- Fra
Fulgenzio
Micanzio
chosen by Fra Paolo as his Coadjutor.
chosen by Fra Paolo as his Coadjutor.
Sarpi - 1868 - Life of Fra Paolo Sarpi
54.
] FRA PAOLO SARPI ' 107
The Pope expressed anger on receiving the reply, and cited the example
of Julius II, but Nani warned the Pope that these days were past, that
the world was no longer what it was in the time of that Pontiff. If a
gleam of light did break in upon Paul V, it was quickly overshadowed, and
he returned to his former ideas of exacting obedience from the Republic.
It 'will be seen that Sarpi always encouraged a good understanding
between Venetia. and France. From the first, the King of France did
not foment the disputes between Venice and the Pope, On the contrary,
M. de Canaye was empowered by the King to counsel reconciliation.
But the Doge still manfully asserted the independence of Venice, and
was fully aware of her position. Sarpi too had reason to fear for his
country; if Spain decided against Venetia, all was lost, but he and
his friends hoped that the issue of this dispute might be a wider se-
paration of the Republic from the power of Rome. He saw that the
temporal power of the Pope stood between Venice and true religion,
and in all his writings during the Interdict he speaks of the Pope,
the papal authority, and his temporalities, not only with the voice of
a seer, of a student of canonical law and of the Fathers, but of a
lowly follower of Him on whom the Church is built.
No notice as to the disputes had been as yet made to Sir Henry
Wotton, but the diplomatic servants of the Republic in London had
orders to communicate the matter to King James.
The first defence of Sarpi was by the Ambassador of England. The
Council of Ten were imperative in their command that no member of
the government should hold any communication with the Ambassadors
resident at Venice. But upon Sir Henry Wotton insisting upon con-
versing with the Secretary Scaramelli, leave was at length given. Sir
Henry informed him that for state reasons his royal master had spies
at the Court of Rome, and that one of these had told him of mea-
sures that had already been taken against Fra Paolo at Rome. To
corroborate this assertion, Sir Henry gave a letter to the Secretary, in
which were the following words written in cypher by the General of
the Jesuits to the Father Possevin, "They are instituting a suit here
secretly against Master Paul of Venice, of the Order of the Servi, on
account of a writing of his, in which he not only defends the Venetians
against excommunication, and the demands made by Nostro Signore
as to the late differences, as you, Reverend Father, well know, but in
many points he lessens the Pontifical authority by certain allegations
deduced from certain ancient privileges, for which it is said the Re-
public have given him two hundred dncats per anuum for life. "'
1 1 April 1606. Esposiz. Roma.
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? 108 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1606.
This writing was sent last week secretly to the Ambassador, with
an express order that if Nostro Signore would not be pacified, he was
to present the writing to him, and without any further treaty to leave
the Court. "
From this letter it is obvious that a copy of the writing given by
Fra Paolo Sarpi to the Senate is what is referred to by the General of
the Jesuits. The boldness of this measure is extraordinary, and from
this may be dated the extreme displeasure of the Court of Rome to
the friar who was not afraid to tell the Pope the reasons why he
thought the excommunication was null and void. This was a still
greater offence than his opinion of the Court of Rome, contained in
the letter written in cypher to Gabriello. The Senate permitted Sca-
ramelli to meet Sir Henry Wotton a second time, who took this op-
portunity of assuring the Secretary that the Ambassadors believed that
the Pope would make peace with Venice, and that if the adjustment
of the differences were committed to his care, " the English would meet
the Republic with open arms. "
It is clear that Sarpi, although grateful to King James for his prof-
fered aid, did not judge him able to understand the cause of dispute,
but his proposal to hold a General Council coincided with the opinion
given by Sarpi.
On the 12th of April the state of affairs was communicated to the
Emperor, the Ambassadors of France, Spain, Savoy, and to the Secre-
taries in Florence and in Milan. The Emperor thanked His Serenity;
the English Ambassador and other envoys declared the powers to be
friendly. But at Rome matters approached a climax. The Ambassador
Duodo took leave, two of the Cardinals could not procure longer delay,
it was evident that an Interdict would be fulminated against Venice,
although the Pope appeared irresolute; he addressed but few persons
on the subject, he drew out a Monitory which he ordered to be print-
ed, he corrected it himself, and dispatched it to Venice.
This remarkable Brief of Excommunication of Paul V against the
Venetians, in Latin, was dated Rome, 17th April 1606. It declared
that unless within twenty seven days the Republic of Venice should
obey the Pope's dictates, the Doge and Senate together with every
inhabitant of Venetia were excommunicated by divine authority, as well
as that of Saint Peter, Saint Paul and Paul V. Their first act bore the
impress of the wise counsel of Sarpi.
The Senate immediately commanded prayers to be offered up in every
church throughout Venetia, and large sums of money were distributcdin
alms. The sincerity of the supplications of Sarpi on that occasion cannot
be doubted; it is evident with what trust in God he speaks of this com-
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? ? 12 FRA PAOLO SARPI 109
mand of the Government, and happy was it for Venetia that she had a
Councillor who could protest against an excommunication which forbade
the priests to perform any services of the Church or to administer the
sacraments. Was it likely that he would advise submission to such com-
mands? Never. The Doge did not hesitate, but at once protested. The Lion
of S. Mark is engraved at the top of this protest, and none but those who
have seen it, can have any idea of the enthusiasm which the Venetians
. attach to the smallest representation or mention of Saint Mark, whom they
regard as their patron Saint. The writer of these pages saw only a small
part of a draft in manuscript amongst the MSS. of Sarpi. It is full of
corrections, and it is probable that the few, but strong sentences of this
manly protest gave him, as well as the other Counsellors, much thought
It was published in Latin, also in Italian, and sent to the Ecclesiastics.
The Doge and Senate had acted independently of Rome, and that was
a proud moment for the friars of the Order of the Servi when the learned
Paolo received their public acknowledgement of his talents: the Popes of
Rome had rejected the demands of Venice for his promotion, and Donato
had the mortification of seeing his services often given to Rome
Without reward, but now the case Was different, Donato rejoiced that one
of the first acts of his Government was to give his friend a high place, and
the noble hearted will share the pleasure that thrilled through his breast,
when he saw Sarpi by his side, to aid and to encourage him in the long
and arduous conflict which as yet had only begun. While the friar raised
his voice and wielded his pen against aggression, the Doge declared
himself ready to take his sword in hand, aged as he was, in the defence
of the Church, as his ancestry had done to maintain the liberties and honor
of the Republic. The Cardinal Borghese told Donato, when Ambassador,
that if he were Pope he would excommunicate the Doge and Senate, to
which Donato had replied, " And I would smile at it. " He had kept his
resolution, and Paul V was awoke from his dream of aggrandizement by-
the report of this protest against him being atfixed to the walls of all
parts of the city of Venice.
" Leonardo Donato, by the grace of God, Duke of Venetia &c.
" To the most Rev. Patriarchs, Archbishops and Bishops throughout
our dominions of Venetia, and to the Vicars, Priors and Rectors of the
parochial churches, and to all other Prelates and Ecclesiastics, greeting.
It having come to our knowledge that by order of the Most Holy Father
Paul V, a certain brief was published and posted in Rome, fulminated
against us, our Senate, and addressed to us, of the same tenor and contents
as hitherto, we being obliged to preserve tl1c peace and tranquillity of the
state which God has given to us to govern, and to maintain the authority
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? I10 ' THE LIFE OF [A-D. 1606.
of the Prince who recognizes no other authority in things temporal save
the Divine Majesty, We thus by our public letters protest before God and
the whole world, that we have not failed to use every possible means by
our Ambassador at the Court of His Holiness, as well as by our Am-
bassador sent for this special purpose. But he having found the ears of
his Holiness closed to all reason, and against that which the Holy Scrip-
tures, the doctrines of . the Holy Fathers and Sacred Canons teach, to
the prejudice of the secular authority given to us by God, to the liberty
of this our State and to the scandal of all our faithful subjects, who by the
grace of God hold their wealth, honor and being. We therefore indubitably
hold the said brief not only as unjust, but null and void, invalid, wrathful
and illegal, in fact, we have judged fit to use the same remedy against it
which our ancestors and other princes did, sure that you who have the
care of the souls of our faithful subjects, and of divine worship, which
flourishes in this our State as much as in any other, will in future conti-
nue in the same pastoral office. It being our firm resolution to continue
in the Holy and Apostolic Catholic faith, and in the oblservances of the
Holy Roman Church, as our ancestors have by Divine grace from the
foundation of this city till now. And it is our will that notice of all
be affixed in all public places of the city and throughout our dominion,
certain that the publication of such a manifesto will come to the ears of
all who have heard of the said brief, and to the notice of his Holiness,
whom we pray our Lord God to inspire with the knowledge of the nullity
of his brief, and of all his other acts against us, and knowing the justice
of our cause, we may and shall more devoutly reverence the apostolic
chair, as we and our ancestors always have done.
" Given at our Ducal palace, 6th May 1606. "
Sarpi affirms that the Nuncio must have seen the Protest on the
Church of S. Francesco, ' and therefore could inform the Pope that the
Doge had communicated to the nobles, citizens, and people that he
Would not bend to the injustice of Rome. Those to whom Venice is
familiar can well imagine the effect which such a proclamation would
have upon the people, from place to place the news spread, with few
exceptions all were loyal. And who dared to dispute the command of the
Prince? Not the civil power, not the soldiery, not the navy. No! they were
loyal to their Prince and ready to spill their blood in defence of their
rights. Those who despised the commands of the Doge were adherents of
the Court of Rome, the Jesuits, subsequently followed by the Capuchin
and Theatine Orders, determined to obey the dictates of Paul V. But- the
l M. S. Interdetto.
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? zr. 54. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 111
Doge and Council of Ten were not rulers whose command could be
lightly despised, and the Jesuits who considered themselves martyrs in
the papal cause, contrary to command, encased all their worldly goods in
large coffers, together with the books, plate, and furniture of their Church,
and took them from their Convent; what remained is summed up in a
list of articles of little value. ' On hearing of the Monitory, they had sent
Father Galiarda to Rome to consult the Pope; his decision was contrary to
the Venetian Government. The Jesuits wished to preach, to hear confes-
sion, but not to celebrate mass; the Senate would listen to no such com-
promise, they were commanded to leave Venice. They called their disciples
together, and from this tumultuous body they obtained a considerable
sum of money, they then concerted with the Capuchins.
With the crucifix carried before them, they endeavored to excite the
multitude in their favor, but finding this impossible, they asked the
French Ambassador to permit his people to accompany them. He refused,
and at two oclock at night, each with a " Cristo, " amidst an immense
concourse of people, the disobedient Order left the city. Never did such a
fleet breast the waters of Venice as this large company of misguided men,
and as the last was about to step into his gondola he stopped and craved
benediction, but the people were in no humor to see it granted, the strong
common sense and intelligence of the Venetian mind held no sympathy
with these disturbers, and one simultaneous cry rent the air in their own
soft Venetian dialect, " Andate in malora. " The house of the Jesuits was
searched, it did not escape the notice of Sarpi that there were piles of
burnt Writings and a crucible for casting money. Passevin wrote a defence
of the latter saying it was a form for their caps. There were writings left
at Padua, copies of eighteen rules hearing this title, " Regulee aliquot ser-
vandae ut cum Orthodoxa Ecclesia vere sentiamus, " in one of which Sarpi
remarks " that the seventeenth rule advised preachers not to preach too
much of the grace of God. " He contrasted such doctrine with that of the
Holy Scriptures, what would be thought of a king who granted pardon
to rebels, but with the condition, that of that pardon little was to be
made known? Death was still suspended over them, the grace of God is
freely given, and the Jesuits had no more power to command that it
should be little spoken of than a gaoler to deny any part of the pardon
given to a criminal, such doctrine was as novel as heterodox. In the third
rule they were ordered to believe in the Church of the Hierarchy, " which"
says Sarpi " is to believe that white is black. "
He was grieved to see, that after the Jesuits were banished from Venice
1 M. S. Arch. Venetian.
1 M88. Gesuiti.
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? 112 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1606.
they continued to use all their influence against the Republic, both publicly
and privately, they gave indulgence to all who observed the Interdict,
forged letters from the Republic of Genoa to Venice, and from Verona to
Brescia, they tampered with all the Ambassadors of Venetia at foreign
courts, they were judged to be the cause of all the insurrections, seditious
. and disorders throughout every kingdom, and the strong terms in which
Fra Paolo speaks of them throughout his works, the part which he believed
it to be his duty to take in opposition to them at this time is no matter
of surprise to those who have studied the matter and know how long he
was cognizant of all their machinations, when he was in the capacity of
Theologian, Canonist and Counsellor to the Republic. Yet there is no vio-
lent vituperation against them, calm and collected was his opinion of
them. Their political doctrines of the exaltation of the Papacy above a
monarchy or prince, and depression of the aristocracy were too contrary to
the laws of Venice to be well received there, and if to this be added their
doctrine of the sovereignty of the people, though under their guidance in
one sense enslaved, it will not be judged harsh if Sarpi affirmed that the
Jesuits were dangerous denizens of any state. Amongst other novelties
which they taught were these. That the Pope is supreme monarch of
the world, may make or rescind laws, command obedience by force, must
be obeyed right or wrong, that the people may- rise lawfully against their
prince, that the right of princes is not divine, ecclesiasties are to be punish-
ed if they obey the Republic, they are superior to the laity, whatever
hinders the advancement of the Church is to be punished, to employ
a soldier not of the Church of Rome is against God, it is shameful to
converse with one not of the Church, the judgment of God and his
Holiness is the same, to question it is to question God. And they revived
a prayer by Pope Leo in which the Pope is placed above God. 1 These
and much else drew from Sarpi the charge of " novelty, " he also tax-
es them with ingratitude. The Jesuits had been honorably and gene-
rously domiciled in Venetia, and in Venice 'they had amassed great wealth,
built a church, and secured the tuition of a great part of the sons of the
nobles. Learned men had not scrupled to lower themselves to raise their
Order, and they not only inculcated their erroneous theology on the minds
of the'Venetian youth, but on those of the softer sex, some of whom were
always foremost in -their defence, either unwilling or unable to enquire
into their system. " The city lies under an interdict " wrote the Jesuits,
" and consequently under an anathema of the Pope" they therefore pro-
nounced all contracts both civil and ecclesiastical to be void, and that the
priests could not dispense the sacraments validly. "
1 Letters and MSS. Arch. Ven. Sarpi.
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? azr. 64. ] ~ ' FRA PAOLO SARPI 113
These invidious writings shook the faith of the weakminded in their
God and in their Prince, and to counteract the mischief done by those
works and letters, Fra Paolo was appointed a Censor, and also charged to
examine all that was written in favor of the Republic: we find his name
affixed to the bold remonstrance of the Senator Quirini in the warranty
of the Registry of the Council of Ten.
But Fra Paolo did more than examine booksjie wrote them; A stringent
necessity called him forth, his modesty had hitherto restrained him from
the exertion of the full power of his intellect, to oppose the aggressions of
the Pope by at once writing in favor of the Republic as he did not con-
sider himself sufficiently master of the Italian language to write it Well,
he therefore furnished Leoni with materials for a work, but as this author
Wrote with more elegance than power, his work was inefficient. A papal
interdict required a more potent pen to answer it than Leoni's, and Fra
Paolo, having recalled to mind a Latin treatise of Gerson on excommuni-
cation and shown it to some of the senators, he was commanded to trans-
late it into Italian, and to prefix a short treatise of his own, it was
published anonymously. His opinions of the dispute were not hastily
formed notions of the present, but the calm and deliberate deductions of
the past. He read all the works which were likely to throw light upon
the matter. French, Italian, Spanish, German and English authors wrote
in favor of the Republic, and works which were valued at Venice were
burned at Rome; and one of many, a poem in a burlesque style, obtained
great notice, it threatened Paul V with the loss of the Republic, and
her adoption of the doctrines of the Reformed.
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? 114 '
CHAPTER VII.
A. D. 1606 -- A. D. 1607.
DoeE or Vrznroa. Leonardo Donato.
Sovnnmon or GERMANY. Rodolph II.
GaaAr BarrAm. James I.
FnAnon. Henry IV.
SnAps. Philip III.
TURKEY. Aehmet III.
Porn. Paul V.
'1'/\rr. /\/'/\/\/_\'/\/\I
Fra Paolo's loyalty. - Treatise on the Interdict.
- Fra Fulgenzio Micanzio
chosen by Fra Paolo as his Coadjutor. -- Opinions. -- Signs of accommodation. -
Fra Paolo's works. -- The Doge prepares for war. -- Mediators. - Accom-
modation. - Reformation in Venice.
Fra Paolo, as well as the other Friars who acted according to the
commands of their Prince, did so conscientiously: they knew that their
allegianc/e after God,was due to him. The Pope had arrogated to himself
power over the Doge to which he was not entitled, and which therefore
was not to be obeyed; it would in fact be difficult to prove that he had
a right to exercise any authority whatever in Venetia.
Fra Paolo has shown in his works, more particularly in his letters, how
step by step the Pope had attained power, and why, although he was
obliged to tolerate the abuses of the Church of Rome, he still resolved to
remain in her communion. The Pope thought to bring Venice to his feet
by granting a jubilee to all but to her, but he little knew what was the
joy and consolation of Fra Paolo that the Gospel of Christ was preached
there in all its power, and that far above the fierce waves of controversy
he bade his fellow mortals raise their eyes to the Lamb of God who taketh
away the sin of the world. His was no semi-religion, he stripped humanity
of all vaunt, and bade his hearers trust in their Saviour in all simplicity,
and notwithstanding the varied attempts which have been made to crush
this fact, it still stands written by the pen and dictated by the heart of
. one who really served his God. Sarpi knew, as few else knew, the precipice
on which Venice stood if she were again reconciled to the Pope; with
all his toleration for the'Church of Rome he had little for the Court, he
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? arr. 54. ] FHA PAOLO SARPI 115
knew that a hand divine only could free his country from the tyranny
of papal power, he had a herculean task to perform in resistinglthe Pope,
but there is no doubt that he did effect a great work, in being one of the
members of the Church who dared to question the temporal and spiritual
power of the Popes, as well as many innovations, especially as to their
alleged supremacy and infallibility.
He was not altogether alone, there were a valiant few who shared} his
opinions, and their names appeared as those Theologians, who during the
first period of the Interdict were the defenders of Venice on the publication
of the treatise entitled " Trattato dell'Interdetto. "
" Fra Paolo, " writes M. de Thou, " the Theologian so celebrated in
this great affair, followed up the above work by a very learned and mo-
derate one entitled " Considerazioni. "
He begins by recounting the history of this dispute, its origin, and
progress, and puts in the clearest light all the false steps which the Car-
dinals caused the Pope to take, either from complacency or precipitancy.
He then shows the equity of the decrees attacked by the Holy See,
and proves victoriously the right of jurisdiction of princes over their ec-
clesiastical subjects, and that from the words of S. Peter and S. Paul,
and by quotations from the Fathers; also, that ecclesiastical exemption. is
only founded on the benevolence of princes, and having shown the plan of
this exemption, he cites an important passage from Pope Leo. He shows
that the power given by Christ to Peter was one to be used, but with
discretion. 'Manet ergo Petri privilegium nbicumque ex ipsis fertnr acqui-
tate judicium, nee nimia est vel severitas, vel remissio, ubi nihil erit liga-
tum, vel solutum, nisi quod Beatns Petrus solverit, ant ligaverit. ' And
also by the example of S. Paul withstanding S. Peter, what is the duty
of the Church, and in another place he shows that the Saviour had no
sooner given the keys to Peter which he elsewhere shows is figurative, but
he says to him, ' Vade post me Satanas, scandalnm es mihi qnia non sa-
pis quae Dei sunt sed quae hominum. ' The privilege granted to S. Peter
was only to be in force when judgment is founded on equity.
On its title page are the words, " Maledicent illi et tn benedices. "
Ps. 109, (" Let them curse, but bless thou, ") and the eye of Sarpi was
lifted upwards, while his foes showered anathemas upon him. He Was bles-
sed. It is by no means to be inferred that his works are faultless; great
allowance must be made for the writings of a friar of the Church of Rome
in the 16th century, emerging from the doctrine of the schools, and oblig-
ed, if his works were to be read at all by those he wished to convince, to
cite many authorities. But it must be borne in mind that some of these
authorities were reckoned heretical at Rome, and that however encum-
bered by them, there is throughout the Writings of Sarpi loyalty to God
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? 116 THE LIFE or {A. D. 1606.
and to his prince, a disbelief in the supremacy of the Pope to a council,
as also of his infallibility, and a constant appeal to the Holy Scriptures. -
The writer of these pages has never seen the MS. of the " Considera-
zioni, " but the testimony of M. de Thou is a satisfactory proof that Fra
Paolo Sarpi did write this work. Fra Fulgenzio also names it, but there
is stronger proof still; Sarpi names it in his manifesto to the Cardinals
as his.
M. de Thou also notices the anonymous work generally attributed to
Fra Paolo Sarpi. It is therein proved that princes have received their
right from God to rule over all people, both seculars and ecclesiastics;
that Jesus Christ, the author of our salvation,. although by his divinity
equal to His Father, the King of Kings and _Lord of Lords, had never,
however, either before his death, or after 'his resurrection, exercised any
temporal authority, and that S. Peter, his vicar, would not arrogate a
power to himself which Jesus Christ, when clothed in our humanity,
would not take; that the immunities of ecclesiastics, which made them
valued for their wealth, was not of divine, but human right; that'the Se-
nate of Venice having received its power from God, and recognizing no
other temporal power as superior, could have committed no sin in making
decrees as to what belonged to the Church, or what might belong to it
and consequently that the Republic, seeing it was unjustly overwhelmed
by the censures of Rome, looked upon the sentence of the Pope as null
and void, both as to divine and as to human law.
As to what S. Gregory says of the sentence of a pastor, that " whether
just or unjust it is to be feared, " has nothing to do with the present af-
fair, where the question was not whether it was unjust, but respecting a
sentence which was null and void, and according to Duns Scotus and the
learned Navarro, there was no reason to dread a sentence which was null
and void. "'
This writing was answered by the Cardinal Bellarmine, and M. de
' Thou observes " that the strongest part of the answer of the Cardinal' is
where he taxes the Senate with having submitted and solemnly accepted
the Council of Trent, and then, without any exception, having permitted
anonymous books on religious matters to be printed, which was expressly
forbidden by the Council. " This connivance alone, according to Bellarmine,
made the Senate amenable to the censures of the Church, " and it must
be confessed, " continues M. de Thou, " that this acceptation of the
Council of Trent is a strong argument against the Venetians, because this
Council is regarded by the Ultramontanes as an infallible and sacred
oracle which confirmed and sealed, so to speak, all the decrees by which
the Popes had imagined to establish their power, so that all objections
against new censures fell to the ground in virtue of this Council, which
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? mr. 54. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 117
is a sort of proscription by which the partizans of the court shut the
mouths of their adversaries, and deprive them of all resource. "
Such wasthe bold language of the upright patriot M. de Thou, one
of the many' Frenchmen who lifted their voices against the decrees of the
Council of Trent. It was true that Venice had unwittingly accepted the
decrees of the Council of Trent. Her Bishops were persuaded to. do so,
and the closing sermon at Trent was preached by the Venetian Bishop I
of N azianzo.
The members of the Church of Rome are no more blameable for the
decrees of the Council of Trent, than a people whose king passes unjust
laws. But why should the rulers of a people enforce the acceptation of the
decrees of the Council of Trent upon Italy, which, when they were pas-
sed, dared not refuse them, although there were many found in that
Council who told the Papal Legates very plainly, that some of its decrees
" were not according to the Holy Scriptures. " This was long since shewn
by other authors besides Sarpi and by M. de Thou. Look at all the pon-
derous volumes on the Gallican liberties, which lie neglected on the
shelves of the libraries of France as if they had never been written,
and why? -
When Fra Paolo was appointed Theologian to the Republic, he named
his tried friend Fra Fulgenzio Micanzio to be his coadjutor. Of all others
he appeared most eligible for such a trust, he was a man of great ability,
learning and science, he had been reader of scholastic theology at Man-
tua and Bologna, and was still engaged to Bologna for three years more,
but Fra Paolo would take no denial, and Fulgenzio's friendship for Paolo
was so great that he obeyed his command, though at the loss of his li-
brary and all hopes of preferment. Such a companion was a great boon to
Fra Paolo, the innate nobility of Fulgenzids character making him
willingly share Paolo's fortunes. He thus speaks of himself.
" As soon as P. Paolo had entered on this charge, he deemed it neces-
sary to have a faithful companion on whom he could rely as upon him-
self; one who would refer to books for him, because the method of the
times required it. Arguments were not sufficient; it was customary to
quote the opinions, not only of the learned, but many bye--laws. 'And he
who would not err on the credit of another, or who would not be mis-
taken, found it necessary to examine authorities from point to point, a
task which required more labour than intellect.
" To this end, P. Paolo bethought himself of Fra Fulgenzio, a
Brescian, with whom he had the privilege of close familiarity. He had
the kindness to initiate him in the Socratic method of study, not the
common, pompous, and less profitable course of reading; but, first read-
ing, and then by discussion to investigate truth, as also to point out
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? 118 THE LIFE OF [A. 1>. 1606,
error, a true, and singularly good 'method of instruction which has
fallen into disuse, and has given place to pomp and ostentation. The
reader, continues Fra Fulgenzio, " will pardon this little digression,
because it does away with an objection made to the Father, not only
by the friars, but by some of his intimate friends, that although very
learned himself, he communicated but little to others; and many went
' so far as to tax him with an envious and ambitious nature, and that
he did not like others who possessed knowledge; and, also, that he
liked to hide his great talents from them. But this was not the case,
for he had the most gentle, loving, and kind mind, communicating
with the greatest readiness as required. " '
The years which they passed together were often chequered by peril
to both, but Fra Paolo had told Fulgenzio plainly that he considered him
necessary to the preservation of his existence, and there can be no doubt
but that Fulgenzio was the means, on more than one occasion, of saving
the life of Fra Paolo; and was it nothing, after the long and arduous busi-
ness of the day, the discoveries of plots against himself, the contempla-
tion of irreligion, the failure of plans for the good of his country, the
intolerance of the wicked, the lethargy of the weak, to meet the welcome
smile of such friendship, to converse on coming days of liberty to Italy,
to discourse on those intellectual pursuits which nerve the mind to still
stronger effort? And there was yet a stronger link than all these between
" our Fulgenzio " and Fra Paolo; religion had united them by an indis-
soluble chain. They were wrestlers in the same strife, they were both
desirous of seeing their country freed from the yoke of Rome. They were
both intimately acquainted with its court. Open to conviction, Fra Ful-
genzio adopted Fra Pao1o's opinions, because he believed them to be true, 3
by discussion he had investigated truth, and it will be seen how eloquently
he propounded it.
His friendship for Paolo was not borne away by the breath of slander,
like the summer blossom by the summer wind. It survived both evil and
good report, as sincere as durable, and such is the praise that is ever and
anon shed by Fra Fulgenzio airound Sarpi, that he is lost to sight. It
seems to be his whole aim to keep his beloved master in the most
1 MS.
2 Fra Fulgenzio had previously studied under Michael Angelo of Pistoia.
This is a curious old town of " chiare case, oscure ehiese; the houses light,
the churches dark. " In a chapel in the Cathedral dedicated to the Apostle
James, is a prayer in which S. James _is styled the Head and Chief of the
Apostles. "Tu qui primatum tenes inter Apostolos imo qui eornm primus. "
He presided, and not S. Peter, in the first Apostolic Council held at Jerusa-
lem. Acts xv, 13, et seq.
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? E1'. 54. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 119
prominent part of the picture, content to remain in the deepest shade, if
Fra Paolo Sarpi be loved, honored, and admired.
Fra Paolo had not only the advantage of Fulgenzio's assistance in
making references to books for him, but also the opinions of Pellegrini
and Gratiani, Counsellors of State. Menochio lent his aid, while the most
eminent jurisconsults and lawyers of Italy and France, Servin, Lechas-
sier, Vigner, and Casalibon, and the principal universities were consulted
by the Senate. Thus it was with no rash or untried weapons that
Fra Paolo and the Senate of Venice maintained this contest with the
Pope.
There is a large volume of MSS. in the Archives of Venice of Sarpi's
opinions relative to the Interdict. These as well, as correct analyses of re-
ports on state matters which were supplied by him to the college,
were valuable as rendering the subjects clear, and his short and logical
expositions must have also spared their time. More than once he regrets
at the conclusion of a written opinion, that it had not fallen to the lot of
one of more ability than he to supply such; and on one occasion, when
grappling with the question as to the Pope being infallible (which Sarpi
did not believe), there are two marks of his red chalk on the words of Saint
Paul in full, "Butthough we, or an angel from heaven,preach any other gospel
unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed,"
(Gal. 1, 8). As in death, so it appears to have been his motto in life, " It
is not mine to live, but mine to serve, " and he did serve a state capable
of appreciating him. It is one of the distinguishing marks of this great
people, that the Venetians showed respect, nay even veneration, for their
public servants, and the Princes, the Council of Ten, and the Senate
always evinced the greatest esteem for Sarpi, and well would it be
if they were emulated by others, who seldom, till the tomb has taken
a public servant to its bosom, realize his service, and hang bays that
ought to have graced a living brow on the marble urn over his uncon-
scious ashes. The Venetians had the wisdom to know the worth of
Sarpi; he had the piety and modesty to say he " only defended a just
cause, " if no temptation of the Court of Rome could induce the Vene-
tians to betray him and give him into the hands of the Pope, no bribe
would move him from his allegiance to his Prince, or from the service
of his country.
There can be no doubt but that Sarpi continued hostile to the return
of the Jesuits. His advice weighed with the Senate, and in consideration
of all that has been advanced with regard to them, on the 14th June
they were excluded by an edict from Venice, not a voice was raised in the
Senate in their favor; even after the secret scrutiny of votes, not a vote
was found to have been given for their return.
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? 120 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1606
The Pope at length published a jubilee,' inviting all Christians to pray
with him for the wants of the Church, and conceded indulgence, absolution
and remission to all save those under the Interdict. At Vicenza an anony-
mous work appeared in which the writer called the Pope, Antichrist. This,
Sarpi reports, disturbed the Senate, lfe did not hold this opinion.
" As to the question which you propose, I have endeavored to compass
it , but I have always considered the words of Saint John quoted
by you, as a name common to many, and by antonomasia to one ,
but Whether that one was really to be, or whether it was merely a vulgar
opinion without any foundation for it, did not appear to me sufficiently
clear, but capable of both interpretations. That to the Thessalonians,
though not that name, shows that such a particular person is plainly
spoken of; but for all this, it is not sufficient to determine me, because it
is not clear, whether such an one be an individual, or many men. And I
remain still in doubt, nor have I found any other person who has met my
thoughts on this but yourself. To whom I will say that the multiplication
of acts of faith, and specifying as a subject those things which are not
specified, is to give in to old abuses. Why not leave in ambiguity what has
been left so till now? I heard say once, and I leave it to the judgment of
the intelligent, that the articles of faith are established, he who does not
receive them has no faith and is an infidel, but he that besides these
articles believes anything else for an article, and separates from others, is
a sectarian; and I do not see you are in this danger, because you leave
the matter in suspense. They have more reason to think of it who made
the article, but I do not think they will separate from one who does not
admit it as certain. Indeed the old abuses creep in still, and those which
drove away the tyrant from the Republic, though out of zeal he is offered
to acquire dominion again. Thanks be to God if he remains within
bounds. "
France again offered to aid the Doge by force of arms, but advised peace.
The Spanish Minister continued to make fair promises to Paul; ' at this
Venice was disquieted, but her preparations for war both by sea and land
progressed. Her sailors were ready to serve her, her arsenal resounded
with the strokes of the hammer, and many new galleys were added to her
renowned fleet. Sarpi on no occasion displayed fear, and his intrepid
conduct and powerful arguments still continued to encourage the Doge
and Senate to resistance. '
A little more, and Venice might have been lost to Rome for ever, un-
fortunately for her all her great men were not wise men. Much infor-
1 Sottilissima invenzione, June 19, 1606. Sarpi MS.
2 Ofi? . ? Papa in Spagna, p. 52, Sarpi, MS.
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? 157. 54. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 121
mation is obtained from a letter of M. Abain, ' as to the State of affairs
at Rome with respect to Venice-,1the Cardinal du Perron assures King
Henry, " that Donato; the Doge of Venice, is of that faction which
always kept the Republic in fear of giving offence to Spain.
The Pope expressed anger on receiving the reply, and cited the example
of Julius II, but Nani warned the Pope that these days were past, that
the world was no longer what it was in the time of that Pontiff. If a
gleam of light did break in upon Paul V, it was quickly overshadowed, and
he returned to his former ideas of exacting obedience from the Republic.
It 'will be seen that Sarpi always encouraged a good understanding
between Venetia. and France. From the first, the King of France did
not foment the disputes between Venice and the Pope, On the contrary,
M. de Canaye was empowered by the King to counsel reconciliation.
But the Doge still manfully asserted the independence of Venice, and
was fully aware of her position. Sarpi too had reason to fear for his
country; if Spain decided against Venetia, all was lost, but he and
his friends hoped that the issue of this dispute might be a wider se-
paration of the Republic from the power of Rome. He saw that the
temporal power of the Pope stood between Venice and true religion,
and in all his writings during the Interdict he speaks of the Pope,
the papal authority, and his temporalities, not only with the voice of
a seer, of a student of canonical law and of the Fathers, but of a
lowly follower of Him on whom the Church is built.
No notice as to the disputes had been as yet made to Sir Henry
Wotton, but the diplomatic servants of the Republic in London had
orders to communicate the matter to King James.
The first defence of Sarpi was by the Ambassador of England. The
Council of Ten were imperative in their command that no member of
the government should hold any communication with the Ambassadors
resident at Venice. But upon Sir Henry Wotton insisting upon con-
versing with the Secretary Scaramelli, leave was at length given. Sir
Henry informed him that for state reasons his royal master had spies
at the Court of Rome, and that one of these had told him of mea-
sures that had already been taken against Fra Paolo at Rome. To
corroborate this assertion, Sir Henry gave a letter to the Secretary, in
which were the following words written in cypher by the General of
the Jesuits to the Father Possevin, "They are instituting a suit here
secretly against Master Paul of Venice, of the Order of the Servi, on
account of a writing of his, in which he not only defends the Venetians
against excommunication, and the demands made by Nostro Signore
as to the late differences, as you, Reverend Father, well know, but in
many points he lessens the Pontifical authority by certain allegations
deduced from certain ancient privileges, for which it is said the Re-
public have given him two hundred dncats per anuum for life. "'
1 1 April 1606. Esposiz. Roma.
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? 108 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1606.
This writing was sent last week secretly to the Ambassador, with
an express order that if Nostro Signore would not be pacified, he was
to present the writing to him, and without any further treaty to leave
the Court. "
From this letter it is obvious that a copy of the writing given by
Fra Paolo Sarpi to the Senate is what is referred to by the General of
the Jesuits. The boldness of this measure is extraordinary, and from
this may be dated the extreme displeasure of the Court of Rome to
the friar who was not afraid to tell the Pope the reasons why he
thought the excommunication was null and void. This was a still
greater offence than his opinion of the Court of Rome, contained in
the letter written in cypher to Gabriello. The Senate permitted Sca-
ramelli to meet Sir Henry Wotton a second time, who took this op-
portunity of assuring the Secretary that the Ambassadors believed that
the Pope would make peace with Venice, and that if the adjustment
of the differences were committed to his care, " the English would meet
the Republic with open arms. "
It is clear that Sarpi, although grateful to King James for his prof-
fered aid, did not judge him able to understand the cause of dispute,
but his proposal to hold a General Council coincided with the opinion
given by Sarpi.
On the 12th of April the state of affairs was communicated to the
Emperor, the Ambassadors of France, Spain, Savoy, and to the Secre-
taries in Florence and in Milan. The Emperor thanked His Serenity;
the English Ambassador and other envoys declared the powers to be
friendly. But at Rome matters approached a climax. The Ambassador
Duodo took leave, two of the Cardinals could not procure longer delay,
it was evident that an Interdict would be fulminated against Venice,
although the Pope appeared irresolute; he addressed but few persons
on the subject, he drew out a Monitory which he ordered to be print-
ed, he corrected it himself, and dispatched it to Venice.
This remarkable Brief of Excommunication of Paul V against the
Venetians, in Latin, was dated Rome, 17th April 1606. It declared
that unless within twenty seven days the Republic of Venice should
obey the Pope's dictates, the Doge and Senate together with every
inhabitant of Venetia were excommunicated by divine authority, as well
as that of Saint Peter, Saint Paul and Paul V. Their first act bore the
impress of the wise counsel of Sarpi.
The Senate immediately commanded prayers to be offered up in every
church throughout Venetia, and large sums of money were distributcdin
alms. The sincerity of the supplications of Sarpi on that occasion cannot
be doubted; it is evident with what trust in God he speaks of this com-
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? ? 12 FRA PAOLO SARPI 109
mand of the Government, and happy was it for Venetia that she had a
Councillor who could protest against an excommunication which forbade
the priests to perform any services of the Church or to administer the
sacraments. Was it likely that he would advise submission to such com-
mands? Never. The Doge did not hesitate, but at once protested. The Lion
of S. Mark is engraved at the top of this protest, and none but those who
have seen it, can have any idea of the enthusiasm which the Venetians
. attach to the smallest representation or mention of Saint Mark, whom they
regard as their patron Saint. The writer of these pages saw only a small
part of a draft in manuscript amongst the MSS. of Sarpi. It is full of
corrections, and it is probable that the few, but strong sentences of this
manly protest gave him, as well as the other Counsellors, much thought
It was published in Latin, also in Italian, and sent to the Ecclesiastics.
The Doge and Senate had acted independently of Rome, and that was
a proud moment for the friars of the Order of the Servi when the learned
Paolo received their public acknowledgement of his talents: the Popes of
Rome had rejected the demands of Venice for his promotion, and Donato
had the mortification of seeing his services often given to Rome
Without reward, but now the case Was different, Donato rejoiced that one
of the first acts of his Government was to give his friend a high place, and
the noble hearted will share the pleasure that thrilled through his breast,
when he saw Sarpi by his side, to aid and to encourage him in the long
and arduous conflict which as yet had only begun. While the friar raised
his voice and wielded his pen against aggression, the Doge declared
himself ready to take his sword in hand, aged as he was, in the defence
of the Church, as his ancestry had done to maintain the liberties and honor
of the Republic. The Cardinal Borghese told Donato, when Ambassador,
that if he were Pope he would excommunicate the Doge and Senate, to
which Donato had replied, " And I would smile at it. " He had kept his
resolution, and Paul V was awoke from his dream of aggrandizement by-
the report of this protest against him being atfixed to the walls of all
parts of the city of Venice.
" Leonardo Donato, by the grace of God, Duke of Venetia &c.
" To the most Rev. Patriarchs, Archbishops and Bishops throughout
our dominions of Venetia, and to the Vicars, Priors and Rectors of the
parochial churches, and to all other Prelates and Ecclesiastics, greeting.
It having come to our knowledge that by order of the Most Holy Father
Paul V, a certain brief was published and posted in Rome, fulminated
against us, our Senate, and addressed to us, of the same tenor and contents
as hitherto, we being obliged to preserve tl1c peace and tranquillity of the
state which God has given to us to govern, and to maintain the authority
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? I10 ' THE LIFE OF [A-D. 1606.
of the Prince who recognizes no other authority in things temporal save
the Divine Majesty, We thus by our public letters protest before God and
the whole world, that we have not failed to use every possible means by
our Ambassador at the Court of His Holiness, as well as by our Am-
bassador sent for this special purpose. But he having found the ears of
his Holiness closed to all reason, and against that which the Holy Scrip-
tures, the doctrines of . the Holy Fathers and Sacred Canons teach, to
the prejudice of the secular authority given to us by God, to the liberty
of this our State and to the scandal of all our faithful subjects, who by the
grace of God hold their wealth, honor and being. We therefore indubitably
hold the said brief not only as unjust, but null and void, invalid, wrathful
and illegal, in fact, we have judged fit to use the same remedy against it
which our ancestors and other princes did, sure that you who have the
care of the souls of our faithful subjects, and of divine worship, which
flourishes in this our State as much as in any other, will in future conti-
nue in the same pastoral office. It being our firm resolution to continue
in the Holy and Apostolic Catholic faith, and in the oblservances of the
Holy Roman Church, as our ancestors have by Divine grace from the
foundation of this city till now. And it is our will that notice of all
be affixed in all public places of the city and throughout our dominion,
certain that the publication of such a manifesto will come to the ears of
all who have heard of the said brief, and to the notice of his Holiness,
whom we pray our Lord God to inspire with the knowledge of the nullity
of his brief, and of all his other acts against us, and knowing the justice
of our cause, we may and shall more devoutly reverence the apostolic
chair, as we and our ancestors always have done.
" Given at our Ducal palace, 6th May 1606. "
Sarpi affirms that the Nuncio must have seen the Protest on the
Church of S. Francesco, ' and therefore could inform the Pope that the
Doge had communicated to the nobles, citizens, and people that he
Would not bend to the injustice of Rome. Those to whom Venice is
familiar can well imagine the effect which such a proclamation would
have upon the people, from place to place the news spread, with few
exceptions all were loyal. And who dared to dispute the command of the
Prince? Not the civil power, not the soldiery, not the navy. No! they were
loyal to their Prince and ready to spill their blood in defence of their
rights. Those who despised the commands of the Doge were adherents of
the Court of Rome, the Jesuits, subsequently followed by the Capuchin
and Theatine Orders, determined to obey the dictates of Paul V. But- the
l M. S. Interdetto.
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? zr. 54. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 111
Doge and Council of Ten were not rulers whose command could be
lightly despised, and the Jesuits who considered themselves martyrs in
the papal cause, contrary to command, encased all their worldly goods in
large coffers, together with the books, plate, and furniture of their Church,
and took them from their Convent; what remained is summed up in a
list of articles of little value. ' On hearing of the Monitory, they had sent
Father Galiarda to Rome to consult the Pope; his decision was contrary to
the Venetian Government. The Jesuits wished to preach, to hear confes-
sion, but not to celebrate mass; the Senate would listen to no such com-
promise, they were commanded to leave Venice. They called their disciples
together, and from this tumultuous body they obtained a considerable
sum of money, they then concerted with the Capuchins.
With the crucifix carried before them, they endeavored to excite the
multitude in their favor, but finding this impossible, they asked the
French Ambassador to permit his people to accompany them. He refused,
and at two oclock at night, each with a " Cristo, " amidst an immense
concourse of people, the disobedient Order left the city. Never did such a
fleet breast the waters of Venice as this large company of misguided men,
and as the last was about to step into his gondola he stopped and craved
benediction, but the people were in no humor to see it granted, the strong
common sense and intelligence of the Venetian mind held no sympathy
with these disturbers, and one simultaneous cry rent the air in their own
soft Venetian dialect, " Andate in malora. " The house of the Jesuits was
searched, it did not escape the notice of Sarpi that there were piles of
burnt Writings and a crucible for casting money. Passevin wrote a defence
of the latter saying it was a form for their caps. There were writings left
at Padua, copies of eighteen rules hearing this title, " Regulee aliquot ser-
vandae ut cum Orthodoxa Ecclesia vere sentiamus, " in one of which Sarpi
remarks " that the seventeenth rule advised preachers not to preach too
much of the grace of God. " He contrasted such doctrine with that of the
Holy Scriptures, what would be thought of a king who granted pardon
to rebels, but with the condition, that of that pardon little was to be
made known? Death was still suspended over them, the grace of God is
freely given, and the Jesuits had no more power to command that it
should be little spoken of than a gaoler to deny any part of the pardon
given to a criminal, such doctrine was as novel as heterodox. In the third
rule they were ordered to believe in the Church of the Hierarchy, " which"
says Sarpi " is to believe that white is black. "
He was grieved to see, that after the Jesuits were banished from Venice
1 M. S. Arch. Venetian.
1 M88. Gesuiti.
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? 112 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1606.
they continued to use all their influence against the Republic, both publicly
and privately, they gave indulgence to all who observed the Interdict,
forged letters from the Republic of Genoa to Venice, and from Verona to
Brescia, they tampered with all the Ambassadors of Venetia at foreign
courts, they were judged to be the cause of all the insurrections, seditious
. and disorders throughout every kingdom, and the strong terms in which
Fra Paolo speaks of them throughout his works, the part which he believed
it to be his duty to take in opposition to them at this time is no matter
of surprise to those who have studied the matter and know how long he
was cognizant of all their machinations, when he was in the capacity of
Theologian, Canonist and Counsellor to the Republic. Yet there is no vio-
lent vituperation against them, calm and collected was his opinion of
them. Their political doctrines of the exaltation of the Papacy above a
monarchy or prince, and depression of the aristocracy were too contrary to
the laws of Venice to be well received there, and if to this be added their
doctrine of the sovereignty of the people, though under their guidance in
one sense enslaved, it will not be judged harsh if Sarpi affirmed that the
Jesuits were dangerous denizens of any state. Amongst other novelties
which they taught were these. That the Pope is supreme monarch of
the world, may make or rescind laws, command obedience by force, must
be obeyed right or wrong, that the people may- rise lawfully against their
prince, that the right of princes is not divine, ecclesiasties are to be punish-
ed if they obey the Republic, they are superior to the laity, whatever
hinders the advancement of the Church is to be punished, to employ
a soldier not of the Church of Rome is against God, it is shameful to
converse with one not of the Church, the judgment of God and his
Holiness is the same, to question it is to question God. And they revived
a prayer by Pope Leo in which the Pope is placed above God. 1 These
and much else drew from Sarpi the charge of " novelty, " he also tax-
es them with ingratitude. The Jesuits had been honorably and gene-
rously domiciled in Venetia, and in Venice 'they had amassed great wealth,
built a church, and secured the tuition of a great part of the sons of the
nobles. Learned men had not scrupled to lower themselves to raise their
Order, and they not only inculcated their erroneous theology on the minds
of the'Venetian youth, but on those of the softer sex, some of whom were
always foremost in -their defence, either unwilling or unable to enquire
into their system. " The city lies under an interdict " wrote the Jesuits,
" and consequently under an anathema of the Pope" they therefore pro-
nounced all contracts both civil and ecclesiastical to be void, and that the
priests could not dispense the sacraments validly. "
1 Letters and MSS. Arch. Ven. Sarpi.
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? azr. 64. ] ~ ' FRA PAOLO SARPI 113
These invidious writings shook the faith of the weakminded in their
God and in their Prince, and to counteract the mischief done by those
works and letters, Fra Paolo was appointed a Censor, and also charged to
examine all that was written in favor of the Republic: we find his name
affixed to the bold remonstrance of the Senator Quirini in the warranty
of the Registry of the Council of Ten.
But Fra Paolo did more than examine booksjie wrote them; A stringent
necessity called him forth, his modesty had hitherto restrained him from
the exertion of the full power of his intellect, to oppose the aggressions of
the Pope by at once writing in favor of the Republic as he did not con-
sider himself sufficiently master of the Italian language to write it Well,
he therefore furnished Leoni with materials for a work, but as this author
Wrote with more elegance than power, his work was inefficient. A papal
interdict required a more potent pen to answer it than Leoni's, and Fra
Paolo, having recalled to mind a Latin treatise of Gerson on excommuni-
cation and shown it to some of the senators, he was commanded to trans-
late it into Italian, and to prefix a short treatise of his own, it was
published anonymously. His opinions of the dispute were not hastily
formed notions of the present, but the calm and deliberate deductions of
the past. He read all the works which were likely to throw light upon
the matter. French, Italian, Spanish, German and English authors wrote
in favor of the Republic, and works which were valued at Venice were
burned at Rome; and one of many, a poem in a burlesque style, obtained
great notice, it threatened Paul V with the loss of the Republic, and
her adoption of the doctrines of the Reformed.
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? 114 '
CHAPTER VII.
A. D. 1606 -- A. D. 1607.
DoeE or Vrznroa. Leonardo Donato.
Sovnnmon or GERMANY. Rodolph II.
GaaAr BarrAm. James I.
FnAnon. Henry IV.
SnAps. Philip III.
TURKEY. Aehmet III.
Porn. Paul V.
'1'/\rr. /\/'/\/\/_\'/\/\I
Fra Paolo's loyalty. - Treatise on the Interdict.
- Fra Fulgenzio Micanzio
chosen by Fra Paolo as his Coadjutor. -- Opinions. -- Signs of accommodation. -
Fra Paolo's works. -- The Doge prepares for war. -- Mediators. - Accom-
modation. - Reformation in Venice.
Fra Paolo, as well as the other Friars who acted according to the
commands of their Prince, did so conscientiously: they knew that their
allegianc/e after God,was due to him. The Pope had arrogated to himself
power over the Doge to which he was not entitled, and which therefore
was not to be obeyed; it would in fact be difficult to prove that he had
a right to exercise any authority whatever in Venetia.
Fra Paolo has shown in his works, more particularly in his letters, how
step by step the Pope had attained power, and why, although he was
obliged to tolerate the abuses of the Church of Rome, he still resolved to
remain in her communion. The Pope thought to bring Venice to his feet
by granting a jubilee to all but to her, but he little knew what was the
joy and consolation of Fra Paolo that the Gospel of Christ was preached
there in all its power, and that far above the fierce waves of controversy
he bade his fellow mortals raise their eyes to the Lamb of God who taketh
away the sin of the world. His was no semi-religion, he stripped humanity
of all vaunt, and bade his hearers trust in their Saviour in all simplicity,
and notwithstanding the varied attempts which have been made to crush
this fact, it still stands written by the pen and dictated by the heart of
. one who really served his God. Sarpi knew, as few else knew, the precipice
on which Venice stood if she were again reconciled to the Pope; with
all his toleration for the'Church of Rome he had little for the Court, he
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? arr. 54. ] FHA PAOLO SARPI 115
knew that a hand divine only could free his country from the tyranny
of papal power, he had a herculean task to perform in resistinglthe Pope,
but there is no doubt that he did effect a great work, in being one of the
members of the Church who dared to question the temporal and spiritual
power of the Popes, as well as many innovations, especially as to their
alleged supremacy and infallibility.
He was not altogether alone, there were a valiant few who shared} his
opinions, and their names appeared as those Theologians, who during the
first period of the Interdict were the defenders of Venice on the publication
of the treatise entitled " Trattato dell'Interdetto. "
" Fra Paolo, " writes M. de Thou, " the Theologian so celebrated in
this great affair, followed up the above work by a very learned and mo-
derate one entitled " Considerazioni. "
He begins by recounting the history of this dispute, its origin, and
progress, and puts in the clearest light all the false steps which the Car-
dinals caused the Pope to take, either from complacency or precipitancy.
He then shows the equity of the decrees attacked by the Holy See,
and proves victoriously the right of jurisdiction of princes over their ec-
clesiastical subjects, and that from the words of S. Peter and S. Paul,
and by quotations from the Fathers; also, that ecclesiastical exemption. is
only founded on the benevolence of princes, and having shown the plan of
this exemption, he cites an important passage from Pope Leo. He shows
that the power given by Christ to Peter was one to be used, but with
discretion. 'Manet ergo Petri privilegium nbicumque ex ipsis fertnr acqui-
tate judicium, nee nimia est vel severitas, vel remissio, ubi nihil erit liga-
tum, vel solutum, nisi quod Beatns Petrus solverit, ant ligaverit. ' And
also by the example of S. Paul withstanding S. Peter, what is the duty
of the Church, and in another place he shows that the Saviour had no
sooner given the keys to Peter which he elsewhere shows is figurative, but
he says to him, ' Vade post me Satanas, scandalnm es mihi qnia non sa-
pis quae Dei sunt sed quae hominum. ' The privilege granted to S. Peter
was only to be in force when judgment is founded on equity.
On its title page are the words, " Maledicent illi et tn benedices. "
Ps. 109, (" Let them curse, but bless thou, ") and the eye of Sarpi was
lifted upwards, while his foes showered anathemas upon him. He Was bles-
sed. It is by no means to be inferred that his works are faultless; great
allowance must be made for the writings of a friar of the Church of Rome
in the 16th century, emerging from the doctrine of the schools, and oblig-
ed, if his works were to be read at all by those he wished to convince, to
cite many authorities. But it must be borne in mind that some of these
authorities were reckoned heretical at Rome, and that however encum-
bered by them, there is throughout the Writings of Sarpi loyalty to God
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? 116 THE LIFE or {A. D. 1606.
and to his prince, a disbelief in the supremacy of the Pope to a council,
as also of his infallibility, and a constant appeal to the Holy Scriptures. -
The writer of these pages has never seen the MS. of the " Considera-
zioni, " but the testimony of M. de Thou is a satisfactory proof that Fra
Paolo Sarpi did write this work. Fra Fulgenzio also names it, but there
is stronger proof still; Sarpi names it in his manifesto to the Cardinals
as his.
M. de Thou also notices the anonymous work generally attributed to
Fra Paolo Sarpi. It is therein proved that princes have received their
right from God to rule over all people, both seculars and ecclesiastics;
that Jesus Christ, the author of our salvation,. although by his divinity
equal to His Father, the King of Kings and _Lord of Lords, had never,
however, either before his death, or after 'his resurrection, exercised any
temporal authority, and that S. Peter, his vicar, would not arrogate a
power to himself which Jesus Christ, when clothed in our humanity,
would not take; that the immunities of ecclesiastics, which made them
valued for their wealth, was not of divine, but human right; that'the Se-
nate of Venice having received its power from God, and recognizing no
other temporal power as superior, could have committed no sin in making
decrees as to what belonged to the Church, or what might belong to it
and consequently that the Republic, seeing it was unjustly overwhelmed
by the censures of Rome, looked upon the sentence of the Pope as null
and void, both as to divine and as to human law.
As to what S. Gregory says of the sentence of a pastor, that " whether
just or unjust it is to be feared, " has nothing to do with the present af-
fair, where the question was not whether it was unjust, but respecting a
sentence which was null and void, and according to Duns Scotus and the
learned Navarro, there was no reason to dread a sentence which was null
and void. "'
This writing was answered by the Cardinal Bellarmine, and M. de
' Thou observes " that the strongest part of the answer of the Cardinal' is
where he taxes the Senate with having submitted and solemnly accepted
the Council of Trent, and then, without any exception, having permitted
anonymous books on religious matters to be printed, which was expressly
forbidden by the Council. " This connivance alone, according to Bellarmine,
made the Senate amenable to the censures of the Church, " and it must
be confessed, " continues M. de Thou, " that this acceptation of the
Council of Trent is a strong argument against the Venetians, because this
Council is regarded by the Ultramontanes as an infallible and sacred
oracle which confirmed and sealed, so to speak, all the decrees by which
the Popes had imagined to establish their power, so that all objections
against new censures fell to the ground in virtue of this Council, which
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? mr. 54. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 117
is a sort of proscription by which the partizans of the court shut the
mouths of their adversaries, and deprive them of all resource. "
Such wasthe bold language of the upright patriot M. de Thou, one
of the many' Frenchmen who lifted their voices against the decrees of the
Council of Trent. It was true that Venice had unwittingly accepted the
decrees of the Council of Trent. Her Bishops were persuaded to. do so,
and the closing sermon at Trent was preached by the Venetian Bishop I
of N azianzo.
The members of the Church of Rome are no more blameable for the
decrees of the Council of Trent, than a people whose king passes unjust
laws. But why should the rulers of a people enforce the acceptation of the
decrees of the Council of Trent upon Italy, which, when they were pas-
sed, dared not refuse them, although there were many found in that
Council who told the Papal Legates very plainly, that some of its decrees
" were not according to the Holy Scriptures. " This was long since shewn
by other authors besides Sarpi and by M. de Thou. Look at all the pon-
derous volumes on the Gallican liberties, which lie neglected on the
shelves of the libraries of France as if they had never been written,
and why? -
When Fra Paolo was appointed Theologian to the Republic, he named
his tried friend Fra Fulgenzio Micanzio to be his coadjutor. Of all others
he appeared most eligible for such a trust, he was a man of great ability,
learning and science, he had been reader of scholastic theology at Man-
tua and Bologna, and was still engaged to Bologna for three years more,
but Fra Paolo would take no denial, and Fulgenzio's friendship for Paolo
was so great that he obeyed his command, though at the loss of his li-
brary and all hopes of preferment. Such a companion was a great boon to
Fra Paolo, the innate nobility of Fulgenzids character making him
willingly share Paolo's fortunes. He thus speaks of himself.
" As soon as P. Paolo had entered on this charge, he deemed it neces-
sary to have a faithful companion on whom he could rely as upon him-
self; one who would refer to books for him, because the method of the
times required it. Arguments were not sufficient; it was customary to
quote the opinions, not only of the learned, but many bye--laws. 'And he
who would not err on the credit of another, or who would not be mis-
taken, found it necessary to examine authorities from point to point, a
task which required more labour than intellect.
" To this end, P. Paolo bethought himself of Fra Fulgenzio, a
Brescian, with whom he had the privilege of close familiarity. He had
the kindness to initiate him in the Socratic method of study, not the
common, pompous, and less profitable course of reading; but, first read-
ing, and then by discussion to investigate truth, as also to point out
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? 118 THE LIFE OF [A. 1>. 1606,
error, a true, and singularly good 'method of instruction which has
fallen into disuse, and has given place to pomp and ostentation. The
reader, continues Fra Fulgenzio, " will pardon this little digression,
because it does away with an objection made to the Father, not only
by the friars, but by some of his intimate friends, that although very
learned himself, he communicated but little to others; and many went
' so far as to tax him with an envious and ambitious nature, and that
he did not like others who possessed knowledge; and, also, that he
liked to hide his great talents from them. But this was not the case,
for he had the most gentle, loving, and kind mind, communicating
with the greatest readiness as required. " '
The years which they passed together were often chequered by peril
to both, but Fra Paolo had told Fulgenzio plainly that he considered him
necessary to the preservation of his existence, and there can be no doubt
but that Fulgenzio was the means, on more than one occasion, of saving
the life of Fra Paolo; and was it nothing, after the long and arduous busi-
ness of the day, the discoveries of plots against himself, the contempla-
tion of irreligion, the failure of plans for the good of his country, the
intolerance of the wicked, the lethargy of the weak, to meet the welcome
smile of such friendship, to converse on coming days of liberty to Italy,
to discourse on those intellectual pursuits which nerve the mind to still
stronger effort? And there was yet a stronger link than all these between
" our Fulgenzio " and Fra Paolo; religion had united them by an indis-
soluble chain. They were wrestlers in the same strife, they were both
desirous of seeing their country freed from the yoke of Rome. They were
both intimately acquainted with its court. Open to conviction, Fra Ful-
genzio adopted Fra Pao1o's opinions, because he believed them to be true, 3
by discussion he had investigated truth, and it will be seen how eloquently
he propounded it.
His friendship for Paolo was not borne away by the breath of slander,
like the summer blossom by the summer wind. It survived both evil and
good report, as sincere as durable, and such is the praise that is ever and
anon shed by Fra Fulgenzio airound Sarpi, that he is lost to sight. It
seems to be his whole aim to keep his beloved master in the most
1 MS.
2 Fra Fulgenzio had previously studied under Michael Angelo of Pistoia.
This is a curious old town of " chiare case, oscure ehiese; the houses light,
the churches dark. " In a chapel in the Cathedral dedicated to the Apostle
James, is a prayer in which S. James _is styled the Head and Chief of the
Apostles. "Tu qui primatum tenes inter Apostolos imo qui eornm primus. "
He presided, and not S. Peter, in the first Apostolic Council held at Jerusa-
lem. Acts xv, 13, et seq.
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? E1'. 54. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 119
prominent part of the picture, content to remain in the deepest shade, if
Fra Paolo Sarpi be loved, honored, and admired.
Fra Paolo had not only the advantage of Fulgenzio's assistance in
making references to books for him, but also the opinions of Pellegrini
and Gratiani, Counsellors of State. Menochio lent his aid, while the most
eminent jurisconsults and lawyers of Italy and France, Servin, Lechas-
sier, Vigner, and Casalibon, and the principal universities were consulted
by the Senate. Thus it was with no rash or untried weapons that
Fra Paolo and the Senate of Venice maintained this contest with the
Pope.
There is a large volume of MSS. in the Archives of Venice of Sarpi's
opinions relative to the Interdict. These as well, as correct analyses of re-
ports on state matters which were supplied by him to the college,
were valuable as rendering the subjects clear, and his short and logical
expositions must have also spared their time. More than once he regrets
at the conclusion of a written opinion, that it had not fallen to the lot of
one of more ability than he to supply such; and on one occasion, when
grappling with the question as to the Pope being infallible (which Sarpi
did not believe), there are two marks of his red chalk on the words of Saint
Paul in full, "Butthough we, or an angel from heaven,preach any other gospel
unto you than that which we have preached unto you, let him be accursed,"
(Gal. 1, 8). As in death, so it appears to have been his motto in life, " It
is not mine to live, but mine to serve, " and he did serve a state capable
of appreciating him. It is one of the distinguishing marks of this great
people, that the Venetians showed respect, nay even veneration, for their
public servants, and the Princes, the Council of Ten, and the Senate
always evinced the greatest esteem for Sarpi, and well would it be
if they were emulated by others, who seldom, till the tomb has taken
a public servant to its bosom, realize his service, and hang bays that
ought to have graced a living brow on the marble urn over his uncon-
scious ashes. The Venetians had the wisdom to know the worth of
Sarpi; he had the piety and modesty to say he " only defended a just
cause, " if no temptation of the Court of Rome could induce the Vene-
tians to betray him and give him into the hands of the Pope, no bribe
would move him from his allegiance to his Prince, or from the service
of his country.
There can be no doubt but that Sarpi continued hostile to the return
of the Jesuits. His advice weighed with the Senate, and in consideration
of all that has been advanced with regard to them, on the 14th June
they were excluded by an edict from Venice, not a voice was raised in the
Senate in their favor; even after the secret scrutiny of votes, not a vote
was found to have been given for their return.
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? 120 THE LIFE OF [A. D. 1606
The Pope at length published a jubilee,' inviting all Christians to pray
with him for the wants of the Church, and conceded indulgence, absolution
and remission to all save those under the Interdict. At Vicenza an anony-
mous work appeared in which the writer called the Pope, Antichrist. This,
Sarpi reports, disturbed the Senate, lfe did not hold this opinion.
" As to the question which you propose, I have endeavored to compass
it , but I have always considered the words of Saint John quoted
by you, as a name common to many, and by antonomasia to one ,
but Whether that one was really to be, or whether it was merely a vulgar
opinion without any foundation for it, did not appear to me sufficiently
clear, but capable of both interpretations. That to the Thessalonians,
though not that name, shows that such a particular person is plainly
spoken of; but for all this, it is not sufficient to determine me, because it
is not clear, whether such an one be an individual, or many men. And I
remain still in doubt, nor have I found any other person who has met my
thoughts on this but yourself. To whom I will say that the multiplication
of acts of faith, and specifying as a subject those things which are not
specified, is to give in to old abuses. Why not leave in ambiguity what has
been left so till now? I heard say once, and I leave it to the judgment of
the intelligent, that the articles of faith are established, he who does not
receive them has no faith and is an infidel, but he that besides these
articles believes anything else for an article, and separates from others, is
a sectarian; and I do not see you are in this danger, because you leave
the matter in suspense. They have more reason to think of it who made
the article, but I do not think they will separate from one who does not
admit it as certain. Indeed the old abuses creep in still, and those which
drove away the tyrant from the Republic, though out of zeal he is offered
to acquire dominion again. Thanks be to God if he remains within
bounds. "
France again offered to aid the Doge by force of arms, but advised peace.
The Spanish Minister continued to make fair promises to Paul; ' at this
Venice was disquieted, but her preparations for war both by sea and land
progressed. Her sailors were ready to serve her, her arsenal resounded
with the strokes of the hammer, and many new galleys were added to her
renowned fleet. Sarpi on no occasion displayed fear, and his intrepid
conduct and powerful arguments still continued to encourage the Doge
and Senate to resistance. '
A little more, and Venice might have been lost to Rome for ever, un-
fortunately for her all her great men were not wise men. Much infor-
1 Sottilissima invenzione, June 19, 1606. Sarpi MS.
2 Ofi? . ? Papa in Spagna, p. 52, Sarpi, MS.
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? 157. 54. ] FRA PAOLO SARPI 121
mation is obtained from a letter of M. Abain, ' as to the State of affairs
at Rome with respect to Venice-,1the Cardinal du Perron assures King
Henry, " that Donato; the Doge of Venice, is of that faction which
always kept the Republic in fear of giving offence to Spain.
