOPS. (_See Plates 2 and 4. _) 59
V. DEFEAT OF THE HELVETII ON THE SAÔNE. (_See Plates 2 and 4. _) 64
VI. DEFEAT OF THE HELVETII NEAR BIBRACTE. (_See Plates 4 and 5. _) 72
VII. PURSUIT OF THE HELVETII 76
VIII. OBSERVATIONS 79
CHAPTER IV.
CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS.
(Year of Rome 696. )
(BOOK I. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
I. SEAT OF THE SUEVI AND OTHER GERMAN TRIBES. (_See Plate 2. _) 80
II. THE GAULS SOLICIT CÆSAR TO COME TO THEIR SUCCOUR. 83
III. MARCH OF CÆSAR UPON BESANÇON. (_See Plate 4. _) 86
IV. PANIC IN THE ROMAN ARMY. 88
V. MARCH TOWARDS THE VALLEY OF THE RHINE. (_See Plate 4. _) 91
VI. INTERVIEW BETWEEN CÆSAR AND ARIOVISTUS. (_See Plate 6. _) 94
VII. MOVEMENTS OF THE TWO ARMIES. (_See Plates 2 and 6. _) 97
VIII. BATTLE AGAINST THE GERMANS. (_See Plate 4. _) 99
IX. OBSERVATIONS. 103
CHAPTER V.
WAR AGAINST THE BELGÆ
(Year of Rome 697. )
(BOOK II. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
I. LEAGUE OF THE BELGÆ. CÆSAR ADVANCES FROM BESANÇON TO
THE AISNE. (_See Plate 4. _) 106
II. CÆSAR’S CAMP AT BERRY-AU-BAC. (_See Plates 2, 7, 8, and 9. _) 109
III. BATTLE ON THE AISNE. 113
IV. RETREAT OF THE BELGÆ. 115
V. CAPTURE OF NOVIODUNUM AND BRATUSPANTIUM. (_See Plate 7. _) 116
VI. MARCH AGAINST THE NERVII. (_See Plates 7 and 10. _) 118
VII. BATTLE ON THE SAMBRE. (_See Plate 10. _) 121
VIII. SIEGE OF THE OPPIDUM OF THE ADUATUCI. (_See Plate 11. _) 128
IX. SUBJUGATION OF THE ARMORICA BY P. CRASSUS. 131
X. EXPEDITION OF GALBA INTO THE VALAIS. 132
CHAPTER VI.
(Year of Rome 698. )
(BOOK III. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
WAR OF THE VENETII--VICTORY OVER THE UNELLI--SUBMISSION OF AQUITAINE--MARCH
AGAINST THE MORINI AND THE MENAPII.
I. INSURRECTION OF THE MARITIME PEOPLES. (_See Plate 12. _) 135
II. WAR AGAINST THE VENETI. (_See Plate 12. _) 137
III. NAVAL COMBAT AGAINST THE VENETI. (_See Plate 12. _) 141
IV. VICTORY OF SABINUS OVER THE UNELLI. (_See Plate 13. _) 144
V. CONQUEST OF AQUITAINE BY P. CRASSUS. 146
VI. MARCH AGAINST THE MORINI AND THE MENAPII. 150
VII. OBSERVATIONS. 151
CHAPTER VII.
(Year of Rome 699. )
(BOOK IV. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
INCURSIONS OF THE USIPETES AND THE TENCTERI--FIRST PASSAGE OF THE
RHINE--FIRST DESCENT IN BRITAIN--CHASTISEMENT OF THE MORINI AND
THE MENAPII.
I. CÆSAR’S MARCH AGAINST THE USIPETES AND THE TENCTERI.
(_See Plate 14. _) 153
II. ROUT OF THE USIPETES AND THE TENCTERI. 158
III. FIRST PASSAGE OF THE RHINE. (_See Plates 14 and 15. _) 160
IV. DESCRIPTION OF BRITAIN IN THE TIME OF CÆSAR. 165
V. FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN. (_See Plates 16 and 17. _) 172
VI. CHASTISEMENT OF THE MORINI AND MENAPII. 184
VII. ORDER FOR REBUILDING THE FLEET. DEPARTURE FOR ILLYRIA. 185
VIII. POINTS OF EMBARKING AND LANDING. DATE OF THE ARRIVAL
IN BRITAIN. (_See Plate 16. _) 186
IX. RÉSUMÉ OF THE DATES OF THE CAMPAIGN OF 699. 202
CHAPTER VIII.
(Year of Rome 700. )
(BOOK V. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
MARCH AGAINST THE TREVIRI--SECOND DESCENT IN BRITAIN.
I. INSPECTION OF THE FLEET. MARCH AGAINST THE TREVIRI. 204
II. DEPARTURE FOR THE ISLE OF BRITAIN. (_See Plate 16. _) 206
III. MARCH INTO THE INTERIOR OF THE COUNTRY. (_See Plate 16. _) 208
IV. DESTRUCTION OF A PART OF THE FLEET. 210
V. CÆSAR RESUMES THE OFFENSIVE. 211
VI. MARCH TOWARDS THE THAMES. (_See Plate 16. _) 214
VII. SUBMISSION OF A PART OF BRITAIN. (_See Plate 16. _) 216
VIII. RE-EMBARKATION OF THE ARMY. 217
IX. OBSERVATIONS. (_See Plate 16. _) 219
X. PRESUMED DATES OF THE SECOND CAMPAIGN IN BRITAIN. 223
XI. DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEGIONS IN THEIR WINTER QUARTERS.
(_See Plates 14 and 18. _) 225
XII. DEFEAT OF SABINUS AT ADUATUCA. 228
XIII. ATTACK ON CICERO’S CAMP. 234
XIV. CÆSAR MARCHES TO THE SUCCOUR OF CICERO. (_See Plates 14
and 27, Fig. 8. _) 236
XV.
Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1808-1873.
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or
re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
with this eBook or online at www. gutenberg. org/license
Title: History of Julius Caesar Vol. 2 of 2
Author: Napoleon III, Emperor of the French, 1808-1873.
Release Date: April 29, 2014 [EBook #45532]
Language: English
Character set encoding: UTF-8
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY OF JULIUS CAESAR VOL. 2 OF 2 ***
Produced by Marilynda Fraser-Cunliffe, Chuck Greif and the
Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www. pgdp. net
(This file was produced from images generously made
available by the Digital & Multimedia Center, Michigan
State University Libraries. )
HISTORY
OF
JULIUS CÆSAR.
[Illustration: colophon]
VOL. II.
THE WARS IN GAUL.
NEW YORK:
HARPER & BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS,
FRANKLIN SQUARE.
1866.
PUBLISHER’S NOTE.
It is, perhaps, not without interest, in publishing the second volume of
the History of Julius Cæsar, written by the Emperor Napoleon III. , to
call to memory the names of Sovereigns and Princes who have employed
themselves upon the same subject.
_The King of France, Charles VIII. _, showed an especial admiration for
the _Commentaries_ of Cæsar, and the celebrated monk, Robert Gaguin,
presented to him, in 1480, the translation he had made in French of the
eight books of the War in Gaul. We are informed of this in the edition
of the _translation_ by the learned monk, printed in 1500. This edition,
in large 4to, is from the press of Antoine Verard. (See J. Ch. Brunet,
_Manuel du Libraire et de l’Amateur de Livres_, fourth edition, tom. I. ,
p. 518, and the _Biographie Universelle_, article _Charles VIII. _)
_Charles V. _, who professed a great admiration for Cæsar, left a copy of
the _Commentaries_ filled with marginal notes, written with his own
hand. It was at his instigation that the Viceroy of Sicily, Ferdinand
Gonzaga, sent a scientific mission into France to study Cæsar’s
campaigns on the localities. The forty plans which were made by the
members of this commission, and among which that of Alise is found, were
published in 1575, in the edition of James Strada.
_The Sultan Soliman II. _, contemporary of Charles V. , whom he had taken
for his model, sent through all Europe to procure as many copies of
Cæsar’s _Commentaries_ as could be found, which he ordered to be
collated, and caused a translation to be made into the Turkish language
for his own daily reading.
_The King of France, Henri IV. _, translated the two first books of
Cæsar’s _Commentaries_. The manuscript of this translation was deposited
in the Bibliothèque du Roi, and M. des Noyers took it thence to deliver
it to Louis XIII. , who, in his turn, translated the two last books of
the _Commentaries_. These two translations were joined together, and
printed at the Louvre in 1630.
_Louis XIV. _ translated the first book of the _Commentaries_. His
translation was printed at Paris in 1651, in folio, with figures. This
work has not been reprinted; it is now very rare. The reader may consult
on this subject the _Méthode d’étudier l’Histoire_ of the Abbé
Lenglet-Dufresnoy, tom. II. , p. 481; and J. Ch. Brunet, _Manuel du
Libraire et de l’Amateur de Livres_, fourth edition, tom. I. , p. 519.
_The great Condé_, who had studied with care the campaigns of Cæsar,
encouraged the translation of the _Commentaries_ undertaken by Nicolas
Perrot d’Ablancourt; it was the translation most esteemed and the most
in vogue during the last century.
_Christina, Queen of Sweden_, had composed _Reflections on the Life and
Actions of Cæsar_, as we are informed by J. Arckenholz in his work
entitled _Mémoires concernant Christine, Reine de Suède_, Amsterdam,
1751-1760, tom. IV. , No. 6, p. 4.
_Louis Philippe Joseph d’Orléans_, surnamed _Egalité_, was a great
reader of the _Commentaries_. He caused a map of Cæsar’s campaigns in
Gaul to be made.
Lastly, _the Emperor Napoleon I. _, at St. Helena, dictated a _Précis des
Guerres de César_ to Comte Marchand, who published it in Paris in 1836,
in 8vo.
CONTENTS.
BOOK III.
THE WARS IN GAUL, AFTER THE “COMMENTARIES. ”
CHAPTER I.
POLITICAL CAUSES OF THE GALLIC WAR.
PAGE
I. ENTERPRISING CHARACTER OF THE GAULS. 1
II. WARS OF THE ROMANS BEYOND THE ALPS. 3
III. CONTINUAL PRE-OCCUPATION OF THE ROMANS IN REGARD TO THE
GAULS. 7
IV. PLAN FOLLOWED IN THE RELATION OF THE WAR IN GAUL. 13
CHAPTER II.
STATE OF GAUL IN THE TIME OF CÆSAR.
I. GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION. (_See Plate 1. _) 15
II. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. (_See Plate 2. _) 22
III. MANNERS. 32
IV. INSTITUTIONS. 41
CHAPTER III.
CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE HELVETII.
(Year of Rome 696. )
(BOOK I. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
I. PROJECTS OF INVASION BY THE HELVETII. (_See Plate 3. _) 49
II. CÆSAR’S ARRIVAL AT GENEVA. 52
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE RETRENCHMENT OF THE RHONE. (_See
Plate 8. _) 52
IV. THE HELVETII BEGIN THEIR MARCH TOWARDS THE SAÔNE. CÆSAR
UNITES HIS TROOPS. (_See Plates 2 and 4. _) 59
V. DEFEAT OF THE HELVETII ON THE SAÔNE. (_See Plates 2 and 4. _) 64
VI. DEFEAT OF THE HELVETII NEAR BIBRACTE. (_See Plates 4 and 5. _) 72
VII. PURSUIT OF THE HELVETII 76
VIII. OBSERVATIONS 79
CHAPTER IV.
CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS.
(Year of Rome 696. )
(BOOK I. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
I. SEAT OF THE SUEVI AND OTHER GERMAN TRIBES. (_See Plate 2. _) 80
II. THE GAULS SOLICIT CÆSAR TO COME TO THEIR SUCCOUR. 83
III. MARCH OF CÆSAR UPON BESANÇON. (_See Plate 4. _) 86
IV. PANIC IN THE ROMAN ARMY. 88
V. MARCH TOWARDS THE VALLEY OF THE RHINE. (_See Plate 4. _) 91
VI. INTERVIEW BETWEEN CÆSAR AND ARIOVISTUS. (_See Plate 6. _) 94
VII. MOVEMENTS OF THE TWO ARMIES. (_See Plates 2 and 6. _) 97
VIII. BATTLE AGAINST THE GERMANS. (_See Plate 4. _) 99
IX. OBSERVATIONS. 103
CHAPTER V.
WAR AGAINST THE BELGÆ
(Year of Rome 697. )
(BOOK II. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
I. LEAGUE OF THE BELGÆ. CÆSAR ADVANCES FROM BESANÇON TO
THE AISNE. (_See Plate 4. _) 106
II. CÆSAR’S CAMP AT BERRY-AU-BAC. (_See Plates 2, 7, 8, and 9. _) 109
III. BATTLE ON THE AISNE. 113
IV. RETREAT OF THE BELGÆ. 115
V. CAPTURE OF NOVIODUNUM AND BRATUSPANTIUM. (_See Plate 7. _) 116
VI. MARCH AGAINST THE NERVII. (_See Plates 7 and 10. _) 118
VII. BATTLE ON THE SAMBRE. (_See Plate 10. _) 121
VIII. SIEGE OF THE OPPIDUM OF THE ADUATUCI. (_See Plate 11. _) 128
IX. SUBJUGATION OF THE ARMORICA BY P. CRASSUS. 131
X. EXPEDITION OF GALBA INTO THE VALAIS. 132
CHAPTER VI.
(Year of Rome 698. )
(BOOK III. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
WAR OF THE VENETII--VICTORY OVER THE UNELLI--SUBMISSION OF AQUITAINE--MARCH
AGAINST THE MORINI AND THE MENAPII.
I. INSURRECTION OF THE MARITIME PEOPLES. (_See Plate 12. _) 135
II. WAR AGAINST THE VENETI. (_See Plate 12. _) 137
III. NAVAL COMBAT AGAINST THE VENETI. (_See Plate 12. _) 141
IV. VICTORY OF SABINUS OVER THE UNELLI. (_See Plate 13. _) 144
V. CONQUEST OF AQUITAINE BY P. CRASSUS. 146
VI.
ENTERPRISING CHARACTER OF THE GAULS. 1
II. WARS OF THE ROMANS BEYOND THE ALPS. 3
III. CONTINUAL PRE-OCCUPATION OF THE ROMANS IN REGARD TO THE
GAULS. 7
IV. PLAN FOLLOWED IN THE RELATION OF THE WAR IN GAUL. 13
CHAPTER II.
STATE OF GAUL IN THE TIME OF CÆSAR.
I. GEOGRAPHICAL DESCRIPTION. (_See Plate 1. _) 15
II. POLITICAL DIVISIONS. (_See Plate 2. _) 22
III. MANNERS. 32
IV. INSTITUTIONS. 41
CHAPTER III.
CAMPAIGN AGAINST THE HELVETII.
(Year of Rome 696. )
(BOOK I. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
I. PROJECTS OF INVASION BY THE HELVETII. (_See Plate 3. _) 49
II. CÆSAR’S ARRIVAL AT GENEVA. 52
III. DESCRIPTION OF THE RETRENCHMENT OF THE RHONE. (_See
Plate 8. _) 52
IV. THE HELVETII BEGIN THEIR MARCH TOWARDS THE SAÔNE. CÆSAR
UNITES HIS TROOPS. (_See Plates 2 and 4. _) 59
V. DEFEAT OF THE HELVETII ON THE SAÔNE. (_See Plates 2 and 4. _) 64
VI. DEFEAT OF THE HELVETII NEAR BIBRACTE. (_See Plates 4 and 5. _) 72
VII. PURSUIT OF THE HELVETII 76
VIII. OBSERVATIONS 79
CHAPTER IV.
CAMPAIGN AGAINST ARIOVISTUS.
(Year of Rome 696. )
(BOOK I. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
I. SEAT OF THE SUEVI AND OTHER GERMAN TRIBES. (_See Plate 2. _) 80
II. THE GAULS SOLICIT CÆSAR TO COME TO THEIR SUCCOUR. 83
III. MARCH OF CÆSAR UPON BESANÇON. (_See Plate 4. _) 86
IV. PANIC IN THE ROMAN ARMY. 88
V. MARCH TOWARDS THE VALLEY OF THE RHINE. (_See Plate 4. _) 91
VI. INTERVIEW BETWEEN CÆSAR AND ARIOVISTUS. (_See Plate 6. _) 94
VII. MOVEMENTS OF THE TWO ARMIES. (_See Plates 2 and 6. _) 97
VIII. BATTLE AGAINST THE GERMANS. (_See Plate 4. _) 99
IX. OBSERVATIONS. 103
CHAPTER V.
WAR AGAINST THE BELGÆ
(Year of Rome 697. )
(BOOK II. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
I. LEAGUE OF THE BELGÆ. CÆSAR ADVANCES FROM BESANÇON TO
THE AISNE. (_See Plate 4. _) 106
II. CÆSAR’S CAMP AT BERRY-AU-BAC. (_See Plates 2, 7, 8, and 9. _) 109
III. BATTLE ON THE AISNE. 113
IV. RETREAT OF THE BELGÆ. 115
V. CAPTURE OF NOVIODUNUM AND BRATUSPANTIUM. (_See Plate 7. _) 116
VI. MARCH AGAINST THE NERVII. (_See Plates 7 and 10. _) 118
VII. BATTLE ON THE SAMBRE. (_See Plate 10. _) 121
VIII. SIEGE OF THE OPPIDUM OF THE ADUATUCI. (_See Plate 11. _) 128
IX. SUBJUGATION OF THE ARMORICA BY P. CRASSUS. 131
X. EXPEDITION OF GALBA INTO THE VALAIS. 132
CHAPTER VI.
(Year of Rome 698. )
(BOOK III. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
WAR OF THE VENETII--VICTORY OVER THE UNELLI--SUBMISSION OF AQUITAINE--MARCH
AGAINST THE MORINI AND THE MENAPII.
I. INSURRECTION OF THE MARITIME PEOPLES. (_See Plate 12. _) 135
II. WAR AGAINST THE VENETI. (_See Plate 12. _) 137
III. NAVAL COMBAT AGAINST THE VENETI. (_See Plate 12. _) 141
IV. VICTORY OF SABINUS OVER THE UNELLI. (_See Plate 13. _) 144
V. CONQUEST OF AQUITAINE BY P. CRASSUS. 146
VI. MARCH AGAINST THE MORINI AND THE MENAPII. 150
VII. OBSERVATIONS. 151
CHAPTER VII.
(Year of Rome 699. )
(BOOK IV. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
INCURSIONS OF THE USIPETES AND THE TENCTERI--FIRST PASSAGE OF THE
RHINE--FIRST DESCENT IN BRITAIN--CHASTISEMENT OF THE MORINI AND
THE MENAPII.
I. CÆSAR’S MARCH AGAINST THE USIPETES AND THE TENCTERI.
(_See Plate 14. _) 153
II. ROUT OF THE USIPETES AND THE TENCTERI. 158
III. FIRST PASSAGE OF THE RHINE. (_See Plates 14 and 15. _) 160
IV. DESCRIPTION OF BRITAIN IN THE TIME OF CÆSAR. 165
V. FIRST EXPEDITION TO BRITAIN. (_See Plates 16 and 17. _) 172
VI. CHASTISEMENT OF THE MORINI AND MENAPII. 184
VII. ORDER FOR REBUILDING THE FLEET. DEPARTURE FOR ILLYRIA. 185
VIII. POINTS OF EMBARKING AND LANDING. DATE OF THE ARRIVAL
IN BRITAIN. (_See Plate 16. _) 186
IX. RÉSUMÉ OF THE DATES OF THE CAMPAIGN OF 699. 202
CHAPTER VIII.
(Year of Rome 700. )
(BOOK V. OF THE “COMMENTARIES. ”)
MARCH AGAINST THE TREVIRI--SECOND DESCENT IN BRITAIN.
I. INSPECTION OF THE FLEET. MARCH AGAINST THE TREVIRI. 204
II. DEPARTURE FOR THE ISLE OF BRITAIN. (_See Plate 16. _) 206
III. MARCH INTO THE INTERIOR OF THE COUNTRY. (_See Plate 16. _) 208
IV. DESTRUCTION OF A PART OF THE FLEET. 210
V. CÆSAR RESUMES THE OFFENSIVE. 211
VI. MARCH TOWARDS THE THAMES. (_See Plate 16. _) 214
VII. SUBMISSION OF A PART OF BRITAIN. (_See Plate 16. _) 216
VIII. RE-EMBARKATION OF THE ARMY. 217
IX. OBSERVATIONS. (_See Plate 16. _) 219
X. PRESUMED DATES OF THE SECOND CAMPAIGN IN BRITAIN. 223
XI. DISTRIBUTION OF THE LEGIONS IN THEIR WINTER QUARTERS.
(_See Plates 14 and 18. _) 225
XII. DEFEAT OF SABINUS AT ADUATUCA. 228
XIII. ATTACK ON CICERO’S CAMP. 234
XIV. CÆSAR MARCHES TO THE SUCCOUR OF CICERO. (_See Plates 14
and 27, Fig. 8. _) 236
XV.
