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C. 179, when Pharnaces, finding
Peloponnesus. But just at this crisis intelligence himself unable to cope with the combined forces of
arrived of Alexander's victory at Issus, and Phar- Eumenes and Ariarathes, was compelled to purchase
nabazus, fearing that the effect of it might be the peace by the cession of all his conquests in Galatia
revolt of Chios, sailed thither with 12 ships and and Paphlagonia, with the exception of Sinope.
1500 mercenaries. He did not, however, prevent (Polyb. xxv. 2,4,6, xxvi. 6 ; Liv. xl. 20; Diod. xxix.
the islanders from putting down the Persian Exc. Vales. pp. 576, 577. ) How long he continued
government, and he was himself taken prisoner ; to reign after this we know not; but it appears,
but he escaped, and took refuge in Cos. (Arr. from an incidental notice, that he was still on the
Anal, ii. 1, 2, 13, iii. 2 ; Curt. iii. 3, iv. 1, 5. ) throne in B. c. 170. (Polyb. xxvii. 15; Clinton,
In B. c. 324, Artonis, the sister of Pharnabazus, F. H. vol. iii. p. 426. ) The impartial testimony
was given in marriage to Eumenes by Alexander of Polybius confirms the complaints of Eumenes
the Great; and in B. C. 321 we find Pharnabazus and the Romans in regard to the arrogant and
commanding a squadron of cavalry for Eumenes, in violent character of Pharnaces. [E. H. B. )
the battle in which he defeated Craterus and Neop- PHA'RNACES II. (aprárns), king of Pontus,
tolemus. (Arr. Anab. vii. 4 ; Plut. Eum. 7 ; Diod. or more properly of the Bosporus, was the son of
xviii. 30—32. )
[E. E. ) Mithridates the Great. According to Appian he
PHA'RNACES (Þapvárns). 1. The progenitor was treated by his father with great distinction,
of the kings of Cappadocia, who is himself styled and even designated as his successor, but we find
by Diodorus king of that country. He is said to no mention of him until the close of the life of
have married A tossa, a sister of Cambyses, the Mithridates, after the latter had taken refuge
father of Cyrus ; by whom he had a son named front the arms of Pompey in the provinces north
Gallus, who was the great-grandfather of Anaphas, of the Euxine. But the schemes and preparations
one of the seven Persians who slew the Magi. of the aged monarch for renewing the war with
(Diod. xxxi. Exc. Phot. p. 517. ) [ANAPHAN]. the Romans, and even carrying his arms into the
But the whole genealogy is probably fictitious. heart of their empire, excited the alarm of Phar-
2. Father of Artabazus, who commanded the naces, and he took advantage of the spirit of dis-
Parthians and Chorasmians in the expedition of content which existed among the assembled troops
Xerxes against Greece. [ARTABAZUS, No. 2. ] to conspire against the life of his father. His
3. Son of Pbarnabazus, appears to have been designs were discovered ; but he was supported
satrap of the provinces of Asia near the Helles- by the favour of the army, who broke out into
pont, as early as B. C. 430. (Thuc. ii. 67. ) He is open mutiny, declared Pharnaces their king,
subsequently mentioned as assigning Adramyt- and marched against the unhappy Mithridates,
tium for a place of settlement to the Delians, who, after several fruitless appeals to his son, was
who had been expelled by the Athenians from compelled to put an end to his own life, B. C. 63.
their native island, B. C. 422. (Id. v. 1; Diod. (Appian. Mithr. 110, 111; Dion Cass. xxxvii. 12.
xii. 73. )
For further details and authorities see Mithri-
4. A Persian of high rank, and brother-in-law DATES. ). In order to secure himself in the posses-
of Dareius Codomannus, who was killed at the sion of the throne which he had thus gained by par-
battle of the Granicus, B. C. 334. (Arr. Anab. i. ricide, Pharnaces hastened to send an embassy to
16. & 5; Diod. xvii. 21. )
[E. H. B. ] Pompey in Syria, with offers of submission, and
PHARNACES I. (Þapvárns), king of Pontus, hostages for his fidelity, at the same time that he
was the son of Mithridates IV. , whom he suc- sent the body of Mithridates to Sinope to be
ceered on the throne. (Justin. xxxviii. 5, 6; at the disposal of the Roman general. 'Pompey
Clinton, F. H. vol. iii. pp. 424, 425). The date readily accepted his overtures, and granted him
of his accession cannot be fixed with certainty, but the kingdom of the Bosporus with the titles of
it is assigned conjecturally by Mr. Clinton to friend and ally of the Roman people. (Appian.
about B. c. 190. li is certain, at least, that he Mithr. 113, 114; Dion Cass. xxxvii. 14. )
YOL. ILL


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242
PIIARNASPES.
PHIAYLLUS.
]
For some time Pharaces appears to have re- sandane, a favourite wife of Cyrus the Great
mained contented with the limits thus assigned (Her, ii. 1, iii. 2. )
(E. E. )
him ; and we know no events of his reign during PHARNU'CHIU'S or PHARNU'CHES (pap.
this period, except that he entered into extensive rovyos, papvoúxus). 1. An officer of Cyrus the
relations, both hostile and friendly, with the sur- Elder, and one of the chiliarchs of his cavalry in
rounding Scythian tribes. (Strab. xi. p. 495, the war with Croesus. After the conquest of
506. ) But the increasing dissensions among the Babylon he was made satrap of the lellespontine
Romans themrelves emboldened him to turn his Phrygia and Aeolis. (Xen. Cyrop. vi. 3. § 32,
arms against the free city of Phanagoria, which vii. 1. $ 22, viii. 6. & 7. )
had been expressly excepted from the grant of 2. One of the three commanders of the cavalry
Pompey, but which he now reduced under his in the army of Xerxes. A fall from his horse brought
subjection. Not long afterwards, the civil war on an illness, which prevented himn from proceeding
having actually broken out between Caesar and with the expedition into Greece, and obliged him
Pompey, he determinsd to seize the opportunity to to remain behind at Sardis. By his order the horse's
reinstate himself in his father's dominions, and legs were cut off at the knees on the spot where he
made himself master, almost without opposition, of had thrown his master (Herod. vii. 88). The name
the whole of Colchis and the lesser Armenia. Pharnuchus occurs also as that of a Persian con-
Hereupon Deiotarus, the king of the latter country, mander in the Persae of Aeschylus (305, 9:28).
applied to Domitius Calvinus, the lieutenant of 3. A Lycian, was appointed by Alexander the
Caesar in Asia, for his support, which was readily Great to command the force sent into Sogdiana
granted ; but the combined forces of the Roman against Spitamenes in & c. 329. The result of the
general and the Galatian king were totally de expedition was disastrous. (Carants, No. 3. )
ſeated by Pharnaces near Nicopolis in Armenia, Pharnuches had been entrusted with its superin-
and the latter was now enabled to oecupy the tendence, becanse he was acquainted with the lan-
whole of Pontus, including the important cities of guage of the barbarians of the region, and had
Amisus and Sinope. (Appian. Mithr. 120 ; Dion shown much dexterity in his intercourse with them.
Cass. xlii. 45, 46 ; Hirt. B. Alex. 34–41; Strab. According to Aristobulus he was conscious of his
xii. p. 547. ) He now received intelligence of the deficiency in military skill, and wished to cede the
revolt of Asander, to whom he had entrusted the command to the three Macedonian officers who
government of Bosporus during his absence, and were acting under him, but they refused to acct pt
was preparing to return to chastise his rebel it. (Arr. Anab. iv. 3, 5, 6 ; Curt. vii, 6, 7. ) [E. E. ]
officer, when the approach of Caesar himself com. PHARNU'CHUS ("aproúxos), an historian
pelled him to turn all his attention towards a more of uncertain date, who wrote a history of Persia
formidable enemy.
Pharnaces at first endeavoured He was a native of Antioch in Mesopotamia, and,
to conciliate the conqueror by peaceful messages and as this town was called Asibe or Nasibe by its in-
offers of submission, with the view of gaining time habitants, Pharnuchus received the name of Asi-
until the affairs of Rome should compel the dictator benus or Nasibenus. (Steph. Byz. s. r. 'Artió yria;
to return thither. But the rapidity and decision Voss. de Hist. Graec. p. 483, ed. Westermann;
of Caesar's movements quickly disconcerted these comp. Fabr. Bibl. Graec. vol. iii. p. 540. ) (E. E. )
plans, and brought on a decisive action near Zela, PHARU'S (þápos ), the helmsman of Menelaus,
in which the army of Pharnaces was utterly de- from whom the island of Pharos, at the mouth of
feated, and he himself with difficulty made his the Nile, was believed to have derived its name.
escape with a small body of horsemen to Sinope. | (Steph. Byz. s. r. Pápos. )
(L. S. ]
From thence he proceeded by sea to the Bos- PHARYGAEA (Þapuyala), a surname of Hera,
porus, where he assembled a force of Scythian and derived from the town of Phary gae, in Locris,
Sarmatian troops, with which he regained posses- where she had a temple. (Steph. Byz. s. r. Þapú-
sion of the cities of Theodosia and Panticapaeum, 704; comp. Strab. ix. p. 426. ) (LS. )
but was ultimately defeated and slain by Asander. PHASELITES. (THEODECTES)
According to Appian, he died in the field fighting PHASIS (pãous), a painter, who is only known
bravely ; Dion Cassius, on the contrary, states by an epigram of Cornelius Longinus, in which he
that he was taken prisoner, and subsequently put is praised for having painted the great Athenian
to death. (Appian, Mithr. 120 ; Dion Cass. xlii
. general Cynegeirus, not, as he was usually repre-
45-48; Hirt. Bell. Alex. 65–77; Plut. Caes. sented, with one hand cut off (see Herod. vi. 114),
50 ; Suet. Jul. 35. )
but with both his hands still unmutilated ; it being
Pharnaces was about fifty years old at the time but fair, according to the conceit of the epigram-
of his death (Appian, l. c. ), of which he had matist, that the hero should not be deprived of
reigned nearly sixteen. It appears that he left those hands which had won him immortal fame!
Beveral sons, one of whom, named Dareius, was (Brunck, Anal. vol. ii. p. 200, Anth. Plan. iv. 117. )
for a short time established by Antony on the We have no indication of the painter's age ; he
throne of Pontus. (Appian, B. C. v. 75; Strab. was perhaps contemporary with the poet. (P. S. ]
xii. p. 500. ) His daughter Dynamis was married PHAVORI'NUS. [FAVORINUS. )
to Pulemon 1. king of Bosporus. (Dion Cass. liv. PHAYLLUS (Þáül Aos). 1. An athlete of
2+. )
(E. H. B. ) Crotona, who had thrice gained the victory at
PHA'RNACES, an engraver of precious stones, the Pythian games. At the time of the Persian
two of whose gems are extant. (Stosch, pl. 50 ; | invasion of Greece, Phayllus fitted out a ship at his
Bracci, vol. ii. No. 93 ; Spuisbury Gems, No. 11 ; own expense, with which he joined the Greek
J. C. de Jonge, Notice sur le Cubinet des Médailles fleet assembled at Salamis, and took part in the
80. du Roi des Pays Bus, 1823. ) (P. S. ) memorable battle that ensued, B. C. 480. This
PHARNAPATES. (ARSACES, p. 357, b. ) was the only assistance furnished by the Greeks of
PHARNASPES (papváoans), a Persian, of the Italy or Sicily to their countrymen upon that occa-
family of the Achaemenidae, was the father of Cas- sion. (Herod. viii. 47 ; Paus. x. 9. $2; Plut.


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PHEGEUS.
243
PHEIDIAS.
Alex. 34. ) It is probably this Phayllus whose but was slain by the sons of Alemaeon. (Apollod.
wonderful feats as an athlete are celebrated in a 2. c. ; comp. ALCM AEON. )
well-known epigram. (Anth. Pal. vol. ii. p. 851 ; 2. A son of Dares, priest of Hephaestus at Troy,
Suid. v. Þáüixos and Útèp Tà lokauméva; was slain by Diomedes. (Hom. Il. v. 9, &c. )
Eustath. ad Od. O. p. 1591. 54 ; Tzetz. Chil. xii. 3. One of the companions of Aeneias. (Virg.
435; Schol. ad Aristoph. Acharn. 214. )
Aen. xii. 371. )
(L. S. ]
2. A Syracusan, who was sent out by his coun- PHEI'DIAS (veidlas), or in Latin, PHI'DIAS.
trymen with a fleet to repress the piracies of the 1. Of Athens, the son of Charmides, was the greatest
Tyrrhenians, B. C. 453; but after laying waste the sculptor and statuary of Greece, and probably of
island of Aethalia, he suffered himself to be bribed the whole world.
by the enemy, and remained inactive; on which I. His Life. It is remarkable, in the case of
account after his return to Syracuse he was con- many of the ancient artists, how great a contrast
demned and driven into exile. (Diod. xi. 83. ) exists between what we know of their fame, and even
3. A Phocian, brother of Onomarchus, whom he sometimes what we see of their works, and what
succeeded as general of the Phocians in the Sacred we can learn respecting the events of their lives.
War. He had already held important commands Thus, with respect to Pheidins, we possess but few
under his brother, by whom he had been sent with details of his personal history, and even these are
an army of 7000 men to support Lycophron of beset with doubts and difficulties. What is known
Pherae against Philip of Macedon. On that occa- with absolute certainty may be summed up in a
sion he was unsuccessful, being defeated by Philip few words. He executed most of his greatest
and driven out of Thessaly ; but on the death of works at Athens, during the administration of Pe-
Onomarchus, in B. C. 352, he appears to have suc- ricles : he made for the Eleians the ivory and gold
ceeded without opposition to the chief command. statue of Zeus, the most renowned work of Greek
He immediately set to work to restore the affairs statuary : he worked for other Greek cities; and
of the Phocians. By an unsparing use of the vast he died just before the commencement of the Pelo-
treasures at his disposal, and by doubling the pay ponnesian War, in B. C. 432. The importance of
of his mercenaries, he quickly re-assembled a nu-the subject demands, however, a careful examina-
merous army, in addition to which auxiliaries were tion of the difficulties which surround it. The first
furnished him by the Achaeans, Lacedaemonians, of these difficulties relates to the cardinal point of
and Athenians, and the fugitive tyrants of Pherae, the time when the artist flourished, and the ap-
Lycophron and Peitholaus, also joined him with a proximate date of his birth.
body of mercenaries. The success of his military First of all, the date of Pliny must be disposed of.
operations was, however, far from corresponding It is well known how little reliance can be placed
to these great preparations. He invaded Boeotia; on the dates under which Pliny groups the names
but was defeated in three successive actions, appa- of several artists. Not only do such lists of names
rently none of them very decisive, as we next embrace naturally artists whose ages differed by
find him turning his arms against the Epicnemidian several years, but it is important to observe the
Locrians, and hostilities were carried on with alter- principle on which the dates are generally chosen
nations of success but no striking result. Mean- by Pliny, namely, with reference to some important
while Phayllus himself was attacked with a lin- epoch of Greek history. Thus the 84th Olympiad
gering disorder of a consumptive kind, to which he (B. C. 444–440), at which he places Pheidias, is
fell a victim after a long and painful illness, B. C. evidently chosen because the first year of that
351.