No More Learning

Melrichstadt, indecisive battle at, between
Henry IV and Rudolf, 140
Melrose, Cistercian abbey, 677
Melun, 593 sq.
Mercia, north, 502; west, 507; earl of, see
Edwin
Merseburg, diets at, 345, 386, 390, 460; 122,
157, 384
Mesco, prince of Poland, brother of dukes
Vladislav and Boleslav, 351
Meseburg, see Wieselburg
Messina, 176; captured by Normans, 177;
184, 196, 439; occupied by Richard I, 201,
462; taken by Henry VI, 471; Henry VI
dies at, 479
Metz, commune of, 631; 27, 354, 654
Meuse, river, 397
Michael IV, Eastern Emperor, 257
Michael VII, Eastern Emperor, appeals to
Pope, 270; 133, 181
Michael Burtzes, Greek general, 247, 251
Michael Cerularius, patriarch of Constanti-
nople, 29
Michael Doceanus, catapan, 170
Michael Palaeologus, sent by Manuel VII to
Italy, 191; leads revolt in South Italy,
192; death of, ib.
Michael the Scot, translator of Aristotle, 813
Middlesex, 481, 507 sq. ; sheriffdom leased
to London, 539; earl of Essex, hereditary
sheriff of, 548
Midlands, the, 481, 501 sq. , 521, 551, 570
Milan, its antiquity, 209; a rival of Rome, 39;
civic consciousness in, 213 sq. ; classes and
their warfare in, 217 sqq. , 235, 237; con-
suls of, 219 sq. , 233; its geographical
position, 230; its ambitions and foes, 226,
230; church reforms at, 39 sqq. ; synod at
(1059), 42; reformers at, and Alexander II,
47; Patarine tumults in, 47 sq. , 219;
Erlembald's rule in, 48, 219; Gregory VII
and, 59, 63 sqq. , 130, 134; Henry IV and,
49, 59 sq. , 63 sqq. , 136, 139; favours
Anacletus against Innocent II, 364; hostile
to Lothar III, ib. ; won over by St Bernard,
hostility to Frederick I, 194, 417;
her power increases on Frederick's return
to Germany, 422; besieged and captured
by Frederick I, 426 sq. ; revolts again, 428;
captured and destroyed, 434 sq. ; rebuilt,
440; won over by Frederick I, 457; Henry
VI and Constance married at, 408, 457;
first podestà at, 238; 22, 33 sq. , 52 sq. ,
339, 388, 397, 465, 470; archbishops of,
see Adalman, Anselm, Aribert, Atto, God.
frey, Guido, Hilduin, Humbert, Landolf,
Manasse, Tedald, Urban III
Milazzo, 177
Miles of Brecknock, rebels against Stephen,
545; made earl of Hereford, 548
Mileto, 176
Milford Haven, 565
Milites, in Italian cities, 235 sq.
Milo of Bray, viscount of Troyes, 596 sq. ,
602
Ministeriales, rise of, in Germany, 119 sqq. ;
usurpation of freedom by, in Saxony, 128;
royal ministeriales, ib. ; Henry V and, 155;
Markward of Anweiler, a ministerialis,
472; 149, 352
Mirabeau, castle of, 556, 567
Miramar, the College of the Holy Trinity of,
325
Mirdāsites, emirs of po, 255 sqq.
Misilmeri, Norman victory over Saracens at,
177
Missionary work, in Scandinavia, 114, 116,
415; among the Slavs, 114, 116, 165, 333,
343 sq. , 398 sqq. ; in the East, 325 sqq.
Mitre, papal and episcopal, use of, 34 sq.
Modena, position of, at end of twelfth cen-
tury, 225; a rival of Bologna, Piacenza,
and Reggio, 230; takes oath of fealty
to Frederick I, 426
Modoald, bishop of Tours, 771
Moglena, Normans at, 182
Mohun, William de, earl of Somerset, rebels
against Stephen, 544; made earl by
Matilda, 547
Moldavia, civil code of, 719
Molesme, abbey, 669, 672, 674
Molfetta, 192
Monaco, Genoese at, 472
Monastic orders, Chap. xx; reforms of
Benedictof Aniane, 659 sq. ; of Chrodegang,
and Amalarius, 660 sq. ; decline after the
death of Charlemagne, 661; the Cluniac
movement, 661 sqq. ; revival of, in Eng-
land, 666; the Order of Camaldoli,
667; of La Cava, Vallombrosa, and
Grandmont, 668; the Carthusian Order,
669 sq. ; other ascetic orders, 670; Fonte-
vrault, 671; Cistercian Order, 672 sqq. ;
canons regular, 678 sqq. ; Premonstraten-
sian Order,680 sq. ; Orderof Sempringham,
682; military orders, 683 sqq. ; orders and
congregations, 684 sq. ; and the Fourth
Lateran Council, 685; condition of, in the


## p. 984 (#1030) ###########################################

984
Index
thirteenth century, 686; causes of the
decline of discipline, 687; later orders,
688; reforms of Benedict XII, 688 sq. ;
learning in monasteries, 690; monastic
finance, 691; decline of, in England,
691 sq. ; decline of, in France, Italy,
and Germany, 692; growth of the con-
gregational system, 693 sqq. ; fifteenth-
century attempts at reform, 695 sq. ; and
the Reformation, 696
Mongol Empire, converted to Islām, 326
Monreale, monastery, 668
Montacute, castle of, 530
Mont Cenis, crossed by Henry IV, 137
Montchauvet, castle of, 593, 596
Monte Cassino, abbey of, Victor II at, 31
sq. ; death of Victor III at, 87; monks
expelled by William I of Sicily, 416;
placed under interdict by Celestine III,
464; 32 sq. , 79, 202, 658, 661 sq. , 688, 693,
696
Monte Fano, monastery, 688
Monte Gargano, Norman pilgrims at, 168
Monteleone, near Bivona, 173
Montemaggiore, battle of, 171
Monte Oliveto, Order of, 688
Montepeloso, Norman victory at, 171; 176
Monteporzio, victory of Christian of Mayence
at, 198
Monte Rodone, 470
Montesa, Knights of, 683
Monte Vergine, abbey, 688
Montevilliers, first Norman nunnery at,
491
Montferrand, 598
Montferrat, marquesses of, foes of Italian
towns, 225; enemies of Asti, 229; 418,
442, 445; see also Conrad
Montfort-l'Amauri, castle of, 593, 596, 612
Montgomeri, Norman castle, 488, 530
Montgomery, castle in Wales, 525
Montgomery, family of, 492, 536; see also
Arnulf, Robert of Bellême, Robert of
Poitou, Roger, William Talvas
Montjoy, 597
Montlbéry, castle of, 593, 596 sq.
Montlouis, 614
Montmirail, 613
Montpellier, 435; commune of, 628, 638;
hospital of the Holy Spirit at, 683
Montreal, fortress, 304
Montreuil in Normandy, manor of, 488 sq.
Montreuil-Bellay, 609
Montreuil-sur-Mer, gild at, 637; commune
at, 647
Mont-Saint-Michel, monastery, re-establish.
ed, 484; 491, 524, 611
Monza, 339, 363, 427
Moravia, see of Olmütz in, 4
Morena, Acerbus, chronicler, on Frederick
Barbarossa, 382
Moreruela, Cistercian abbey, 676
Moret, 616
Morimond, Cistercian abbey, 672, 675 sqq. ,
682
Morkere, earl of Northumbria, acquiesces in
Harold's election, 482; defeated by Harold
Hardrada, 499; retires to his estates after
Hastings, 501 sq. ; submits to William,
502; but rebels, 503; a prisoner, 505
Morlas, local customs of, 643
Morocco, foundation of Idrisite caliphate in,
242
Mort d'Ancestor, writ of, 589
Mortain, Norman castle and comté, 485, 490;
670; count of, outlawed and despoiled by
Henry I, 530 sq. , 536; counts of, see
Robert, Stephen, William
Mortener, battle of, 494 sq.
Mortimer family, fiefs of, 511, 536
Mortimer, Hugh, and Henry II, 555
Mortimer, Ralf of, and William II, 523
Morton, John, archbishop of Canterbury,
692
Moselle, river, 351
Moses ben Maymun, see Maimonides
Mosinopolis, Normans defeated by Byzantines
near, 199
Mouchy, 615
Mountsorrel, castle of, 568 sq.
Mouzon, negotiations between Henry V and
Calixtus II at, 106 sq. ; 397
Mowbray, Robert of, earl of Northumberland,
rebels against William II,522; imprisoned,
523; 526
Mowbray, Roger de, rebels against Henry II,
568, 570
Moxby, nunnery, 681
Mubārak-ad-Daulah Fataḥ, 255
Mufarrij ibn Daghfal ibn Jarrah, see Ibn
Daghfal
Muḥammad ibn Dimlaj, Turkish emir, 262
Muhammad ibn Rā‘iq, emir of Aleppo,
245
Muhammad ibn Tughjal-Ikhshid, see Ikhshid
Muhammadan, Empire, in Syria and Egypt,
Chap. vi; philosophy, 811 sqq. , 814 sqq.
Mühlhausen, 341, 406
Mu'izz, Fātimite Caliph, his conquest of
Egypt, 247
Mu'izz ibn Badis, Zairid emir of Tunis,
renounces Fātimites, 258
Mu'izz-ad-Daulah Thumāl, see Thumāl
Mujāhid, ruler of Denia, and Sardinia, 226
Muktafi, Abbasid Caliph, defeats Qarmatians
and puts an end to Țūlūnite dynasty,
245
Munich, growth of, under Henry the Lion,
400 sq. ; 340
Mūnis, 'amir al-'umarā at Baghdad, defeats
Fātimites, 245
Munster, 565
Muret, near Limoges, 668
Muriella, wife of Tancred de Hauteville, 170
Musegros, forest, 603
Musta'li, Fātimite Caliph, 264
Mustanşir, Fātimite Caliph, 258 sq. , 262,
264
Mutanabbi, Arab poet, 246
Mu'tazilites, sect of, 815
sq. ; 252


## p. 985 (#1031) ###########################################

Index
985
Nicholas II, Pope (Gerard, bishop of Flor-
ence), election of, 35; enthroned, 36;
papacy of, 36 sqq. ; character of, 39; makes
treaty of Melfi with Normans, 36, 77, 174
sq. ; his papal election decree, see Rome,
Councils (1059); his decree on canons,
678; death of, 39, 42; 52, 73, 92, 114
Nicholas IV, Pope, and the fall of Acre, 318
sq.
Nicholas, St, shrine of, at Bari, 688
Nicholas Breakspear, see Hadrian IV, Pope
Nicholas de Tudeschis, the canonist, 742
Niclot, Wendish prince, 344, 354 sq. , 386,
398 sq.
Nahr-Ibrāhim, river, northern boundary of
kingdom of Jerusalem, 301
Namur, 2; county of, 410 sq.
Nanno, count of Verona, tries Ratherius,
214
Nantes, county of, 556, 611
Naples, early organisation of city government
in, 167, 209; early commerce at, 216;
besieged by Guiscard, 179; 183; Roger II
invested with, 186; conquers duke of, 187;
William I invested with, 193; unsuccess-
fully besieged by Henry VI, 202, 464;
surrenders to Henry VI, 470; 491; duke
of, see Sergius IV
Narbonne, trade of, 644; viscountess of,
616; archbishop of, made primate over
Aix, 90
Nāşir-ad-Daulah Hasan, ruler of Mosul,
245
Nāşir-ad-Daulah ibn Hamdān, Turkish
leader, rules over Egypt, 259, 262
Nāsir-i-Khusrau, Persian traveller, 258
Nasr ibn Mushraf, Arab chief, 257
Nasr, son of Mahmūd ibn Nasr, Mirdāsite
emir of Aleppo, 261
Nașr Shibl-ad-Daulah ibn Şāliḥ, Mirdāsite
emir of Aleppo, 256; dies, 258
Navarre, monasticism in, 677
Nazarius, St, 41
Neauphle, 601
Nebrija, Antonio de, the jurist, 748
Neckar, river, 140
Negropont, pillaged by William I, 193
Neocaesarea, council of, and celibacy, 11
Neo-Platonism, 781 sq.
Neronian Field, battle on the, victory of
anti-Pope Honorius II, 43
Netherlands, Roman and canon law in the,
755 sq. ; monasteries in, 663, 696; see also
Flanders
Neufmarché, taken by Louis VII, 610
Neuss, monastery, 694
Neustria, reforms of St Boniface in, 12
Neutra, see Nyitra
Névelon of Pierrefonds, and Louis VII, 615
Nevers, bishop of, 563; count of, 598, 615,
619
Newcastle, built, 518; 544; surrendered to
Henry II, 556; 571
New Forest, 527
Newhouse, first English Premonstratensian
monastery, 680
Nicaea, 276; capital of Qilij. Arslān I, 285;
besieged by crusaders, 283 sq. , 285; sur-
renders, 285 sq. ; 288, 299, 330, 492;
council of (325), 11, 708, 711; council of
(787), 708
Nicephorus II Phocas, Eastern Emperor,
conquests in Syria, 246 sq.
Nicephorus III Botaniates, Eastern Emperor,
war with Guiscard, 181
Nicetas, governor of Antioch, 257
Nicetas, Byzantine historian, on Henry VI,
473
Nicholas I, Pope, 35 note, 111
Nicolaitans, nickname of married clergy,
41
Niel, King of Denmark, 344; death of, ib.
Nigel de Albini, 536
Nigel, bishop of Ely, treasurer of Henry I,
rebels against Stephen, 545; treasurer of
Henry II, 555, 573, 576
Nigel of Saint Sauveur, leads revolt against
William I, 493
Nikita, Byzantine governor of Bulgaria,
275
Nilus, St, 1
Nilus Doxapatrius, Greek author, at court of
Roger II, 207
Nîmes, commune at, 639, 648; synod at, 95
Niort, commune of, 649
Niš, Walter Sansavoir and Peter the Hermit
at, 275, 278
Nizam-al-mulk, Seljūq vizier, murder of,
264
Nogent, monastery of, 593; see also Guibert
Nominalism, and Realism, 794 sq.
Nonantula, abbey, 661
Norbert, St, founds the Premonstratensian
Order, 680; 110; supports Innocent II,
342
Nordalbingia, Lothar III's activities in, 344
Nordhausen, Henry V holds synod at (1105),
150
Nordheim, counts of, 152 sq. ; see also Henry
the Fat, Otto
Norfolk, county, 508; risings in, 518, 521;
543, 548, 584
Norfolk, earldom of, created by Stephen,
546; earl of, see Bigod, Hugh
Normandy, duchy of, Chaps. XV, XVI, XVII,
XVIII; administration of, under Richard II,
484 sqq. ; vicomtés and comtés, 485; revenue,
486; position of bishops, 486 sq. ; land
tenure in, 487 sq. ; knights' fees in, 489;
the peasantry in, 490; church in, under
iam I, 496; monasteries in, 663
Normans, in South Italy and Sicily, Chap. IV;
character of their rule, xii sq. ; arrival in
South Italy, 168, 491; take service under
various rulers, 169; aid in revolts, 170
sqq. ; mercenaries at Byzantium, 171; and
the Papacy, xi sqq. , 21 sq. , 31 sq. , 36, 45,
52, 59, 76 sqq. , 86 sq. , 90, 96, 101, 105,
110 sq. , 114, 116, 142, 156, 174 sqq. , 178,
193; Frederick I and, 396; Eastern am-


## p. 986 (#1032) ###########################################

986
Index
bitions of, xiv; Chaps xi, XIII passim; in
Sicily, 207; see also Sicily, kingdom of
Northallerton, battle of the Standard near,
544; castle of, 570
Northampton, Assize of, 584 sqq.
Northampton, town, 555 note; council of
(1164), 561; 562, 570 sq. ; earl of, see
Simon de Sentliz
Northamptonshire, 570, 581
North Sea, 504
Northumberland, county, 517 sqq. , 523 sq. ;
543 sq. ; surrendered to Henry II, 556;
580
Northumberland, earldom of, 517, 522, 544;
earls of, see Henry, son of David of Scot-
land, Mowbray, Walcher, Waltheof; see
also Bernicia
Northumbria, province, 502, 504, 570; earl
of, see Morkere
Norway, church in, relations with Gregory
VII, 85; missions to, 415; monasticism in,
677
Norwich, 538, 553, 570, 578, 690
Noto, in Sicily, 183
Nottingham, castle at, 503, 568; borough,
538, 551, 555, 570
Nottinghamshire, 549, 555, 577, 584
Nouvion l'Abbesse, castle of, 595
Novara, 211; ally of Pavia, 230
Novel disseisin, writ of, 589, 759
Noyon, commune at, 649
Noyon-sur-Andelle, 602
Nuneaton, nunnery, 671
Nunneries, 671, 681
Nūr-ad-Din, Sultan, son of Zangi, captures
Damascus, 307; the Second Crusade and,
ib. ; conquest of Egypt, 308; death of,
309
Nuremberg, besieged and captured by Lothar
III, 337 sqq. ; diet of (1186), peace enact-
ments at, 383
Nydala, Cistercian abbey, 677
Nyitra (Neutra), in Hungary, band of cru-
saders dispersed at, 276
brother of William I, 496; left in charge
in England, 503; his fiefs, 506; im.
prisoned by William I, 519; his revolt
against William II, 521 sq. ; takes the
Cross, 527
Odo, abbot of Cluny, 662
Odo of Tournai, 3
Odofred, the glossator, 734 sq. , 738
Offa's dyke, 525
Oise, river, 491
Oldenburg, see of, 356, 398 sq. ; removed to
Lübeck, 400
Olmütz, see of, restored by Bratislav, 4
Oloron, no serfs in, 642; favourable geogra-
phical position of, 643
Ongar, castle and honour, 569
Ophamil, Walter, archbishop of Palermo,
one of Council of Ten in Sicily, 197; his
influence under William II, ib. ; in favour
of Henry VI, 200; crowns Tancred, 461
Oppenheim, 69, 136
Orderic of Pordenone, and missionary work,
326
Ordericus Vitalis, chronicler, 84 note; on
First Crusade, 275; on the monastery of
Saint-Évroult, 488
Ordo Cluniacensis, of Bernard, 664
Ordulf Billung, duke of Saxony, succeeds
his father, 114; 116, 129; death of, 130
Oria, 176
Orleans, commune of, 628; 598, 620 sq. ;
council of (533), 635; council of (538), 11;
bishop of, 594
Orontes, river, 291
Orsini family, 463
Osbern, a tenant of Richard II of Normandy,
487
Osbern, seneschal of Robert I of Normandy,
made guardian of William I, 492; murder
of, ib.
Osimo, 36
Osmond, Norman adventurer, 169
Ostrogoths, laws of the, 723
Oswald, bishop of Worcester, and monastic
reform, 663
Oswestry, 544
Otranto, city, 173, 176; territory of, 167
Otto I the Great, Western Emperor, and
papal elections, 36; and monastic reform,
662; 2, 101, 123, 151 sq. , 334, 358, 366,
394
Otto II, Western Emperor, his grant to men
of Lazise, 215
Otto III, Western Emperor, grant to citizens
of Cremona, 214; and Romuald, 667; 1,
14
Otto IV, Western Emperor, son of Henry the
Lion, 467, 469, 477
Otto, cardinal-bishop of Ostia, see Urban II,
Pope
Otto of Nordheim, made duke of Bavaria,
114; aids Anno to capture Henry IV,
115; weakness of, in Bavaria, 122; his
revolt and condemnation, 129; in revolt
of 1073, 131 ; pardoned and advanced, 126,
Obasine, monastery, 678
Obbiano, 176
Obotrites, land of the, given to Canute of
Schleswig, 344; 354; see also Niclot,
Wends
Ochrida, Normans at, 182
Ocri, monastery at, 33
Octavian (anti-Pope Victor IV), cardinal of
Santa Cecilia, sent as legate to Germany,
379, 423; his character, 379; as anti-
Pope, 368, 430 sq. , 433, 436, 617 sqq. ;
death of, 394, 438
Octavian, cardinal-bishop of Ostia, im-
prisoned by Henry VI, 467
Oculus pastoralis, treatise on duties of the
podestà, 238
Oder, river, 355, 389
Odilo, abbot of Cluny, and Robert I of Nor-
mandy, 491; 2, 662, 664
Odo, bishop of Bayeux, earl of Kent, half-


## p. 987 (#1033) ###########################################

Index
987
135; revolts again, 135; his death, 142;
his territories inherited by Lothar of
Saxony, 152, 164, 334; 145, 153, 404 note
Otto, duke of Swabia, death of, 113
Otto of Wittelsbach, count-palatine of
Bavaria, reconciles Henry the Proud and
Leopold of Austria, 340
Otto, count-palatine of Wittelsbach, his
wrath with papal legates, 391, 425; sent
by Frederick to Italy, 426; made duke of
Bavaria, 405
Otto of Olmütz, Lothar III supports his
claim to dukedom of Bohemia, 336 sq.
Otto of Olmütz, son of the elder Otto, heads
rebellion in Bohemia, 352
Otto, margrave of Brandenburg, 153, 465
Otto, bishop of Bamberg, consecrates arch-
bishop Adalbert, 160; missionary work in
Pomerania, 110, 165, 343; his attitude in
contest of Empire and Papacy, 104, 106;
supports Innocent II, 342
Otto, bishop of Constance, 62 note
Otto, bishop of Freising, and logic, 808; his
version of the Concordat of Worms, 108;
on Lothar III's election, 335; on Lothar,
480; on settlement of Frankfort, 350;
reads. conciliatory letter of Hadrian IV to
Frederick I, 391; dispute with Henry the
Lion over trade, 400; 153 sq.
Otto of Ballenstädt, marries Eilica, daughter
of duke Magnus, 152 sq. ; 164
Otto Frangipane, 418
Otto de Grandison, leader of English crusa-
ders, 318; defends Acre, ib.
Otto of St Blaise, chronicler, on Henry VI,
473, 480
Ottokar, margrave of Styria, made duke of
Styria, 405
Ouche, district, 488
Oudenarde, 599
Ourscamp, monastery, 675
Owen Gwynedd, prince of North Wales, and
Henry II, 556
Owston Ferry, 570
Oxford, 537 sq. ; surrenders to Matilda, 547;
besieged by Stephen, 548 sq. ; 576 sq. ,
579; St Frideswide at, 567 note; Benedic-
tine house (Gloucester Hall) at, 689;
school of law at, 757; opposition to
Aquinas at, 823
Oxford, earl of, see Vere
Oxfordshire, 507, 548, 570, 580
Tancred crowned at, 461; Tancred dies at,
470; surrenders to Henry VI, 203, 471;
Henry VI crowned at, 203, 471; Henry VI
buried at, 479; made a metropolitan see,
193; 474 note
Palestine, conquered by Fātimites, 249;
Seljūq Turks in, 262; 403, 492, 528, 540,
593,595,608; see also Crusades, Jerusalem,
kingdom of
Palestrina, death of Damasus II at, 23
Palmer, Richard, bishop of Syracuse,
minister in Sicily, 196; one of Council of
Ten, 197
Pandulf, prince of Benevento, 169
Pandulf (Paldolf) III, prince of Capua, aids
Melo against Byzantines, 169; imprisoned
by Henry II, 169; released by Conrad II,
ib. ; deposed by Conrad II, 170; restored
by Henry III, 172
Panormitanus, canonist, 743
Papacy, Introduction, Chaps. I, II, III, X, XI,
XII, XIII, XIV; election decree of 1059, viii
sqq. , 36 sq. ; situation of, at beginning of
Gregory VII's rule, 58 sq. ; its dangerous
position after death of Gregory VII, 86; its
enhanced position after the Concordat of
Worms, 109 sqq. , 360 sq. ; St Bernard on
the powers of, xxi; relations with Normans,
see Normans; relation of Popes to war
against Muslims, 267 sq. ; and crusading
movement, 320 sqq. ; effects of crusades
on, 321 sq. ; its degradation of the crusad-
ing movement, 322 sq. ; schism of, in 1159,
430 sq. ; and indulgences, 323 sq. ; and
tithes, 324; and church reform, vii sqq. ;
and Councils of the Church, ix; its
finances, x sq. ;see also Popes
Papareschi, family of, 363
Paphnutius, at Council of Nicaea, 11
Papinian, Roman jurist, his Responsa, 721 sq.
Paris, council of (559), 635; council of (824),
776; council of (829), 26, 776; Robert
Curthose at, 519; 493, 596; Henry II at,
611; 616, 620; see of, 621; commune of,
628; cathedral school of, 773; abbey of
St Victor at, 800; Peter the Lombard at,
803 sq. ; teaching of Roman Law forbidden
to the University of, 751; University of,
takes lead in theology, 767; Aristotle for.
bidden to the University, 814, 817 sqq. ;
Aquinas at, 821; papal collections of
Decretals sent to the University, 714
Parma, 43, 229, 231 note; a rival of Piacenza
and Reggio, 230
Paschal II, Pope (Cardinal Rainer), election
of, 95; his early life, 95 sq. , 666; troubles of,
at Rome, 96; character of, 96 sq. ; relations
with Henry IV, 97 sq. , 149; relations with
Henry V, 96 sq. , 154; attitude on investi-
ture question, 98 sqq. , 155; his success in
France, 99; relations with England, 99 sq. ,
531 sq. ; welcomed in France, 101; nego-
tiations with Henry V, ib. ; his solution of
the investiture problem, 102; captured by
Henry V, 102; his concessions to Henry V,
Padua, its antiquity, 209; new walls of, 225;
229; rival of Venice, 230; 231; forms
League of Verona against Barbarossa, 438;
abbey of Sta Giustina at, 693; 740
Paganel, Ralph, of Dudley, rebels against
Stephen, 544
Païen of Garlande, see Garlande
Païen of Montjay, 597, 602
Paldolf III, ruler of Capua, see Pandulf III
Palermo, captured by Normans, 177 sq. , 183,
266; Roger II crowned at, 186; 190, 194,
196, 199, 206, 439; riots at, 195, 197, 462;


## p. 988 (#1034) ###########################################

988
Index
103; forced to retract them, 103, 156; flees
from Rome, 105; death of, ib. ; Fontevrault
and, 671; 117 note
Paschal III, anti-Pope, see Guido of Crema
Paschasius Radbert, on the Eucharist, 791
Passais, the, 495
Passerano, 36
Pataria, Patarines, nickname given to re-
formers at Milan, 41 sq. , 219; conflicts at
Milan, 47 sqq. ; 52 sq. , 64, 134
Patrician of Rome, title given to Henry III,
22; to Henry IV, 42
Pauca palea, the canonist, 742
Paul of Castro, the commentator, 740
Paul the Deacon, brought from Italy by
Charlemagne, 766, 772
Paulus, Roman jurist, his Sententiae, 721 sqq.
Pavia, councils of (1018), 15 sq. ; (1046), 19,
21; (1049), 25; popular rising against
bishop, 40; rival of Milan, 219 sq. , 230;
consuls at, 220; favours Frederick I, 417
sq. , 426, 428, 440, 442, 445; Frederick I
holds synod at, 433, 436; law-school at,
732 sqq. ; 139, 465, 662, 664
Payerne, abbey, 662, 664
Peace of God, in Germany, 143; and
communes, 635 sq.
Peak Castle, 556, 568
Peckham, John, archbishop of Canterbury,
and the state of the monasteries, 687; his
attacks on Aquinas, 822
Pedites, in Italian cities, 236 sq.
Peene, river, 398
Pelagius II, Pope, attitude to celibacy, 12
Pelagonia, Normans at, 182
Pelavicini, feudal lords of Lombardy, 225
Pembroke, castle of Arnulf of Montgomery
at, 525, 530; earldom of, created by
Stephen, 546; earls of, see Clare, Marshall,
Strongbow
Pembrokeshire, Flemish colony in, 535
Peñafort, Raymond de, Spanish jurist, 748;
compiles Gregory IX's Decretals, 714
Pencader, 556
Penthièvre, 498, 504
Pepin, King of Italy, son of Charlemagne,
and city of Piacenza, 211
Pepo, the glossator, 737
Perche, 530
Perpignan, commune of, 631, 640, 643
Persia, bishopric founded in, 326
Perth, 517
Perugia, its position in Umbria, 228 sq.
Peter, King of Aragon, acknowledges papal
authority, 90
Peter Damian, cardinal-bishop of Ostia, 3, 13
note, 19, 26, 28; early life of, 33; legate at
Milan, 38, 41 sq. , 48; letters of, to Cadalus
and Henry IV, 43 sq. ; his Disceptatio
Symodalis, 44; opinion of the Lombard
bishops, 42; goes to France, 46; compels
Henry IV to take back his wife, 117; death
of, 49; his asceticism, 667; and canons
regular, 678; his philosophical works, 792;
34, 39, 45, 92
Peter Morrone (Pope Celestine V), founds the
Celestine Order, 688
Peter Pierleoni, cardinal of St Calixtus (anti-
Pope Anacletus II), election of, 363; sup-
ported by Roger II, and creates him King
of Sicily, 186 sq. , 364; appeals to Lothar
III, 342, 363; tries to justify his claim
before Lothar, 365; death of, 368
Peter Pisano, cardinal, won over to Innocent
IV by St Bernard, 368
Peter of La Châtre, archbishop of Bourges,
605, 607
Peter, bishop of Amalfi, 29
Peter the Lombard, bishop of Paris, his
philosophy, 803 sq.
Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, 666
Peter, abbot of Farfa, 5
Peter, abbot of La Celle, on Becket, 557
Peter, abbot of Monte Cassino, 32
Peter, prefect of Rome, 418
Peter the Hermit, his preaching of the First
Crusade and journey to Constantinople,
275 sqq. ; his importance a legend, 299
Peter, grand chamberlain, minister in Sicily,
196
Peter, count of Taranto, rebels against
Guiscard, 180
Peter of Trani, rebels against Guiscard,
178
Peter Bartholomew, finder of the Holy Lance,
295
Peter of Eboli, rhyming chronicler, on
marriage of Henry VI and Constance,
456 note; on Tancred, 202, 461
Peter of Pisa, learned Italian, 772
Peter of Studley, 576
Peterborough, 505, 684
Peterborough Chronicle, 481, 519, 549,
552
Peter's Pence xi, 19, 90
Petrarch, and the commentators, 739 sq.
Petronilla (Alice), second wife of Ralph of
Vermandois, 606
Pevensey, 500, 521, 530 sq.
Peverel family, fiefs of, 506, 511; honour
of, 568
Peverel, William, 506
Peverel, William, becomes a monk, 555
Philagathus, archbishop of Piacenza (anti-
Pope John XVI), 1
Philaretus (Philard), governor of Antioch,
263 note
Philip I, King of France, and simony, 9;
relations with Gregory VII, 81; his case at
the Council of Piacenza, 94; excommuni.
cated by Urban II at the Council of
Clermont, 89, 94; relations with Paschal
II, 99, 101; proposes marriage-alliance
with Roger I of Sicily, 183; and First
Crusade, 273; ally of Robert Curthose,
519, 526; 95, 126, 592, 601
Philip II Augustus, King of France, his
enmity to Henry II, 572; relations with
Frederick I, 397; and the fall of Henry
the Lion, 407; alliance with Frederick I,


## p. 989 (#1035) ###########################################

Index
989
409;
and Third Crusade, 310 sqq. , 322,
462; relations with Henry VI,467 sqq. ; 647
Philip, King of the Romans, duke of Swabia,
younger son of Frederick I, appointed to
see of Würzburg, 466; becomes duke of
Tuscany, 472; marries Irene, daughter of
Isaac Angelus, 473, 479; 477
Philip, half-brother of Louis VI, 596
Philip of Heinsberg, chancellor, archbishop
of Cologne, 393, 448; crowns Henry VI,
443; enemy of Henry the Lion, 403; re-
ceives Westphalia, 406, 408; his hostile
attitude to Frederick I, 407; his strong
position, 408, 458; submits to Frederick I,
409, 459; 460, 467
Philip, margrave of Namur, second son of
Baldwin of Hainault, 411
Philip, count of Flanders, and the fall of
Henry the Lion, 407; 411, 614, 619
Philip de Mezières, his enthusiasm for a new
crusade, 319
Philippopolis, 281, 411
Philomelium, Alexius at, 294
Philosophy, in the Middle Ages, Chap. XXIII;
character of ancient philosophy, 781;
Neo-Platonism and Christianity, 781 sq. ;
philosophy and theology, 782; John the
Scot, 784 sqq. ; decline of philosophy after
him, 788; Aristotle and Plato, 789 sq. ;
influence of Macrobius on, 790; importance
of dialectic, 790 sq. ; Sylvester II and, 791;
Berengar and Peter Damian, 792; Anselm
and, 792 sqq. ; Nominalism and Realism,
794 sq. ; Roscelin, 796; Abelard, 797 sqq. ;
Hugh of St Victor, 800 sqq. ; Peter the
Lombard, 803 sq. ; John of Damascus, 805;
John of Salisbury, 805 sqq. ; the school of
Chartres, 809 sq. ; intellectual progress in
the twelfth century, 810; the thirteenth
century, 810 sqq. ; translations of Aristotle,
811 sqq. ; Muslim philosophy, 814 sqq. ;
Aristotelianism in the thirteenth century,
817 sqq. ; Thomas Aquinas, 819 sqq. ;
Averroism, 821 sq. ; opposition to Aquinas,
822 sq. ; the Church and, 823 sqq. ; Duns
Scotus, 827 sqq.
Photius, patriarch, commentator on Greek
canon law, 708
Piacenza, council at, under Henry IV (1076),
66, 135; council of (1095), 93 sqq. , 146, 272
sq. ; early trade-corporation at, 210; early
institutions in, 211; class war at, 220 note;
new walls of, 225; geographical position
of, 229; ally of Milan, 230; a rival of
Parma, Cremona, and Modena, 230; pre-
rogatives of bishop at, 232; growth of
power of Council at, 234; institution of
podestà at, 238; Lothar III at, 364;
Frederick I near, 415; league with Milan,
194, 426, 430; submits to Frederick I,
428; punishment of, 435; peace negotiated
at, 452; 21, 47
Picardy, 498 sq. , 527
Pierleone, riots on Paschal's attempt to make
him prefect of Rome, 96, 105
Pierleoni, family of, financial supporters of
the Papacy, xi; assist Urban II at Rome,
91, 95; lose power on defeat of Roger II,
368; 363; see also Benedict, Jordan, Leo,
Peter, Pierleone
Pierrefonds, 615
Pierron, son of Amyas, Norman leader,
171
Pilgrim, archbishop of Cologne, 2, 18
Pilgrimages to Jerusalem, 269
Pipe Roll, begun by Roger of Salisbury, 534;
under Henry II, 573
Pisa, earlier wars with the Muslims, 226,
266; geographical position of, 208, 227 sqq. ;
rivalry with Lucca, 214, 227 sq. ; rivalry
with Genoa, 226 sqq. , 316 sq. ; new walls
of, 225; beginning of commune at, 220;
grant of Henry IV to, 220 note, 223;
consuls at, 221; first podestà at, 238;
development of commerce of, 226 sq. ;
during crusades, 239, 312, 329; Innocent II
at, 365 sq. ; sends ships to aid Lothar III,
367; negotiations of Conrad III with, 379
sq.
; alliance with Frederick I, 196, 418,
435, 439 sqq. ; peace with Sicily, 443;
alliance with Henry VI, 201, 203, 463 sq. ,
470 sq. ; refuses to join Tuscan league in
1197, 228; wars with Florence, ib. ; death
of Gregory VIII at, 459; 94, 105
Pistoia, hostility to Florence, 228
Placentinus, the glossator, 737
Plato, medieval knowledge of, 789 sq. ; and
the school of Chartres, 809
Pleichfeld, Henry IV defeated at, 144 sq.
Plotinus, 781 sq.
Plotislav (Pribislav), bequeaths Brandenburg
to Albert the Bear, 344, 357
Plumpton, Gilbert de, 578
Pluscarden, monastery, 678
Plynlimon, 525
Poblet, abbey, 695
Podestà, establishment of, in Italian cities,
237 sq. ; Frederick Barbarossa and, 427 sqq.
Pöhlde, 15, 23
Poictiers, council of (1000), forbids clerical
marriage, 14; council of (1078), 82
Poissy, 493
Poitou, 498, 527, 551, 567, 605, 609, 613, 671
Poix, 527
Polabia, 344
Poland, Church in, relations with Gregory
VII, 85; rebels against Emperor Henry IV,
113, 130 sq. ; Henry V and, 155, 165;
Lothar III and, 345; Conrad III and, 351;
Frederick I and, 388 sq. ; and the Teutonic
Knights, 333; monasticism in, 677; 355
Pole, William de la, 692
Polignac, viscount of, 615
Politian, Angelo, humanist, 741
Pomerania, Henry the Lion and, 400, 403;
missions in, 110, 165, 400; 343, 355
Pons, count of Tripolis, 302
Pons, abbot of Cluny, 666
Pontaudemer, 491
Pont-du-Château, castle of, 598


## p. 990 (#1036) ###########################################

990
Index
Prussia, East, Teutonic Order in, 332 sq.
Pudicus, bishop of Nantes, 26 sq.
Puiset, Le, castle and family, 593 sqq. , 620
Puiset, Hugh de, count of Bar, 570
Puiset, Hugh, bishop of Durham, rebels,
568, 570
Puiset, Hugh, lord of Le, 594 sqq. , 602
Pulsano, the Order of, 688
Pyrenees, valley communes of the, 630, 651
sq. , 654 sqq. ; southern boundary of Henry
II, 551, 554
Pontecorvo, 416
Ponte Lucano, Frederick I at, 421
Ponthieu, county of, 495, 530, 543, 651 sq.
Pontigny, abbey of, 672 sq. , 678
Popes, legitimate, see Agapetus, Alexander
II, III, IV, VI, Anastasius II, IV, Bene-
dict VIII, IX, XII, Boniface VIII, IX,
Celestine II, III, V, Clement II, III, IV, V,
Damasus II, Eugenius II, III, IV, Gelasius
I, II, Gregory I, II, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII,
IX, XI, XII, XIII, Hadrian I, IV, Honorius
II, III, Innocent I, II, III, IV, VIII, John
VIII, X, XII, XIX, XXII, Leo I, IV, VIII,
IX, Lucius II, III, Nicholas I, II, IV,
Paschal II, Sergius IV, Siricius, Sixtus IV,
Stephen III, IV, IX, Sylvester I, II, Urban
II, III, IV, V, Victor II, III, Zosimus;
anti-Popes, see Albert, Anacletus II (Peter
Pierleoni), Benedict X (John Mincius),
Calixtus III (John of Struma), Clement III
(Guibert), Gregory VIII (Burdinus), Hono.
rius II (Cadalus), John XVI (Philagathus),
Pascha) III (Guido of Crema), Sylvester III
(John of Sabina), Sylvester IV (Maginulf),
Theodoric, Victor IV (Octavian)
Popolani, or plebeians, rise of, in Italian
cities, 218 sqq.
Poppo, patriarch of Aquileia, 18
Poppo, archbishop of Trèves, and election of
Bruno to Toul, 24
Poppo, bishop of Brixen, see Damasus II,
Pope
Poppo, bishop of Metz, 92
Poppo, abbot of Stablo, 2 sq. , 18
Porphyry, 782
Portugal, monasticism in, 677, 683; military
orders in, 683
Posen, 351
Posidonius, the Stoic, 790
Pothier, his Pandectae Justinianeae in novum
ordinem redactae, 752
Powys, Welsh district, 525, 530
Prague, bishopric at, 4; 113 note, 352
Praxedis (Adelaide), marries Henry IV, 145;
her charges against him, 94, 146; her end,
146
Préaux, monastery of, 491
Premonstratensian Order, the, 680 sq. ; their
missionary work in Brandenburg, 343; in
Pomerania, 400; 553
Prémontré, monastery, 680
Pressburg, fortress in Hungary, 352
Preston Bisset, 580
Pribislav of Brandenburg, see Plotislav
Pribislav, Wendish prince, 344
Pribislav, son of Nicl his wars with Henry
the Lion, 398
Proclus, 785; translated by William of
Moerbeke, 814, 820
Provence, communes in, 627, 650; count of,
627, 629, 645; house of Zähringen and,
384, 390
Provins, receives a charter, 639
Prudentius of Troyes, and private churches, 8
Prudhoe, castle of, 570 sq.
Qairawān, capital of Barbary, 258; limit of
Roger II's conquests in Africa, 190
Qalāʻūn, Mamlūk Sultan of Egypt, makes
truce with Christians, 317; captures
Markab, 317; and Tripolis, ib.
Qarlū, Turkish leader, 262 note
Qarmatian sect of Shi'ites, 244 sqq. ; their
hostility to Abbasid Caliphs, 244; seize
the Black Stone, ib. ; defeated by Muktafi,
245; rivalry with Fāțimites, 248 sq. ;
schism among, 248
Qasim-ad-Daulah Āq-sonqor, see Āq-songor
Qassām, emir of Damascus, 249
Qilij-Arslān I, Dā’ūd, Sultan of Rūm, de-
feats crusaders at Cibotus, 276; 279;
defeated by crusaders at Dorylaeum, 286
sq. ; his defeat at Antioch, 293 note
Qilij-Arslān II, Sultan of Rum, and the
Third Crusade, 412
Qinnasrin, battle of, 245
Quadripartitus, legal tract, 535
Quadrivium, the, 765
Quedlinburg, Henry the Proud dies at, 347;
synod at (1095), 87, 143, 145; 150, 159
Quintisext in Trullo, Council, 11, 708
Qutuz, Mamlūk Sultan of Egypt, defeats
the Tartars, 317
Rabanus Maurus, archbishop of Mayence,
778 sq. , 784
Radewin, Florens, and the congregation of
Windesheim, 694
Radnor, 525
Radulphus Ardens, his philosophy, 801
Rafaniyah, 252, 257, 261 sq.
Rafred, abbot of Farfa, 5
Rahabah, 259, 263
Rainald of Dassel, archbishop of Cologne,
chancellor, 393, 396, 407; diplomatic
activity, 396 sq. , 619; feud with count-
palatine, 388; in the quarrel over beneficia,
390, 392, 425; on mission in Italy, 426,
428, 437; secures election of anti-Pope
Paschal III, 394, 438; leads force against
Rome, 440; death of, 392, 396, 401, 442
Rainald,countof Burgundy (Franche Comté),
opposed by Lothar III, 337; death of, 389
Rainald, bishop of Como, asked by Gregory
VII for aid, 59
Rainer, see Paschal II, Pope
Rainulf, countof Aversa, Norman adventurer,
169; his character and policy, 169 sq. ;
deserts Sergius IV, and joins Guaimar V,


## p. 991 (#1037) ###########################################

Index
991
170; aids Argyrus to revolt, 171; his death,
171
Rainulf II Trincanocte, count of Aversa, 172
Rainulf, count of Alife, rebels against Roger
II, 186; made duke of Apulia by Lothar,
187, 367 sq.
Ralf of Briquessart, vicomte of the Bessin,
heads revolt against William of Normandy,
493
Ralf of Guader, earl of East Anglia, rebels
against William I, 518
Ralf the Staller, joins William I, 502; 508;
his fiefs, 511
Ralf de Wacy, 493
Ralph, bishop of Bethlehem, 313
Ralph, count of Vermandois, 596; dispute
over his second marriage, 605 sq. ; made
seneschal, 622
Ralph of Beaugency, 597
Ralph of Caen, chronicler, cited, 288 note
Ralph, monk of Clairvaux, preaches crusade
against the Jews, 353
Ralph de Diceto, chronicler, on the Justiciar,
577
Ralph Paganel, see Paganel
Ralph of Soissons, husband of Alice, Queen
of Cyprus, made bailiff of the kingdom of
Jerusalem, 315
Ramlah, battles at, 248; captured by Turks,
262; occupied by crusaders, 295
Ramsey, 549; abbey of, 552, 663, 684, 691
Raniero of Forli, the jurist, 740
Ranulf, earl of Chester, claims on Cumber.
land, 543; 544; rebels against Stephen,
546 sqq. ; favours Henry II, 449, 551;
death of, 555; 556
Ranulf Flambard, bishop of Durham, made
treasurer by William II, 522 sq. ; his ex-
actions, 525; arrested by Henry I, 528;
persuades Robert to invade England, 529;
restored to Durham, 537; his buildings at
Durham, 553
Ranulf de Broc, excommunicated by Becket,
563; besieged, 569
Raqqah, on the Euphrates, 250 sq.
Ratchis, King of the Lombards, and Lombard
law, 730 sq.
Rath, the, beginnings of, 400 note
Ratherius, bishop of Verona and Liège, his
life, 2 sq. ; tries to enforce celibacy, 2, 12;
schools and, 777; deposed, 214
Ratisbon, 4; disturbances at, 149; diet of
(1110), 155 sq. ; Lothar III holds diet at
(1126), 336; diet of (1138), Conrad III
and Henry the Proud at, 346; besieged by
Henry Jasomirgott, 352; diet of (1156),
creates duchy of Austria, 383, 385 sq. ;
diet of (1180), 405; 145, 150, 340, 353, 392,
402, 411
Ratramnus, on the Eucharist, 791
Ratzburg, bishopric of, 356, 399
Ravenna, synod of (1014), 16; Victor II
buried at, 32; early organisation of city
government in, 209 sq. ; enemy of Venice,
230; takes oath of fealty to Frederick I,
426; Markward made duke of, 472; law.
schools at, 734 sq. ; 22, 34, 662, 667
Raymond IV of Saint Gilles, count of
Toulouse, seeks alliance of Roger I of
Sicily, 183; joins the First Crusade, 272
sq. ; his position among the leaders, 274;
at Constantinople, 283; relations with
Alexius, 283 sqq. ; before Antioch, 289 sqq. ;
his support of Alexius, 294 sq. ; marches
on Jerusalem, 295; share in its capture,
296; refuses princedom of Jerusalem, 296;
his jealousy of Godfrey, 300; his death, 302
Raymond V, count of Toulouse, and Henry
II, 612, 614
Raymond of Poitou, prince of Antioch, 302,
307
Raymond III, count of Tripolis, guardian of
Baldwin IV and Baldwin V, 309; relations
with Guy de Lusignan, 310; death of,
310, 313
Raymond IV, count of Tripolis, resigns
county to Bohemond IV of Antioch, 313
Raymond, archbishop of Toledo, his transla-
tions from Arabic, 811
Raymond-Berengar I, count of Barcelona,
his feudal code, 729 note
Raymond-Berengar III, count of Barcelona,
his agreement with Roger II, 185
Raymond du Puy, grand-master of the
Hospitallers, 306
Raymond of Agiles, Provençal chronicler, on
First Crusade, 284 note; on numbers of
crusaders, 297 sq.
Raynald of Bâgé, appeals Louis VII, 616
Raynard, abbot of Câteaux, 674
Reading, abbey of, 564
Realism, and Nominalism, 794 sq.
Recared, Visigothic King, laws of, 726
Receswinth, Visigothic King, and Visigothic
law, 726
Rector, personates Michael VII, 181
Redvers, Baldwin de, earl of Devon, rebels,
543; made earl by Matilda, 547; 580
Redvers, Richard de, given barony, 536
Regalia, definition of, 117 sq. ; in Rome,
429 sq. ; in Lombardy, 427
Reggio, a rival of Parma, Cremona, and
Modena, 230
Reggio, in Calabria, 173 sqq.
Reginald of Chatillon, marries Constance of
Antioch, 308; supports Guy of Lusignan,
309; his breach of truce with Saladin, 310
Reginald, earl of Cornwall, half-brother of
Matilda, made earl, 547; adviser of Henry
II,555,559,568 sqq. ; supports Henry II,569
Reginhard, bishop of Liège, 17
Reichenhall, salt mines of, 400
Reiner of Waxham, 578
Reinhard, bishop of Halberstadt, his sub-
mission to Henry V, 159
Remiremont, nunnery, 671
Rémy, St, miracle by, 25
Rémy, Philip de, see Beaumanoir
Rennes, count of, see Alan
Reun, Cistercian abbey, 676


## p. 992 (#1038) ###########################################

992
Index
Rheims, council of (Oct. 1049), 25 sqq. , 30,
46, 494; synod at (1119), 106, 603; council
at (1148), 550; 604; commune of, 631 sq. ,
634, 638; archbishop of, made primate of
Belgica Secunda, 89 sq. ; 32, 87, 466
Rheinfelden, house of, end of, 146; see
Berthold, Rudolf, anti-king
Rhine, river, 69, 115, 136, 149, 382, 407;
Rhine district, 52, 119, 131, 139, 148, 151,
157 sq. , 339, 459; Rhine towns, 120, 123,
132, 139, 150 sq. ; counts. palatine of, see
Conrad,Godfrey, Henry, Herman, Siegfried
Rhone, river, 614, 616, 664
Rhuddlan, castle of, 537; 525
Rhys ap Gruffydd, prince of Deheubarth,
and Henry II, 556 sq.
Rhys ap Tewdwr, prince of Deheubarth, and
William II, 525
Richard I, King of England, 408; relations
with Tancred, 201, 462; as duke of
Aquitaine, 567, 613; rebels, 567, 569, 572,
614; in the Third Crusade, 310 sqq. , 462;
supports Henry the Lion, 465; captured
by Leopold of Austria, and handed over
to Henry VI, 467; negotiations for his
release, 467 sq. ; released, 468 sq. ; enfeoffed
with the kingdom of Arles, 469, 472; 575
Richard I, duke of Normandy, 483; condition
of Normandy under, 484; 487
Richard II, duke of Normandy, 169; his
rule, 484 sqq. ; founds monasteries, 484;
death of, 490
Richard III, duke of Normandy, 490
Richard I, count of Aversa, prince of Capua,
captures Benedict X, 36; his conquests,
173; invested with Capua by Nicholas II,
175; protects Alexander II, 43, 178;
ravages Campania, 45, 178; relations
with Gregory VII, 76 sq. , 178 sqq. ; and
Desiderius (Victor III), 86; death of, 77,
180; 181
Richard II, prince of Capua, acknowledges
suzerainty of Roger Borsa, 183
Richard, earl of Cornwall, in Syria, 315
Richard, archbishop of Canterbury, 568
Richard, archbishop of Narbonne, as abbot
of Marseilles and papal legate, attacks
Victor III, 87; created archbishop, 88
Richard of Ilchester, bishop of Winchester,
558; excommunicated by Becket, 563;
made bishop, 568
Richard, abbot of St Vannes, 2 sq. , 10, 20;
and Robert I of Normandy, 491
Richard, count of Acerra, leads Norman
army against Byzantium, 199; supports
Tancred, 201; defeats German army, 462;
fights against Henry VI, 464; death of, 479
Richard of Aquila, count of Fondi, revolts
against William I, 195
Richard of Clare, see Clare, Richard of
Richard, count of Molise, one of Council of
Ten in Sicily, 197
Richard, son of Robert, count of Évreux, 487
Richard of Ajello, succeeds his father as
chancellor of Sicily, 470
Richard of Anesty, his law-suit, 588
Richard Filangieri, bailiff of Frederick II in
Palestine, 303, 315
Richard Fitz Nigel, treasurer, writes Dialogus
de Scaccario, 573 sq. ; 579
Richard the Kaid, one of Council of Ten in
Sicily, 197
Richard of San Germano, chronicler, 200
note
Richenza, daughter of Henry the Fat, heiress
to Brunswick and Nordheim, 152 sq. , 334;
marries Lothar of Supplinburg, ib. ; in-
tervenes to reconcile Frederick of Swabia
and Lothar III, 340; crowned by Innocent
II at Liège, 364; accompanies Lothar
across Alps, 364; crowned in the Lateran,
365; attends coronation of Conrad III,
346; aids Henry the Proud in Saxony,
347; guardian of Henry the Lion, 348;
death of, 349
Richer, archbishop of Sens, protests against
primacy of Lyons, 89
Richer of L'Aigle, 536
Richmond, honour of, 522; earldom, 586;
see Alan, Conan
Ridel, Geoffrey, bishop of Ely, 568, 579
Ridwan, Fakhr-al-mulūk, emir of Aleppo,
264, 293
Rieti, 5, 198, 457, 462
Rievaulx, Cistercian abbey, 676
Rigaud, Eudes, archbishop of Rouen, his
Regestrum Visitationum, 685, 687
Rigomer, St, 771
Rimo, abbot of Farfa, poisoned at Rome, 5
Ripen, 386
Ripon, church of St Wilfrid at, 544
Ris, monastery, 664
Robert I, duke of Normandy, his rule, 490
sqq. ; goes on pilgrimage to Jerusalem,
491 sq. ; death of, 492
Robert II Curthose, duke of Normandy,
Maine claimed for, 495, 517; relations
with William I, 518 sq. ; bequeathed
Normandy by William I, 520; relations
with William Rufus, 521 sqq. ; pawns
Normandy to William Rufus, 527; in
the First Crusade, 274, 282, 527; reaches
Constantinople, 283; at Nicaea, 285; at
Dorylaeum, 286; at Antioch, 290; marches
on Jerusalem, 295; his position on the
death of William II, 528; returns to
Normandy, 529; invades England, ib. ;
attacked by Henry I, 530; defeated at
Tinchebrai and imprisoned, 531, 601;
Louis VI on the imprisonment of, 603
Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia, son of
Tancred de Hauteville, 65, 170, 493;
his character and policy, 172; count of
Apulia, 173 sq. ; does fealty to Nicholas II,
175; recognised as duke of Apulia, ib. ;
expedition to Sicily, 176 sqq. ; drives out
Byzantines, 176; quarrels with Roger,
177; his division of Sicily, 177 sq. ; inter-
necine Norman wars, 178 sqq. ; relations
with Gregory VII, 54, 76 sq. , 79, 178 sqq. ;


## p. 993 (#1039) ###########################################

993
Rockingham, William II holds a council at,
526
Rodolf, Norman adventurer, 169
Rodulf Glaber, chronicler, on Benedict IX, 17
Roeskilde, German settlers at, driven out by
Magnus, 344
Roffredus of Benevento, glossator, 737
Roger Borsa, duke of Apulia, succeeds his
father Guiscard, 86, 182; weakness of his
rule, 182 sq. , 185; invested by Urban II,
90; death of, 101 note
Roger I, count of Sicily, son of Tancred de
Hauteville, 170; comes to Italy and helps
Guiscard, 173; quarrels with Guiscard,
173 sq. , 177; plays chief part in conquest
of Sicily, 176 sqq. ; aids Roger of Apulia,
183; his settlement of Sicily, ib. ; privileges
obtained from Urban II, 90, 105, 184; and
Paschal II, 105; 95
Roger II, King of Sicily, his debt to Roger I,
184; succeeds as count, 184; seizes Apulia,
185, 362; his administration, 185 sq. ; and
monasticism, 688; crowned king, 186; his
enemies, ib. ; rebellion against, 186 sq. ;
wars with Lothar III, 187, 345, 364 sqq. ;
relations with Papacy, 187 sq. , 377; with
Conrad III, 188, 350, 353, 356; attack on
Eastern Empire, 188 sq. ; his projected
league against Byzantium, 189, 375; his
conquests in Africa, 189 sq. ; and the
Second Crusade, 374 sq. ; his death, 190;
character of his kingdom, ib. , 204 sqq.
Roger III of Sicily, son of Tancred of Sicily,
marriage with Irene, 202, 473; predeceases
Tancred, 202, 470
Roger, eldest son of Roger II, 185, 201,
461
Roger, eldest son of William I of Sicily, 195;
his death, 197
Roger Fitz-Richard, prince of Antioch, 301
sq.
Roger de Pont l'Evêque, archbishop of York,
and Henry II, 559; and Becket, 563; sup-
ports Henry II, 571
Roger, bishop of Salisbury, organises the
exchequer, 533 sq. ; and itinerant justices,
534; arrested by Stephen, 545; his death,
ib.
Roger, earl of Hereford, rebels against
William I, 518
Roger, earl of Hereford, and Henry II, 555
Roger of Montgomery, earl of Shrewsbury,
founds monasteries, 497; his fiefs in
England, 511, 524; erects castles, 512;
his Welsh conquests, 525
Roger, count of Acerra, evolts against
William I, 195
Roger, count of Andria, 448; a candidate
for the throne of Sicily, 201, 461; revolts
against Tancred, 462; his death, 462
Roger, count of Geraci, one of Council of
Ten in Sicily, 197
Roger de Toeni, founds monasteryat Conches,
493
Roger of Howden, chronicler, on Henry II's
63
Index
reconciliation with Richard of Capua, and
attack on Benevento, 77, 86, 179; renewed
revolt in Apulia, 180 sq. ; treaty of Ceprano
with Pope, 77, 180 sq. ; his Eastern ambi-
tions, xiv, 77, 181; his attack on Byzan-
tium, 181 sq. ; sack of Rome by, 79, 182;
death of, 86, 89, 182
Robert, prince of Capua, aids Honorius II,
185, 362; submits to Roger II, 185; rebels,
186; flees to Byzantium, 187; restored,
192; flees from William I, 192
Robert de Courçon, 314; papal legate, pro-
hibits Aristotle in Paris, 818
Robert, abbot of Jumièges, becomes bishop
of London, 493
Robert, abbot of Molesme, founds Citeaux,
672
Robert, abbot of Reichenau, deposed for
simony, 125
Robert of Bellême, earl of Shrewsbury,
supports Robert of Normandy, 522 sq. ;
rebels against Henry I and is banished,
529 sq. ; submits in Normandy, 531; 542;
his imprisonment, 603
Robert of Caen, see Gloucester, earl of
Robert of Commines, earl of Bernicia, 503 sq.
Robert, count of Dreux, attempts to rebel
against Louis VỊI, 608
Robert, count of Évreux, son of Richard I
of Normandy, 487, 492
Robert I, the Frisian, count of Flanders,
135, 599; leads pilgrimage to Jerusalem,
269; helps Alexius against Turks, 270,
272
Robert II, count of Flanders, relations with
Henry IV, 148; expedition of Henry V
against, 155; and First Crusade, 274, 282;
reaches Constantinople, 283; 289 sq. , 295
Robert, count of Loritello, 178; his conquests
recognised by Pope, 180
Robert, count of Loritello, revolts against
William I of Sicily, 192; revolts again,
195
Robert, count of Mortain, half-brother of
William I, 496, 506, 508, 521
Robert of Bampton, 543
Robert Crispin, Norman adventurer, 181
Robert of Montescaglioso, rebels against
Guiscard, 180
Robert of Poitou, lord of Lancaster, banished
by Henry I, 530
Robert of Rhuddlan, 525
Robert, son of Winmarc, favours William I,
502; 508
Robert of Arbrissel, an anchorite, 670;
founds Fontevrault, 671; founds Cadouin,
673
Robert of Cricklade, abridges Pliny's Natural
History, 553
Robert the monk, his report of Urban II's
speech at Clermont, 265
Robert, monk, cousin of St Bernard, 666
Rochefort-en-Iveline, castle of, 593, 596 sq. ,
612, 620
Rochester, 511, 521, 525, 558, 567
C. MED. H. VOL. V.


## p. 994 (#1040) ###########################################

994
Index
position in Stephen's reign, 554; on
Glanville's treatise, 578 sq.
Roland of Parma, sent by Henry IV to deliver
sentence of deposition to Gregory VII,
66 sq.
Roland Bandinelli, see Alexander III, Pope
Rollo, duke of Normandy, 483
Romainmôtier, monastery of, 664
Romanus III, Eastern Emperor, his attack
on Aleppo, 256 sq.
Romanus IV Diogenes, Eastern Emperor,
176, 261
Romanus, senator of Rome, see John XIX,
Pope
Romanus, Consul, Roman noble, 17
Rome, passim; need for reform of Church at,
14; held by Guibert on Urban II's acces-
sion, 90; sack of, by Guiscard, 79, 182;
early organisation of city government in,
209 sq. ; the Senate in commune of, 234;
communal rising at, 368 sqq. ; letter to
Conrad III, 370, 380; Arnold of Brescia
at, 371 sqq. ; sends envoys to Frederick I,
430; fighting at, on coronation of Frederick
I, 421; 496, 526, 531 sq. , 559, 562, 605;
law-schools at, 733 sq. ; Ecumenical
Councils at, see Lateran; other councils
and synods at:—(826), 8; (1047), 22 sq. ;
(1049), 25; (1050), 25, 27 sq. , 30; (1051),
25, 28; (1053), 25, 28; (1059), 13 note,
36 sqq. , 42, 46, 51 sq. , 110, 114; (1060),
38; (1063), 46; (1073), 4, 49; (1074), 61,
77; (1075), 62 sqq. , 77, 81; (1076), 55,
66 sq. , 135; (1078), 73, 77, 180; (1079),
55, 73 sq. ; (1080), 74, 141; (1081), 77;
(1083), 78 sq. , 87; (1099), 95, 531; (1102),
99; (1110), 101; (1112), 103; (1116), 103
Romsey minster, 553
Romuald, archbishop of Salerno, one of
Council of Ten in Sicily, 197; 448
Romuald of Ravenna, 1; founder of the Order
of Camaldoli, 667
Roncaglia, Lothar III holds diet at, 364;
Frederick I holds diet at (1154), 415, 417;
diet of (1158), 117 note, 383, 427
Ronçal, 655
Ronceray, nunnery at, 671
Rosate, destroyed by Frederick I, 417
Roscelin, his contest with Anselm, 794 sqq.
Rossano, 1; Otto II defeated by Muslims at,
266
Rothari, King of the Lombards, and Lombard
law, 211; 723, 730 sq.
Rotrou, archbishop of Rouen, 563 sq. ; sent
by Henry II to negotiate with Louis VII,
614
Rouen, 483, 486 sq. , 494, 519 sq. , 523, 531,
541 sq. , 551, 571, 601, 614; commune of,
626 sq. , 631, 647; trade of, 644; province
of, placed under primacy of Lyons, 83 sq. ;
diocese, of, 491; cathedral, 491; arch-
bishop of, 550
Round, J. H. , on Freeman's view of the
battle of Hastings, 501 note; on the Grand
Assize, 587
Roussel de Bailleul, 181; aspires to throne
of Byzantium, 171
Roussillon, communes in, 627, 640, 643
Rouvres, commune, 630
Roxburgh, castle of, 571
Rudolf of Rheinfelden, duke of Ssaba,
anti-king, 58; made duke, 113; his two
marriages, ib. ; at battle on the Unstrut,
133; his change of attitude, 134 sq. ;
elected king, 71, 117, 138; crowned at
Mayence, 139; forced to abandon Mayence.
120, 139; his position in 1078, 140;
Gregory VII and, 59, 71 sq. , 74, 140;
appoints bishops, 141; defeats Henry IV
at Hohen-Mölsen, 141; death of, 76, 143;
75, 78, 118, 126, 129, 146
Rudolf, margrave of the North Mark, forced
to submit to Henry V, 157
Rudolf, count of Stade, inheritance of, 356,
401
Rudolf of Wied, his claim to archbishoprie
of Trèves, 408, 456
Rufinus, the canonist, 742
Rügen, 345, 387
Russia, put under papal protection by Dmitri,
85; 146
Rusteburg, Albert the Bear seeks shelter at,
347
Ruthard, archbishop of Mayence, letter of
Paschal II to, 100; joins in massacre of
Jews, 147 sq. ; refuses to submit to Henry
IV, 148; supports revolt of Henry V, 150;
158
Rutland, 504, 582
Ruysbroek, Jan, the mystic, 694
Sabbato, river, Roger II defeated at, 186
Sabina, 14, 180
Sābiq, Mirdāsite emir of Aleppo, 261 sqq.
Sachsenspiegel, the, 753 sq.
Sa'd-ad-Daulah, Abu'l-ma'āli, Hamdánid
emir at Aleppo, 250 sq.
Şāfithā, castle, 257
Şahyūn, 249, 312
Sa‘id-ad-Daulah, Hamdānid emir of Aleppo,
251 sqq.
Sa'id ibn Husain, leader of Ismā'ilians, 244;
and foundation of Fātimite Caliphs, ib.
Saif-ad-Daulah 'Ali, Hamdanid ruler of
Diyārbakr, seizes Aleppo, 245; war with
Ikhshid and with Kāfūr, ib. ; war with
Greek Empire, 276; brilliance of his court,
246; his death, 246, 250
St Alban's abbey, 684, 690, 692
Saint Antoine, canons of, 683
St Asaph, see of, 553
St Augustine's abbey at Canterbury, 684
Saint-Bénigne of Dijon, abbey of, 484, 659
St Botolph, Colchester, Austin canons of,
679, 684
Saint-Céneri, castle, 488
Saint-Clair-sur-Epte, treaty of, 483
St David's, William I at, 525; Norman
bishop of, 535
Saint-Denis, monastery of, 659 sq.


## p. 995 (#1041) ###########################################

Index
995
St Dizier, commune, 645
St Donatian, church at Bruges, 598 sq.
St Edmund's abbey at Bury, 684; see Bury
St Edmunds
St Emmeram, monastery at Ratisbon, 663
St Evré, monastery at Toul, 663
Saint-Evroult, monastery of, 488, 497
St Gall, abbey of, 661
Sainte-Geneviève, monastery at Paris, 620
St Gilles, monastery, 680
St Guilhem-du-Désert, monastery, 659
St James of Compostella, shrine, 604
Saint-Jean-de-Laon, monastery, 595
Saint-Jean-de-Losne, 436; Louis VII at,
617 sqq.
St Martin, monastery at Séez, 497
St Martin-des-Champs, monastery, 664
St Martin of Laon, canons of, 680
St Martin of Tours, shrine of, 661
St Mary's at York, monastery, 666, 677, 685,
690
Saint-Maur, abbey, 661; the congregation of,
696
St Maur-des-Fosses, monastery, 662
St Maximin, abbey of, given to Adalbero of
Trèves, 347; monks resent action of
Conrad III, 350 sq. ; Innocent II and, ib.
St Michael of Antwerp, Premonstratensian
abbey, 680
St Omer, gild at, 637; 599 sq.
Saint-Ouen, monastery of, 486, 491; in.
junctions to, 686
St Paul's without the walls, at Rome, 662
St Pierre of Ghent, monastery, 663
Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives, monastery at, 493
St Quentin, commune of, 626, 631 sq. , 649;
dean of, 484
Saint-Ruf, monastery, 415, 679
St Samson and St Avitus, at Orleans, 620
St Saturnin, monastery, 664
St Seine, monastery, 659
St Seine-l'Abbaye, village, 630
St Simeon, port of Antioch, 289, 291
Ste Suzanne, 517 sq.
Saint-Valery, Norman army at, 499
St Vannes, abbey of, 2, 491
St Victor, monastery at Geneva, 664
St Victor, monastery at Marseilles, 661
St Victor, monasteryat Paris, 679,696,800,804
St Vigor, abbey, foundation of, 491
Saint-Wandrille, abbey, revived by Mainard,
484; receives an “alod” from Richard II,
487, 491
Sajūr, river, boundary between Greeks and
Muslims, 247
Saladin, Sultan, rules Egypt for Nūr-ad-
Din, 308 sq. ; displaces Sālih, son of Nūr-
ad-Din, 309; and the Third Crusade,
310 sq. , 409 sqq. ; character of, 312; death
of, ib. , 479
Saladin Tithe, 324
Salamiyah, headquarters of Abdallāh ibn
Maimūn, 244
Salef, Cilician river, Frederick I drowned in,
412
IV,
Salerno, Normans and, Chap. iv passim;
Leo IX holds Council at, 25, 27; last days
and death of Gregory VII at, 79 sq. ;
Lothar III fails to capture, 367; William I
of Sicily and, 196; the Empress Constance
captured at, 464; captured and sacked,
470 sq. , 203; 76, 186 sq. , 462, 491, 668;
princes of, see Gisulf, Guaimar
Salian line, extinction of, 165; inheritance
of, 335 sq. ; see also Conrad II, Henry III,
, V
$ālih ibn Mirdās, founds Mirdāsite dynasty
at Aleppo, 255
Şāliḥ, son of Nūr-ad-Din, displaced by
Saladin, 309
Salisbury, 483, 504, 511; oath of, 520;
merchant gild at, 538; bishop of, 564;
earl of, 314; Patrick, earl of, 580; see also
William Longespée
Salomo, King of Hungary, son of Andrew
of Hungary, 85, 113; marriage with Judith,
113; temporarily restored, 115; expelled
by his cousin Géza, 133; 130
Saltwood, 558
Saluzzo, marquesses of, foes of Asti, 229
Salzburg, opposition to Frederick I in
province of, 395 ; 400
Samson, archbishop of Rheims, and the
commune, 634
Sancerre, count of, 614
Sandwich, 538
San Frediano, at Lucca, canons of, 678
San Germano, 464
San Gervasio, early commune at, 225
San Giorgio in Alga, monastery, 693,
695
San Marco, Robert Guiscard at, 172
San Michele, at Murano, congregation of,
667
San Quirico, Frederick I at, 418
Sant' Andrea, monastery, 5
Sant' Apollinare in Classe, monastery, 667
Santa Giustina, abbey of, 693
Santa Maria dei Campi, abbey, 692
Santiago, Order of, 333
Santi Vincenzo ed Anastagio, Cistercian
monastery, 370, 677
Santo Spirito, hospital at Rome, 673
Saône, river, 397, 617
Saphadin, see 'Adil
Saracens, in South Italy and Sicily, Chap. iv;
in Syria, Chap. vi; seize monastery of
Farfa, 5, 658, 661; revolt in Sicily (1190),
462; 85, 226, 266
Sardinia, Gregory VII claims full authority
over, 85; claimed by Alexander III, 429;
occupied by Muslims, but reconquered, 226,
266; Pisa and Genoa in, 226 sq. , 437 sq. ;
Frederick I and, 437; 56, 677
Sarlo, son of Tancred de Hauteville, 170
Sarthe, river, 488, 495, 517
Saulieu, 672
Sauxillanges, monastery, 664
Savaric, bishop of Bath, and the release of
Richard I, 468 sq.
63-2


## p. 996 (#1042) ###########################################

996
Index
Savigny, congregation of, 670; united to
the Cistercian Order, 677 sq. ; 541, 553
Saviour, Order of the, 694
Savona, city of, agreement with Roger II,
185; grant of Henry II to, 217, 223
Savoy, counts of, 69; see also Humbert III
Saxony, supports Gregory VII, 54, 59, 61;
Agnes the regent and, 114; 115 sq. , 118,
122, 125 sq. ; its peculiar position, 127;
Henry IV and, 68, 127 sqq. ; great revolt
in 1073 of, 60, 130 sqq. ; peace with Henry
at Gerstungen, 132; Henry IV's victory
in, 133 sqq. , 62, 64; renewed revolt of,
135 sqq. ; kingdom of Rudolf confined to,
139 sq. ; opposition to Henry in, 78, 90,
141 sqq. ; end of revolt against Henry IV,
144 sqq. ; 150; Welf power in, foundations
of, 152 sqq. ; revolt of, against Henry V,
157 sqq. , 104; under duke Lothar, 164,
166, 334; Conrad III bestows it on Albert
the Bear, 346; rebellion in, 346 sqq. ;
crusade against the Wends, 354; rule of
Henry the Lion in, 356 sqq. , 401 sqq. ;
Frederick I breaks up the ducby, 405;
granted to Bernard of Anhalt, ib. ; con-
tinued fighting in, 465 sq. ; 336, 340, 460;
dukes of, see Albert, Bernard, Henry,
Lothar, Magnus, Ordulf; count-palatine
of, see Frederick
Scalea, Roger I at, 173
Scandinavia, missionary work of Adalbert
in, 114; its failure, 116; archbishopric of
Lund created for, 356; see also Denmark,
Norway, Sweden
Scarborough, castle, 555
Schleswig, duchy, 344; duke of, see Canute;
see also Denmark
Schleswig, town, 386
Schlumberger, Gustav, on Greek invasion
of Syria, 250 note
Scholasticism, meaning of, 793
Schools, medieval, Chap.