No More Learning

He wrote: Introduction to the Science of
Government) (1835); (First Lessons in Civil
Government' (1843); 'Citizen's Manual of Gov.
ernment and Law) (1851); (The American
Statesman: A Political History of the United
States) (1855); (National Economy: A History
of the American Protective System (1860).
Young, Arthur. A distinguished English
writer on agriculture and social economy; born
1741; died 1820. He made a practical study of
agricultural economy, and wrote : A Course
of Experimental Agriculture (1770); accounts
of tours of observation through different quar-
ters of England, among these, (A Farmer's
Letters to the People of England (1768), “A
Farmer's Tour through the East of England
(1770); “Travels in France) (2 vols. , 1792), a
celebrated book which reveals the true state of
the peasant population of France on the eve
of the Revolution. *
Young, Charles Augustus. An American
astronomer; born in Hanover, Dec. 15, 1834.
He was professor at Western Reserve College,
Ohio, 1856; professor of natural philosophy at
Dartmouth College, 1865-77, and of astronomy
at Princeton College from 1878. Besides many
contributions to scientific journals and maga-
zines, he is the author of "The Sun) in the
(International Scientific Series) (1882), and a
(Text-Book of General Astronomy) (1888).
Young, Edward. An English poet; born at
Upham, Hampshire, 1684; died at Welwyn,
April 12, 1765. After graduating at Oxford, he
entered the Church. His masterpiece is Night
Thoughts) (1742-46), a gloomy but fine poem
in blank verse. He also wrote tragedies, among
them (Busiris) (1719), and (The Revenge
(1721); as well as a collection of satires called
(The Love of Fame (1725-28). *
Young, Edward Daniel. An English trav-
eler; born 1831. He explored the Lake Nyassa
country in 1875, and wrote Nyassa' (1877).
Young, Frederick, Sir. An English philan-
thropist, publicist, and writer of travels; born
1817. He aided in securing Victoria Park, Lon-
don, and Epping Forest to the public, and in
establishing the People's Palace; has taken
great interest in the emigration question; was
one of the earliest advocates of imperial fed-
eration; etc. He has written: Long Ago and
Now); New Zealand : Past, Present, and Fu-
ture); A Winter Tour in South Africa); etc. ;
and edited (Imperial Federation (1876).
Young, Jesse Bowman. An American Meth-
odist clergyman, author, and editor; born in
Pennsylvania, 1844. He has been editor of
the Central Christian Advocate from 1892, and
has written "What a Boy Saw in the Army);
Days and Nights on the Sea.
Young, John. A British clergyman, and re-
ligious and philosophical writer. He has pub-
lished : (The Province of Reason) (1860); (Evil
and Good' (2d ed. London, 1861); (The Life
and Light of Men) (1866); (The Christ of
History) (6th ed. 1870); “The Creator and the
Creation' (1870).
Young, John Russell. An American writer
and journalist ; born in Downingtown, Pa. , 1841;
and at present Librarian of Congress. His
journalistic career was notable, including service
on the staff of the New York Herald and New
York Tribune. His most notable work is
(Around the World with General Grant) (2
vols. , 1879); and he has also written numerous
pamphlets on important subjects. In 1897 he
was appointed by President McKinley Libra-
rian of Congress.
Young, Mrs. Julia Evelyn (Ditto). An
American verse-writer and novelist, of Buffalo;
born in New York, in 1857. She has written:
Adrift: A Story of Niagara'; 'Glynne's Wife:
A Story in Verse); and (Thistle-Down,' poems.
Young, Mrs. M. , formerly Mrs. Thomas Pos-
tans. She wrote as Mrs. Thomas Postans :
"Cutch) (1838), sketches of Western India;
(Western India in 1838) (2 vols. , 1839); (Facts
and Fictions Illustrative of Oriental Character)
(3 vols. , 1844). As Mrs. Young: Our Camp
in Turkey) (2d ed. 1855); (Aldershot, and All
About It) (2d ed. 1858); "The Moslem Noble)
(1857).
Young, William, Sir. An English states-
man and historical writer ; born in the middle
of the eighteenth century; died about 1815.
Among his writings are : (Travels in Italy)
(1772); (The Spirit of Athens : Political and


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YPEY - YVON
591
)
Philosophical Investigations on the History of
that Republic (1777); “Rights of Englishmen
(1793); (The Black Caribs of the Island of
St. Vincent) (1795); (The West Indian Com-
mon-Place Book. '
Ypey, Amadeus (ē'pi). A Dutch theological
writer; born 1760; died in 1831 at Groningen,
where he was professor of church history. He
wrote a (Literary History of Dogmatics) (5
vols. , 1793-98); "History of the Dutch Lan-
guage) (1812); “History of the Dutch Church
(4 vols. , 1820–27).
Yriarte, Charles Émile (i-ri-ärt'). A jour-
nalist and writer on varied subjects, of Spanish
descent; born at Paris, 1832 (? ). Among his
works are: (Spanish Society) (1864); (Parisian
Portraits) (1865); (The Life of a Venetian
Patrician in the Sixteenth Century) (1874);
(Venice: Its History, Art, Industry, the City
and its Life) (1879); Italian Sculpture in the
Fifteenth Century) (1885); (Francesca da Ri-
mini) (1882); “Cesar Borgia) (1888).
Yriarte or Iriarte, Juan de (ē-rê-är'tā). A
Spanish scholar and writer; born at Orotava
on the island of Teneriffe, in 1702; died at
Madrid, 1771. He was chief librarian of the
Royal Library; and his most important work
was "Codices of the Greek MSS. (1769). He
also wrote epigrams and proverbs in Latin
and Spanish, and narrative poems in Latin,
published in four volumes (1774).
Yriarte or Iriarte, Tomas de. A Spanish
poet and dramatist; born at Orotava, island
of Teneriffe, 1750; died in Madrid, 1791. His
chief works are an excellent didactic poem,
(Music) (1780); and "Literary Fables) (1782),
considered the best fables in the Spanish lan-
guage. He also wrote the first regular come-
dies in Spanish, the best being (The Spoiled
Child) and (The Ill-Bred Young Lady); be-
sides publishing Spanish translations of French
plays and some of the Latin poets.
Ysabeau, Victor Frédéric Alexandre (i-zä-
bo'). A French physician and writer on agri-
culture; born at Rouen, 1793; died at Paris,
1873. Among his works are: (Gardening; or,
The Art of Forming and Managing a Garden
(1854); Elementary Lessons in Agriculture)
(1857); (The Vine and Fruit Tree) (1858);
(Popular Natural History of France) (1864);
Hygiene and Domestic Economy) (1870).
Yule, Henry, Sir. An Anglo-Indian writer
and scholar; born at Inveresk, Midlothian,
Scotland, 1820; died 1889. He entered the
East India Company's military school, and later
was employed in India on public works; but
finally retired and went to Italy. His chief
books are: Mission to the Court of Ava)
(1856); (Cathay and the Way Thither) (1866);
(The Book of Ser Marco Polo) (edited : 1891);
(The Diary of William Hedges) (1886); etc.
Yusuf or Yussuf, Abu Amru (yös'öf). An
Arabic historian and commentator; born at
Cordova, 976; died at Xativa, 1070. He was
profoundly versed in the traditions of the
Oriental Mussulman countries. He wrote:
(Behed jet-Almodjalisyn,' a collection of tales
about Mahomet, etc. ; (Tamhyd, a commentary
on one of the chief Mussulman works of reli-
gious and civil law; (History of the Opinions
and Doctrines of the Principal Mussulman
Sects); History of the Wars against the
Christians); etc.
Yvan, Melchior (ē-von'). A French physi-
cian and publicist ; born at Digne (Basses-
Alpes), 1803; died at Nice, 1873. He wrote:
(China and the Malay Peninsula' (1850);( Trav-
els and Stories) (1852); «The Insurrection in
China) (1853); (From France to China' (1855).
Yver, Jacques (ē-vār'). A French story and
verse writer; born at Niort, 1520; died there,
1572. He wrote: (The Springtime of Yver)
(1572), in the style of Boccaccio. It has been
a number of times republished.
Yvert, Eugène (ē-văr'). A French journal.
ist, poet, and miscellaneous writer; born at
Marly-le-Roi, 1794; died at Amiens, Feb. 23,
1878. He was editor of the Picardy Gazette,
1831. He wrote: Parliamentary Sketches)
(1832), in verse ; (Political Customs) (1845);
(A Ghost' (1852), a two-act comedy in verse;
(Poetic Fancies) (1857); “Poetical Miscellanies)
(1860); etc.
Yves d'Évreux, Pierre (ēv dā-vrė'). A
French-Brazilian historian; born at Évreux, Nor-
mandy, about 1577; died after 1620. He was a
Capuchin missionary at Maranhão, Brazil, 1612-
14. He wrote: History of the Most Memor-
able Things that Happened at Maranhão in
the Years 1613 and 1614' (Paris, 1615; 2d ed.
1864), a continuation of the history of Claude
d'Abbeville; it is a work of great historical
value.
Yvon, Claude (e-von”). A French theolo-
gian; born at Mamers, 1714; died at Paris, 1791.
He wrote Letters to Rousseau) (1763), in
answer to Rousseau's letters to the archbishop
of Paris ; earlier in life he had been associated
with Diderot and the encyclopedists, and wrote
(Liberty of Conscience) (1754), in which he
held that the State should be indifferent in
matters of religion. Other works are (Agree-
ment of Philosophy and Religion (1776), and
(Philosophical History of Religion (1779).
)


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592
ZABEL-ZACHER
Z
Zabel, Eugen (tsä'bel). A German miscel.
laneous writer; born at Königsberg in Prussia,
Dec. 23, 1851. During his extensive travels he
formed the acquaintance of nearly all the liter-
ary celebrities of Europe. Among his works
are : (Berthold Auerbach) (1882); Ivan Tur-
genef) (1883); (Italian Dramatic Art in Ger-
many) (1892); (Anton Rubinstein: An Artist's
Life) (1892); translations of several of Tur-
genef's novels, and of French and Spanish
dramas; some novels, among them Parted
Hearts) (1888); and several comedies, as (The
Midnight Sun, (A Missed Vocation. '
Zabensing, Johann Christoph (tsä'ben-zing).
A German dramatic and miscellaneous writer;
born at Augsburg, 1747; died near the end of
the century. He was by profession a mer-
chant, but published various original writings,
among them a book on the life and writings
of Voltaire, and “The Philosophers à la Mode,
a comedy (1779); “ The Death of Abel,' a drama
(1779); and (Elizabeth; or, The Abduction, a
tragedy (1781).
Zablocki, Frantizek (zä-blots'kē). A Polish
dramatist; born 1754; died 1821. He is looked
upon as the creator of Polish comedy, his
plays holding the stage to the present day.
His masterpiece is (Sarmatyzin,' and others
are : (The Fop who Acts the Gallant with the
Ladies); 'An Irreparable Loss. '
Zaborowski (zä-bo-rov-ski') or Zaborowski-
Moindron (mwan-drôn'). A French publicist;
born at La Crèche, 1851. He is secretary of
the Paris Anthropological Society, and scientific
editor of several Paris journals. He has writ-
ten: "On the Antiquity of Man' (2 vols. ,
1874); "Prehistoric Man) (1878); (Origin of
Language) (1879); (Scientific News and Curi-
osities) (1883); etc.
Zaccaria, Francesco Antonio (dzä-kä-rē'ä).
An Italian Jesuit, scholar, and historian; born
at Venice, 1714; died 1795. He was professor
of ecclesiastical history at the college La Sapi-
enza, Rome. He wrote: Literary History of
England) (14 vols. , 1751); Literary Annals of
Italy) (3 vols. , 1762); Numismatic Institutes);
etc.
Zaccone, Pierre (zä-kon'). A French dra-
matic and miscellaneous writer; born at Douai,
1817 (? ). Early in life he entered the Post-Office
service at Brest, but devoted all his leisure to
literature, and was befriended by Émile Sou-
vestre. He published: (Tableaux of Universal
Literary History) (1844); (Memoirs of a King)
(1851); etc. Among his efforts for the theatre,
mostly written in collaboration with others,
are: 'The Twenty-Fourth of February (1848);
"Cousin Verdure! (1855); and (The Sundays
of Pampette.
Zachariä, Heinrich Albert (tsa-cha-re'a).
A German publicist ; born at Herbsleben, Saxe.
Gotha, Nov. 20, 1806; died at Kannstadt, April
29, 1875, being then professor in the University
of Gottingen. Among his works are: (Ger-
man States' Rights and Federal Rights) (1841);
(Manual of German Criminal Procedure (1800);
"German Constitutional Laws of the Present
Time) (1855); (The Question of the Compe-
tence of the Empire in View of the Dogma
of Infallibility' (1871).
Zachariä, Just Friedrich Wilhelm. A Ger-
man poet and satirist; born at Frankenhausen,
May I, 1720; died at Brunswick, Jan. 30, 1777.
He was professor of belles-lettres in the Caro-
linum, Brunswick (1761). He wrote: (The
Brawler) (1744), the first burlesque heroic
poem that had appeared in German ; (Phae-
ton); (The Handkerchief); Murner in Hell
(1757); (Fables and Tales) (1771); etc. ; and
translated into German hexameters Milton's
Paradise Lost? ( 1760 ). (Poetical Works,
9 vols. , 1763-65; posthumous writings, with
biography, 1781. )
Zachariä von Lingenthal, Karl Eduard
(tsä-chä-re’ā fon ling'en-täl). A German writer
on jurisprudence ; born at Heidelberg, Dec. 21,
1812; died at Grosskmehlen, near Merseburg,
June 3, 1894. He is regarded as the founder of
the science of Græco-Roman jurisprudence.
He wrote (Outline of a History of Græco-
Roman Jurisprudence) (1839), History of
Græco-Roman Private Right! (1864); made a
collection of (Græco-Roman Laws) (1856 84);
and edited Justinian's Novella) (1881).
Zachariä von Lingenthal, Karl Salomo.
A German jurist; born at Meissen, Saxony,
Sept. 14, 1709; died March 27, 1843. He was
professor of law at Wittenberg, 1797-1807, and
Heidelberg, 1807-43. He wrote: "The Unity of
State and Church (1797); Forty Books on the
State) (2d ed. 7 vols. , 1839-43); Hand-Book
of French Civil Law) (8th ed. 1894-95); etc.
Zachariasiewicz, Jan (tsä-cha-ri-äs'yā-vich).
A Polish novelist and miscellaneous writer;
born in East Galicia, about 1825. At vari-
ous times in his life he became involved in
political difficulties, and passed several years in
prison; and these experiences have colored
all his books. His first publication was A
Passage from the Life of Unknown People
(1853). In (The Red Cap) and (The Secret
Fund,' he describes the spy system of the
police force; and of like nature are Covered
Cards) (1875), "A Bad Business) (1876), etc.
He has also written a few art novels.
Zacher, Ernst Julius August (tsä'cher). A
German antiquary; born at Obernigk, Feb.
15, 1816; died March 23, 1887, at Halle, where


## p. 593 (#609) ############################################

ZAHIR-ZANGWILL
593
he was professor of German philology. His
principal works are: (Ulfilas's Gothic Alpha-
bet and the Runic Alphabet) (1855); (German
Proverbs) (1852); History of the Palgravine
Genoveva) (1860); Pseudo-Callisthenes' (1867),
dealing with the Alexander myth.
Zahir (zä'hēr). An Arabian poet, father of
the poet Ka'b; contemporary with Mahomet.
He was the author of one of the seven poems
of the Mu'allakát, published by Sir William
Jones, with an English version, in 1782.
Zahn, Johann Karl Wilhelm (tsän). A Ger-
man painter, architect, and writer on art; born at
Rodenberg, Schaumburg, Aug. 21, 1800; died
at Berlin, Aug. 22, 1871. He was professor in
the Academy of Arts, Berlin, 1829. Among
his works were: (The Most Beautiful Orna-
ments and the Most Notable Pictures from
Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Stabia) (1828–30);
( Ornaments of all Classical Periods of Art)
(1832-39); etc.
zahn, Theodor. A German theological
writer; born at Mörs, Oct. 10, 1838. He was
appointed professor of theology in the Univer-
sity of Erlangen 1878, and is author of Mar-
cellus of Ancyra) (1867); (The Shepherd of
Hermas) (1868); “Ignatius of Antioch (1873);
(The Acts of St. John (1880); (Cyprian of
Antioch and the German Story of Faust) (1882);
(Researches into the History of the New Tes-
tament Canon (5 vols. , 1881-93); (The Gospel
of Peter) (1893); (Introduction to the New
Testament) (1897).
Zaleski, Bondan (zä-les'ski). A noted Po-
lish poet; born at Bohaterka in the Ukraine,
1802; died near Paris, 1886.
He passed his
childhood in immediate intercourse with the
Cossacks, but afterwards studied at Warsaw.
After the revolution of 1830, he was obliged
to leave Poland, and went to France. Many
of his poems depict in vivid colors the scenery
of his native country. His chief works are :
(The Spirit of the Steppes) (1842); «The Most
Holy Family; and collections of shorter poems.
Zalewski, Casimir (zä-lev'ski). A Polish
dramatist and journalist; born at Plock, 1848.
He abandoned law for literature; founded the
journal Wiek (1865). Among his successful
dramas are: (Dowerless) (1868), (As the World
Moves) (1873), "Before the Wedding) (1876),
Poor Seed? (1877); the tragedies Marco
Foscarini) (1878), Article 264,' etc.
Zalokostas, Georgios (zäl-o-kos'tas). A dis-
tinguished Greek poet; born at Syrrhako, Epi-
rus, April 17, 1805; died at Athens, Sept. 3,
1858. At the age of sixteen he fought in the
insurrection at Missolonghi. The Greek child-
ren learn his songs. Among his best-known
poems were: Missolonghi); (Armatoles and
Klephts); ( The Entrance of Prevesa); (Hours
of Leisure); Marco Bozzaris); etc. Several
of his pieces have been translated into Italian,
Spanish, English, German, French, and Rus.
sian. (Poetical Works, Athens, 1860. )
Zaluski, Andrew Chrysostom (zä-lös'ke).
A Polish statesman and pulpit orator; born about
1650; died 1711. He was bishop of Ermeland
and grand chancellor of Poland. He wrote:
(Historico-Familiar Epistles,' an interesting and
valuable work,
Zambelios, John (zäm-bēʻli-os). A Greek
poet; born on one of the Ionian isles, 1787 ;
died at Corfu, 1856. He was a judge at Corfu.
He wrote lyric poems, and several successful
tragedies. (Works, Athens, 1856-57. )
Zambelli, Andrea (dzäm-bel'lē). An Italian
historian; born in Lombardy, 1794; died at
Paris, 1862. His chief works are books on
(War) and on (Religion, in which he attempts
to show the profound difference between ancient
and modern nations.
Zamora, Antonio de (thä-mõ'rä). A Span-
ish dramatist; born at Madrid, between 1660
and 1664; died about 1722. He was highly
esteemed by his contemporaries as a lyric and
dramatic poet. Among his best works are:
(Everybody is his Own Pedigree); and (The
Wag of Seville,' on which is based the libretto
of the opera of Don Juan.
Zanella, Giacomo (dzä-nel'lä). An Italian
lyrical poet; born at Chiampo, 1820; died at
Vicenza, 1888. After studying for the priest-
hood, he became professor of philosophy and
Italian literature at the seminary in Vicenza.
His work is noted for beauty of style and mas-
tery of form; his most popular poem being
(The Fossil Shell. His first volume of poems,
(Verses,' appeared in 1868, and was followed
by several others. Among his poetic tales are:
(The Little Calabrese) (1870); (Robin Red-
breast) (1881); etc.
Zanetti, Bernardino (dzä-net'tē). An Italian
historian ; born near Treviso, 1690; died 1762.
He wrote a “History of the Lombards) (2 vols. ,
1753).
Zangemeister, Karl (tsäng'e-mis-ter). A Ger-
man classical philologist; born at Hallungen,
in the Duchy of Gotha, Nov. 28, 1837. He ed-
ited the fourth volume of the Corpus Inscrip-
tionum Latinarum, comprising the parietal
inscriptions at Pompeii, Herculaneum, and
Stabiæ (1871); compiled (Specimens of Latin
MSS. Written in Majuscule Letters) (1882), and
(Fragments of the Old Saxon Bible Poem of
the Palatine Library) (1894).
Zangwill, Israel. An English-Jewish nov-
elist ; born in London, 1864. He began life as
a London teacher, and while teaching, gradu-
ated at the London University. He has pub-
lished: (The Premier and the Painter) (1888,
in collaboration), a romance; (The Bachelors'
Club) (1891); (The Big Bow Mystery) (1891);
(The Old Maids' Club) (1892); (Children of
the Ghetto) (1892), a collection of stories, his
best work ; (Merely Mary Ann' (1893); (Ghetto
Tragedies) (1893); (The King of Schnorrers)
(1894); (The Master) (1895), a novel; (Six
Persons, a comedietta ; (Without Prejudice)
(1896), published originally, under the same
38


## p. 594 (#610) ############################################

ZANNOWICH - ZEISING
594
title, as 'Causerie) in the Pall Mall Magazine;
:
etc.
Zannowich, Stefano (zän'no-vich). An Al-
banian writer; born 1751; died 1785. He had
a wandering and very adventurous life, but
wrote several curious books, among them:
(Turkish Letters) (1877); (Epistles and Love
Songs of an Oriental (1779); and (Fragment
of a Chapter of "The Lame Devil, Sent from
the Other World by Le Sage' (1782).
Zanotti, Jean Pierre (zä-not'tē). A painter
and poet; born of a Polish family at Paris,
1674; died at Bologna, 1767. He left a num-
ber of noted pictures; and published Dido,'
a tragedy (1718); Poems) (1741); and various
works on the art of painting.
Zapf, Georg Wilhelm (tsäpf). A German
antiquary ; born at Nördlingen, 1747; died 1810.
A prolific writer, among his works were : (Bib.
liography of Ancient and Modern History)
(1781); (The Lives of Celebrated Savants and
Artists of All Time) (1800); etc.
Zappi, Giovanni Battista (dzäp'pē). An
Italian miscellaneous writer; born at Imola,
1540; died at the end of the century. He pub-
lished a remarkable book, prose mixed with
verse, entitled (Field of Spiritual Philosophy,
in which is Contained the Sum of Christian
Living) (1577), treating of the life and character
of Christ, the virtues and vices, etc.
Zappi, Giovanni Battista Felice. An Ital.
ian lyrical poet; born at Imola, about 1667;
died at Rome, 1719. He studied law in Rome,
but soon became noted for his poetry, which
was distinguished by elegance and grace of
style. A collection of his poems was first pub-
lished in 1770, and consists of sonnets, songs,
cantatas, and other verse.
Zarate, Agustin de (thä-rä’tā). A Span-
ish historian; born about 1492; died at Madrid
(? ) about 1560. He was comptroller of Cas-
tile; accompanied Nuñez Vela, viceroy of Peru,
to South America in 1543; was afterward treas-
urer of the Spanish Netherlands. He wrote:
History of the Discovery and Conquest of
the Province of Peru) (1555). There have been
many later editions; and it has been trans-
lated into French and Italian.
Zarate, Antonio Gil y. A Spanish dramatic
poet; born at San Lorenzo de l’Escurial, Spain,
1795; died 1860.
His father, an excellent
actor, sent him to study in Paris; and on his
return to Spain he became professor of phys-
ics in Granada. He afterwards wrote dramas
noted for striking situations, lively dialogue,
and elegant versification. Among them are :
(Blanche of Bourbon) (1835); (Guzman the
Brave); (The Czar Demetrius); etc. He also
published a much-esteemed history of Spanish
literature.
Zarncke, Friedrich (tsärn'ke). A German
antiquary ; born near Briel in Mecklenburg-
Schwerin, July 7, 1825; died Oct. 15, 1891; hav-
ing been since 1852 professor in the University
of Leipsic. Among his works are: “The Ger-
man Cato) (1852); “The Nibelungen Question
(1854); Contributions to the Explanation of the
Nibelungenlied (1857); (The Trojan Legend
of the Franks); "German Universities in the
Middle Ages) (1857); (Mediæval Proverbial
Poetry) (1863. )
Zbylitowski, André (zbē-le-tov'ské). A Po-
lish writer, philosopher, and poet; born in
Galicia, 1732; died 1813. He was doctor of
literature and philosophy in Cracow, and after-
wards traveled extensively in Europe and South
America. He wrote poetry with much success;
some of his idyls being noted for beauty of
coloring, elegance, and grace. Among his
works are: “Rhythms in Polish Verse) (1763);
(The Marshal) (historical); A Beard, a novel;
and various books on philosophical, political,
and grammatical themes.
Zbylitowski, Pierre. A Polish poet and
miscellaneous writer; born in the palatinate of
Lublin, 1684; died in Warsaw, 1757. He studied
at the University of Warsaw, and later trav-
eled extensively in Europe and North America,
being a keen observer and profound critic. As
a poet he was a disciple of the French school,
using sarcasm and irony with brilliant effect.
Among his writings are a (Collection of Satires)
(1723); 'Porydia : A Poem (1734); (Epigrams)
(1735); “Studies on Voltaire's Works' (1737);
Lucie : An Erotic Poem (1739); etc.
Zedlitz, Baron Joseph Christian von (tsed'.
lits). An Austrian lyrical poet and dramatic
writer; born at Johannisburg in Austrian Silesia,
1790; died in Vienna, 1862. He was educated
at Breslau, and afterwards took part in the
campaign of 1809. Among his best dramatic
writings are: the tragedies (Two Nights in
Valladolid) (1825), "The Star of Seville) (1830);
and the drama "Prison and Crown) (1834),
treating of the last days of Tasso's life. Of
poems, he has published a collection, (Wreaths
for the Dead); a celebrated ballad, (The
Nightly Review); and poetical tales.
Zeise, Heinrich (tsi zė). A German poet
and translator; born at Altona, 1822. He be-
gan life as an apothecary, but graduated at
the university. He translated a number of
scientific and poetical works from the Danish
into German, and also published original ef-
forts, noted for poetical coloring and beauty of
form, among them a collection of Poems)
(1847); Battle Songs of Schleswig-Holstein
(1848); (Songs of Battle and Sword); etc.
also, in prose, From the Life and Recollec-
tions of a North German Poet) (1888).
Zeising, Adolf (tsi'zing). A German writer
on art; born at Ballenstedt, Sept. 24, 1810;
died at Munich, April 27, 1876. He wrote:
New Doctrine of the Proportions of the Hu-
man Body' (1854); Æsthetic Researches (1855);
(The Metamorphoses in the Ratios of the Hu-
man Figure) (1859); (Religion and Science,
State and Church) (1873); and several novels.


## p. 595 (#611) ############################################

Polish
ZEISSBERG-ZEVECOT
595
Zeissberg, Heinrich, Baron von (zis'bãrg). death unknown. He spent his later years in
An Austrian writer of history; born at Vienna, Athens. Aristotle calls him the father of dia-
July 8, 1839. He was appointed professor of lectics; and Pericles was among his pupils. Of
history in the University of Vienna, 1873. His his writings in prose and in dialogue, only
principal writings are : (Arno, First Archbishop fragments have been preserved, but many of
of Salzburg) (1863); (Polish Historiography in them are known to have been on the philosophy
the Middle Ages) (1873); Minor Sources of of motion.
Zeno the Stoic (zē'no). A Greek philoso-
(Belgium under the General Statthaltership of
the Archduke Karl) (1893).
pher; born at Citium, a Greek colony on the
island of Cyprus, about 350 B. C. ; died, as is
Zeleguy, Zdenko (tsel'eg-wē). A Moravian reported, by his own hand, about 258 B. C. He
poet, writing under the pseudonym of Franz was the son of a merchant, and followed his
Voneisen "); born in Usetin, Jan. 22, 1853. His father's profession, not visiting Athens till his
best-known works are: (World-Pain Voices)
thirtieth year. He then read Xenophon and
(1887); Nirvana) (1893); and (Words of Love) Plato, and later founded a school of his own.
(1894).
None of his writings have been preserved, but
Zeller, Berthold. Son of Jules S. ; born at
he is known to have combined the ethics of
Rennes, 1848. He is author of (Henri IV. and the Cynic school with the physics of Pythag.
Marie de' Medici) (1877); (Critical Studies on
oras and Heraclitus.
the Reign of Louis XIII. (2 vols. , 1879-80);
Marie de' Medici and Villeroy' (1897).
Zerbi, Rocco de (dzır'bē). An Italian pol-
itician, journalist, and miscellaneous writer;
Zeller, Christian Heinrich ( tsel'er). A born at Reggio, Calabria, 1843. He served in
German educator ; born near Tübingen, March the army, 1860-66; founded the influential
29, 1779; died at Beuggen, May 18, 1860. His Giornaletto of Naples, 1868; became member
writings are: (Teachings of Experience for of the chamber of deputies, 1872. He has
Christian Teachers of Rural and Poor Schools) written : (Aspirations) (1865), in verse; Poetry
(3 vols. , 1827); (Soul-Doctrine, Founded on and Prose) (1868), “Without Title) (1870), both
Scripture and Experience) (1846).
romances; (Political Writings) (1876); “Vis-
tilia) (1877), a romance; (Modern Art) (1878);
Zeller, Eduard. A noted German theologian,
(Church and State) (1878); (Faust) (1878), a
philosopher, and historian ; born at Kleinbott-
notable critical work; etc.
mar in Würtemberg, 1814. He studied at Tüb.
ingen and Berlin; and despite the very free Zernitz, Christian Friedrich (tsār'nēts).
tendencies of his thought, strongly influenced A German didactic poet; born at Tanger-
by that of Strauss, he was professor of theology münde, 1717; died 1744. All his works were
at Bern, and later professor of philosophy at posthumous. His Didactic Essays) are highly
Heidelberg and at Berlin. Among his chief esteemed.
works are : Platonic Studies) (1839); (The
Zesen, Philipp von (tsā'zen). A German
Philosophy of the Greeks) (1844-52); “The
poet, and critical and satirical writer; born at
Story of the Apostles, Critically Investigated
(1854); David Friedrich Strauss Depicted in
Priorau near Dessau, 1619; died at Hamburg,
1689. He devoted himself to the study of phil-
his Life and Writings) (1874); (Frederick the
Great as a Philosopher) (1886); etc.
ology and poetry; giving special attention to
perfecting and purifying his mother tongue.
Zeller, Jules Sylvain (zel-lär'). A French Among his numerous writings in prose and
historian; born at Paris, April 23, 1820. He verse are the novels (Adriatic Rosemund
became professor of history in the Polytechnic (1645) and (Samson'; and the poem 'Priorau;
School in 1863, and general inspector of higher or, The Praise of the Fatherland, as well as
education in 1876. Among his works are: some excellent short verse.
(The Roman Emperors : Characters and Por.
traits) (1863); (History of Germany) (1872-91);
Zeuss, Johann Kaspar (tsois). A German
philologist and writer of history; born at
( The Tribunes and the Revolutions in Italy)
(1873); “Pius IX. and Victor Emmanuel : Con-
Vogtendorf in Upper Franconia, July 22, 1806;
died there, Nov. 10, 1856. Among his works
temporary History of Italy) (1879); (Short His-
are : (The Germans and the Neighbor Stocks)
tory of Italy from the Fall of the Roman
(1837); “The Descent of the Bavarians from
Empire to our Time) (4th ed. 1886).
the Marcomanni? (1839); (Witzenburg Tradi-
Zeno, Apostolo (dzā'no). An Italian drama- tions and Possessions) (1942); (The Free Im-
tist and historian; born at Venice, 1668; died perial City of Spires from its Destruction)
in the same city, 1750. He has been called (1843); (Celtic Grammar) (two vols. , 1853),
the father of Italian opera, and acquired great his greatest work.
fame by his dramatic works, published in 1744,
Zevecot, Jacob (zā've-kot'). A Dutch poet
in many volumes. Among his other works are :
(Historical Dissertations) (1752-53); and (Epis-
and dramatist, considered by his contemporaries
tles) (1785).
the greatest Latin poet of his time; born at
Gand, 1604; died 1646. Among his works are:
Zeno of Elea. A Greek philosopher; born (Elegies); "Greek Maria' and (Rosimunda,'
about the fifth century B. C. ; the date of his tragedies; (Esther,' a tragi-comedy ; (The Siege
.
(


## p. 596 (#612) ############################################

596
ZEYER - ZIMMERMANN
of Leyden) (1626), a tragedy written in Flem-
ish; and various collections of shorter poems.
Zeyer, Julius (zā'yer). A Czech novelist
and poet; born at Prague, 1842. After travel.
ing extensively on the Continent, he spent sev.
eral years teaching in Russia. He has written
in prose (Andrew Cernysev,' a notable ro-
mance ; (Miss Olympia);(Count Xavier); (Ma-
drana's Adventure); (Tales of Sosana); (The
True Friendship of Amis and Amil'; etc. : and
in verse, "Vysehrad, a series of epic poems,
based on Bohemian ancient history.
Zezschwitz, Gerhard von (tsāch'vits). A
German theological writer; born at Bautzen,
July 2, 1825; died July 20, 1886, at Erlangen,
where he was a professor in the university.
Among his numerous writings are: (The Cate.
chisms of the Waldensians and the Bohemian
Brethren) (1863); (The Mediæval Drama, from
the End of the Roman Empire) (1878); (Sys-
tem of Practical Theology) (3 vols. , 1876–78);
(Manual of the Theological Sciences) (1883);
(Catechetics) (1883).
Zhukovski, or Joukovski, sometimes written
Shukows. (zhö-kof'skē), Vasiliï Andréevich.