Nam qualis quantusque cavo
Polyphemus
in antro.
Latin - Casserly - Complete System of Latin Prosody
1.
Di in dirimo and disertus, is short.
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? PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION. 19
Excep. 2. Re is generally short ; as, relinquo, refero :
but re in refert, the impersonal verb [" it concerns"] from
the substantive res, has the first syllable long.
Excep. 3. Pro is short in Greek words ; as, Prome-
theus, Propontis: in Latin words it is usually long; as,
procudo, procurvus, prbveho : except when compounded
with the words enumerated in the rule ; as, profundus,
prbfugio, prbneptis, &c, &c.
Excep. 4. In the following words the pro is doubtful ;
viz. , pr^pago,prpino,prj "undo, &c, as given in the rule.
Excep. 5. The prepositions ab, ad, in, ob, per, and
sub, are short in composition before vowels; as are also
the final syllables of ante, circum and super ; as, abeo,
adero, circumago, super addo, &c, &c.
Note. Trans in composition frequently drops the last
two letters, still preserving its proper quantity ; as, trado
[from transdo] ; trdduco [from transduco]. Ob and ab in
like manner, before a consonant -- where they should be-
come long by position -- drop the final letter, still retaining
the short quantity; as, bmitto [from obmitto], aperio,
[from dbperio].
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Amisit, deduxit, divisus. Excep. 1. Dirimo,
disertus. Excep. 2. Retulit, reditus, refert (" brings
back") refert ( ;< it concerns. " Excep. 3. Propontis, pro-
pheta,pr51ogus: processit, promisit: profundus, procella,
profectus, proficiscor. Excep. 4. Propago, propino pro-
pulso. Excep. 5. Xbesset, adegit, abitus, circumagis;
admitto, percello.
Note. Trano, omitto.
Promiscuous Examples. Quantum [2, 10], reditum
[11, 9], ejiciunt [11, 6, 1], ratas [9], siistulerunt [3, 7,3],
3#
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? 20 A, E, AND I, IN COMPOSITION.
pei\"git [11, 7], vetitum [10], dddsculor [1,3], datus [9],
audiit [2, 1J.
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule, jynissos longo socios sermone requirunt. Virg.
Exc. 1. Cede deo dixitque et prcelia voce diremit. Id.
2. Quid tamen hoc refert, si se pro classe Pelasga
Arma tulisse refert. . . . Ovid.
3. Qualiter in Scythica religatus rupe Prometheus. Mart.
Provehimur portu ; terrceque urbesque recedunt. Virg.
Exc. 4. Sed truncis olece melius, prbpagine vites. Id.
5. Omnibus umbra locis ddero, dabis, improbe, pcenas. Id.
Note. Pleraque differat, et presens in tempus bmittat. Hor.
RULE XII.
Of A, E, and I, in compound words.
Produc a semper composti parte priori,
Ac simul e, simul i, ferme breviare memento ;
Nequidquam produc, nequando, venefica, nequam,
Nequaquam, nequis sociosque ; videlicet addas.
idem masculeum produc, et siquis, ibidem,
Scilicet et blgre, tiblcen, ubique, quadriga,
Bimus, tantzdem, quldam et composta diei.
Compositum variabis ubi ; variabis ibidem.
A in the first part of a compound Latin word,* is long;
as trddo, malo, quare, quatenus. E in the first part of
compounds, is generally short; as, liquefacio, equidem,
* In Greek compounds, the a is sometimes long ; as, Neapolis ; and sometimes
short ; as, aiipsos : these words, however, belong to the rules of Greek Prosody.
t In Malo, the a -- originally short in masris -- becomes long in the compound,
by syncope and crasis ; thus, Mtivolo, or Mawolo, MauPlo, Malo.
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? A, E, AND I, IN COMPOSITION. 21
nefas, trecenti ;* in like manner, i in the first part of a
compound, is generally short ; as, omnipotens, causidicus,
biceps, siquidem.
Excep. 1. Nequidquam, nequando, and the other words
enumerated in the rule, with nequis, nequa, nequid, have
the e long. Semodius, semestris, sedecim, have the e long.
Selibra is short in Martial.
Excep. 2. Idem ( mascul. ) , siquis, ibidem, scilicet, bigce,
and the other words enumerated, have the i long ; as
also, biduum, trlduum, quotidie, and other compounds of
dies. Ludimagister, lucrlfacio, agrlcultura, and a few
others have the i long. Tibicen has the second syllable
long, being formed by crasis from Tibiicen ; but Tubicen
is short according to the rule. The first i in nimirum is
also long: -- the second being long from derivation.
Note. The a in eadem is short, unless it should be
the ablative case. Although in ublque and ibidem the
middle syllable is long according to the rule, in ubicunque
and ubivis, it is common ; as in the primitive ubi.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
On Rule. Quare, traductum, quacunque; patefecit,
nequeo, valedica ; fatidicus, significo, tubicen.
Excep. 1. Nequaquam, videlicet, secedo. Excep. 2.
Scilicet, tantidem, merldies, tibicen.
Promiscuous Examples. Unigenitus [12, 5, 5], abest
[11, 3], gavisum [10], fleturi [9], tetiglsse [8, 8, 3], crevi
[7], venumdata [3, 6], repudium -- fr. pudor -- [5, 1], mi-
gran tes [4, 3-], rejice [3], ccelum [2], patriae [4, 1, 2].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Quare agite 6 proprios generatim discite cultus. Vir.
Scepe petens Hero,juvenis tranavcrat undas. Ovid.
* And all compounds from tres or tris ; as. trrdedrn \ triplex, triform/is, Sec ;
but the i in trxginta and its derivatives trigeminus, trireni, Sec, is long, because
trlginta is not, properly speaking, a compound word ; ginia being merely a ter-
mination.
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? 22 0, V, AND Y, IN COMPOSITION.
Credebant hoc grande riefas, et morte piandum. Juv.
Bum nimium vano tumefactus nomine gaudes. Mart.
Turn pater omnipotent, rerum cut summa potestas. Vir.
Exc. 1. Barbara narratus venisse venejica tecum. Ovid.
Exc. 2. Omnibus idem animus, scelerata excedere terra. Vir.
Note. Canities eadem est, eadem violentia vultu. Ovid.
RULE XIII.
Of the O, U, and Y, in Composition.
Grsecum 0-? mcro? i, prima composti corripe parte ;
O-mega produces : ast Y-psilon breviabis. --
O Latium in variis breviat vel protrahit usus.
ZJbrevia, ut Locuples, Quadruplex : sed Jupiter, atque
Judex, judicium, primam producere gaudent.
Compound words of Greek origin and terminating the
first member of the compound with the letter o (omicron),
have that letter short ; as, biblibpola, Areopagus : -- unless
where it becomes common or long from position ; as,
chirographus, Philbxenus. If the first member of the
compound end with o (omega), the vowel is long in Latin ;
as, Minbtaurus, geographus. When y terminates the
first member of the compound, it is generally short ; as,
Thrasybulus, polypus ; unless rendered common or long
by position ; as, Polycletus, Polyxena. O in compound
Latin words, is sometimes long and sometimes short ; as,
quandbque, nolo, qubque (the ablative) ; quandbquidem,
hbdie, qubque, (the particle). U in similar situations, is
generally short ; as, locuples, trojugena ; but Jupiter,
judex, and judicium, have the u long.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Pule. Argonauta, Arctophylax ; Hippocrene, Nicostra-
tus; geometres, lagopus; alioquin. utrobique; Eurypylus,
Polydamus ; Polycletus, Polyxena ; quocirca, quominus ;
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? INCREMENTS OF NOUNS. 23
sacrosanctus, duodecim ; quadrupes, centuplex ; judicat,
judex.
Promiscuous Examples. Recubans [11, 5, 3], Deus [1],
fiet [1], glaciei [1], fecit [7], illius [3, 1], agrestis [4, 3],
equidem [12], adeo [11, 1], Thessalomca [13,6], prote-
nus [11], vix [3], praedixit [2, 3], extulit [3,7], nlmirum
[12, 6], dlus [Gr. 1], fusos [9], procella [11, 3], Polydo-
rus [13], locutus [10], Inhumatus [11, 5], Idem neut. [12].
EXAB1PLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Hesperios auxit tantum Cleopatra fur ores, Lucan.
Nititurhinc Tal'dus,fratrisque Lebdocusurget. Val. Flac.
Nam qualis quantusque cavo Polyphemus in antro. Virg.
Indignor quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus, Hor.
Tollit se arrectum quadrupes, et saucius auras. Virg.
ON THE INCREMENTS OF NOUNS.
A noun is said to increase or have an increment,
when any of its oblique* cases has a syllable more than
the nominative. If the genitive, -- by whose increment
that of all the othert oblique cases is regulated -- has the
same number of syllables as the nominative, then there
is no increment ; as, musa, musa? ; dominus, domini ; but
if the number of syllables be greater, then there is an
increment, which must be the penultimat of the case so
increasing; as, musarum -- \inu-SA-rum~\, dominorum --
[domi-NO-rum], where SA and NO are the increments.
When any case has a syllable more than such increas-
ing genitive, it is said to have a second increment ; as
from animal comes ani-MA-lis, with one increment, and
from animalis come ani-MA-LI-a, ani-MA-LI-um, ani-
* All cases except the nom. and voc. sing. , are called oblique cases.
t Except the aoc. sing, of neuters of fifth declension, and of some Greek nouns
in is ; as Paris, &c.
t The last syllable is never regarded as an increment ; thus, in words of one
syllable, as rex, (regis,) re, the penultima of the gen. is the increment.
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? 24 INCREMENTS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION.
MA-LI-bus with two increments : MA being the first,
and LI the second, increment. Whether the increment
of the genitive sing, be long or short, it remains the same
throughout all the oblique cases ; as, sermonis, sermoni,
sermonibus, &c, &c. ; Ccesaris, Cccsari, Ccesarum, &c,
&c. ; except bolus or bubus, which has a long increment,
although the genitive is short. * Iter, jecur, supellex,
and compounds of caput are said to have double incre-
ments ; as, itineris, jecinoris, supellectilis, ancipitis ; but
these genitives come in reality from obsolete nominatives,
viz. , itiner, jecinur, supellectilis, ancipes.
RULE XIV.
Increments of the first and second Declension.
Casibus obliquis vix crescit prima. Secunda
Corripit incrementa ; tamen producit Iberi.
The first declension has no increment ; except among
the poets, in the resolution of ce into ai, as aulai, picta'i,
where the a is long. In the second declension, the in-
crement is short ; as pueri, viri, saturiA
Excep. Iber and its compound Celtiler have the pen-
ultima of the genitive long ; as, Iberos, Celtiberi. X
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Picta'i, aurai ; miseri, domlni. Excep, Iberi,
Celtiberi.
Promiscuous Examples, Darius [Gr. 1], pneiret [2],
difTidit [3, 7], satum [9], dirutus [11, 9], credltus [10],
profundus [11, 3], dehiscat [1, 3], omnipotens [3, 12, 5-- -
fr. potens -- wh. fr. potis].
* This however cannot be considered an exception, whereas it comes from
bovibus or bbwibus, by syncope Blwbus, and by crasis bobus.
t These cannot, strictly sneaking, be regarded as increments, whereas they
come from the old nominatives puerus. virus, saturvs.
t These two words are in like manner without any real increment ; for the
genitive sin. and the nom. plural Iberi are both formed regularly from the nom.
sin. Iberus. There is another from Iber, Iberos, or Iberis, which belomrs to the
3d declension. Both forms are borrowed from the Greek :-- i@npos, l(3fipov --
Wnp, ipvpos.
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? INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 25
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Mthereum sensum, atque aurai simplicis ignem.
Virg.
O pueri ! ne tanta animis assuescite Leila. Id.
Excep. Quique feros movit Sertorius exul Iberos. Lucan.
RULE XV.
Increments of the third Declension in A.
Nominis a crescens, quod flectit tertia, longum est.
Mascula corripies -al et -ar fmita, simulque
Par cum compositis, hepar, cum nectdre, bacchar,
Cum vdde, mas, et anas, cui junge laremqae jubarque.
The increment of a in nouns of the third declension is
generally long ; as, pax, pdcis ; pietas, pietatis ; vectigal,
vectigdlis.
Excep. Proper names of the masculine gender ending
in al and ar (except Car and Nar), have short incre-
ments ; as, Hannibal, Hannibdlis ; Ccesar, Ccesdris : so
also have par [the adjective] and its compounds ; par the
substantive, the noun sal, and the other words enumerated.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Ajacis, ajtatis, calcaris. Excep. Asdrubalis,
Amilcaris ; parem, hepatis, nectare, anatis -- fr. anas, " a
duck. "
Promiscuous Examples. Larem [15], sale [15], pueros
[1, 14], Hannibalis [3, 15], quadrlgse [12, 2], pietatem
[1, 15], ubique [12], pronepos [11], sonipes [5--- fr. so-
nus, 12], circumdata [3, 9].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Jane, fac ceternos pacem pdcisque ministros. Ovid.
Exc. Hannibalem Fabio ducam spectanteper urbem. Silius.
Vela dabant Iceti et spumas sdlis cere ruebant. Virg.
Err antes hederas passim cum baccdre tellus. Id.
Sulphur eas posuit spiramina Ndris ad undas. Ennius.
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? 26 INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
RULE XVI.
Increments from A and AS.
A quoque et as Graecum, breve postulat incrementum.
-s quoque finitum cum consona ponitur ante,
Et dropax, anthrax, Atrax, cum smildce, climax;
Adde At deem, pandcem, eoldeem, styrdcemque, fdcemque,
Atque 4 abdeem, cor deem, phyldcem compostaque, et harpax.
Greek nouns ending in a and as, have short incre-
ments ; as, poema, poemdtis ; lampas, lampddis : also
nouns ending with s preceded by a consonant ; as, Arabs,
Ardbis ; trabs, trdbis ; besides the following words in
ax-dcis ; as, dropax, anthrax, Atr ax,* &c, &c, and the
compounds of phylax and corax, with harpax, harpdgis,
and the like.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Stemmata, lampade, poemate ; Arabum, trabe,
dropace, face, panacem, &c.
Promiscuous Examples. Vadibus [15], Palladis [3, 16],
Titanas [15], jubaris [5, 15], saturos [14], Cymothoe
[Gr. 13], trecenti [12, 3], prociirrit [11, 3], agnitus [3,
6], mollltum [10].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Undique collucent prascinctm lampddes auro. Ovid.
Nam modo thurilegos Ardbas, modo suspicis Indos. Id.
Non styrdce Idceo fragr antes uncta capillos. Virg. Cir.
RULE XVII.
Increments in E.
Nominis e crescens numero breviabis utroque :
Excipe Iber patriosque -enis (sed contrahito Hymen),
Syphax, Syphacis is said to be common ', but erroneously, for the passage in
should have Anruboletn.
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? INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 27
"Per, mansues, locuples, hceres, mercesque, quiesque,
Et vervex, lex, rex, et plebs, seps, insuper halec,
-el peregrinum, -es, -er Grrecum, cethere et Here demptis.
His addas Seris, Byzerisque, et Recimeris.
The increment e of the third declension is generally-
short in both singular and plural ; as, grex, gregis ; pes,
pedis; mulier, mulierum ; teres, teretis, &c.
Excep. Iber, Iberis, and genitives in enis (except
hymenis) have the penultima long; as, ren, rents, siren,
sir enis, &c, as also ver, mansues, locuples, and the others
enumerated. Hebrew nouns in el; as, Daniel, Danielis,
and Greek nouns, in es and er ; (except cetheris and Here
from cether and aer :) as, lebes, lebetis; crater, crateris,
with Seris, Byzeris, Recimeris -- genitives from Ser, By-
zer, and Recimer -- have the increment long.
OCT" Some foreign names in ec have the increment long
by this rule ; as, Melchesidec, Melckesidecis.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Operi, pulveris, gregibus. Excep. Iberis, Sire-
nis, (hymenis) ; veris, mansuetis ; lebetis, trapetis, 'aethe-
ris) : Michaelis, Seris, Recimeris.
Promiscuous Examples. Mercedis [3, 17], abacis [16],
mares [15], Celtiberi [3, 5, 14], teretis [5, -- fr. tero -- 17],
pacem [15], tepefecit [5, 12, 7], resides [11], hymenis [17].
. EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Incumbens tercti, Damon sic ccepit, oliva. Virg.
Exc. Monstramaris Sir enes er ant, quce voce canora. Ovid.
Crateras magnos statuunt, et vina coronant. Virg.
Velleraque ut foliis depectant tenuia Seres. Id.
4
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? 28 INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
RULE XVIII
Increments in I and Y.
Jaut y crescens numero breviabis utroque ;
Graeca sed in patrio casu -inis et -ynis adoptant ;
Et lis, glis, Samnis, Dis, gryps, Nesisque, Quirisqae
Cum vibice simul, longa incrementa reposcunt.
The increment of the third declension is usually short ;
as, lapis, lapidis ; slips, stipis ; pollex, polUcis.
Excep. Genitives in inis and ynis from words of
Greek origin, have the penultima long ; as, delphin, del-
phinis ; Phorcyn, Phorcynis ; as also, lis, litis; glis,
gliris, and the other words enumerated.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Ride. Tegmine, sanguinis, ilice. Excep. Salaminis,
delphinis ; litis, vibice.
Promiscuous Examples. JE there [2, 17], chlamydis or
ydos [18], lebetes [Gr. 17], regibus [17, 18], trabibus [16,
18], senigmatis [2, 4, 16], calcare [15], mulieres [1, 17],
ordinis [3. 18], Quiritis [18].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Tityre, tupatulce recubans sub tegmine fagi. Virg.
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? PREPOSITIONS IN COMPOSITION. 19
Excep. 2. Re is generally short ; as, relinquo, refero :
but re in refert, the impersonal verb [" it concerns"] from
the substantive res, has the first syllable long.
Excep. 3. Pro is short in Greek words ; as, Prome-
theus, Propontis: in Latin words it is usually long; as,
procudo, procurvus, prbveho : except when compounded
with the words enumerated in the rule ; as, profundus,
prbfugio, prbneptis, &c, &c.
Excep. 4. In the following words the pro is doubtful ;
viz. , pr^pago,prpino,prj "undo, &c, as given in the rule.
Excep. 5. The prepositions ab, ad, in, ob, per, and
sub, are short in composition before vowels; as are also
the final syllables of ante, circum and super ; as, abeo,
adero, circumago, super addo, &c, &c.
Note. Trans in composition frequently drops the last
two letters, still preserving its proper quantity ; as, trado
[from transdo] ; trdduco [from transduco]. Ob and ab in
like manner, before a consonant -- where they should be-
come long by position -- drop the final letter, still retaining
the short quantity; as, bmitto [from obmitto], aperio,
[from dbperio].
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Amisit, deduxit, divisus. Excep. 1. Dirimo,
disertus. Excep. 2. Retulit, reditus, refert (" brings
back") refert ( ;< it concerns. " Excep. 3. Propontis, pro-
pheta,pr51ogus: processit, promisit: profundus, procella,
profectus, proficiscor. Excep. 4. Propago, propino pro-
pulso. Excep. 5. Xbesset, adegit, abitus, circumagis;
admitto, percello.
Note. Trano, omitto.
Promiscuous Examples. Quantum [2, 10], reditum
[11, 9], ejiciunt [11, 6, 1], ratas [9], siistulerunt [3, 7,3],
3#
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? 20 A, E, AND I, IN COMPOSITION.
pei\"git [11, 7], vetitum [10], dddsculor [1,3], datus [9],
audiit [2, 1J.
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule, jynissos longo socios sermone requirunt. Virg.
Exc. 1. Cede deo dixitque et prcelia voce diremit. Id.
2. Quid tamen hoc refert, si se pro classe Pelasga
Arma tulisse refert. . . . Ovid.
3. Qualiter in Scythica religatus rupe Prometheus. Mart.
Provehimur portu ; terrceque urbesque recedunt. Virg.
Exc. 4. Sed truncis olece melius, prbpagine vites. Id.
5. Omnibus umbra locis ddero, dabis, improbe, pcenas. Id.
Note. Pleraque differat, et presens in tempus bmittat. Hor.
RULE XII.
Of A, E, and I, in compound words.
Produc a semper composti parte priori,
Ac simul e, simul i, ferme breviare memento ;
Nequidquam produc, nequando, venefica, nequam,
Nequaquam, nequis sociosque ; videlicet addas.
idem masculeum produc, et siquis, ibidem,
Scilicet et blgre, tiblcen, ubique, quadriga,
Bimus, tantzdem, quldam et composta diei.
Compositum variabis ubi ; variabis ibidem.
A in the first part of a compound Latin word,* is long;
as trddo, malo, quare, quatenus. E in the first part of
compounds, is generally short; as, liquefacio, equidem,
* In Greek compounds, the a is sometimes long ; as, Neapolis ; and sometimes
short ; as, aiipsos : these words, however, belong to the rules of Greek Prosody.
t In Malo, the a -- originally short in masris -- becomes long in the compound,
by syncope and crasis ; thus, Mtivolo, or Mawolo, MauPlo, Malo.
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? A, E, AND I, IN COMPOSITION. 21
nefas, trecenti ;* in like manner, i in the first part of a
compound, is generally short ; as, omnipotens, causidicus,
biceps, siquidem.
Excep. 1. Nequidquam, nequando, and the other words
enumerated in the rule, with nequis, nequa, nequid, have
the e long. Semodius, semestris, sedecim, have the e long.
Selibra is short in Martial.
Excep. 2. Idem ( mascul. ) , siquis, ibidem, scilicet, bigce,
and the other words enumerated, have the i long ; as
also, biduum, trlduum, quotidie, and other compounds of
dies. Ludimagister, lucrlfacio, agrlcultura, and a few
others have the i long. Tibicen has the second syllable
long, being formed by crasis from Tibiicen ; but Tubicen
is short according to the rule. The first i in nimirum is
also long: -- the second being long from derivation.
Note. The a in eadem is short, unless it should be
the ablative case. Although in ublque and ibidem the
middle syllable is long according to the rule, in ubicunque
and ubivis, it is common ; as in the primitive ubi.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
On Rule. Quare, traductum, quacunque; patefecit,
nequeo, valedica ; fatidicus, significo, tubicen.
Excep. 1. Nequaquam, videlicet, secedo. Excep. 2.
Scilicet, tantidem, merldies, tibicen.
Promiscuous Examples. Unigenitus [12, 5, 5], abest
[11, 3], gavisum [10], fleturi [9], tetiglsse [8, 8, 3], crevi
[7], venumdata [3, 6], repudium -- fr. pudor -- [5, 1], mi-
gran tes [4, 3-], rejice [3], ccelum [2], patriae [4, 1, 2].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Quare agite 6 proprios generatim discite cultus. Vir.
Scepe petens Hero,juvenis tranavcrat undas. Ovid.
* And all compounds from tres or tris ; as. trrdedrn \ triplex, triform/is, Sec ;
but the i in trxginta and its derivatives trigeminus, trireni, Sec, is long, because
trlginta is not, properly speaking, a compound word ; ginia being merely a ter-
mination.
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? 22 0, V, AND Y, IN COMPOSITION.
Credebant hoc grande riefas, et morte piandum. Juv.
Bum nimium vano tumefactus nomine gaudes. Mart.
Turn pater omnipotent, rerum cut summa potestas. Vir.
Exc. 1. Barbara narratus venisse venejica tecum. Ovid.
Exc. 2. Omnibus idem animus, scelerata excedere terra. Vir.
Note. Canities eadem est, eadem violentia vultu. Ovid.
RULE XIII.
Of the O, U, and Y, in Composition.
Grsecum 0-? mcro? i, prima composti corripe parte ;
O-mega produces : ast Y-psilon breviabis. --
O Latium in variis breviat vel protrahit usus.
ZJbrevia, ut Locuples, Quadruplex : sed Jupiter, atque
Judex, judicium, primam producere gaudent.
Compound words of Greek origin and terminating the
first member of the compound with the letter o (omicron),
have that letter short ; as, biblibpola, Areopagus : -- unless
where it becomes common or long from position ; as,
chirographus, Philbxenus. If the first member of the
compound end with o (omega), the vowel is long in Latin ;
as, Minbtaurus, geographus. When y terminates the
first member of the compound, it is generally short ; as,
Thrasybulus, polypus ; unless rendered common or long
by position ; as, Polycletus, Polyxena. O in compound
Latin words, is sometimes long and sometimes short ; as,
quandbque, nolo, qubque (the ablative) ; quandbquidem,
hbdie, qubque, (the particle). U in similar situations, is
generally short ; as, locuples, trojugena ; but Jupiter,
judex, and judicium, have the u long.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Pule. Argonauta, Arctophylax ; Hippocrene, Nicostra-
tus; geometres, lagopus; alioquin. utrobique; Eurypylus,
Polydamus ; Polycletus, Polyxena ; quocirca, quominus ;
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? INCREMENTS OF NOUNS. 23
sacrosanctus, duodecim ; quadrupes, centuplex ; judicat,
judex.
Promiscuous Examples. Recubans [11, 5, 3], Deus [1],
fiet [1], glaciei [1], fecit [7], illius [3, 1], agrestis [4, 3],
equidem [12], adeo [11, 1], Thessalomca [13,6], prote-
nus [11], vix [3], praedixit [2, 3], extulit [3,7], nlmirum
[12, 6], dlus [Gr. 1], fusos [9], procella [11, 3], Polydo-
rus [13], locutus [10], Inhumatus [11, 5], Idem neut. [12].
EXAB1PLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Hesperios auxit tantum Cleopatra fur ores, Lucan.
Nititurhinc Tal'dus,fratrisque Lebdocusurget. Val. Flac.
Nam qualis quantusque cavo Polyphemus in antro. Virg.
Indignor quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus, Hor.
Tollit se arrectum quadrupes, et saucius auras. Virg.
ON THE INCREMENTS OF NOUNS.
A noun is said to increase or have an increment,
when any of its oblique* cases has a syllable more than
the nominative. If the genitive, -- by whose increment
that of all the othert oblique cases is regulated -- has the
same number of syllables as the nominative, then there
is no increment ; as, musa, musa? ; dominus, domini ; but
if the number of syllables be greater, then there is an
increment, which must be the penultimat of the case so
increasing; as, musarum -- \inu-SA-rum~\, dominorum --
[domi-NO-rum], where SA and NO are the increments.
When any case has a syllable more than such increas-
ing genitive, it is said to have a second increment ; as
from animal comes ani-MA-lis, with one increment, and
from animalis come ani-MA-LI-a, ani-MA-LI-um, ani-
* All cases except the nom. and voc. sing. , are called oblique cases.
t Except the aoc. sing, of neuters of fifth declension, and of some Greek nouns
in is ; as Paris, &c.
t The last syllable is never regarded as an increment ; thus, in words of one
syllable, as rex, (regis,) re, the penultima of the gen. is the increment.
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? 24 INCREMENTS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION.
MA-LI-bus with two increments : MA being the first,
and LI the second, increment. Whether the increment
of the genitive sing, be long or short, it remains the same
throughout all the oblique cases ; as, sermonis, sermoni,
sermonibus, &c, &c. ; Ccesaris, Cccsari, Ccesarum, &c,
&c. ; except bolus or bubus, which has a long increment,
although the genitive is short. * Iter, jecur, supellex,
and compounds of caput are said to have double incre-
ments ; as, itineris, jecinoris, supellectilis, ancipitis ; but
these genitives come in reality from obsolete nominatives,
viz. , itiner, jecinur, supellectilis, ancipes.
RULE XIV.
Increments of the first and second Declension.
Casibus obliquis vix crescit prima. Secunda
Corripit incrementa ; tamen producit Iberi.
The first declension has no increment ; except among
the poets, in the resolution of ce into ai, as aulai, picta'i,
where the a is long. In the second declension, the in-
crement is short ; as pueri, viri, saturiA
Excep. Iber and its compound Celtiler have the pen-
ultima of the genitive long ; as, Iberos, Celtiberi. X
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Picta'i, aurai ; miseri, domlni. Excep, Iberi,
Celtiberi.
Promiscuous Examples, Darius [Gr. 1], pneiret [2],
difTidit [3, 7], satum [9], dirutus [11, 9], credltus [10],
profundus [11, 3], dehiscat [1, 3], omnipotens [3, 12, 5-- -
fr. potens -- wh. fr. potis].
* This however cannot be considered an exception, whereas it comes from
bovibus or bbwibus, by syncope Blwbus, and by crasis bobus.
t These cannot, strictly sneaking, be regarded as increments, whereas they
come from the old nominatives puerus. virus, saturvs.
t These two words are in like manner without any real increment ; for the
genitive sin. and the nom. plural Iberi are both formed regularly from the nom.
sin. Iberus. There is another from Iber, Iberos, or Iberis, which belomrs to the
3d declension. Both forms are borrowed from the Greek :-- i@npos, l(3fipov --
Wnp, ipvpos.
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? INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 25
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Mthereum sensum, atque aurai simplicis ignem.
Virg.
O pueri ! ne tanta animis assuescite Leila. Id.
Excep. Quique feros movit Sertorius exul Iberos. Lucan.
RULE XV.
Increments of the third Declension in A.
Nominis a crescens, quod flectit tertia, longum est.
Mascula corripies -al et -ar fmita, simulque
Par cum compositis, hepar, cum nectdre, bacchar,
Cum vdde, mas, et anas, cui junge laremqae jubarque.
The increment of a in nouns of the third declension is
generally long ; as, pax, pdcis ; pietas, pietatis ; vectigal,
vectigdlis.
Excep. Proper names of the masculine gender ending
in al and ar (except Car and Nar), have short incre-
ments ; as, Hannibal, Hannibdlis ; Ccesar, Ccesdris : so
also have par [the adjective] and its compounds ; par the
substantive, the noun sal, and the other words enumerated.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Ajacis, ajtatis, calcaris. Excep. Asdrubalis,
Amilcaris ; parem, hepatis, nectare, anatis -- fr. anas, " a
duck. "
Promiscuous Examples. Larem [15], sale [15], pueros
[1, 14], Hannibalis [3, 15], quadrlgse [12, 2], pietatem
[1, 15], ubique [12], pronepos [11], sonipes [5--- fr. so-
nus, 12], circumdata [3, 9].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Jane, fac ceternos pacem pdcisque ministros. Ovid.
Exc. Hannibalem Fabio ducam spectanteper urbem. Silius.
Vela dabant Iceti et spumas sdlis cere ruebant. Virg.
Err antes hederas passim cum baccdre tellus. Id.
Sulphur eas posuit spiramina Ndris ad undas. Ennius.
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? 26 INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
RULE XVI.
Increments from A and AS.
A quoque et as Graecum, breve postulat incrementum.
-s quoque finitum cum consona ponitur ante,
Et dropax, anthrax, Atrax, cum smildce, climax;
Adde At deem, pandcem, eoldeem, styrdcemque, fdcemque,
Atque 4 abdeem, cor deem, phyldcem compostaque, et harpax.
Greek nouns ending in a and as, have short incre-
ments ; as, poema, poemdtis ; lampas, lampddis : also
nouns ending with s preceded by a consonant ; as, Arabs,
Ardbis ; trabs, trdbis ; besides the following words in
ax-dcis ; as, dropax, anthrax, Atr ax,* &c, &c, and the
compounds of phylax and corax, with harpax, harpdgis,
and the like.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Stemmata, lampade, poemate ; Arabum, trabe,
dropace, face, panacem, &c.
Promiscuous Examples. Vadibus [15], Palladis [3, 16],
Titanas [15], jubaris [5, 15], saturos [14], Cymothoe
[Gr. 13], trecenti [12, 3], prociirrit [11, 3], agnitus [3,
6], mollltum [10].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Undique collucent prascinctm lampddes auro. Ovid.
Nam modo thurilegos Ardbas, modo suspicis Indos. Id.
Non styrdce Idceo fragr antes uncta capillos. Virg. Cir.
RULE XVII.
Increments in E.
Nominis e crescens numero breviabis utroque :
Excipe Iber patriosque -enis (sed contrahito Hymen),
Syphax, Syphacis is said to be common ', but erroneously, for the passage in
should have Anruboletn.
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? INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 27
"Per, mansues, locuples, hceres, mercesque, quiesque,
Et vervex, lex, rex, et plebs, seps, insuper halec,
-el peregrinum, -es, -er Grrecum, cethere et Here demptis.
His addas Seris, Byzerisque, et Recimeris.
The increment e of the third declension is generally-
short in both singular and plural ; as, grex, gregis ; pes,
pedis; mulier, mulierum ; teres, teretis, &c.
Excep. Iber, Iberis, and genitives in enis (except
hymenis) have the penultima long; as, ren, rents, siren,
sir enis, &c, as also ver, mansues, locuples, and the others
enumerated. Hebrew nouns in el; as, Daniel, Danielis,
and Greek nouns, in es and er ; (except cetheris and Here
from cether and aer :) as, lebes, lebetis; crater, crateris,
with Seris, Byzeris, Recimeris -- genitives from Ser, By-
zer, and Recimer -- have the increment long.
OCT" Some foreign names in ec have the increment long
by this rule ; as, Melchesidec, Melckesidecis.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Rule. Operi, pulveris, gregibus. Excep. Iberis, Sire-
nis, (hymenis) ; veris, mansuetis ; lebetis, trapetis, 'aethe-
ris) : Michaelis, Seris, Recimeris.
Promiscuous Examples. Mercedis [3, 17], abacis [16],
mares [15], Celtiberi [3, 5, 14], teretis [5, -- fr. tero -- 17],
pacem [15], tepefecit [5, 12, 7], resides [11], hymenis [17].
. EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Incumbens tercti, Damon sic ccepit, oliva. Virg.
Exc. Monstramaris Sir enes er ant, quce voce canora. Ovid.
Crateras magnos statuunt, et vina coronant. Virg.
Velleraque ut foliis depectant tenuia Seres. Id.
4
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? 28 INCREMENTS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION.
RULE XVIII
Increments in I and Y.
Jaut y crescens numero breviabis utroque ;
Graeca sed in patrio casu -inis et -ynis adoptant ;
Et lis, glis, Samnis, Dis, gryps, Nesisque, Quirisqae
Cum vibice simul, longa incrementa reposcunt.
The increment of the third declension is usually short ;
as, lapis, lapidis ; slips, stipis ; pollex, polUcis.
Excep. Genitives in inis and ynis from words of
Greek origin, have the penultima long ; as, delphin, del-
phinis ; Phorcyn, Phorcynis ; as also, lis, litis; glis,
gliris, and the other words enumerated.
EXAMPLES BY SINGLE WORDS.
Ride. Tegmine, sanguinis, ilice. Excep. Salaminis,
delphinis ; litis, vibice.
Promiscuous Examples. JE there [2, 17], chlamydis or
ydos [18], lebetes [Gr. 17], regibus [17, 18], trabibus [16,
18], senigmatis [2, 4, 16], calcare [15], mulieres [1, 17],
ordinis [3. 18], Quiritis [18].
EXAMPLES IN COMPOSITION.
Rule. Tityre, tupatulce recubans sub tegmine fagi. Virg.
