In 1861 he took
up permanent residence on his country estate.
up permanent residence on his country estate.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
H.
Prescott) (1864).
Tieck, Johann Ludwig (tēk). A celebrated
German poet and miscellaneous writer; born
in Berlin, May 31, 1773; died there, April 28,
1853. His works include: Peter Lebrecht: A
Story without Adventures) (1795 ); (William
Lovell) (1795-96); (Abdallah' (1796); (Ostrich
Plumes) (1795-98); (The Legend of Peter Leb-
recht) (1797 ); Franz Sternbald's Wander-
ings' (1798); Prince Zerbino '(1799);( Romantic
Fancies) (1799-1800); Life and Death of St.
Genevieve) (1800 ? ); "Love Songs of the Sua.
bian Past) (1803), an adaptation ; “Don Qui-
xote) (1804), and (Old English Dramatists)
(1811), translations ; (Phantasus) (1812); “For-
tunatus); (The Paintings ) (1813? ); ( The Tour-
ists) (1814); (The Old Man of the Mountain)
(1815? ) (Society in the Country); (The Be-
trothal) (1816); (Musical Joys and Sorrows);
(The Greek Emperor (1818); “Dramatic Pages)
( 1825 ); Vittoria Accorombono) ( 1840), not
completed ; translations from Shakespeare ; es-
says ; editions of noted works; etc.
Tiedemann, Diedrich (tē'de-män). A Ger-
man philosopher; born at Bremerworde, 1748;
died 1786, at Marburg, where he was professor
of philosophy in the university. He wrote:
(Researches on the Origin of Languages) (1772);
(System of the Stoic Philosophy) (1777); (The
First Philosophers of Greece) (1780); (Origin of
the Magic Arts) (1787); (Spirit of Speculative
Philosophy from Thales to Berkeley) (6 vols. ,
1790-97); (Theætetus; or, Human Knowledge
(1794).
Tiedge, Christoph August (tēd'¿ hé). A
German poet; born 1752 (? ); died 1841. He
enjoys distinction as the author of Urania,'
and Mirror for Women. He also wrote:
“Wanderings through Life's Market,' and (Ele-
gies. His admirers are many, and his poetry
has been compared with that of Cowper.
Tiedge, Cornelis Petrus. A Dutch historical
writer; born at Leyden, Dec. 16, 1830. Among
his writings are: (The Divine Service of Zara-
thustra) (1864); (Compendium of the History
of Religion) (2d ed. 1887); (Western Asia in
the Light of Recent Discoveries) (1893);
(Babylonio-Assyrian History) (1887).
Tiernan, Frances C. (“Christian Reid. ”] An
American novelist; born at Salisbury, N. C.
Her many works include : Valerie Aylmer)
(1870); Mabel Lee) (1871); (Morton House)
(1871); Ebb Tide) (1872); Nina's Atonement)
(1873); (Carmen's Inheritance) (1873); (A
Daughter of Bohemia' (1873); (A Gentle Belle
(1875); Hearts and Hands (1875); (A Ques-
tion of Honor) (1875); “The Land of the Sky)
(1875); (After Many Days) (1877); (Bonny
Kate) (1878); “A Summer Idyl) (1878); Hearts
of Steel (1882); Armine) (1884); (Roslyn's
Fortune) (1885); Miss Churchill (1887); (A
Child of Mary' (1887); and Philip's Restitu-
tion) (1888).
Tighe, Mary (ti). An Irish poetess; born
in Dublin in 1773; died at Woodstock, County
Kilkenny, March 24, 1810. She published in
1805, for private circulation, her poem "Psyche.
Her works, which appeared in 1811, passed
through several editions. She was the sub-
ject of a song by Moore, and a poem by Mrs.
Hemans.
Tillemont, Sébastien le Nain de (tē-yė-
môn'). A French historian; born at Paris,
1637 ; died 1698. He is author of History of
the Emperors and Other Princes who Reigned
in the First Six Centuries of the Church (6
vols. , 1690-1738); and Materials for the His-
tory of the First Six Centuries' (16 vols. , 1093-
1712).
Tillier, Antoine de (tē-yā'). A Swiss his-
torian; born at Bern, 1792; died 1854. His
works are : History of the Middle Ages) (4
vols. , 1829); History of the Helvetic Republic,
1798-1848) (11 vols. ); "History of the Republic
of Bern (5 vols. ).
Tillières, Le Veneur de, Count (tē-yår').
A French diplomat of the first half of the 17th
century. He was ambassador to the English
court to arrange the marriage of Prince Charles
(Charles I. ) with Henrietta Maria. His (Me-
moirs) are valuable for the history of the Eng.
lish court : they were first published in 1862.
Tillotson, John. An English archbishop
and ecclesiastical writer; born at Sowerby,
Yorkshire, October 1630; died in London, Nov.
22, 1694. He ranks among the foremost of Eng.
lish preachers, published in his lifetime sev-
eral volumes of sermons, and left many more
in manuscript. ('Complete Works, 1820. )
Tilton, Theodore. An American journalist,
verse-writer, editor, and lecturer ; born in ew
York city, Oct. 2, 1835. He was long known as
*
## p. 527 (#543) ############################################
TIMROD - TITTMANN
527
editor on the New York Independent (1856–72).
He established the Golden Age (newspaper),
but retired from it after two years. In 1883
he went abroad, where he has remained. Be-
sides numerous essays and fugitive pieces,
he has published: (The Sexton's Tale, and
Other Poems) (1867); (Sanctum Sanctorum ; or,
An Editor's Proof Sheets) (1869); (Tempest-
Tossed,' a romance (1873 ); (Thou and I
(1880); “Suabian Stories,' etc. (1882).
Timrod, Henry. An American Southern
poet and journalist. He was born at Charles-
ton, S. C. , Dec. 8, 1829; died at Columbia, S. C. ,
Oct. 6, 1867. His only volume of Poems) was
published in 1860; reprinted and edited with
memoir by Paul H. Hayne, 1873. *
Tincker, Mary Agnes. An American nov-
elist; born in Ellsworth, Me. , July 18, 1833.
Since 1873 she has resided in Italy, and has
published many novels. Among them are :
( The House of Yorke) (1872); (A Winged
Word” (1873); (Grapes and Thorns) (1874);
(Six Sunny Months) (1878): and the remark-
able romances (Signor Monaldini's Niece)
(1878); By the Tiber) (1881); (The Jewel in
the Lotus) (1884); and (Aurora) (1885).
Tindal, Matthew. An English deist; born
born at Beer Ferris, Devonshire, in 1657 ; died
at Oxford, Aug. 16, 1733. In 1706 he published
(The Rights of the Church Asserted, and
later two 'Defenses); in 1710, (The New High
Church Turned Old Presbyterian, which was
ordered publicly burned by the House of Com-
mons. In 1730 his most noted work, (Christ-
ianity as Old as the Creation,' was published.
Tiraboschi, Girolamo (tē-rä-bos'ke). An
Italian historian of literature ; born at Bergamo,
Dec. 28, 1731 ; died at Modena, June 3, 1794.
He wrote a celebrated History of Italian Lit-
erature (14 vols. , 1772-82); a work of wonder-
ful erudition, accuracy, and completeness, ex-
tending from the first beginnings of modern
culture in Italy down to the 18th century, and
dealing with every branch of literature. Among
his other writings are : Historical Memoirs of
Modena) (4 vols. , 1793-94).
Tirebuck, William Edwards. An English
journalist, novelist, and miscellaneous writer;
born in Liverpool, in 1854. For some years
connected with the Liverpool Mail and York-
shire Post, he has recently devoted himself to
writing novels; the most popular are: “Saint
Margaret) (1888); (Dorrie (1891); (Sweetheart
Gwen' (1893); Miss Grace of All Souls) (1895).
His other writings include Dante Gabriel
Rossetti) (1882), and “Great Minds in Art)
(1888). He belongs to the "Liverpool group)
of English authors, including Hall Caine,
William Watson, and Richard Le Gallienne.
Tiro (ti'ro). Cicero's servant and amanuen-
sis; he lived about B. C. 95-A. D). 5. He was
emancipated by Cicero, and even treated by
him as a friend and co-worker: some of Cice.
ro's letters to him are extant. He invented
a system of short-hand, called from him (Notæ
Tironianæ. )
Tirso de Molina. See Tellez.
Tischendorf, Lobegott Friedrich Konstan-
tin von (tish'en-dorf). A celebrated German
Biblical antiquarian; born at Lengenfeld in
Voigtland, Jan. 18, 1815; died Dec. 7, 1874, at
Leipsic, where he was professor of theology.
In search of ancient MSS. of the Bible, he
visited the East repeatedly, and wrote (Travels
in the East) (1845); (From the Holy Land)
(1862). He edited and published several ancient
texts of the Scripture, as (The Codex of Ephrem
Syrus) (1843); “The Unpublished Palatine Gos-
pel? ( 1847 ); (The Amiatine Codex) (1850 );
( The Codex of Claremont) (1852); (Sacred
Palimpsest Fragments) (1854); (The Sinaitic
Codex) (1862); (The Vatican New Testament)
(1867); a critical edition of the (Septuagint'
(7th ed. 1887); (Apocryphal Acts of the Apos-
tles) (1851 ); (Apocryphal Gospels) (1853);
(Apocryphal Apocalypses) (1866). He at-
tempted to solve the question "When were our
Gospels Compiled ? ) (1865, 4th ed. 1866), but
the work found little favor with critics.
Tissandler, Gaston (te-san-dyaº). A French
aeronaut and chemist; born at Paris, Nov. 21,
1843. Besides text-books of chemistry, he has
written for the Library of Wonders, volumes
on Water, (Coal, Fossils, Photography);
in collaboration with Glaisher, Flammarion, and
Fonvielle, he wrote (Aerial Voyages.
Tissot, Claude Joseph (tê-sõ'). A French
philosopher; born at Fourgs (Doubs), Nov. 26,
1801; died at Dijon, Oct. 7, 1876. He translated
most of Kant's writings into French. Among
his original works are : Of the Beautiful,
Especially in Literature) ( 1830 ); (Short His-
tory of Philosophy! ( 1840 ); (The Mania of
Suicide and of Revolt ( 1840 ); Parceling of
the La and Division of Property) ( 1842 );
“Principles of Morality) (1866); Catholicism
and Public Instruction (1874); "Insanity Con-
sidered Especially in its Relations to Normal
Psychology) (1876).
Tissot, Pierre François. A French histor-
ical and miscellaneous writer; born at Ver-
sailles, 1768; died 1854. Among his works are :
(Reminiscences of Prairial ist to 3d? (1799),
an interesting page of French history ; (Virgil's
Bucolics,' in French verse (1800); (The Three
Irish Conspirators; or, Emmet's Shade) (1804);
( The Wars of the Revolution to 1815) (1820);
(Virgil Compared with Ancient and Modern
Poets) (4 vols. , 1825–30); Complete History
of the French Revolution (6 vols. , 1833-36).
Titcomb, Timothy. See Holland.
Tittmann, Eriedrich Wilhelm (tit'män ).
A German historian; born at Wittenberg, 1784;
died 1864. His "Study on the Amphictyonic
League) (1812) was crowned by the Berlin Acad-
emy. His principal work is a History of
Henry the Illustrious) (2 vols. , 1845-46). Among
his other writings are : (A View of the Civ-
ilization of our Times) (1835); (On Life and
## p. 528 (#544) ############################################
528
TOBLER - TOMMASEO
(
Matter) (1855); (Aphorisms of Philosophy)
(1859); Nationality and the State) (1861).
Tobler, Adolf (to'bler). A Swiss philologist
of Romance languages; born at Hirzel, Zürich,
May 24, 1835. He became professor in the
University of Berlin, 1867. He wrote: (French
Versification in Ancient and Modern Times)
(1880); (Miscellaneous Contributions to French
Grammar) (1886).
Tobler, Titus. A Swiss philologist and trav.
eler, born at Stein, Appenzell, June 25, 1800;
died at Munich, Jan. 21, 1877. He wrote : (A
Pleasure Trip to the Land of the Morning
(1839); " Bethlehem in Palestine) (1819); (Third
Journey to Palestine) (1859); Nazareth in Pal-
estine) (1868).
Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Clérel
de (tök-vel'). A distinguished French publicist
and writer ; born at Vermeuil (Seine-et-Oise),
July 29, 1805; died at Cannes, April 16, 1859.
He visited the United States in 1831. In 1835
he published Democracy in America. In 1838
he was made a member of the Academy of
Moral and Political Sciences, and in 1839 was
elected to the Chamber of Deputies; became a
member of the French Academy in 1841; was
Minister of Foreign Affairs from June 2 to Oct.
31, 1849. He published (The Old Régime and
the Revolution) in 1856. (Works,' 9 vols. ,
Paris, 1860-65. ) *
Todd, John. An American Congregational
clergyman; born at Rutland, Vt. , Oct. 9, 1800 ;
died at Pittsfield, Mass. , where he had long
resided, Aug. 24, 1873. His lesson-books and
other works for Sunday schools were used all
over America for many years. Among his
other publications were : (Hints to Young
Men); (Summer Gleanings); etc. He invented
the Index Rerum for the use of students.
Todd, Lawrie. See Thorburn, Grant.
Toland, John. A British free-thinking phi-
losopher; born at Redcastle near Londonderry,
Ireland, Nov. 30, 1609; died near London, 1722.
He studied theology at Glasgow, Edinburgh,
and Leyden. Among many argumentative
theological works are: (Christianity Not Mys-
terious) (1696); Letters to Serena) (1704),
Serena being Sophia, Queen of Prussia-in
these letters he repudiates the doctrines of
works are: Idylls and Love Songs) (1801-5);
(Poems) (1808-15); Account of the Winter
Spent by the Dutch at Nova Zembla' (1816);
(Romances, Ballads, and Legends) (1818);
New Poems) (1821); Various Poems (1840);
Last Poems) (1818-53).
Tollius, Jacobus (tõl'yus). A Dutch phi.
lologist and alchemist; born at Utrecht, about
1630; died there, 1696. He wrote: Miscella-
nies, in which Grecian, Phænician, and Egyp-
tian Fable is Shown to Relate to Chemistry)
(1686); "Wisdom Gone Mad; or, the Promises
of Chemistry) (1689).
Tolstoy, Aleksii Konstantinovich, Count
(tol'stoi). A Russian author; born in St. Peters-
burg, Aug. 24, 1817; died near there, Sept. 28,
1875. He wrote a number of ballads and lyric
poems; one novel, Knjaz (Prince) Serbrianyi!
(translated by Jeremiah Curtin, 1893); a short
drama, Don Juan); and a trilogy, (The Death
of Ivan the Terrible! (1865), (Tsar Feodor
Ivanovich (1868), and "Tsar Boris) (1870).
Tolstoy, Count Lyof (or Lev, English Leo)
Alekseevich. The great Russian novelist;
born on the family estate of Yasnaya Polvana
in the government of Tula, Russia, Sept. 9,
1828. He served in the Crimean War, and
afterward traveled extensively.
In 1861 he took
up permanent residence on his country estate.
Among his earliest works are: (Detsvo) (Child-
hood), (Otrchestvo) (Boyhood), and (Iunost?
(Youth); also (Cossacks, (Sevastopol, and a
number of military sketches. “War and Peace!
was published in 1865-68; (Anna Karenina)
in 1875-78. His peculiar doctrines are promul.
gated in My Confession,' 'In What my Faith
Consists,' etc. ; many of them are forbidden in
Russia. His later works are: "The Kreutzer
Sonata) (1888); Death of Ivan Ilyitch) (1884-
86); (Master and Man' (1895). Nearly all
have been translated into English and most
other modern languages. *
Tomasini, Jacopo Filippo (to-mä-se'nē). An
Italian miscellaneous writer; born at Padua,
1597; died 1654, at Citta Nuova in Istria, of
which see he was bishop. He wrote: Lives
of Illustrious Men, with Portraits (1630); 'Pe-
trarch Come to Life Again (1635), a work of
curious interest ; (On Votive Offerings' (1629).
Tomes, Robert.
An American physician
and author; born in New York city, March 27,
1817; died in Brooklyn, N. Y. , Aug. 28, 1882.
Besides many contributions to journals and
periodicals, he published: (The Bourbon Prince)
(1853); (Richard the Lion-Hearted? (1853);
(Oliver Cromwell (1855); Panama in 1855)
(1855); (The Americans in Japan (1857); “The
Battles of America by Sea and Land? (3 vols. ,
1861); 'The Champagne Country) (1867); and
(The War with the South) (3 vols. , 1864 67).
Tommaseo, Niccolò (to-mä'sē-). An Italian
miscellaneous writer; born at Sevenico in Dal-
matia, Oct. 9, 1802; died at Florence, May 1,
1874. He wrote the novel 'The Duke of Ath-
ens) (1837); (Commentary on Dante) (1837),
immortality; (Adeisidæmon (1709), a tractate
on belief in dæmons; (Nazarenus; or, Jewish,
Gentile, and Mohametan Christianity) (1718);
(Pantheisticon (1720).
Toldy, Franz (tol'de). A Hungarian histo-
rian of literature; born at Buda-Pesth, Aug.
10, 1805; died there, Dec. 10, 1875, professor
of Hungarian literature. He wrote : (Manual
of Hungarian Poetry) (1828); (History of the
Hungarian National Literature (1851); (His-
tory of Hungarian Poetry) (1857).
Tollens, Hendrik Caroluszoon (tol'lens). A
Dutch poet; born at Rotterdam, Sept. 24, 1780;
died at Ryswick, Oct. 21, 1856. Among his best
## p. 529 (#545) ############################################
TOMPA - TOSTI
529
a
a work of great merit; the half mystical, half
erotic novel (Faith and Beauty) (1840); (Crit-
ical Studies' (1843);( The Death Penalty' (1865).
He also compiled a valuable collection of
(Popular Songs: Tuscan, Corsican, Illyrian,
Greek) (4 vols. , 1844), and a Dictionary of
Italian Synonyms) (7 vols. , 1856).
Tompa, Michael (tôn pā). A Hungarian
poet; born at Rimaszombat, in the county of
Gömör, Sept. 29, 1819; died July 30, 1868. He
wrote: (Folk Tales and Popular Sayings)
(1846); several allegorical poems, among them
(The Stork) (1847), expressing the popular
sympathy with the coming revolution ; (Stories
of the Flowers) (1854).
Tomson, Graham R. See Watson, Rosa-
mund.
Tonna, Charlotte Elizabeth Browne.
(“Charlotte Elizabeth. ”] An English religious
writer; born in Norwich, Oct. 1, 1790 (or 1792);
died July 12, 1846. In her childhood she lost
her sight, and regained it. She wrote: (Ju-
dah's Lion); (Judæa Capta); Principalities
and Powers); (Personal Recollections) (1841).
Tooke, John Horne. An English political
writer and grammarian ; born at Westminster,
June 25, 1736 ; died at Wimbledon, March 18,
1812. The chief of his early works was a
pamphlet entitled The Petition of an Eng-
lishman. He studied law; took orders in the
Church of England; was a friend and adher-
ent of Wilkes, but afterward quarreled with
him, and was denounced in the famous Junius
Letters. He was sentenced to a year's im-
prisonment for libel, and while in prison wrote
(A Letter to John Dunning, Esq. ,' in which he
reviewed the legal aspects of his case. His
chief work, 'Epea Pteroenta [Winged Words);
or, The Diversions of Purley, was published
in 1805. He was an active member of the
Society of Correspondence formed by the ad-
mirers of the French Revolution, and was
committed to the Tower, but acquitted.
Topelius, Zacharias (top-el'ē-us). A Fin-
nish poet and novelist; born near Ny Karleby,
Jan. 14, 1818. He became editor of the Hel-
singfors Tidningar in 1842, retaining his con-
nection with it until 1860. His earliest produc-
tions appeared in his journal; some of them
were issued later in book form under the title
(Ljungblommer) (Heather Flowers: 1845-54).
He also wrote a number of dramas, (Efter
Femtio Ar) (Fifty Years Later: 1851); (Regina
af Emmertz) (1854). Many of his juvenile
stories have been translated into English. His
best-known work is (Fältskärens Berättelser)
(The Surgeon's Stories: 6 vols. , 1872-74), a
collection of tales dealing with the history of
Sweden and Finland during the 17th and 18th
centuries.
Töpfer, Karl (tep'fer). A German writer of
comedies; born at Berlin, Dec. 26, 1792; died at
Hamburg, Aug. 22, 1871. Among his comedies
are: (The Best Tone); (Courting according to
Prescription); (Rosenmüller and Finke. He
wrote also Narratives and Stories) (2 vols. ,
1842–44).
Topin, Marius (to-pan'). A French histor-
ical writer; born at Aix, Dec. 25, 1838. He
wrote: The Cardinal de Retz, his Genius
and his Writings) (1864); (History of Aigues-
Mortes) (1865); Europe and the Bourbons un-
der Louis XIV. ? (1867); (The Man in the Iron
Mask' (1869); Contemporary Novelists) (1876).
Toplady, Augustus Montague. An English
clergyman and hymn-writer; born at Farnham,
Surrey, Nov. 4, 1740; died at Leicester Fields,
London, Aug. 11, 1778. He was editor of the
Gospel Magazine, and author of many hymns,
chief of which is (Rock of Ages.
Toppfer (or Töpffer), Rodolphe (top'făr).
A Swiss littérateur; born at Geneva, Feb. 17,
1799; died June 8, 1846. His father was
painter, and he wished to be one also, but an
affection of the eyes prevented. He wrote:
(Zigzag Tours) (1843); “The Heritage' (1834);
(Rosa and Gertrude) (1846); (Travels and
Adventures of Dr. Festus) (1840); etc.
Torelli, Achille (tõ-rel'ē). An Italian writer
of comedy; born at Naples, May 5, 1844. He
wrote at 16 his first comedy, "Who Dieth Lieth.
Of his others, the most successful were : (A
Court in the 17th Century); (The Mission of
Woman); Husbands) (1867); (Sad Reality)
(1871); (Truth) (1875); (The Color of the
Times) (1875).
Torfeson, Thormodur, also known as Tor-
fæus (tor'fė-son). A Danish historian; born
on the isle of Engoe, off the south coast of
Iceland, 1640; died 1719. His principal works,
all written in Latin, are: (History of the Faroe
Islands) (1695); "History of the Orkneys)
(1697); Line of the Dynasties and Kings of
Denmark) (1702); History of Old Vinland)
(1705); (Ancient Greenland (1706); (The His-
toric Trefoil (1707); History of Norway)
(4 vols. , 1711), his greatest work.
Torre, Alonso de la (tor'é). A Spanish en-
cyclopædic writer, who lived in the 16th cen-
tury. He is author of "The Delectable Vision
of Philosophy, the Liberal Arts, Metaphysics,
and Moral Philosophy) (1526), a sort of ency-
clopædia in the form of dialogues.
Torrey, Bradford. An American nature
essayist; born in Weymouth, Mass. , Oct. 9, 1843.
He was educated in the public schools, taught
two years, then entered business in Boston. In
1886 he became assistant editor of the Youth's
Companion. He is a close student of birds,
and writes largely on this subject for the mag-
azines. His essays have been collected into the
following volumes : (Birds in the Bush) (1885);
(The Foot-Path Way); (A Rambler's Lease);
(A Florida Sketch-Book); 'Spring Notes from
Tennessee) (1896).
Tosti, Ludovico (tos'tē). A distinguished
Italian church historian; born about 1800 ;
died 1866. He was a Benedictine monk, and
wrote : (History of Monte Cassino); (History
(
(
a
34
## p. 530 (#546) ############################################
530
TOTTEN— TRAILL
)
of Boniface VIII. , in which that pope is
defended against the accusations of Dante;
'Abelard and his Time); (The Countess Ma.
tilda and the Roman Pontiffs '; The Lombard
League, a spirited account of the struggle of
the Italian communes with the German em-
perors ; 'History of the Council of Constance);
(History of the Greek Schism”; Prolegomena
to a Universal History of the Church' (2 vols. ).
Totten, Charles Adelle Lewis. An Ameri-
can army officer, inventor, lecturer, and writer
on military subjects; born at New London,
Conn. , Feb. 3, 1851. He has written; 'Strategos,
the American War Game) (1880); Important
Question in Metrology) (1883); “Yale Military
Lectures); Nativity, its Facts and Fancies)
(1887). His writings are now devoted to ques-
tions of prophecy.
Touchard-Lafosse, G. (tö-chärʻlä-fos'). A
French novelist and miscellaneous writer; born
at La Châtre, 1780; died at Paris, 1847. Among
his very numerous writings are: Political
Puppets) (5 vols. , 1829); Chronicles of the
il-de-Beuf (8 vols. , 1829-33), a collection of
scandalous anecdotes; (Jean Angot: A Story of
the 16th Century) (2 vols. , 1835); Chronicles
of the Opera (2 vols. , 1854); “Recollections of
Half a Century) (6 vols).
Tourgee, Albion Winegar. An American
lawyer, author, and editor; born at Williams-
field, O. , May 2, 1838. He served in the North-
ern army (1861–65), settled in the South, was
a judge, and afterwards editor. He has pub-
lished: (The North Carolina Form Book)
(1874); (The North Carolina Code) (1878);
Legal Digest) (1879); North Carolina Re-
ports) (1879). His most popular novels are :
(Figs and Thistles) (1879); A Fool's Errand,
by One of the Fools) (1879); (Bricks Without
Straw) (1880); "Hot Plowshares) (1883); (An
Appeal to Cæsar) (1884); Black Ice) (1887);
and Button's Inn (1887).
Tourneur, Cyril. An Elizabethan dramatist,
the dates of whose birth and death are uncer-
tain. He was author of two plays, (The Re-
venger's Tragedy) (1607), and “The Atheist's
Tragedy) (1011); and of a poem entitled “The
Transformed Metamorphosis' (1600).
Towle, George Makepeace. An American
journalist, author, and littérateur. He was born
in Washington, D. C. , Aug. 27, 1841 ; died in
Brookline, Mass. , Aug. 10, 1893. He was United
States consul at Nantes, France, 1866-68; and
at Bradford, England, 1868-70. His works in-
clude: (Glimpses of History) (1865); Henry
the Fifth) (1866); (American Society) (1870);
( The Eastern Question) (1877); (Servia and
Roumania) (1877); Beaconsfield' (1878);
(Young Folks' Heroes of History) (1878-80);
(Modern France (1879); (Men of Mark) (1880);
(England and Russia in Asia) (1885); ( England
in Egypt) (1885); Literature of the English
Language.
Towles, Mrs. Catharine Webb. An Amer-
ican author; born in Charlemont, Mass. , Oct. 25,
1823. She was editor of several Southern mag-
azines, and has published: (Three Golden
Links) (1857); “Tales for the Freemason's Fire-
side) (1859); Poor Claire; or, Life Among
the Queer) (1883).
Townsend, Edward Waterman. An Amer-
ican journalist and writer of dialect stories; born
in Ohio, 1855. His stories and sketches, first
printed in the daily journals, are collected un-
der the titles: (Chimmie Fadden, Major Max,
and Other Stories ';'Chimmie Fadden Explains,
Major Max Expounds); (A Daughter of the
Tenements); Near a Whole City Full. ? In
collaboration he has written several plays:
(Chimmie Fadden); Daughter of the Tene.
ments); (The Marquis of Michigan.
Townsend, George Alfred. (“Gath. ”] An
American journalist and war correspondent;
born in Georgetown, Del. , Jan. 30, 1841. He
became a journalist in 1860. He was special
correspondent for the New York Herald and
World (1860-64), afterwards public lecturer, and
war correspondent in the Austro-Prussian War
(1866). His publications in book form are:
(Campaigns of a Non-Combatant) (1865); "Life
of Garibaldi) (1867); Life of Abraham Lin-
coln (1867); (The New World and the Old);
Poems) (1870); "Washington Outside and
Inside) (1871); (Bohemian Days) (1881); (The
Entailed Hat) (1884), and (Katy of Catoctin;
or, The Chain-Breakers) (1886), novels; Life
of Levi P. Morton (1888).
Townsend, Mrs. Mary Ashley. [“Xariffa. ”]
An American poet and author; born in Lyons,
N. Y. , about 1836. She contributed sketches
to the N. O. Delta that attracted attention, and
afterwards published, “Xariffa's Poems); 'The
Brother Clerks) (1859); Poems) (1870); (The
Captain's Story) (1874); “Down the Bayou,' etc.
(1884).
Townsend, Virginia Frances. An Ameri-
can author and novelist; born in New Haven,
Conn. , in 1836. She has edited Arthur's Home
Magazine, has contributed to many journals and
magazines, and written many popular novels.
Among these are: “While It Was Morning)
(1859); (Amy Deane, and Other Tales) (1862);
(The Well in the Rock,' etc. (1863); (The Battle-
Fields of our Fathers) (1864); Janet Strong
(1865); Darryl Gap) (1866); (The Hollands)
(1869); (One Woman's Two Lovers) (1872);
(Elizabeth Tudor) (1874); (Only Girls) (1876);
(Six in All' (1878); and (Our Presidents' (1888).
Toy, Crawford Howell. An American L'ni-
tarian clergyman and scholar; born in Norfolk,
Va. , March 23, 1836. He has been professor of
Hebrew at Harvard University since 1880. He
has written : (History of the Religion of Israel
(1882); (Quotations in the New Testament)
(1884); (Judaism and Christianity : Progress of
Thought from the Old Testament to the New)
(1890).
Traill, Catherine Parr (Strickland). An
English writer, sister of Agnes; born in Kent,
Jan. 9, 1802. She removed to Canada in 1833
## p. 531 (#547) ############################################
TRAILL-TRESCOT
531
:
and has made her home for many years at
Lakefield, Ont. Among her works are : (The
Backwoods of Canada) (London, 1835); (Cana.
Prescott) (1864).
Tieck, Johann Ludwig (tēk). A celebrated
German poet and miscellaneous writer; born
in Berlin, May 31, 1773; died there, April 28,
1853. His works include: Peter Lebrecht: A
Story without Adventures) (1795 ); (William
Lovell) (1795-96); (Abdallah' (1796); (Ostrich
Plumes) (1795-98); (The Legend of Peter Leb-
recht) (1797 ); Franz Sternbald's Wander-
ings' (1798); Prince Zerbino '(1799);( Romantic
Fancies) (1799-1800); Life and Death of St.
Genevieve) (1800 ? ); "Love Songs of the Sua.
bian Past) (1803), an adaptation ; “Don Qui-
xote) (1804), and (Old English Dramatists)
(1811), translations ; (Phantasus) (1812); “For-
tunatus); (The Paintings ) (1813? ); ( The Tour-
ists) (1814); (The Old Man of the Mountain)
(1815? ) (Society in the Country); (The Be-
trothal) (1816); (Musical Joys and Sorrows);
(The Greek Emperor (1818); “Dramatic Pages)
( 1825 ); Vittoria Accorombono) ( 1840), not
completed ; translations from Shakespeare ; es-
says ; editions of noted works; etc.
Tiedemann, Diedrich (tē'de-män). A Ger-
man philosopher; born at Bremerworde, 1748;
died 1786, at Marburg, where he was professor
of philosophy in the university. He wrote:
(Researches on the Origin of Languages) (1772);
(System of the Stoic Philosophy) (1777); (The
First Philosophers of Greece) (1780); (Origin of
the Magic Arts) (1787); (Spirit of Speculative
Philosophy from Thales to Berkeley) (6 vols. ,
1790-97); (Theætetus; or, Human Knowledge
(1794).
Tiedge, Christoph August (tēd'¿ hé). A
German poet; born 1752 (? ); died 1841. He
enjoys distinction as the author of Urania,'
and Mirror for Women. He also wrote:
“Wanderings through Life's Market,' and (Ele-
gies. His admirers are many, and his poetry
has been compared with that of Cowper.
Tiedge, Cornelis Petrus. A Dutch historical
writer; born at Leyden, Dec. 16, 1830. Among
his writings are: (The Divine Service of Zara-
thustra) (1864); (Compendium of the History
of Religion) (2d ed. 1887); (Western Asia in
the Light of Recent Discoveries) (1893);
(Babylonio-Assyrian History) (1887).
Tiernan, Frances C. (“Christian Reid. ”] An
American novelist; born at Salisbury, N. C.
Her many works include : Valerie Aylmer)
(1870); Mabel Lee) (1871); (Morton House)
(1871); Ebb Tide) (1872); Nina's Atonement)
(1873); (Carmen's Inheritance) (1873); (A
Daughter of Bohemia' (1873); (A Gentle Belle
(1875); Hearts and Hands (1875); (A Ques-
tion of Honor) (1875); “The Land of the Sky)
(1875); (After Many Days) (1877); (Bonny
Kate) (1878); “A Summer Idyl) (1878); Hearts
of Steel (1882); Armine) (1884); (Roslyn's
Fortune) (1885); Miss Churchill (1887); (A
Child of Mary' (1887); and Philip's Restitu-
tion) (1888).
Tighe, Mary (ti). An Irish poetess; born
in Dublin in 1773; died at Woodstock, County
Kilkenny, March 24, 1810. She published in
1805, for private circulation, her poem "Psyche.
Her works, which appeared in 1811, passed
through several editions. She was the sub-
ject of a song by Moore, and a poem by Mrs.
Hemans.
Tillemont, Sébastien le Nain de (tē-yė-
môn'). A French historian; born at Paris,
1637 ; died 1698. He is author of History of
the Emperors and Other Princes who Reigned
in the First Six Centuries of the Church (6
vols. , 1690-1738); and Materials for the His-
tory of the First Six Centuries' (16 vols. , 1093-
1712).
Tillier, Antoine de (tē-yā'). A Swiss his-
torian; born at Bern, 1792; died 1854. His
works are : History of the Middle Ages) (4
vols. , 1829); History of the Helvetic Republic,
1798-1848) (11 vols. ); "History of the Republic
of Bern (5 vols. ).
Tillières, Le Veneur de, Count (tē-yår').
A French diplomat of the first half of the 17th
century. He was ambassador to the English
court to arrange the marriage of Prince Charles
(Charles I. ) with Henrietta Maria. His (Me-
moirs) are valuable for the history of the Eng.
lish court : they were first published in 1862.
Tillotson, John. An English archbishop
and ecclesiastical writer; born at Sowerby,
Yorkshire, October 1630; died in London, Nov.
22, 1694. He ranks among the foremost of Eng.
lish preachers, published in his lifetime sev-
eral volumes of sermons, and left many more
in manuscript. ('Complete Works, 1820. )
Tilton, Theodore. An American journalist,
verse-writer, editor, and lecturer ; born in ew
York city, Oct. 2, 1835. He was long known as
*
## p. 527 (#543) ############################################
TIMROD - TITTMANN
527
editor on the New York Independent (1856–72).
He established the Golden Age (newspaper),
but retired from it after two years. In 1883
he went abroad, where he has remained. Be-
sides numerous essays and fugitive pieces,
he has published: (The Sexton's Tale, and
Other Poems) (1867); (Sanctum Sanctorum ; or,
An Editor's Proof Sheets) (1869); (Tempest-
Tossed,' a romance (1873 ); (Thou and I
(1880); “Suabian Stories,' etc. (1882).
Timrod, Henry. An American Southern
poet and journalist. He was born at Charles-
ton, S. C. , Dec. 8, 1829; died at Columbia, S. C. ,
Oct. 6, 1867. His only volume of Poems) was
published in 1860; reprinted and edited with
memoir by Paul H. Hayne, 1873. *
Tincker, Mary Agnes. An American nov-
elist; born in Ellsworth, Me. , July 18, 1833.
Since 1873 she has resided in Italy, and has
published many novels. Among them are :
( The House of Yorke) (1872); (A Winged
Word” (1873); (Grapes and Thorns) (1874);
(Six Sunny Months) (1878): and the remark-
able romances (Signor Monaldini's Niece)
(1878); By the Tiber) (1881); (The Jewel in
the Lotus) (1884); and (Aurora) (1885).
Tindal, Matthew. An English deist; born
born at Beer Ferris, Devonshire, in 1657 ; died
at Oxford, Aug. 16, 1733. In 1706 he published
(The Rights of the Church Asserted, and
later two 'Defenses); in 1710, (The New High
Church Turned Old Presbyterian, which was
ordered publicly burned by the House of Com-
mons. In 1730 his most noted work, (Christ-
ianity as Old as the Creation,' was published.
Tiraboschi, Girolamo (tē-rä-bos'ke). An
Italian historian of literature ; born at Bergamo,
Dec. 28, 1731 ; died at Modena, June 3, 1794.
He wrote a celebrated History of Italian Lit-
erature (14 vols. , 1772-82); a work of wonder-
ful erudition, accuracy, and completeness, ex-
tending from the first beginnings of modern
culture in Italy down to the 18th century, and
dealing with every branch of literature. Among
his other writings are : Historical Memoirs of
Modena) (4 vols. , 1793-94).
Tirebuck, William Edwards. An English
journalist, novelist, and miscellaneous writer;
born in Liverpool, in 1854. For some years
connected with the Liverpool Mail and York-
shire Post, he has recently devoted himself to
writing novels; the most popular are: “Saint
Margaret) (1888); (Dorrie (1891); (Sweetheart
Gwen' (1893); Miss Grace of All Souls) (1895).
His other writings include Dante Gabriel
Rossetti) (1882), and “Great Minds in Art)
(1888). He belongs to the "Liverpool group)
of English authors, including Hall Caine,
William Watson, and Richard Le Gallienne.
Tiro (ti'ro). Cicero's servant and amanuen-
sis; he lived about B. C. 95-A. D). 5. He was
emancipated by Cicero, and even treated by
him as a friend and co-worker: some of Cice.
ro's letters to him are extant. He invented
a system of short-hand, called from him (Notæ
Tironianæ. )
Tirso de Molina. See Tellez.
Tischendorf, Lobegott Friedrich Konstan-
tin von (tish'en-dorf). A celebrated German
Biblical antiquarian; born at Lengenfeld in
Voigtland, Jan. 18, 1815; died Dec. 7, 1874, at
Leipsic, where he was professor of theology.
In search of ancient MSS. of the Bible, he
visited the East repeatedly, and wrote (Travels
in the East) (1845); (From the Holy Land)
(1862). He edited and published several ancient
texts of the Scripture, as (The Codex of Ephrem
Syrus) (1843); “The Unpublished Palatine Gos-
pel? ( 1847 ); (The Amiatine Codex) (1850 );
( The Codex of Claremont) (1852); (Sacred
Palimpsest Fragments) (1854); (The Sinaitic
Codex) (1862); (The Vatican New Testament)
(1867); a critical edition of the (Septuagint'
(7th ed. 1887); (Apocryphal Acts of the Apos-
tles) (1851 ); (Apocryphal Gospels) (1853);
(Apocryphal Apocalypses) (1866). He at-
tempted to solve the question "When were our
Gospels Compiled ? ) (1865, 4th ed. 1866), but
the work found little favor with critics.
Tissandler, Gaston (te-san-dyaº). A French
aeronaut and chemist; born at Paris, Nov. 21,
1843. Besides text-books of chemistry, he has
written for the Library of Wonders, volumes
on Water, (Coal, Fossils, Photography);
in collaboration with Glaisher, Flammarion, and
Fonvielle, he wrote (Aerial Voyages.
Tissot, Claude Joseph (tê-sõ'). A French
philosopher; born at Fourgs (Doubs), Nov. 26,
1801; died at Dijon, Oct. 7, 1876. He translated
most of Kant's writings into French. Among
his original works are : Of the Beautiful,
Especially in Literature) ( 1830 ); (Short His-
tory of Philosophy! ( 1840 ); (The Mania of
Suicide and of Revolt ( 1840 ); Parceling of
the La and Division of Property) ( 1842 );
“Principles of Morality) (1866); Catholicism
and Public Instruction (1874); "Insanity Con-
sidered Especially in its Relations to Normal
Psychology) (1876).
Tissot, Pierre François. A French histor-
ical and miscellaneous writer; born at Ver-
sailles, 1768; died 1854. Among his works are :
(Reminiscences of Prairial ist to 3d? (1799),
an interesting page of French history ; (Virgil's
Bucolics,' in French verse (1800); (The Three
Irish Conspirators; or, Emmet's Shade) (1804);
( The Wars of the Revolution to 1815) (1820);
(Virgil Compared with Ancient and Modern
Poets) (4 vols. , 1825–30); Complete History
of the French Revolution (6 vols. , 1833-36).
Titcomb, Timothy. See Holland.
Tittmann, Eriedrich Wilhelm (tit'män ).
A German historian; born at Wittenberg, 1784;
died 1864. His "Study on the Amphictyonic
League) (1812) was crowned by the Berlin Acad-
emy. His principal work is a History of
Henry the Illustrious) (2 vols. , 1845-46). Among
his other writings are : (A View of the Civ-
ilization of our Times) (1835); (On Life and
## p. 528 (#544) ############################################
528
TOBLER - TOMMASEO
(
Matter) (1855); (Aphorisms of Philosophy)
(1859); Nationality and the State) (1861).
Tobler, Adolf (to'bler). A Swiss philologist
of Romance languages; born at Hirzel, Zürich,
May 24, 1835. He became professor in the
University of Berlin, 1867. He wrote: (French
Versification in Ancient and Modern Times)
(1880); (Miscellaneous Contributions to French
Grammar) (1886).
Tobler, Titus. A Swiss philologist and trav.
eler, born at Stein, Appenzell, June 25, 1800;
died at Munich, Jan. 21, 1877. He wrote : (A
Pleasure Trip to the Land of the Morning
(1839); " Bethlehem in Palestine) (1819); (Third
Journey to Palestine) (1859); Nazareth in Pal-
estine) (1868).
Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Clérel
de (tök-vel'). A distinguished French publicist
and writer ; born at Vermeuil (Seine-et-Oise),
July 29, 1805; died at Cannes, April 16, 1859.
He visited the United States in 1831. In 1835
he published Democracy in America. In 1838
he was made a member of the Academy of
Moral and Political Sciences, and in 1839 was
elected to the Chamber of Deputies; became a
member of the French Academy in 1841; was
Minister of Foreign Affairs from June 2 to Oct.
31, 1849. He published (The Old Régime and
the Revolution) in 1856. (Works,' 9 vols. ,
Paris, 1860-65. ) *
Todd, John. An American Congregational
clergyman; born at Rutland, Vt. , Oct. 9, 1800 ;
died at Pittsfield, Mass. , where he had long
resided, Aug. 24, 1873. His lesson-books and
other works for Sunday schools were used all
over America for many years. Among his
other publications were : (Hints to Young
Men); (Summer Gleanings); etc. He invented
the Index Rerum for the use of students.
Todd, Lawrie. See Thorburn, Grant.
Toland, John. A British free-thinking phi-
losopher; born at Redcastle near Londonderry,
Ireland, Nov. 30, 1609; died near London, 1722.
He studied theology at Glasgow, Edinburgh,
and Leyden. Among many argumentative
theological works are: (Christianity Not Mys-
terious) (1696); Letters to Serena) (1704),
Serena being Sophia, Queen of Prussia-in
these letters he repudiates the doctrines of
works are: Idylls and Love Songs) (1801-5);
(Poems) (1808-15); Account of the Winter
Spent by the Dutch at Nova Zembla' (1816);
(Romances, Ballads, and Legends) (1818);
New Poems) (1821); Various Poems (1840);
Last Poems) (1818-53).
Tollius, Jacobus (tõl'yus). A Dutch phi.
lologist and alchemist; born at Utrecht, about
1630; died there, 1696. He wrote: Miscella-
nies, in which Grecian, Phænician, and Egyp-
tian Fable is Shown to Relate to Chemistry)
(1686); "Wisdom Gone Mad; or, the Promises
of Chemistry) (1689).
Tolstoy, Aleksii Konstantinovich, Count
(tol'stoi). A Russian author; born in St. Peters-
burg, Aug. 24, 1817; died near there, Sept. 28,
1875. He wrote a number of ballads and lyric
poems; one novel, Knjaz (Prince) Serbrianyi!
(translated by Jeremiah Curtin, 1893); a short
drama, Don Juan); and a trilogy, (The Death
of Ivan the Terrible! (1865), (Tsar Feodor
Ivanovich (1868), and "Tsar Boris) (1870).
Tolstoy, Count Lyof (or Lev, English Leo)
Alekseevich. The great Russian novelist;
born on the family estate of Yasnaya Polvana
in the government of Tula, Russia, Sept. 9,
1828. He served in the Crimean War, and
afterward traveled extensively.
In 1861 he took
up permanent residence on his country estate.
Among his earliest works are: (Detsvo) (Child-
hood), (Otrchestvo) (Boyhood), and (Iunost?
(Youth); also (Cossacks, (Sevastopol, and a
number of military sketches. “War and Peace!
was published in 1865-68; (Anna Karenina)
in 1875-78. His peculiar doctrines are promul.
gated in My Confession,' 'In What my Faith
Consists,' etc. ; many of them are forbidden in
Russia. His later works are: "The Kreutzer
Sonata) (1888); Death of Ivan Ilyitch) (1884-
86); (Master and Man' (1895). Nearly all
have been translated into English and most
other modern languages. *
Tomasini, Jacopo Filippo (to-mä-se'nē). An
Italian miscellaneous writer; born at Padua,
1597; died 1654, at Citta Nuova in Istria, of
which see he was bishop. He wrote: Lives
of Illustrious Men, with Portraits (1630); 'Pe-
trarch Come to Life Again (1635), a work of
curious interest ; (On Votive Offerings' (1629).
Tomes, Robert.
An American physician
and author; born in New York city, March 27,
1817; died in Brooklyn, N. Y. , Aug. 28, 1882.
Besides many contributions to journals and
periodicals, he published: (The Bourbon Prince)
(1853); (Richard the Lion-Hearted? (1853);
(Oliver Cromwell (1855); Panama in 1855)
(1855); (The Americans in Japan (1857); “The
Battles of America by Sea and Land? (3 vols. ,
1861); 'The Champagne Country) (1867); and
(The War with the South) (3 vols. , 1864 67).
Tommaseo, Niccolò (to-mä'sē-). An Italian
miscellaneous writer; born at Sevenico in Dal-
matia, Oct. 9, 1802; died at Florence, May 1,
1874. He wrote the novel 'The Duke of Ath-
ens) (1837); (Commentary on Dante) (1837),
immortality; (Adeisidæmon (1709), a tractate
on belief in dæmons; (Nazarenus; or, Jewish,
Gentile, and Mohametan Christianity) (1718);
(Pantheisticon (1720).
Toldy, Franz (tol'de). A Hungarian histo-
rian of literature; born at Buda-Pesth, Aug.
10, 1805; died there, Dec. 10, 1875, professor
of Hungarian literature. He wrote : (Manual
of Hungarian Poetry) (1828); (History of the
Hungarian National Literature (1851); (His-
tory of Hungarian Poetry) (1857).
Tollens, Hendrik Caroluszoon (tol'lens). A
Dutch poet; born at Rotterdam, Sept. 24, 1780;
died at Ryswick, Oct. 21, 1856. Among his best
## p. 529 (#545) ############################################
TOMPA - TOSTI
529
a
a work of great merit; the half mystical, half
erotic novel (Faith and Beauty) (1840); (Crit-
ical Studies' (1843);( The Death Penalty' (1865).
He also compiled a valuable collection of
(Popular Songs: Tuscan, Corsican, Illyrian,
Greek) (4 vols. , 1844), and a Dictionary of
Italian Synonyms) (7 vols. , 1856).
Tompa, Michael (tôn pā). A Hungarian
poet; born at Rimaszombat, in the county of
Gömör, Sept. 29, 1819; died July 30, 1868. He
wrote: (Folk Tales and Popular Sayings)
(1846); several allegorical poems, among them
(The Stork) (1847), expressing the popular
sympathy with the coming revolution ; (Stories
of the Flowers) (1854).
Tomson, Graham R. See Watson, Rosa-
mund.
Tonna, Charlotte Elizabeth Browne.
(“Charlotte Elizabeth. ”] An English religious
writer; born in Norwich, Oct. 1, 1790 (or 1792);
died July 12, 1846. In her childhood she lost
her sight, and regained it. She wrote: (Ju-
dah's Lion); (Judæa Capta); Principalities
and Powers); (Personal Recollections) (1841).
Tooke, John Horne. An English political
writer and grammarian ; born at Westminster,
June 25, 1736 ; died at Wimbledon, March 18,
1812. The chief of his early works was a
pamphlet entitled The Petition of an Eng-
lishman. He studied law; took orders in the
Church of England; was a friend and adher-
ent of Wilkes, but afterward quarreled with
him, and was denounced in the famous Junius
Letters. He was sentenced to a year's im-
prisonment for libel, and while in prison wrote
(A Letter to John Dunning, Esq. ,' in which he
reviewed the legal aspects of his case. His
chief work, 'Epea Pteroenta [Winged Words);
or, The Diversions of Purley, was published
in 1805. He was an active member of the
Society of Correspondence formed by the ad-
mirers of the French Revolution, and was
committed to the Tower, but acquitted.
Topelius, Zacharias (top-el'ē-us). A Fin-
nish poet and novelist; born near Ny Karleby,
Jan. 14, 1818. He became editor of the Hel-
singfors Tidningar in 1842, retaining his con-
nection with it until 1860. His earliest produc-
tions appeared in his journal; some of them
were issued later in book form under the title
(Ljungblommer) (Heather Flowers: 1845-54).
He also wrote a number of dramas, (Efter
Femtio Ar) (Fifty Years Later: 1851); (Regina
af Emmertz) (1854). Many of his juvenile
stories have been translated into English. His
best-known work is (Fältskärens Berättelser)
(The Surgeon's Stories: 6 vols. , 1872-74), a
collection of tales dealing with the history of
Sweden and Finland during the 17th and 18th
centuries.
Töpfer, Karl (tep'fer). A German writer of
comedies; born at Berlin, Dec. 26, 1792; died at
Hamburg, Aug. 22, 1871. Among his comedies
are: (The Best Tone); (Courting according to
Prescription); (Rosenmüller and Finke. He
wrote also Narratives and Stories) (2 vols. ,
1842–44).
Topin, Marius (to-pan'). A French histor-
ical writer; born at Aix, Dec. 25, 1838. He
wrote: The Cardinal de Retz, his Genius
and his Writings) (1864); (History of Aigues-
Mortes) (1865); Europe and the Bourbons un-
der Louis XIV. ? (1867); (The Man in the Iron
Mask' (1869); Contemporary Novelists) (1876).
Toplady, Augustus Montague. An English
clergyman and hymn-writer; born at Farnham,
Surrey, Nov. 4, 1740; died at Leicester Fields,
London, Aug. 11, 1778. He was editor of the
Gospel Magazine, and author of many hymns,
chief of which is (Rock of Ages.
Toppfer (or Töpffer), Rodolphe (top'făr).
A Swiss littérateur; born at Geneva, Feb. 17,
1799; died June 8, 1846. His father was
painter, and he wished to be one also, but an
affection of the eyes prevented. He wrote:
(Zigzag Tours) (1843); “The Heritage' (1834);
(Rosa and Gertrude) (1846); (Travels and
Adventures of Dr. Festus) (1840); etc.
Torelli, Achille (tõ-rel'ē). An Italian writer
of comedy; born at Naples, May 5, 1844. He
wrote at 16 his first comedy, "Who Dieth Lieth.
Of his others, the most successful were : (A
Court in the 17th Century); (The Mission of
Woman); Husbands) (1867); (Sad Reality)
(1871); (Truth) (1875); (The Color of the
Times) (1875).
Torfeson, Thormodur, also known as Tor-
fæus (tor'fė-son). A Danish historian; born
on the isle of Engoe, off the south coast of
Iceland, 1640; died 1719. His principal works,
all written in Latin, are: (History of the Faroe
Islands) (1695); "History of the Orkneys)
(1697); Line of the Dynasties and Kings of
Denmark) (1702); History of Old Vinland)
(1705); (Ancient Greenland (1706); (The His-
toric Trefoil (1707); History of Norway)
(4 vols. , 1711), his greatest work.
Torre, Alonso de la (tor'é). A Spanish en-
cyclopædic writer, who lived in the 16th cen-
tury. He is author of "The Delectable Vision
of Philosophy, the Liberal Arts, Metaphysics,
and Moral Philosophy) (1526), a sort of ency-
clopædia in the form of dialogues.
Torrey, Bradford. An American nature
essayist; born in Weymouth, Mass. , Oct. 9, 1843.
He was educated in the public schools, taught
two years, then entered business in Boston. In
1886 he became assistant editor of the Youth's
Companion. He is a close student of birds,
and writes largely on this subject for the mag-
azines. His essays have been collected into the
following volumes : (Birds in the Bush) (1885);
(The Foot-Path Way); (A Rambler's Lease);
(A Florida Sketch-Book); 'Spring Notes from
Tennessee) (1896).
Tosti, Ludovico (tos'tē). A distinguished
Italian church historian; born about 1800 ;
died 1866. He was a Benedictine monk, and
wrote : (History of Monte Cassino); (History
(
(
a
34
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530
TOTTEN— TRAILL
)
of Boniface VIII. , in which that pope is
defended against the accusations of Dante;
'Abelard and his Time); (The Countess Ma.
tilda and the Roman Pontiffs '; The Lombard
League, a spirited account of the struggle of
the Italian communes with the German em-
perors ; 'History of the Council of Constance);
(History of the Greek Schism”; Prolegomena
to a Universal History of the Church' (2 vols. ).
Totten, Charles Adelle Lewis. An Ameri-
can army officer, inventor, lecturer, and writer
on military subjects; born at New London,
Conn. , Feb. 3, 1851. He has written; 'Strategos,
the American War Game) (1880); Important
Question in Metrology) (1883); “Yale Military
Lectures); Nativity, its Facts and Fancies)
(1887). His writings are now devoted to ques-
tions of prophecy.
Touchard-Lafosse, G. (tö-chärʻlä-fos'). A
French novelist and miscellaneous writer; born
at La Châtre, 1780; died at Paris, 1847. Among
his very numerous writings are: Political
Puppets) (5 vols. , 1829); Chronicles of the
il-de-Beuf (8 vols. , 1829-33), a collection of
scandalous anecdotes; (Jean Angot: A Story of
the 16th Century) (2 vols. , 1835); Chronicles
of the Opera (2 vols. , 1854); “Recollections of
Half a Century) (6 vols).
Tourgee, Albion Winegar. An American
lawyer, author, and editor; born at Williams-
field, O. , May 2, 1838. He served in the North-
ern army (1861–65), settled in the South, was
a judge, and afterwards editor. He has pub-
lished: (The North Carolina Form Book)
(1874); (The North Carolina Code) (1878);
Legal Digest) (1879); North Carolina Re-
ports) (1879). His most popular novels are :
(Figs and Thistles) (1879); A Fool's Errand,
by One of the Fools) (1879); (Bricks Without
Straw) (1880); "Hot Plowshares) (1883); (An
Appeal to Cæsar) (1884); Black Ice) (1887);
and Button's Inn (1887).
Tourneur, Cyril. An Elizabethan dramatist,
the dates of whose birth and death are uncer-
tain. He was author of two plays, (The Re-
venger's Tragedy) (1607), and “The Atheist's
Tragedy) (1011); and of a poem entitled “The
Transformed Metamorphosis' (1600).
Towle, George Makepeace. An American
journalist, author, and littérateur. He was born
in Washington, D. C. , Aug. 27, 1841 ; died in
Brookline, Mass. , Aug. 10, 1893. He was United
States consul at Nantes, France, 1866-68; and
at Bradford, England, 1868-70. His works in-
clude: (Glimpses of History) (1865); Henry
the Fifth) (1866); (American Society) (1870);
( The Eastern Question) (1877); (Servia and
Roumania) (1877); Beaconsfield' (1878);
(Young Folks' Heroes of History) (1878-80);
(Modern France (1879); (Men of Mark) (1880);
(England and Russia in Asia) (1885); ( England
in Egypt) (1885); Literature of the English
Language.
Towles, Mrs. Catharine Webb. An Amer-
ican author; born in Charlemont, Mass. , Oct. 25,
1823. She was editor of several Southern mag-
azines, and has published: (Three Golden
Links) (1857); “Tales for the Freemason's Fire-
side) (1859); Poor Claire; or, Life Among
the Queer) (1883).
Townsend, Edward Waterman. An Amer-
ican journalist and writer of dialect stories; born
in Ohio, 1855. His stories and sketches, first
printed in the daily journals, are collected un-
der the titles: (Chimmie Fadden, Major Max,
and Other Stories ';'Chimmie Fadden Explains,
Major Max Expounds); (A Daughter of the
Tenements); Near a Whole City Full. ? In
collaboration he has written several plays:
(Chimmie Fadden); Daughter of the Tene.
ments); (The Marquis of Michigan.
Townsend, George Alfred. (“Gath. ”] An
American journalist and war correspondent;
born in Georgetown, Del. , Jan. 30, 1841. He
became a journalist in 1860. He was special
correspondent for the New York Herald and
World (1860-64), afterwards public lecturer, and
war correspondent in the Austro-Prussian War
(1866). His publications in book form are:
(Campaigns of a Non-Combatant) (1865); "Life
of Garibaldi) (1867); Life of Abraham Lin-
coln (1867); (The New World and the Old);
Poems) (1870); "Washington Outside and
Inside) (1871); (Bohemian Days) (1881); (The
Entailed Hat) (1884), and (Katy of Catoctin;
or, The Chain-Breakers) (1886), novels; Life
of Levi P. Morton (1888).
Townsend, Mrs. Mary Ashley. [“Xariffa. ”]
An American poet and author; born in Lyons,
N. Y. , about 1836. She contributed sketches
to the N. O. Delta that attracted attention, and
afterwards published, “Xariffa's Poems); 'The
Brother Clerks) (1859); Poems) (1870); (The
Captain's Story) (1874); “Down the Bayou,' etc.
(1884).
Townsend, Virginia Frances. An Ameri-
can author and novelist; born in New Haven,
Conn. , in 1836. She has edited Arthur's Home
Magazine, has contributed to many journals and
magazines, and written many popular novels.
Among these are: “While It Was Morning)
(1859); (Amy Deane, and Other Tales) (1862);
(The Well in the Rock,' etc. (1863); (The Battle-
Fields of our Fathers) (1864); Janet Strong
(1865); Darryl Gap) (1866); (The Hollands)
(1869); (One Woman's Two Lovers) (1872);
(Elizabeth Tudor) (1874); (Only Girls) (1876);
(Six in All' (1878); and (Our Presidents' (1888).
Toy, Crawford Howell. An American L'ni-
tarian clergyman and scholar; born in Norfolk,
Va. , March 23, 1836. He has been professor of
Hebrew at Harvard University since 1880. He
has written : (History of the Religion of Israel
(1882); (Quotations in the New Testament)
(1884); (Judaism and Christianity : Progress of
Thought from the Old Testament to the New)
(1890).
Traill, Catherine Parr (Strickland). An
English writer, sister of Agnes; born in Kent,
Jan. 9, 1802. She removed to Canada in 1833
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TRAILL-TRESCOT
531
:
and has made her home for many years at
Lakefield, Ont. Among her works are : (The
Backwoods of Canada) (London, 1835); (Cana.
