)
when he had him condemned in his absence, and 12.
when he had him condemned in his absence, and 12.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
681 and their memory is still celebrated by the Greek and
(MACARIUS, No. 4), that Macedonius was present Latin churches on the 30th March and the 25th Oct.
at a synod held while Peter was patriarch of Con- respectively. By these cruelties Macedonius became
stantinople, i. e. some time from A. D. 655 to 666, hateful even to his own party, and an unexpected
which shows he could not have died before 655. event increased the odium in which he was held.
Macedonius appears to have spent the whole of He removed the body of the emperor Constantine
his patriarchate at Constantinople, Antioch being the Great from the Church of the Apostles, in
in the power of the Saraceng. (Le Quien, Oriens which it had been buried, and which (though built
Christian. vol. ii. col. 740, 74ì ; Bolland. Acta only twenty years before) was in a very dilapidated
Sanctor. Julii, vol. iv. Tractat. Praelim. p. 109. ) state. The removal was made in order to prevent
3. Of ConsTANTINOPLE (1). On the death the corpse being injured by the apprehended fall of
of Eusebius, patriarch of Constantinople, better the church ; but it led to a tumult, in which the
known as Eusebius of Nicomedeia [EUSEBIUS of people appear to have been influenced by hatred of
NICOMEDEIA), A. D. 341 or 342, the orthodox, Macedonius, and many persons were killed in the
which appears to have been the popular party, church to which the body had been removed.
restored the patriarch Paul, who had been deposed Constantius was very angry with Macedonius, both
shortly after his election (A. D. 339) to make room for his removing the body without orders and for
for Eusebius ; while the leaders of the Arian party the serious consequences to which his act had led;
elected Macedonius, who had been deacon, and and the emperor's displeasure prepared the way for
perhaps priest, of the church of Constantinople, his downſal. At the council of Seleuceia (a. D.
and was already advanced in years. Jerome, in 359), where the Acacian or pure Arian party and
his additions to the Chronicon of Eusebius, says the semi-Arians were openly divided and seceded
that Macedonius had been an embroiderer, “ artis from each other, some charges against him, ap
plumariae," an art which Tillemont supposes he parently of cruelty, are said to bave been contem-
might have carried on while in bis office of deacon plated. He did not appear at the first sitting of
or priest, but which Scaliger supposed to be attri- the council, alleging sickness, but he was present
buted to him, by Jerome's mistaking the meaning afterwards ; and if any hostile proceedings were
of the term FOLKLÓTeXvos," which perhaps some contemplated, no steps appear to have been openly
Greek writer had applied to Macedonius. . Accord- taken against him. In a. D. 360, however, in a
ing to the account of the orthodox party, Alexander council held at Constantinople, he was deposed by
the patriarch had described Macedonius as a man the Acacians, who were favoured by Constantius,
having the exterior of piety, and possessing much on the plea that he had been the occasion of many
address in secular affairs ; but, according to the murders, and because he had admitted to com-
Arians, Alexander had commended his piety. He munion a deacon convicted of adultery ; but in
had been one of the adversaries of Paul during the reality to gratify Constantius, who was irritated
first patriarchate of that prelate.
against him, and perhaps also because he would
Upon the election of Macedonius great tumults, not adopt their views. Though expelled from Con-
## p. 881 (#897) ############################################
MACEDONIUS.
881
MACEDONIUS.
stantinople he was not disposed to remain quiet, | Arian ascendency under Valens, to court the or-
but sought to unite himself more closely with the thodox, by approximating towards orthodoxy, led
semi-Arans, in opposition to the Acacians. (ACA- them, now that orthodoxy was in the ascendant
cius, No. 3. ] He appears to have resided in the under Theodosius, to draw nearer to the Arians, in
neighbourhood of Constantinople till his death, of order to secure their alliance and support. The
the date of which there is no account. Facundus Macedonians were also sometimes called Mara-
asserts that he was summoned in A. D. 381 thoniane, Mapaowviavoí, from Marathonius, one of
before the second oecumenical, or first council of their leaders. (Socrates, H. E. ii. 6, 12, 13, 16,
Constantinople, at which bis obnoxious tenets 22, 27, 38, 39, 40, 45, iv. 12, v. 4, 8 ; Sozom.
respecting the Holy Spirit were condemned ; H. E. ii. 3, 7, 9, iv. 2, 3, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27,
but this is probably a mistake, and it appears v. 14, vi. 10, 11, 12, 22, vii. 7, 9; Theodoret.
likely that he did not long survive his deposi- H. E. ii. 6, v. ll; Philostorg. II. E. v. 1, viii. 17 ;
tion.
Greg. Nazianz. Orat. xxxi. xli. ; Athanas. Historia
Macedonius is known chiefly as the leader of a Arianor, ad Monach. c. 7; Pseud. Athanas. Dialog.
sect which took its name from him. The term de Trinit. ii. , and Contra Macedonianos Dialog.
“ Macedonians " (ol Makedoviavol) is applied some i. ii. ; Epiphan. Panarium. Haeres. 74 (s. ut alii,
what indeterminately in the ancient ecclesiastical 54); Augustin. de Haeresibus, c. 52, Leontius
writers. Its first application was to the less hete- Byzant. de Sectis. Act. iv. ; Phot. Bibl. l. c. ; Theo-
rodox division of the Arian party, commonly called phanes, Chronograph, pp. 35—38, ed. Paris, pp.
the semi-Arians ('Hurapelavol), who admitted and 64–70, ed. Bonn ; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol.
contended that the Son was óuosovolos, “ homoiou- vi. ; Ceillier, Auteurs Sacrés, vol. v. p. 594,
sios,” of like substance with the Father, in op- &c. ; Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. vol. ix. p. 247, Concilia,
position to those who affirmed that he was dvbuotos, vol. i. col. 809, 810, 817, 818, 819, ed. Har-
anomoios," of unlike substance. The latter party douin. )
were known as Acacians, from their leader Acacius 4. Of CONSTANTINOPLE (2). Macedonius, the
of Caesareia (Acacius, No. 3], while the forner second patriarch of Constantinople of the name, was
were designated from Macedonius, who was the nephew of Gennadius I. , who was patriarch from
most eminent among them in dignity, though he A. D. 459 to 471, and by whom he was brought up.
does not appear to have fully identified himself He held the office of Sceuophylax, or keeper of the
with them until after his deposition; and if Photius sacred vessels, in the great church at Constantinople,
(Bill. Cod. 257) is correct, was at his election an and, on the deposition of the patriarch Euphemius
Anomoian or Acacian. The two sections came or Euthymius, was nominated patriarch by the em-
into open collision at the council of Seleuceia (A. D. peror Anastasius I. , who probably appreciated the
359); and the Acacians, though outnumbered in mildness and moderation of his temper. His ap-
that council
, succeeded, through the favour of Con- pointment is placed by Theophanes in A. M. 488,
stantius, in deposing several of their opponents, Alex. era,==496 A. D. Though he himself pro-
and secured an ascendancy which, though inter- bably recognised the council of Chalcedon, he was
rupted in the reigns of Julian and Jovian, was fully persuaded by the emperor to subscribe the He-
restored under the reign of Valens, from whose noticon of Zeno, in which that council was silently
time they were known simply as Arians, that de passed over, and endeavoured to reconcile to the
signation being thenceforward given to them alone. church the monks of the monasteries of Constan-
Many of the semi-Arian party, or, as they were tinople, who had broken off from the communion of
termed, Macedonians, being persecuted by the now the patriarch from hatred to the Henoticon ; but he
triumphant Acacians, were led to approximate more met with no success, although, in order to gain
and more to the standard of the Nicene confession them over, he persuaded the emperor to summon a
with respect to the nature and dignity of the Son ; council of the bishops who were then at Constanti-
and at last several of their bishops transmitted to nople, and to confirm, by a writing or edict, several
pope Liberius (1. D. 367) a confession, in which of the things which had been sanctioned by the
they admitted that the Son was “ Quoouoos, “ ho council of Chalcedon, without, as it appears, directly
moousios," or of the same substance" as the recognizing the authority of the council. Mace
Father, and were addressed by the pope in reply donius, thus baffled in his designs, still treated the
as orthodox in that respect. Their growing ortho- monks with mildness, abstaining from any harsh
doxy on this point rendered their heterodoxy with measures against them. Macedonius distinguished
respect to the Holy Spirit, whose deity they denied, himself by his generosity and forbearance towards
and whom they affirmed to be a creature, more his predecessor Euphemius, and towards a man who
prominent. This dogma is said to have been had attempted to assassinate him. But the same
broached by Macedonius after his deposition, and praise of moderation cannot be given to all his acts,
was held both by those who remained semi-Arians if, as stated by Victor of Tunes, he held a council in
and by those who had embraced orthodox views which the supporters of the council of Chalcedon were
on the person and dignity of the Son ; their only condemned. He occupied the patriarchate for sixteen
common feature being their denial of the deity of years, and was deposed by the emperor, A. D. 511
the Holy Spirit, on account of which they were or 512. According to Theophanes, the cause of his
by the Greeks generally termed ſvevuatouaxon deposition was his maintenance of the authority of
"Pneumatomachi,” “Impugners of the Spirit. ” the council of Chalcedon, and his refusal to surren-
The second general or first Constantinopolitan der the authentic record of the acts of that council.
council (A. D. 381) anathematised the heresy of Anastasius urgently pressed him to disavow its
the semi-Arians or Pneumatomachi ('Hutapelava authority, and when he could not prevail on him,
ñyour Ilyeruatopáxwv), thus identifying the two suborned witnesses to charge him with unnatural
names as belonging to one great party ; from which lusts (which, from self-mutilation, he could not in-
it appears not unlikely that the same fear of per- dulge), and with heresy. He was prevented by the
secution which led the Macedonians, during the fear of popular indignation from instituting an in-
31
4
G
VOL. II.
## p. 882 (#898) ############################################
982
MACEDONIUS.
MACER.
nesses.
:
quiry into the truth of these charges, and therefore tion his name. (Ad Popul. Antiochen. de Statnes.
banished him without trial, first to Chalcedon, and Homil. xvii. 1. )
then to Euchaïta ; and appointed Timotheus bishop 7. EPIGRAMMATICUS. (See below. )
or patriarch in his room; and, having thus exiled him 8. Gouba or GUBA. [No. 6. )
without any previous sentence of condemnation or 9. HAERETICUS. [Nos. 2, 3. )
deposition, he endeavoured to amend the irregularity 10. MONOTHELITA. (No. 2. )
of the proceeding by appointing a day for his trial, 11. PATRIARCHA. (Nos. 2, 3, 4.
)
when he had him condemned in his absence, and 12. VICARIUS AFRICAE. Macedonius, who held
by judges who were themselves accusers and wit. the office of Vicarius Africae, in the early part of
Many ecclesiastics, however, throughout the fifth century, was the friend and correspondent
the empire, refused to admit the validity of his de- of Augustin, who has described him as a person of
position ; and his restoration to his see was one of many eminent qualifications. Two of his letters to
the objects of the rebellion of Vitalian the Goth Augustin, with Augustin's replies, are given in the
(A. D. 514), but it was not effected, and Mace- works of that father. (Augustin. Epistolae, li. -
donius died in exile, A. D. 516. Evagrius assigns liv. editt. vett. , clii. -clv. ed. Caillau. ) (J. C. M. )
a different cause for the emperor's hostility to him, MACEDO'NIUS (Makedóvios), of Thessalo-
namely, his refusal to surrender a written engage- nica, a poet of the Greek Anthology, whom Suidas
ment not to alter the established creed of the (s. v. 'Ayadlas) mentions as contemporary with
church, which Anastasius had given to the patriarch Agathias and Paul the Silentiary and Tribonianus,
Euphemius, and which had been committed to the in the time of Justinian. Suidas also calls him the
care of Macedonius, then only Sceuophylax, and Consul (TW vrátw). There are altogether forty-
which he persisted in retaining when the emperor three epigrams by him in the Anthology, most of
wished to recover it. He is honoured as a saint which are of an erotic character, and in an elegant
by the Greek and Latin churches. (Evagrius, H. E. style. (Brunck, Anal. vol. iii. p. 111; Jacobs,
iii. 30, 31, 32; Theodor. Lector. H. E. ii. 12 Anth. Graec. vol. iv. p. 81, p. 215, No. 357. vol.
-36; Theophan. Chronog. pp. 120-138, ed. xiii. p. 641, No. 30, p. 913; Fabric. Bibl. Gract.
Paris, pp. 96—110, ed. Venice, pp. 216–249, ed. vol. iv. p. 481. )
[P. S. ]
Bonn ; Marcellin. Chronicon ; Victor Tunet. Chro- MACER, KEMI’LIUS, of Verona, was senior
nicon ; Liberatus, Breviurium, c. 19; Le Quien, to Ovid, and died in Asia, B. c. 16, three years
Oriens Christianus, vol. i. col. 220; Tillemont, after Virgil, as we learn from the Eusebian Chro-
Mémoires, vol. xvi. p. 663, &c. )
nicle. He wrote a poem or poems upon birds,
5. The Consul, author of the epigrams. [See snakes, and medicinal plants, in imitation, it would
below. ]
appear, of the Theriaca of Nicander. His produc-
6. CritOPHAGUS, or CRITHOPHAGUS. (ó Kpido- tions, of which not one word remains, are thus com-
pásyns. ) Macedonius was a celebrated ascetic, con- memorated in the Tristia :-
temporary with the earlier years of Theodoret, who
was intimately acquainted with him, and has left
Saepe suas volucres legit mihi grandior aevo,
an ample record of him in his Philotheus or His-
Quaeque necet serpens, quae juvet herba,
Macer. '
toria Religiosa (c. 13). He led an ascetic life in
the mountains, apparently in the neighbourhood of The work now extant, entitled “ Aemilius Macer
Antioch ; and dwelt forty-five years in a deep pit de Herbarum Virtutibus," belongs to the middle
(for he would not use either tent or hut). When ages. Of this piece there is an old translation,
he was growing old, he yielded to the intreaties of “ Macer's Herbal, practys'd by Doctor Lynacro.
his friends, and built himself a hut ; and was after- | Translated out of Laten into Englysshe, which
wards further prevailed upon to occupy a small house. I shewynge theyr Operacyons and Vertues set in the
He lived twenty-five years after quitting his cave, so margent of this Boke, to the entent you myght
that his ascetic life extended to seventy years ; but know theyr vertues. ” There is no date ; but it
his age at his death is not known. His habitual diet
was printed by “Robt. Wyer, dwellynge at the
was barley, bruised and moistened with water, from sygne of Saynt Johan evangelyste, in Seynt Mar-
which he acquired his name of Crithophagus, " the tyns Parysshe, in the byshop of Norwytche rentes,
barley-eater. " He was also called, from his dwell. besyde Charynge Crosse. "
ing-place, Gouba, or Guba, a Syriac word denoting 2. We must carefully distinguish from Aemilius
a“ pit” or “ well. " He was ordained priest by Macer of Verona, Macer who was one of the Latin
Flavian of Antioch, who was obliged to use artifice Homeristae, and who must have been alive in
to induce him to leave his mountain abode ; and A. D. 12, since he is addressed by Ovid in the
ordained him, without his being aware of it, during 2d book of the Epistles from Pontus (Ep. x. ), and
the celebration of the eucharist. When informed is there spoken of as an old travelling companion,
of what had occurred, Macedonius, imagining that his literary undertaking being clearly described in
his ordination would oblige him to give up his the lines :-
solitude and his barley diet, flew into a passion ill
becoming his sanctity ; and after pouring out the
“ Tu canis aeterno quidquid restabat Homero,
bitterest reproaches against the patriarch and the
Ne careant summa Troica bella manu ;"
priests, he took his walking staff, for he was now while elsewhere (ex Pont. iv. 16. 6) he is desig-
an old man,
and drove them away. He was one nated as “ Iliacus Macer. " We gather from Appu-
of the monks who resorted to Antioch, to intercede leius that the title of his work was
* Bellum
with the emperor's officers for the citizens of Trojanum. ” (Hieron. in Chron, Euseb. Ol. cxci. ;
Antioch after the great insurrection (A. D. 387), in Ov. Trist. iv. 10. 43 ; Quintilian. vi. 3. & 96,
which they had overthrown the statues of the x. 1. $ 56, 87, xii. 11. $ 27; Appuleius, de Ortho
emperor.
His admirable plea is given by Theo- graph. § 18; Maffei, Verona Illustrata, ii. 19;
doret. (H. E. v. 19. ) Chrysostom notices one Broukhus. ad Tibull. ii. 6 ; Wernsdorf, Poet. Lat.
part of the plea of Macedonius, but does not men- Min. vol. iv. p. 579. )
66
## p. 883 (#899) ############################################
MACER.
883
MACER. 1
&
p. 328. )
: If the Macer named by Quinctilian in his sixth nalist and orator, was the father of C. Licinius
book be the same with either of the above, we Calvus (CalvUS), and must have been born about
must conclude that one of them published a collec- B. c. 110. He was quaestor probably in B. c. 78,
tion of " Tetrasticha," which were tumed aside was tribune of the plebs B. c. 73, was subsequently
from their true meaning, and pieced together by raised to the praetorship and became governor of a
Ovid, so as to form an invective on good-for-nothing province. He was distinguished by his hostility
poets, “ Adjuvant urbanitatem et versus commode towards C. Rabirius, whom he charged (R. C. 73)
positi, seu toti, ut sunt (quod adeo facile est, ut with having been accessory to the death of Satur-
Ovidius ex tetrastichon Macri carmine librum in ninus, an offence for which the same individual
malos poetas composuerit)," &a (W. R. ] was brought to trial a second time ten years after-
MACER, AEMI'LIUS, a Roman jurist, who wards. Macer himself was impeached by Cicero,
wrote after Ulpian and Paulus, and lived in the A. D. 66, when the latter was pretor, under the
reign of Alexander Severus. (Dig. 49. tit. 13. ) law De Repetundis; and finding that, notwithstand-
He wrote several works, extracts from which are ing the influence of Crassus, with whom he was
given in the Digest. The most important of closely allied, the verdict was against him, he in-
them were, De Appellationibas, De Re Militari, stantly committed suicide, before all the forms
De Officio Praesidis, De Publicis Judiciis, and were completed, and thus saved his family from
Ad Legem de Vicesima Hereditatum. (Zimmern, the dishonour and loss which would have been en-
Geschichte des Römischen Privatrechts, vol. i. part i. tailed upon them had he been regularly sentenced.
This is the account given by Valerius Maximus,
MAĆER, BAE'BIT'S. 1. One of the consuls and it does not differ in substance from that pre-
Buffecti A. D. 101, was consul designatus when the served by Plutarch.
younger Pliny pleaded the cause of Bassus before His Annales, or Rerum Romanarum Libri, or
the senate. (Plin. Ep. iv. 9. 9. 16. ). He was Historiae, as they are variously designated by the
praefectus urbi at the time of Trajan's death, A. D. grammarians,
are frequently referred to with respect
117.
(MACARIUS, No. 4), that Macedonius was present Latin churches on the 30th March and the 25th Oct.
at a synod held while Peter was patriarch of Con- respectively. By these cruelties Macedonius became
stantinople, i. e. some time from A. D. 655 to 666, hateful even to his own party, and an unexpected
which shows he could not have died before 655. event increased the odium in which he was held.
Macedonius appears to have spent the whole of He removed the body of the emperor Constantine
his patriarchate at Constantinople, Antioch being the Great from the Church of the Apostles, in
in the power of the Saraceng. (Le Quien, Oriens which it had been buried, and which (though built
Christian. vol. ii. col. 740, 74ì ; Bolland. Acta only twenty years before) was in a very dilapidated
Sanctor. Julii, vol. iv. Tractat. Praelim. p. 109. ) state. The removal was made in order to prevent
3. Of ConsTANTINOPLE (1). On the death the corpse being injured by the apprehended fall of
of Eusebius, patriarch of Constantinople, better the church ; but it led to a tumult, in which the
known as Eusebius of Nicomedeia [EUSEBIUS of people appear to have been influenced by hatred of
NICOMEDEIA), A. D. 341 or 342, the orthodox, Macedonius, and many persons were killed in the
which appears to have been the popular party, church to which the body had been removed.
restored the patriarch Paul, who had been deposed Constantius was very angry with Macedonius, both
shortly after his election (A. D. 339) to make room for his removing the body without orders and for
for Eusebius ; while the leaders of the Arian party the serious consequences to which his act had led;
elected Macedonius, who had been deacon, and and the emperor's displeasure prepared the way for
perhaps priest, of the church of Constantinople, his downſal. At the council of Seleuceia (a. D.
and was already advanced in years. Jerome, in 359), where the Acacian or pure Arian party and
his additions to the Chronicon of Eusebius, says the semi-Arians were openly divided and seceded
that Macedonius had been an embroiderer, “ artis from each other, some charges against him, ap
plumariae," an art which Tillemont supposes he parently of cruelty, are said to bave been contem-
might have carried on while in bis office of deacon plated. He did not appear at the first sitting of
or priest, but which Scaliger supposed to be attri- the council, alleging sickness, but he was present
buted to him, by Jerome's mistaking the meaning afterwards ; and if any hostile proceedings were
of the term FOLKLÓTeXvos," which perhaps some contemplated, no steps appear to have been openly
Greek writer had applied to Macedonius. . Accord- taken against him. In a. D. 360, however, in a
ing to the account of the orthodox party, Alexander council held at Constantinople, he was deposed by
the patriarch had described Macedonius as a man the Acacians, who were favoured by Constantius,
having the exterior of piety, and possessing much on the plea that he had been the occasion of many
address in secular affairs ; but, according to the murders, and because he had admitted to com-
Arians, Alexander had commended his piety. He munion a deacon convicted of adultery ; but in
had been one of the adversaries of Paul during the reality to gratify Constantius, who was irritated
first patriarchate of that prelate.
against him, and perhaps also because he would
Upon the election of Macedonius great tumults, not adopt their views. Though expelled from Con-
## p. 881 (#897) ############################################
MACEDONIUS.
881
MACEDONIUS.
stantinople he was not disposed to remain quiet, | Arian ascendency under Valens, to court the or-
but sought to unite himself more closely with the thodox, by approximating towards orthodoxy, led
semi-Arans, in opposition to the Acacians. (ACA- them, now that orthodoxy was in the ascendant
cius, No. 3. ] He appears to have resided in the under Theodosius, to draw nearer to the Arians, in
neighbourhood of Constantinople till his death, of order to secure their alliance and support. The
the date of which there is no account. Facundus Macedonians were also sometimes called Mara-
asserts that he was summoned in A. D. 381 thoniane, Mapaowviavoí, from Marathonius, one of
before the second oecumenical, or first council of their leaders. (Socrates, H. E. ii. 6, 12, 13, 16,
Constantinople, at which bis obnoxious tenets 22, 27, 38, 39, 40, 45, iv. 12, v. 4, 8 ; Sozom.
respecting the Holy Spirit were condemned ; H. E. ii. 3, 7, 9, iv. 2, 3, 20, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27,
but this is probably a mistake, and it appears v. 14, vi. 10, 11, 12, 22, vii. 7, 9; Theodoret.
likely that he did not long survive his deposi- H. E. ii. 6, v. ll; Philostorg. II. E. v. 1, viii. 17 ;
tion.
Greg. Nazianz. Orat. xxxi. xli. ; Athanas. Historia
Macedonius is known chiefly as the leader of a Arianor, ad Monach. c. 7; Pseud. Athanas. Dialog.
sect which took its name from him. The term de Trinit. ii. , and Contra Macedonianos Dialog.
“ Macedonians " (ol Makedoviavol) is applied some i. ii. ; Epiphan. Panarium. Haeres. 74 (s. ut alii,
what indeterminately in the ancient ecclesiastical 54); Augustin. de Haeresibus, c. 52, Leontius
writers. Its first application was to the less hete- Byzant. de Sectis. Act. iv. ; Phot. Bibl. l. c. ; Theo-
rodox division of the Arian party, commonly called phanes, Chronograph, pp. 35—38, ed. Paris, pp.
the semi-Arians ('Hurapelavol), who admitted and 64–70, ed. Bonn ; Tillemont, Mémoires, vol.
contended that the Son was óuosovolos, “ homoiou- vi. ; Ceillier, Auteurs Sacrés, vol. v. p. 594,
sios,” of like substance with the Father, in op- &c. ; Fabric. Bibl. Gracc. vol. ix. p. 247, Concilia,
position to those who affirmed that he was dvbuotos, vol. i. col. 809, 810, 817, 818, 819, ed. Har-
anomoios," of unlike substance. The latter party douin. )
were known as Acacians, from their leader Acacius 4. Of CONSTANTINOPLE (2). Macedonius, the
of Caesareia (Acacius, No. 3], while the forner second patriarch of Constantinople of the name, was
were designated from Macedonius, who was the nephew of Gennadius I. , who was patriarch from
most eminent among them in dignity, though he A. D. 459 to 471, and by whom he was brought up.
does not appear to have fully identified himself He held the office of Sceuophylax, or keeper of the
with them until after his deposition; and if Photius sacred vessels, in the great church at Constantinople,
(Bill. Cod. 257) is correct, was at his election an and, on the deposition of the patriarch Euphemius
Anomoian or Acacian. The two sections came or Euthymius, was nominated patriarch by the em-
into open collision at the council of Seleuceia (A. D. peror Anastasius I. , who probably appreciated the
359); and the Acacians, though outnumbered in mildness and moderation of his temper. His ap-
that council
, succeeded, through the favour of Con- pointment is placed by Theophanes in A. M. 488,
stantius, in deposing several of their opponents, Alex. era,==496 A. D. Though he himself pro-
and secured an ascendancy which, though inter- bably recognised the council of Chalcedon, he was
rupted in the reigns of Julian and Jovian, was fully persuaded by the emperor to subscribe the He-
restored under the reign of Valens, from whose noticon of Zeno, in which that council was silently
time they were known simply as Arians, that de passed over, and endeavoured to reconcile to the
signation being thenceforward given to them alone. church the monks of the monasteries of Constan-
Many of the semi-Arian party, or, as they were tinople, who had broken off from the communion of
termed, Macedonians, being persecuted by the now the patriarch from hatred to the Henoticon ; but he
triumphant Acacians, were led to approximate more met with no success, although, in order to gain
and more to the standard of the Nicene confession them over, he persuaded the emperor to summon a
with respect to the nature and dignity of the Son ; council of the bishops who were then at Constanti-
and at last several of their bishops transmitted to nople, and to confirm, by a writing or edict, several
pope Liberius (1. D. 367) a confession, in which of the things which had been sanctioned by the
they admitted that the Son was “ Quoouoos, “ ho council of Chalcedon, without, as it appears, directly
moousios," or of the same substance" as the recognizing the authority of the council. Mace
Father, and were addressed by the pope in reply donius, thus baffled in his designs, still treated the
as orthodox in that respect. Their growing ortho- monks with mildness, abstaining from any harsh
doxy on this point rendered their heterodoxy with measures against them. Macedonius distinguished
respect to the Holy Spirit, whose deity they denied, himself by his generosity and forbearance towards
and whom they affirmed to be a creature, more his predecessor Euphemius, and towards a man who
prominent. This dogma is said to have been had attempted to assassinate him. But the same
broached by Macedonius after his deposition, and praise of moderation cannot be given to all his acts,
was held both by those who remained semi-Arians if, as stated by Victor of Tunes, he held a council in
and by those who had embraced orthodox views which the supporters of the council of Chalcedon were
on the person and dignity of the Son ; their only condemned. He occupied the patriarchate for sixteen
common feature being their denial of the deity of years, and was deposed by the emperor, A. D. 511
the Holy Spirit, on account of which they were or 512. According to Theophanes, the cause of his
by the Greeks generally termed ſvevuatouaxon deposition was his maintenance of the authority of
"Pneumatomachi,” “Impugners of the Spirit. ” the council of Chalcedon, and his refusal to surren-
The second general or first Constantinopolitan der the authentic record of the acts of that council.
council (A. D. 381) anathematised the heresy of Anastasius urgently pressed him to disavow its
the semi-Arians or Pneumatomachi ('Hutapelava authority, and when he could not prevail on him,
ñyour Ilyeruatopáxwv), thus identifying the two suborned witnesses to charge him with unnatural
names as belonging to one great party ; from which lusts (which, from self-mutilation, he could not in-
it appears not unlikely that the same fear of per- dulge), and with heresy. He was prevented by the
secution which led the Macedonians, during the fear of popular indignation from instituting an in-
31
4
G
VOL. II.
## p. 882 (#898) ############################################
982
MACEDONIUS.
MACER.
nesses.
:
quiry into the truth of these charges, and therefore tion his name. (Ad Popul. Antiochen. de Statnes.
banished him without trial, first to Chalcedon, and Homil. xvii. 1. )
then to Euchaïta ; and appointed Timotheus bishop 7. EPIGRAMMATICUS. (See below. )
or patriarch in his room; and, having thus exiled him 8. Gouba or GUBA. [No. 6. )
without any previous sentence of condemnation or 9. HAERETICUS. [Nos. 2, 3. )
deposition, he endeavoured to amend the irregularity 10. MONOTHELITA. (No. 2. )
of the proceeding by appointing a day for his trial, 11. PATRIARCHA. (Nos. 2, 3, 4.
)
when he had him condemned in his absence, and 12. VICARIUS AFRICAE. Macedonius, who held
by judges who were themselves accusers and wit. the office of Vicarius Africae, in the early part of
Many ecclesiastics, however, throughout the fifth century, was the friend and correspondent
the empire, refused to admit the validity of his de- of Augustin, who has described him as a person of
position ; and his restoration to his see was one of many eminent qualifications. Two of his letters to
the objects of the rebellion of Vitalian the Goth Augustin, with Augustin's replies, are given in the
(A. D. 514), but it was not effected, and Mace- works of that father. (Augustin. Epistolae, li. -
donius died in exile, A. D. 516. Evagrius assigns liv. editt. vett. , clii. -clv. ed. Caillau. ) (J. C. M. )
a different cause for the emperor's hostility to him, MACEDO'NIUS (Makedóvios), of Thessalo-
namely, his refusal to surrender a written engage- nica, a poet of the Greek Anthology, whom Suidas
ment not to alter the established creed of the (s. v. 'Ayadlas) mentions as contemporary with
church, which Anastasius had given to the patriarch Agathias and Paul the Silentiary and Tribonianus,
Euphemius, and which had been committed to the in the time of Justinian. Suidas also calls him the
care of Macedonius, then only Sceuophylax, and Consul (TW vrátw). There are altogether forty-
which he persisted in retaining when the emperor three epigrams by him in the Anthology, most of
wished to recover it. He is honoured as a saint which are of an erotic character, and in an elegant
by the Greek and Latin churches. (Evagrius, H. E. style. (Brunck, Anal. vol. iii. p. 111; Jacobs,
iii. 30, 31, 32; Theodor. Lector. H. E. ii. 12 Anth. Graec. vol. iv. p. 81, p. 215, No. 357. vol.
-36; Theophan. Chronog. pp. 120-138, ed. xiii. p. 641, No. 30, p. 913; Fabric. Bibl. Gract.
Paris, pp. 96—110, ed. Venice, pp. 216–249, ed. vol. iv. p. 481. )
[P. S. ]
Bonn ; Marcellin. Chronicon ; Victor Tunet. Chro- MACER, KEMI’LIUS, of Verona, was senior
nicon ; Liberatus, Breviurium, c. 19; Le Quien, to Ovid, and died in Asia, B. c. 16, three years
Oriens Christianus, vol. i. col. 220; Tillemont, after Virgil, as we learn from the Eusebian Chro-
Mémoires, vol. xvi. p. 663, &c. )
nicle. He wrote a poem or poems upon birds,
5. The Consul, author of the epigrams. [See snakes, and medicinal plants, in imitation, it would
below. ]
appear, of the Theriaca of Nicander. His produc-
6. CritOPHAGUS, or CRITHOPHAGUS. (ó Kpido- tions, of which not one word remains, are thus com-
pásyns. ) Macedonius was a celebrated ascetic, con- memorated in the Tristia :-
temporary with the earlier years of Theodoret, who
was intimately acquainted with him, and has left
Saepe suas volucres legit mihi grandior aevo,
an ample record of him in his Philotheus or His-
Quaeque necet serpens, quae juvet herba,
Macer. '
toria Religiosa (c. 13). He led an ascetic life in
the mountains, apparently in the neighbourhood of The work now extant, entitled “ Aemilius Macer
Antioch ; and dwelt forty-five years in a deep pit de Herbarum Virtutibus," belongs to the middle
(for he would not use either tent or hut). When ages. Of this piece there is an old translation,
he was growing old, he yielded to the intreaties of “ Macer's Herbal, practys'd by Doctor Lynacro.
his friends, and built himself a hut ; and was after- | Translated out of Laten into Englysshe, which
wards further prevailed upon to occupy a small house. I shewynge theyr Operacyons and Vertues set in the
He lived twenty-five years after quitting his cave, so margent of this Boke, to the entent you myght
that his ascetic life extended to seventy years ; but know theyr vertues. ” There is no date ; but it
his age at his death is not known. His habitual diet
was printed by “Robt. Wyer, dwellynge at the
was barley, bruised and moistened with water, from sygne of Saynt Johan evangelyste, in Seynt Mar-
which he acquired his name of Crithophagus, " the tyns Parysshe, in the byshop of Norwytche rentes,
barley-eater. " He was also called, from his dwell. besyde Charynge Crosse. "
ing-place, Gouba, or Guba, a Syriac word denoting 2. We must carefully distinguish from Aemilius
a“ pit” or “ well. " He was ordained priest by Macer of Verona, Macer who was one of the Latin
Flavian of Antioch, who was obliged to use artifice Homeristae, and who must have been alive in
to induce him to leave his mountain abode ; and A. D. 12, since he is addressed by Ovid in the
ordained him, without his being aware of it, during 2d book of the Epistles from Pontus (Ep. x. ), and
the celebration of the eucharist. When informed is there spoken of as an old travelling companion,
of what had occurred, Macedonius, imagining that his literary undertaking being clearly described in
his ordination would oblige him to give up his the lines :-
solitude and his barley diet, flew into a passion ill
becoming his sanctity ; and after pouring out the
“ Tu canis aeterno quidquid restabat Homero,
bitterest reproaches against the patriarch and the
Ne careant summa Troica bella manu ;"
priests, he took his walking staff, for he was now while elsewhere (ex Pont. iv. 16. 6) he is desig-
an old man,
and drove them away. He was one nated as “ Iliacus Macer. " We gather from Appu-
of the monks who resorted to Antioch, to intercede leius that the title of his work was
* Bellum
with the emperor's officers for the citizens of Trojanum. ” (Hieron. in Chron, Euseb. Ol. cxci. ;
Antioch after the great insurrection (A. D. 387), in Ov. Trist. iv. 10. 43 ; Quintilian. vi. 3. & 96,
which they had overthrown the statues of the x. 1. $ 56, 87, xii. 11. $ 27; Appuleius, de Ortho
emperor.
His admirable plea is given by Theo- graph. § 18; Maffei, Verona Illustrata, ii. 19;
doret. (H. E. v. 19. ) Chrysostom notices one Broukhus. ad Tibull. ii. 6 ; Wernsdorf, Poet. Lat.
part of the plea of Macedonius, but does not men- Min. vol. iv. p. 579. )
66
## p. 883 (#899) ############################################
MACER.
883
MACER. 1
&
p. 328. )
: If the Macer named by Quinctilian in his sixth nalist and orator, was the father of C. Licinius
book be the same with either of the above, we Calvus (CalvUS), and must have been born about
must conclude that one of them published a collec- B. c. 110. He was quaestor probably in B. c. 78,
tion of " Tetrasticha," which were tumed aside was tribune of the plebs B. c. 73, was subsequently
from their true meaning, and pieced together by raised to the praetorship and became governor of a
Ovid, so as to form an invective on good-for-nothing province. He was distinguished by his hostility
poets, “ Adjuvant urbanitatem et versus commode towards C. Rabirius, whom he charged (R. C. 73)
positi, seu toti, ut sunt (quod adeo facile est, ut with having been accessory to the death of Satur-
Ovidius ex tetrastichon Macri carmine librum in ninus, an offence for which the same individual
malos poetas composuerit)," &a (W. R. ] was brought to trial a second time ten years after-
MACER, AEMI'LIUS, a Roman jurist, who wards. Macer himself was impeached by Cicero,
wrote after Ulpian and Paulus, and lived in the A. D. 66, when the latter was pretor, under the
reign of Alexander Severus. (Dig. 49. tit. 13. ) law De Repetundis; and finding that, notwithstand-
He wrote several works, extracts from which are ing the influence of Crassus, with whom he was
given in the Digest. The most important of closely allied, the verdict was against him, he in-
them were, De Appellationibas, De Re Militari, stantly committed suicide, before all the forms
De Officio Praesidis, De Publicis Judiciis, and were completed, and thus saved his family from
Ad Legem de Vicesima Hereditatum. (Zimmern, the dishonour and loss which would have been en-
Geschichte des Römischen Privatrechts, vol. i. part i. tailed upon them had he been regularly sentenced.
This is the account given by Valerius Maximus,
MAĆER, BAE'BIT'S. 1. One of the consuls and it does not differ in substance from that pre-
Buffecti A. D. 101, was consul designatus when the served by Plutarch.
younger Pliny pleaded the cause of Bassus before His Annales, or Rerum Romanarum Libri, or
the senate. (Plin. Ep. iv. 9. 9. 16. ). He was Historiae, as they are variously designated by the
praefectus urbi at the time of Trajan's death, A. D. grammarians,
are frequently referred to with respect
117.
