The latter, towards the
close of his tshort reign, feeling his inability to control
tho seditious troops of the capital, resolved to adopt
Trajan as his colleague and successor in the empire, by
whose firmness and decision the praslorian bands might
be kept in awe.
close of his tshort reign, feeling his inability to control
tho seditious troops of the capital, resolved to adopt
Trajan as his colleague and successor in the empire, by
whose firmness and decision the praslorian bands might
be kept in awe.
Charles - 1867 - Classical Dictionary
ff his head.
(Plut.
, Vit.
Alcib.
--Id.
, Vit.
Ages --
Xen, Anab. . 1, 2 )
Titan or Titanus, I. a son of Ccelus (or Uranus)
and Vesta (or Terra), brother to Saturn and Hyperion.
He was the eldest of the children of Cactus; but he
gave his brother Saturn the kingdom of the world, pro-
vided he raised no male children. When the births
of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto were concealed from
him, Titan, on discovering the deception, made war
against Saturn, and imprisoned him till he was replaced
on his throne by his son Jupiter. (Lactantius, de Fals.
Rel, 1, 14. ) This legend differs, it will be perceived,
from tho ordinary one, as given under the article Ti-
tanes. --II. A name applied to the sun, as the offspring
of Hyperion, one of the Titans. (Tibvll. , 4, 1, 50. --
Virg. , Mn. , 4, 118. )--III. An epithet sometimes ap-
plied to Prometheus by the poets. (Soph. , (Ed. Col. ,
66. --Juvenal, 14, 34. -- Vid. Prometheus. )
Titanes, a name given to the sons of Caelus (or
Uranusi and Terra. They were six males, Oceanus,
Coios, Crios, Hyperion, Iapetus, and the youngest of
them Cronus; and six females, Theia, Rheia (or
Rhea), Themis, Mnemosyne, Phcebe, and Tethys.
These children, according to the commonly-received
legend, were hated by their father, who, as soon as
they were born, thrust them out of sight into a cavern
of Earth, who, grieved at his unnatural conduct, pro-
? ? duced the "substance of hoary steel," and, forming
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? TIT
T1TU8.
from each other; beirg situate as the towns of Aiatr
in Piedmont, and Martinach in the Vallais, are with
regard to Mori St. Bernard. The whole district on
the southern side was the Delphic ; while all the coun-
try on the northern side received its name from Tithu-
rea. The olives of this city were so highly esteemed
that they were conveyed as presents to the Roman
emperors; they still maintain their ancient reputation,
being sent as an acceptable offering to the pashas and
other grandees of Turkey. The ruins of Titliorea
vfrc first observed by Dr. Clarke, near the modern
village of Vililza. "We arrived,"says that traveller,
"at the walls of Tithorea, extending in a surprising
manner up the prodigious precipice of Parnassus,
which rises behind the village of Velilza. These re-
mains are visible to a considerable height upon the
rocks" (Travels, vol. 7, p. 274. --Compare Dodwell,
Tour, vol. 2, p. 139. --Gell's Itin. , p. 214. )
TITHRAUSTES, a Persian satrap, B. C. 395, ordered
by Artaxerxes to put to death Tissaphernes. (Vid.
Timphernos. )
TITIANUS, Julianus, a Latin geographical writer,
who flourished about the commencement of the third
century. Julius Capitolinus informs us that he was
called " the ape of his time," from his possessing, in a
high degree, the talent of imitation. From a passage
in Sidonius Apolhnaris (1, 1) we learn in what this
imitation consisted. Titianus imitated the style of the
writers of antiquity. Thus he took Cicero for his
model in the letters which he published under the
names of certain illustrious females. (Schott, Hist.
Lit. Rom. , vol. 3, p. 246. )
TITOKMUS, a herdsman remarkable for his strength,
in which he it said to have far surpassed even Milo.
The latter having met him on one occasion, and having
observed his great size of body, wished to make trial of
his strength; but Titormus declined at first, saying
that he was not possessed of much power ol body. At
length, however, descending into the river Evenus, he
Jelect. -d a slonc of enormous size, and for three or four
times in succession drew it towards him and then
pushed it back again. After this he raised it up as
high as his knees, and finally took it up on his shoul-
ders and carried it for some distance; at last he flung
it from him. Milo, on the other hand, could with dif-
ficulty even roll the same stone. Titormus gave a
second proof of his vast strength by going to a herd
of cattle, seizing a bull, the largest of the whole num-
ber, and fierce withal, by the foot, and holding it so
firmly that it could not escape. Having then grasped
another one, while in the act of passing, with the other
hand, he held it in a similar manner. Milo, on seeing
this, raised his hands to the heavens and exclaimed,
"Oh, Jupiter! hast thon begotten in this man another
Hercules for us? " Hence, says . Khan, came the
common expression, "This is another Hercules. "
(JEtian, Var. Hiit, 23, 23. --Herod. , 6, 187. --Lu-
cian, de conscrib. Hi>>L, p. 690. --Eustcuh. ad Horn. ,
Od. 5,p 2116. )
TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS, son of Vespasian,
succeeded his father on the imperial throne. Previous
to his accession, his military talents had been proved
by the successful issue to which he had brought the
sanguinary and protracted war which was waged with
the Jews, and which ended in the destruction of Jeru-
salem. At the close of the Jewish war he was re-
ceived at Rome with the title of Cesar, and admitted
? ? to the honour of a joint triumph with his father the
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? TIT
fOL
tns to the pollution which was supposed to have in-
fected the air in consequence of the eruption of the
mountain; but it is more probable that it originated
in the poverty and filth occasioned by the sudden in-
crease made to the population of the capital, when the
fugitives from the ruined towns and villages of Cam-
pania sought an asylum within its walla. Such mis-
fortunes wounded deeply the compassionate heart of
Titus. He fell, says Suetonius, not only like a prince,
but as a father, for the sufferings of his people, and
spared neither labour nor expense to relieve their dis-
tress. Hastening in person to Campania for the pur-
pose of assisting the sufferers in that, quarter, Titus
was recalled to his capital by another frightful calam-
ity. A fire broke out at Rome, which raged three
days and nights with the greatest violence, destroying
1:1 immense number of buildings both public and pri-
>>ate. Among the former were the Pantheon, the Oc-
Bvian Library, and the Capitol, which last had been
tut recently rebuilt after the demolition which it had
sustained at the hands of the infuriated Germans du-
ring the reign of Vitellius. No sooner had this af-
flicting event reached the ears of the emperor, than he
made known his determination to indemnify, out of his
own coffers, all the losses which had accrued either to
the slate or individuals. So unwilling, in fact, was
he that any one besides himself should have a share in
the honour of relieving the fortunes of Rome, that he
is said to have refused the contributions which were
offered by some of his royal allies, by other cities of
the empire, and by certain of the richest among the
nobiliiy. Such was now the constitution of Roman
society, that attention to the amusements of the lower
class of citizens in time of peace had become no less
essential to the tranquillity of the empire than military
talents during the pressure of war. With this view
Titus proceeded to finish the amphitheatre, of which
his father had laid the foundation; adding to it baths
ind other comforts for the gratification of the popu-
'ace. This was the famous Colosseum, or Flavian
Vmphitheatrc, the remains of which, at the present
. iay, still present so striking a feature among the an-
:iquities of Rome. The dedication of this superb edi-
fice was celebrated by games of the most magnificent
character. The sports lasted a hundred days, during
? which invention was racked to discover new modes of
pleasing the eye, and of stimulating the depraved fan-
cy of the multitude. It was observed that, on the
last day of the games, the emperor appeared greatly
: in ire], and even shed tears. Hoping that his nerves
would be strengthened by the purer air of the country,
he retired to the neighbourhood of Reate, whence his
family originally sprang, and whither he was accom-
panied by his brother Domitian. A fever with which
he was seized was unduly checked by the use of the
bath, to which he had become much addicted; and it
is added by Suetonius, that the symptoms of the dis-
ease were greatly aggravated by adopting a suggestion
of Domitian's, that the patient should be put into a
tub filled with snow. Thus died, on the 13th day of
September, A. D. 81, Titus, in the same house where
his father had expired, after a pacific reign of two
years and nearly three months. The character of this
prince has been given in the history of his actions ,
and his name, even at the present day, conveys to the
reader all those ideas of justice, clemency, wisdom,
and benevolence, which enter into the conception of a
? ? good sovereign; and his virtues were prized slill more
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? TOM
TK \
had a rich temple there, which Cappio the const], p. un-
iiprtil; and as he was never after fortunate, the words
turum Tolosanum became proverbial. Cspio is said
to have plundered 15,000 talents. This wealth seems
to have belonged, for the most part, to private individ-
uals, who had placed it in the temple for safe kec|i-
inf {Mtla, 2, 6. --Cic, N. D. , 3, 20. --Cat. , B. G. ,
3, 20. )
Tolumnius. Vid. Lars Tolumnius.
Tomarus, a mountain of Epirus, on the declivity
or at the foot of which stood the celebrated Dodo-
na. Callimachus (Hymn, in Cer. , 52) calls it Tma-
rui. Pliny (4, 1), on the authority of Theopompus,
assigns it a hundred springs around its base. Cramer
makes it the same with the modern Mount Chamouri.
(Consult remarks under the article Dodona, page 451,
col. 1, and also Cramer'* Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 115,
seqq. )
1'omos or Tomi, a town situate on the western shores
of the Euxine Sea, about 36 miles below the mouths
of the Danube The name was fabled by the Greek
mycologists to have been derived from rbuoe, " a cut-
ting" or "separation. " because Medea had here, as
they maintained, cut to pieces her brother Absyrtus,
and strewed his remains along the road in order to
stop hci father's pursuit. (Kid. Ovidius, page 949,
col. 2. ) Tomi is still called Tomeswar, though some-
times otherwise styled Baba. It is celebrated as be-
ing the place where Ovid was banished by Augustus.
( Vid. Ovidius, page 949, col. 1. )
Tomyris, a queen of the Massagetae in the time of
Cyrus the Great. The Persian monarch sent ambas-
sadors to her, asking her hand in marriage; but the
Scythian queen, well aware that the king was more
anxious for the crown of the Massagetaa than the pos-
session of her own person, interdicted his entrance
into her territories. Cyrus thereupon marched openly
against the Massagetas, and began to construct a
bridgo over the river Araxes. While ho was thus em-
ployed, Tomyris sent an ambassador, recommending
him to desist from his enterprise; but adding that, if
he still persisted in his design, the Scythian forces
would retire for three days' march from the river, and
would thus allow him an opportunity of crossing with-
out the aid of a bridge: when once on the opposite side
of the river, he could then try his strength with her
subjects. Or, if he did not like this plan, he might
withdraw his own army a similar distance from the
river and the Massagetae would theu cross over into
the Persian territories, and contend with him there.
Cyrus, by the advice of Croesus, accepted the former
part of the offer, and, having crossed the Araxes, plan-
ned the following stratagem, suggested to him by Croe-
sus. He advanced one day's march into the territo-
ries of the MassageUe, and then, leaving his camp full
of provisions and wine, and his worst troops in charge
of it, be returned with his beat to the banks of the
Araxes. What he had foreseen took place. The
Massagetae came with the thifd part of their entire
force, under the command of Spargapises, the son of
Tomyris, attacked the Persian camp, cut to pieces the
troops stationed there, and then banqueted on the
abundant stores which they found in the camp, and
drank to excess of the wine. Cyrus, returning on a
sudden, surprised the whole number, slew many, and
took a much larger number prisoners; among the latter,
'. he son of Tomyris himself. This prince, on recover-
? ? ing from the intoxication into which he had fallen, slew
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? T RA
- Uin. Ant. , Vtt. --ltm. Hierotoi, 602. --Hierot. ,
? 81. )
Ttu:isus, M. Ulpi. us Crinitbs, a Roman emper-
or, the successor of Nerva.
The latter, towards the
close of his tshort reign, feeling his inability to control
tho seditious troops of the capital, resolved to adopt
Trajan as his colleague and successor in the empire, by
whose firmness and decision the praslorian bands might
be kept in awe. The result proved the wisdom of his
choice. So high was the character of Trajan, that no
person could be named equally worthy of the empire;
and even the seditious soldiery of the pralorian camp
submitted without a murmur. The selection of Tra-
jan prevented any contests for imperial power at the
death of Nerva; so that the new emperor entered
without the necessity of bloodshed upon the discharge
of his high functions. Ho was by birth a Spaniard,
having been horn at Italica, but he was of Italian ex-
traction, and had been early inured to tho discipline of
the army under his father, a commander of considera-
ble reputation. When he himself became a general,
he continued to practiso the simple habits of a soldier,
excelling his troops, not in personal indulgences, but in
courage and virtue. On the throne he continued to
exhibit the same excellences, only enhanced by the
acquisition of a wider acope for their full develop-
ment. Being superior to fear, it was natural that he
should also be above harbouring suspicion. He there-
fore abolished the law of treason (iudicia majcttati*),
which had been re-established by Domitian after hav-
ing been abrogated by Titus, and prepared to restore
as much of the free Roman constitution as was com-
fwiible with the existence of a monarchy. He restored
the elective power to the eomitia, complete liberty of
speech to the senate, and to the magistrates their former
authority; and yet he ruled the empire with unrivalled
firmness, holding the reins of power with a strong and
steady hand. Of him it has been said, not in the lan-
guage of panegyric, but of aimplo sincerity, that he
was equally great as a ruler, a general, and a man:
and only such a man could with safety, as emperor,
have used those remarkable words, when, giving a
sword to the prefect of the prauorian guards, he said.
"Take this sword, and use it; if I have merit, for me;
if otherwise, against me. "--Soon after the accession
of Trajan, the Dacian monarch. DecebBlus, sent to de-
mand the tribute with which Domitian had purchased
a disgraceful peace. This Trajan indignantly refused;
and, levying an army, marched against the Dacians;
who had already resumed their predatory incursions.
The hostile armies soon came to an engagement, for
both were equally eager; and, after a desperate strug-
gle, the Dacians were routed with dreadful carnage.
But so great was the loss of the Romans that for
some time they were unable to follow up their victory.
It was, however, decisive j and the Dacians were com-
pelled, not only to forego their demands, but even to
become iriluitar. es to Rome. But, unaccustomed to
aervitude, and led by their gallant King Decebalu*,
they mustered fresh forces as soon as they had some-
what recovered from their overthrow, and prepared for
another contest. The warlike emperor was equally
ready for the shock of arms. Not satisfied with expell-
ing the invaders, he now determined to carry the war
into the countr- of the enemy. For this purpose he
erected a *. . upendous bridge over tho Danube, with a
strong fortification at each end, defeated the Dacians
in every battle, marched into the heart of their coun-
? ? try, ami made himself master of I heir chief town. De-
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? TR E
<<gn, his popularity during his lifetime was equalled
by the regard entertained for his memory by posterity;
and his claim to the title of Optimus, which the senate
solemnly bestowed upon him, was fully confirmed by
the voice ol succeeding times; inasmuch as for two
hundred years after his death, the senate, in pouring
forth theii prayers for the happiness of a new emperor,
were accustomed tc wish that he might surpass Au-
gustus in prosperity and Trajan in goodness of charac-
ter. (Pirn. , Paneg. -- Aurel. Victor. , Vit. Traj --
Dio Cass. , 68, 4, scijq. --Hethcrington's History of
Rome, p. 195, scqq. -- Encyclop. Metropol. , div. 3,
vol. 2, p. 649, scqq. )
Trajbctus, I. Hiikm, now Utrecht. --If. Mosje,
now Mastrickt.
Trai. les, a town of Lydia, a short distance north
of Magnesia ad Meandrum. In Strabo's time it was
one of the most flourishing cities of Asia Minor, and
was noted for the opulence of its inhabitants. It was
said to have been founded by some Argives, together
with a body of Thracians, from whom it took the name
of Tralles. (Slrab. , 649. --Hcsych. , s. v. TpuXAeic.
--Diod. Sic, 17, 65. ) It had previously borne those
of Anthea or Enanthea, Erymna, Charax, &c The
shape of the town was that of a trapezium, and it was
defended by a citadel and other forts. The river Eu-
don or Eudonus (lowed near the walls. The citizens
of Tralles, on account of their great wealth, were
generally elected to the office of asiarchs, or presidents
of the games celebrated in the province. The coun-
try around Tralles was much subject to earthquakes.
--Chandler mistook the ruins of Tralles for those of
Magnesia, as M. Barbier du liocage has well proved
in his notes to the French translation of his work.
They are situated above the modern Ghiuzcl-hissars,
in a position corresponding with Strabo's description.
{Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 464, scqq. --Com-
pare Fellows' Asia Minor, p. 276. )
Trapezv* a city on the northeastern coast of Pon-
;l>>, founded by a colony from Sinopc. Its ancient
came was derived from the square form in which the
city was laid out, resembling a table (rpuirrfa). Tra-
pezus is celebrated for the hospitable reception which
its inhabitants gave to the ten thousand Greeks on
their retreat, this being the first Greek colony which
the latter had reached after the battle of Cunaxa. It
tell subsequently into the hands of the Romans, and
was embellished and improved by the Emperor Hadri-
an. It was taken from the Romans, however, by the
Scythians or Tartars in the reign of Valerian. The
Greek emperors became afterward masters of it. A
separate dynasty was here established, commencing
with Alexis Comnenes, in 1204, which ended with
the capture of the city by Mohammed II. in 1462.
The princes who reigned in this city aro the Greek
emperors of whom so much mention is made in ro-
mance and so little in history: they must not be con-
founded with the imperial line at Constantinople.
Trapczus is now called Trcbisond, or, as the Turks
pronounce it, Terabetoun. (Arrian, Pcnpl. Pont.
Eur in Huds. G. M. , 1, 17 --Mela, 1, 19. --Ptin. ,
6, 4. )--II. A city of Arcadia, in tbo southwestern
angle of the country, and between the Acheloiis and
Alphcus. The inhabitants of this place, in conse-
quence of having refused to join in the colonization
of Megalopolis, were forced to quit the Peloponnesus,
and retire to the city of Trapczus, or tho Euzine,
where they were received as a kindred people. (Pau-
? ? tan . 8, 27, *<<? ,". )
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? TK1
TRIBONIANIJS.
and Leaci. Their chief city was Argentoratum, now
Strasbourg. {Tacit. , Germ. , 28. -- Cat. , B. G. , 1,
SI. --Kilt. , 4, 17. )
'"'. tiBosiANus, a celebrated jurist, who was mainly
instrumental in the compilation of Justinian, was a
native of Pamphylia, and his father was from Mace-
donia. His learning was most extensive; he wrote
upon a great variety of subjects, was well versed both
in Latin and Greek literature, and had deeply studied
tho Roman civilians, of which he had a valuable col-
. -. < tion in his library. He practised first at the bar of
the praetorian prefects at Constantinople, became af-
terward qnajstor, master of the imperial household,
and consul, and possessed for about twenty years the
favour and confidence of Justinian. His manners are
said to have been remarkably mild and conciliating;
nc was a courtier, and fond of money, but in other re-
spects he appears to have been calumniated by his en-
emies. His death took place A. D. 545. He was a
superior man, and most valuable to Justinian. --This ap-
pears to be a proper place to give some account of Jus-
tinian's legislation. Soon after ascending the throne,
this monarch gave orders (Feb. , 528 A. D ) to a com-
mission, consisting of Joannes and nine other persons,
among whom were Tribonian or Tribunian and The-
tphilus, to make a general compilation of the best and
most useful laws or constitutions which had been
promulgated by the emperors his predecessors, begin-
ning from Hadrian's perpetual edict down to his own
tinw. Partial compilations had been made in the time
of Constantine by private individuals, Gregory and
Hermogenes, of which only fragments remain, and a
more complete one was effected under Theodosius II.
All these were now merged in the new Code of Justin-
tan. A remarkable difference of style and manner is
observable between the older constitutions issued be-
fore Constantine and those promulgated afterward.
The former, being issued at Rome, and framed upon
the dKtsions or "responsa" of learned jurists, are
e'enr, sententious, and elegant; the latter, which were
promulgated chiefly at Constantinople, in the decay of
the Roman language, are verbose and rhetorical.
Joar. ncs and his nine associates completed their task
in fourteen months, and the new Code, having receiv-
ed the imperial . sanction, was published in April, A. D.
529. A few years after, Justinian, by the advice of
Tribonian, ordered a revision of his Code to be made
by Tribonian and four others. These commissioners
suppressed several laws as either useless or inconsist-
ent with present usage, and added many constitutions
which the emperor had been promulgating in the mean
time, as well as fifty decisions on intricate points of
jurisprudence. The Code, thus revised, was published
in December of the year 534, under the title of "Co-
dex Justiniancus repetita; preelections," and thence-
forth had the force of law. The Code is divided into
twelve books; every book is subdivided into titles,
and each title into laws. The learned Gothofredus, in
his prolegomena attached to his edition of the Theo-
dosian Code, observes that Tribonian and his associ-
ates have been guilty of several faults in the compila-
tion of the Code; that the order observed in the suc-
cession of the titles is confused; that some of the laws
hav; been mutilated and have been rendered obscure;
that sometimes a law has been divided into two, and
at other times two have been reduced into one; that
laws have been attributed to emperors who were not
? ? the authors of them, or who had given quite contrary
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? TRI
nvo tiilcs ol fc. e fourth, treat ol things; anc" the re-
maining titles of the fourth book treat of actions. Be-
sides theso three compilations, the Code, th9 Insti-
tutes, and the Digest, Justinian, after the publication
of the second edition of his Code, continued to issue
new laws or constitutions, chiefly in Greek, upon par-
ticular occasions, which were collected and published
together, after his death, under the name of Neapoi
Ataxiifcir, or Nova? , or Constitutiones Novellas, or Au-
thentics. The Novella; are divided into nine Colla-
tiones and 168 Constitutiones, or, as they are now of-
ten called, Novels. The Novella, together with the
thirteen Edicts of Justinian, made up the fourth part
of his legislation. There are four Latin translations
of the Novella;, two of which were made soon after
Justinian's death; the. third is by Halvander, printed
at Nurnberg in 1531 ; and the fourth was printed at
Basle, by Hervagius, in 1561. This last translation is
that which is printed in the editions of the Corpus Ju-
ris opposite to the Greek text, and is very valuable,
notwithstanding it has been stigmatized by some with
the name "barbarous;" it is sometimes called Au-
thentica Interpretatio, or Vulgata. The version of Hal-
vander is also printed in some editions of the Corpus
Juris. The Novellai made many changes in the law
as established by Justinian's prior compilations, and
are an evidence that the emperor was seized with a
passion for legislating; a circumstance which enables
us to form a more correct judgment of his real merits,
and lowers his character as a philosophic jurist. Among
the numerous editions of the Corpus Juris Civilis, the
best is that of Gothofredus, Col. Munat. , 1756, 2 vols,
folio. Pothier's edition of the Digest, reprinted at
Paris, in 5 vols. 4to, 1818-1820, is a useful edition:
there is a very cheap edition of the Corpus Juris re-
cently published in Germany by Beck, 3 vols. snt>>! l
folio, Leipsig, 1829. (Encycl. Us. Know/. , vol. 13,
163-5. --Ludewig, Vit. Justin. Mag. ct Tkcod. , nee
non Trebon. , Halle, 1731. --Zimmern, Geschichte des
Rom. Privatreehts bis Justinian, Heidelb. , 1826. --
Hugo, Lehrbuch der Gesch. des R'&m. Reehts, Berlin,
1832. --History of the Roman or Civil Law, by Fer-
riere, transl. by J. Beaver, London, 1724. -- Homme-
Hi, Palingencsia. --Brinkmaunus, Instituliones Juris
Romani, Schleswig, 1822. -- System des Pandektcn-
Reehts, by Thibant, 7th ed. , Jena, 1828. --Da* Corpus
Juris in's Deutsche iibersetzt von einem vereine Reehts-
gelehrler und herausgegeben von Otto, Schilling, und
Sintenis, Leipzig, 1831. -- Les cinquantes litres du
Digeste, etc.
Xen, Anab. . 1, 2 )
Titan or Titanus, I. a son of Ccelus (or Uranus)
and Vesta (or Terra), brother to Saturn and Hyperion.
He was the eldest of the children of Cactus; but he
gave his brother Saturn the kingdom of the world, pro-
vided he raised no male children. When the births
of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto were concealed from
him, Titan, on discovering the deception, made war
against Saturn, and imprisoned him till he was replaced
on his throne by his son Jupiter. (Lactantius, de Fals.
Rel, 1, 14. ) This legend differs, it will be perceived,
from tho ordinary one, as given under the article Ti-
tanes. --II. A name applied to the sun, as the offspring
of Hyperion, one of the Titans. (Tibvll. , 4, 1, 50. --
Virg. , Mn. , 4, 118. )--III. An epithet sometimes ap-
plied to Prometheus by the poets. (Soph. , (Ed. Col. ,
66. --Juvenal, 14, 34. -- Vid. Prometheus. )
Titanes, a name given to the sons of Caelus (or
Uranusi and Terra. They were six males, Oceanus,
Coios, Crios, Hyperion, Iapetus, and the youngest of
them Cronus; and six females, Theia, Rheia (or
Rhea), Themis, Mnemosyne, Phcebe, and Tethys.
These children, according to the commonly-received
legend, were hated by their father, who, as soon as
they were born, thrust them out of sight into a cavern
of Earth, who, grieved at his unnatural conduct, pro-
? ? duced the "substance of hoary steel," and, forming
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? TIT
T1TU8.
from each other; beirg situate as the towns of Aiatr
in Piedmont, and Martinach in the Vallais, are with
regard to Mori St. Bernard. The whole district on
the southern side was the Delphic ; while all the coun-
try on the northern side received its name from Tithu-
rea. The olives of this city were so highly esteemed
that they were conveyed as presents to the Roman
emperors; they still maintain their ancient reputation,
being sent as an acceptable offering to the pashas and
other grandees of Turkey. The ruins of Titliorea
vfrc first observed by Dr. Clarke, near the modern
village of Vililza. "We arrived,"says that traveller,
"at the walls of Tithorea, extending in a surprising
manner up the prodigious precipice of Parnassus,
which rises behind the village of Velilza. These re-
mains are visible to a considerable height upon the
rocks" (Travels, vol. 7, p. 274. --Compare Dodwell,
Tour, vol. 2, p. 139. --Gell's Itin. , p. 214. )
TITHRAUSTES, a Persian satrap, B. C. 395, ordered
by Artaxerxes to put to death Tissaphernes. (Vid.
Timphernos. )
TITIANUS, Julianus, a Latin geographical writer,
who flourished about the commencement of the third
century. Julius Capitolinus informs us that he was
called " the ape of his time," from his possessing, in a
high degree, the talent of imitation. From a passage
in Sidonius Apolhnaris (1, 1) we learn in what this
imitation consisted. Titianus imitated the style of the
writers of antiquity. Thus he took Cicero for his
model in the letters which he published under the
names of certain illustrious females. (Schott, Hist.
Lit. Rom. , vol. 3, p. 246. )
TITOKMUS, a herdsman remarkable for his strength,
in which he it said to have far surpassed even Milo.
The latter having met him on one occasion, and having
observed his great size of body, wished to make trial of
his strength; but Titormus declined at first, saying
that he was not possessed of much power ol body. At
length, however, descending into the river Evenus, he
Jelect. -d a slonc of enormous size, and for three or four
times in succession drew it towards him and then
pushed it back again. After this he raised it up as
high as his knees, and finally took it up on his shoul-
ders and carried it for some distance; at last he flung
it from him. Milo, on the other hand, could with dif-
ficulty even roll the same stone. Titormus gave a
second proof of his vast strength by going to a herd
of cattle, seizing a bull, the largest of the whole num-
ber, and fierce withal, by the foot, and holding it so
firmly that it could not escape. Having then grasped
another one, while in the act of passing, with the other
hand, he held it in a similar manner. Milo, on seeing
this, raised his hands to the heavens and exclaimed,
"Oh, Jupiter! hast thon begotten in this man another
Hercules for us? " Hence, says . Khan, came the
common expression, "This is another Hercules. "
(JEtian, Var. Hiit, 23, 23. --Herod. , 6, 187. --Lu-
cian, de conscrib. Hi>>L, p. 690. --Eustcuh. ad Horn. ,
Od. 5,p 2116. )
TITUS FLAVIUS VESPASIANUS, son of Vespasian,
succeeded his father on the imperial throne. Previous
to his accession, his military talents had been proved
by the successful issue to which he had brought the
sanguinary and protracted war which was waged with
the Jews, and which ended in the destruction of Jeru-
salem. At the close of the Jewish war he was re-
ceived at Rome with the title of Cesar, and admitted
? ? to the honour of a joint triumph with his father the
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? TIT
fOL
tns to the pollution which was supposed to have in-
fected the air in consequence of the eruption of the
mountain; but it is more probable that it originated
in the poverty and filth occasioned by the sudden in-
crease made to the population of the capital, when the
fugitives from the ruined towns and villages of Cam-
pania sought an asylum within its walla. Such mis-
fortunes wounded deeply the compassionate heart of
Titus. He fell, says Suetonius, not only like a prince,
but as a father, for the sufferings of his people, and
spared neither labour nor expense to relieve their dis-
tress. Hastening in person to Campania for the pur-
pose of assisting the sufferers in that, quarter, Titus
was recalled to his capital by another frightful calam-
ity. A fire broke out at Rome, which raged three
days and nights with the greatest violence, destroying
1:1 immense number of buildings both public and pri-
>>ate. Among the former were the Pantheon, the Oc-
Bvian Library, and the Capitol, which last had been
tut recently rebuilt after the demolition which it had
sustained at the hands of the infuriated Germans du-
ring the reign of Vitellius. No sooner had this af-
flicting event reached the ears of the emperor, than he
made known his determination to indemnify, out of his
own coffers, all the losses which had accrued either to
the slate or individuals. So unwilling, in fact, was
he that any one besides himself should have a share in
the honour of relieving the fortunes of Rome, that he
is said to have refused the contributions which were
offered by some of his royal allies, by other cities of
the empire, and by certain of the richest among the
nobiliiy. Such was now the constitution of Roman
society, that attention to the amusements of the lower
class of citizens in time of peace had become no less
essential to the tranquillity of the empire than military
talents during the pressure of war. With this view
Titus proceeded to finish the amphitheatre, of which
his father had laid the foundation; adding to it baths
ind other comforts for the gratification of the popu-
'ace. This was the famous Colosseum, or Flavian
Vmphitheatrc, the remains of which, at the present
. iay, still present so striking a feature among the an-
:iquities of Rome. The dedication of this superb edi-
fice was celebrated by games of the most magnificent
character. The sports lasted a hundred days, during
? which invention was racked to discover new modes of
pleasing the eye, and of stimulating the depraved fan-
cy of the multitude. It was observed that, on the
last day of the games, the emperor appeared greatly
: in ire], and even shed tears. Hoping that his nerves
would be strengthened by the purer air of the country,
he retired to the neighbourhood of Reate, whence his
family originally sprang, and whither he was accom-
panied by his brother Domitian. A fever with which
he was seized was unduly checked by the use of the
bath, to which he had become much addicted; and it
is added by Suetonius, that the symptoms of the dis-
ease were greatly aggravated by adopting a suggestion
of Domitian's, that the patient should be put into a
tub filled with snow. Thus died, on the 13th day of
September, A. D. 81, Titus, in the same house where
his father had expired, after a pacific reign of two
years and nearly three months. The character of this
prince has been given in the history of his actions ,
and his name, even at the present day, conveys to the
reader all those ideas of justice, clemency, wisdom,
and benevolence, which enter into the conception of a
? ? good sovereign; and his virtues were prized slill more
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? TOM
TK \
had a rich temple there, which Cappio the const], p. un-
iiprtil; and as he was never after fortunate, the words
turum Tolosanum became proverbial. Cspio is said
to have plundered 15,000 talents. This wealth seems
to have belonged, for the most part, to private individ-
uals, who had placed it in the temple for safe kec|i-
inf {Mtla, 2, 6. --Cic, N. D. , 3, 20. --Cat. , B. G. ,
3, 20. )
Tolumnius. Vid. Lars Tolumnius.
Tomarus, a mountain of Epirus, on the declivity
or at the foot of which stood the celebrated Dodo-
na. Callimachus (Hymn, in Cer. , 52) calls it Tma-
rui. Pliny (4, 1), on the authority of Theopompus,
assigns it a hundred springs around its base. Cramer
makes it the same with the modern Mount Chamouri.
(Consult remarks under the article Dodona, page 451,
col. 1, and also Cramer'* Anc. Greece, vol. 1, p. 115,
seqq. )
1'omos or Tomi, a town situate on the western shores
of the Euxine Sea, about 36 miles below the mouths
of the Danube The name was fabled by the Greek
mycologists to have been derived from rbuoe, " a cut-
ting" or "separation. " because Medea had here, as
they maintained, cut to pieces her brother Absyrtus,
and strewed his remains along the road in order to
stop hci father's pursuit. (Kid. Ovidius, page 949,
col. 2. ) Tomi is still called Tomeswar, though some-
times otherwise styled Baba. It is celebrated as be-
ing the place where Ovid was banished by Augustus.
( Vid. Ovidius, page 949, col. 1. )
Tomyris, a queen of the Massagetae in the time of
Cyrus the Great. The Persian monarch sent ambas-
sadors to her, asking her hand in marriage; but the
Scythian queen, well aware that the king was more
anxious for the crown of the Massagetaa than the pos-
session of her own person, interdicted his entrance
into her territories. Cyrus thereupon marched openly
against the Massagetas, and began to construct a
bridgo over the river Araxes. While ho was thus em-
ployed, Tomyris sent an ambassador, recommending
him to desist from his enterprise; but adding that, if
he still persisted in his design, the Scythian forces
would retire for three days' march from the river, and
would thus allow him an opportunity of crossing with-
out the aid of a bridge: when once on the opposite side
of the river, he could then try his strength with her
subjects. Or, if he did not like this plan, he might
withdraw his own army a similar distance from the
river and the Massagetae would theu cross over into
the Persian territories, and contend with him there.
Cyrus, by the advice of Croesus, accepted the former
part of the offer, and, having crossed the Araxes, plan-
ned the following stratagem, suggested to him by Croe-
sus. He advanced one day's march into the territo-
ries of the MassageUe, and then, leaving his camp full
of provisions and wine, and his worst troops in charge
of it, be returned with his beat to the banks of the
Araxes. What he had foreseen took place. The
Massagetae came with the thifd part of their entire
force, under the command of Spargapises, the son of
Tomyris, attacked the Persian camp, cut to pieces the
troops stationed there, and then banqueted on the
abundant stores which they found in the camp, and
drank to excess of the wine. Cyrus, returning on a
sudden, surprised the whole number, slew many, and
took a much larger number prisoners; among the latter,
'. he son of Tomyris himself. This prince, on recover-
? ? ing from the intoxication into which he had fallen, slew
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? T RA
- Uin. Ant. , Vtt. --ltm. Hierotoi, 602. --Hierot. ,
? 81. )
Ttu:isus, M. Ulpi. us Crinitbs, a Roman emper-
or, the successor of Nerva.
The latter, towards the
close of his tshort reign, feeling his inability to control
tho seditious troops of the capital, resolved to adopt
Trajan as his colleague and successor in the empire, by
whose firmness and decision the praslorian bands might
be kept in awe. The result proved the wisdom of his
choice. So high was the character of Trajan, that no
person could be named equally worthy of the empire;
and even the seditious soldiery of the pralorian camp
submitted without a murmur. The selection of Tra-
jan prevented any contests for imperial power at the
death of Nerva; so that the new emperor entered
without the necessity of bloodshed upon the discharge
of his high functions. Ho was by birth a Spaniard,
having been horn at Italica, but he was of Italian ex-
traction, and had been early inured to tho discipline of
the army under his father, a commander of considera-
ble reputation. When he himself became a general,
he continued to practiso the simple habits of a soldier,
excelling his troops, not in personal indulgences, but in
courage and virtue. On the throne he continued to
exhibit the same excellences, only enhanced by the
acquisition of a wider acope for their full develop-
ment. Being superior to fear, it was natural that he
should also be above harbouring suspicion. He there-
fore abolished the law of treason (iudicia majcttati*),
which had been re-established by Domitian after hav-
ing been abrogated by Titus, and prepared to restore
as much of the free Roman constitution as was com-
fwiible with the existence of a monarchy. He restored
the elective power to the eomitia, complete liberty of
speech to the senate, and to the magistrates their former
authority; and yet he ruled the empire with unrivalled
firmness, holding the reins of power with a strong and
steady hand. Of him it has been said, not in the lan-
guage of panegyric, but of aimplo sincerity, that he
was equally great as a ruler, a general, and a man:
and only such a man could with safety, as emperor,
have used those remarkable words, when, giving a
sword to the prefect of the prauorian guards, he said.
"Take this sword, and use it; if I have merit, for me;
if otherwise, against me. "--Soon after the accession
of Trajan, the Dacian monarch. DecebBlus, sent to de-
mand the tribute with which Domitian had purchased
a disgraceful peace. This Trajan indignantly refused;
and, levying an army, marched against the Dacians;
who had already resumed their predatory incursions.
The hostile armies soon came to an engagement, for
both were equally eager; and, after a desperate strug-
gle, the Dacians were routed with dreadful carnage.
But so great was the loss of the Romans that for
some time they were unable to follow up their victory.
It was, however, decisive j and the Dacians were com-
pelled, not only to forego their demands, but even to
become iriluitar. es to Rome. But, unaccustomed to
aervitude, and led by their gallant King Decebalu*,
they mustered fresh forces as soon as they had some-
what recovered from their overthrow, and prepared for
another contest. The warlike emperor was equally
ready for the shock of arms. Not satisfied with expell-
ing the invaders, he now determined to carry the war
into the countr- of the enemy. For this purpose he
erected a *. . upendous bridge over tho Danube, with a
strong fortification at each end, defeated the Dacians
in every battle, marched into the heart of their coun-
? ? try, ami made himself master of I heir chief town. De-
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? TR E
<<gn, his popularity during his lifetime was equalled
by the regard entertained for his memory by posterity;
and his claim to the title of Optimus, which the senate
solemnly bestowed upon him, was fully confirmed by
the voice ol succeeding times; inasmuch as for two
hundred years after his death, the senate, in pouring
forth theii prayers for the happiness of a new emperor,
were accustomed tc wish that he might surpass Au-
gustus in prosperity and Trajan in goodness of charac-
ter. (Pirn. , Paneg. -- Aurel. Victor. , Vit. Traj --
Dio Cass. , 68, 4, scijq. --Hethcrington's History of
Rome, p. 195, scqq. -- Encyclop. Metropol. , div. 3,
vol. 2, p. 649, scqq. )
Trajbctus, I. Hiikm, now Utrecht. --If. Mosje,
now Mastrickt.
Trai. les, a town of Lydia, a short distance north
of Magnesia ad Meandrum. In Strabo's time it was
one of the most flourishing cities of Asia Minor, and
was noted for the opulence of its inhabitants. It was
said to have been founded by some Argives, together
with a body of Thracians, from whom it took the name
of Tralles. (Slrab. , 649. --Hcsych. , s. v. TpuXAeic.
--Diod. Sic, 17, 65. ) It had previously borne those
of Anthea or Enanthea, Erymna, Charax, &c The
shape of the town was that of a trapezium, and it was
defended by a citadel and other forts. The river Eu-
don or Eudonus (lowed near the walls. The citizens
of Tralles, on account of their great wealth, were
generally elected to the office of asiarchs, or presidents
of the games celebrated in the province. The coun-
try around Tralles was much subject to earthquakes.
--Chandler mistook the ruins of Tralles for those of
Magnesia, as M. Barbier du liocage has well proved
in his notes to the French translation of his work.
They are situated above the modern Ghiuzcl-hissars,
in a position corresponding with Strabo's description.
{Cramer's Asia Minor, vol. 1, p. 464, scqq. --Com-
pare Fellows' Asia Minor, p. 276. )
Trapezv* a city on the northeastern coast of Pon-
;l>>, founded by a colony from Sinopc. Its ancient
came was derived from the square form in which the
city was laid out, resembling a table (rpuirrfa). Tra-
pezus is celebrated for the hospitable reception which
its inhabitants gave to the ten thousand Greeks on
their retreat, this being the first Greek colony which
the latter had reached after the battle of Cunaxa. It
tell subsequently into the hands of the Romans, and
was embellished and improved by the Emperor Hadri-
an. It was taken from the Romans, however, by the
Scythians or Tartars in the reign of Valerian. The
Greek emperors became afterward masters of it. A
separate dynasty was here established, commencing
with Alexis Comnenes, in 1204, which ended with
the capture of the city by Mohammed II. in 1462.
The princes who reigned in this city aro the Greek
emperors of whom so much mention is made in ro-
mance and so little in history: they must not be con-
founded with the imperial line at Constantinople.
Trapczus is now called Trcbisond, or, as the Turks
pronounce it, Terabetoun. (Arrian, Pcnpl. Pont.
Eur in Huds. G. M. , 1, 17 --Mela, 1, 19. --Ptin. ,
6, 4. )--II. A city of Arcadia, in tbo southwestern
angle of the country, and between the Acheloiis and
Alphcus. The inhabitants of this place, in conse-
quence of having refused to join in the colonization
of Megalopolis, were forced to quit the Peloponnesus,
and retire to the city of Trapczus, or tho Euzine,
where they were received as a kindred people. (Pau-
? ? tan . 8, 27, *<<? ,". )
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? TK1
TRIBONIANIJS.
and Leaci. Their chief city was Argentoratum, now
Strasbourg. {Tacit. , Germ. , 28. -- Cat. , B. G. , 1,
SI. --Kilt. , 4, 17. )
'"'. tiBosiANus, a celebrated jurist, who was mainly
instrumental in the compilation of Justinian, was a
native of Pamphylia, and his father was from Mace-
donia. His learning was most extensive; he wrote
upon a great variety of subjects, was well versed both
in Latin and Greek literature, and had deeply studied
tho Roman civilians, of which he had a valuable col-
. -. < tion in his library. He practised first at the bar of
the praetorian prefects at Constantinople, became af-
terward qnajstor, master of the imperial household,
and consul, and possessed for about twenty years the
favour and confidence of Justinian. His manners are
said to have been remarkably mild and conciliating;
nc was a courtier, and fond of money, but in other re-
spects he appears to have been calumniated by his en-
emies. His death took place A. D. 545. He was a
superior man, and most valuable to Justinian. --This ap-
pears to be a proper place to give some account of Jus-
tinian's legislation. Soon after ascending the throne,
this monarch gave orders (Feb. , 528 A. D ) to a com-
mission, consisting of Joannes and nine other persons,
among whom were Tribonian or Tribunian and The-
tphilus, to make a general compilation of the best and
most useful laws or constitutions which had been
promulgated by the emperors his predecessors, begin-
ning from Hadrian's perpetual edict down to his own
tinw. Partial compilations had been made in the time
of Constantine by private individuals, Gregory and
Hermogenes, of which only fragments remain, and a
more complete one was effected under Theodosius II.
All these were now merged in the new Code of Justin-
tan. A remarkable difference of style and manner is
observable between the older constitutions issued be-
fore Constantine and those promulgated afterward.
The former, being issued at Rome, and framed upon
the dKtsions or "responsa" of learned jurists, are
e'enr, sententious, and elegant; the latter, which were
promulgated chiefly at Constantinople, in the decay of
the Roman language, are verbose and rhetorical.
Joar. ncs and his nine associates completed their task
in fourteen months, and the new Code, having receiv-
ed the imperial . sanction, was published in April, A. D.
529. A few years after, Justinian, by the advice of
Tribonian, ordered a revision of his Code to be made
by Tribonian and four others. These commissioners
suppressed several laws as either useless or inconsist-
ent with present usage, and added many constitutions
which the emperor had been promulgating in the mean
time, as well as fifty decisions on intricate points of
jurisprudence. The Code, thus revised, was published
in December of the year 534, under the title of "Co-
dex Justiniancus repetita; preelections," and thence-
forth had the force of law. The Code is divided into
twelve books; every book is subdivided into titles,
and each title into laws. The learned Gothofredus, in
his prolegomena attached to his edition of the Theo-
dosian Code, observes that Tribonian and his associ-
ates have been guilty of several faults in the compila-
tion of the Code; that the order observed in the suc-
cession of the titles is confused; that some of the laws
hav; been mutilated and have been rendered obscure;
that sometimes a law has been divided into two, and
at other times two have been reduced into one; that
laws have been attributed to emperors who were not
? ? the authors of them, or who had given quite contrary
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? TRI
nvo tiilcs ol fc. e fourth, treat ol things; anc" the re-
maining titles of the fourth book treat of actions. Be-
sides theso three compilations, the Code, th9 Insti-
tutes, and the Digest, Justinian, after the publication
of the second edition of his Code, continued to issue
new laws or constitutions, chiefly in Greek, upon par-
ticular occasions, which were collected and published
together, after his death, under the name of Neapoi
Ataxiifcir, or Nova? , or Constitutiones Novellas, or Au-
thentics. The Novella; are divided into nine Colla-
tiones and 168 Constitutiones, or, as they are now of-
ten called, Novels. The Novella, together with the
thirteen Edicts of Justinian, made up the fourth part
of his legislation. There are four Latin translations
of the Novella;, two of which were made soon after
Justinian's death; the. third is by Halvander, printed
at Nurnberg in 1531 ; and the fourth was printed at
Basle, by Hervagius, in 1561. This last translation is
that which is printed in the editions of the Corpus Ju-
ris opposite to the Greek text, and is very valuable,
notwithstanding it has been stigmatized by some with
the name "barbarous;" it is sometimes called Au-
thentica Interpretatio, or Vulgata. The version of Hal-
vander is also printed in some editions of the Corpus
Juris. The Novellai made many changes in the law
as established by Justinian's prior compilations, and
are an evidence that the emperor was seized with a
passion for legislating; a circumstance which enables
us to form a more correct judgment of his real merits,
and lowers his character as a philosophic jurist. Among
the numerous editions of the Corpus Juris Civilis, the
best is that of Gothofredus, Col. Munat. , 1756, 2 vols,
folio. Pothier's edition of the Digest, reprinted at
Paris, in 5 vols. 4to, 1818-1820, is a useful edition:
there is a very cheap edition of the Corpus Juris re-
cently published in Germany by Beck, 3 vols. snt>>! l
folio, Leipsig, 1829. (Encycl. Us. Know/. , vol. 13,
163-5. --Ludewig, Vit. Justin. Mag. ct Tkcod. , nee
non Trebon. , Halle, 1731. --Zimmern, Geschichte des
Rom. Privatreehts bis Justinian, Heidelb. , 1826. --
Hugo, Lehrbuch der Gesch. des R'&m. Reehts, Berlin,
1832. --History of the Roman or Civil Law, by Fer-
riere, transl. by J. Beaver, London, 1724. -- Homme-
Hi, Palingencsia. --Brinkmaunus, Instituliones Juris
Romani, Schleswig, 1822. -- System des Pandektcn-
Reehts, by Thibant, 7th ed. , Jena, 1828. --Da* Corpus
Juris in's Deutsche iibersetzt von einem vereine Reehts-
gelehrler und herausgegeben von Otto, Schilling, und
Sintenis, Leipzig, 1831. -- Les cinquantes litres du
Digeste, etc.
