He
distinguished
himself by his elo-
quence at the Synod of Nice (325), where his
efforts were instrumental in securing the ac-
ceptance of the Nicene Creed.
quence at the Synod of Nice (325), where his
efforts were instrumental in securing the ac-
ceptance of the Nicene Creed.
Warner - World's Best Literature - v26 to v30 - Tur to Zor and Index
) and (The Song of the Field
Marshal. *
Arneth, Alfred von (är'net). An Austrian
historian; born in Vienna, July 10, 1819; died
there, July 31, 1897. He was member of the
House of Lords after 1869, and president of
the Academy of Sciences after 1879. His life
of Prince Eugene of Savoy) (1858-59) is note-
worthy as the first authoritative work on that
great leader. Next in importance is the (His-
tory of Maria Theresa' (1863-79).
Arnim, Achim von (är'nim). A noted Ger-
man poet and novelist; born in Berlin, Jan.
26, 1781; died at Wiepersdorf, Jan. 31, 1831.
He is the main representative of the younger
generation of the Romantic school. Settling
at Heidelberg in 1806 after extensive travels,
he formed a close friendship with Clemens
Brentano, and edited with him (The Boy's
Wonder-Horn,' a collection of old German
legends and songs, which was received with
much favor. In 1811 he married Brentano's sis-
ter Bettina, and thereafter lived alternately in
Berlin, and on his estate Wiepersdorf in the
province of Brandenburg. He was at his best as
a story-teller. His principal works are : (Pov-
erty, Riches, Guilt, and Penitence of Countess
Dolores,' a novel (1810); and (The Crown-
Guardians,' a fantastic historical romance (1817).
a glowing picture of life towards the wane of
the 15th century. Among his short stories,
published mostly in collections, the following
deserve mention: (The Mad Invalid at Fort
Ratonneau); (The Three Loving Sisters and
the Happy Dyer); Prince All-god and Singer
Demi-god. His complete works, with an in-
troduction by W. Grimm, were edited by his
wife (1839-46).
Arnim, Bettina von. See Brentano.
Arnold, Arthur. An English traveler, jour-
nalist, and statesman; born in Sussex, May 28,
1833. From 1863 to 1866 he was a member of
a commission to examine into the causes of the
« Cotton Famine," and published a treatise on
that subject. In 1885 he became president of
the Free Land League. Among his works are:
(From the Levant); (Through Persia by Cara-
van' (1877); (Social Politics); and (Free Land.
(
## p. 26 (#42) ##############################################
26
ARNOLD - ARNULFI
Arnold, Edwin, Sir. A distinguished Eng.
lish poet and journalist ; born in Rochester,
June 10, 1832. He graduated from Oxford in
1854; taught for a while in Birmingham; and
became principal of the Sanskrit College at
Poona in the Bombay Presidency, where he
rendered important service to the government
during the great rebellion in India. Returning
to London in 1861, he joined the editorial staff
of the Daily Telegraph. He has twice visited
the United States on lecture tours. Of his ori-
ginal poetry, inspired by Oriental themes and
legends, the most famous work is (The Light
of Asia, a Poetic Presentation of the Life and
Teaching of Gautama' (1876). Indian Idylls )
(1883); Pearls of the Faith); (Sa'di in the
Garden); (The Light of the World); Poti-
phar's Wife and Other Poems); (India Re-
visited); Japonica); and (The Tenth Muse and
;
Other Poems,' are among his many works. *
Arnold, Edwin Lester. An English novelist
and writer of travels; son of Sir Edwin Ar-
nold. He has written : (A Summer Holiday
in Scandinavia) (1877); (On the Indian Hills,
or Coffee-Planting in Southern India) (1881);
(Bird Life in England) (1887); England as
She Seems) (1888); --- the novels Phra, the
Phænician) (1890); «The Story of Ulla' (1895).
Arnold, George. An American poet; born
in New York, June 24, 1834; died at Straw-
berry Farms, N. J. , Nov. 3, 1865. Author of
(McArone Papers, contributed to Vanity Fair
(1860-65). His poetry is of merit : Drift and
Other Poems) (1866); Poems Grave and Gay)
(1867). Collected edition, with memoir, by
William Winter (new ed. 1889).
Arnold, Hans, pseudonym of Bertha
Bülow. A German story-writer; born at Warm-
brunn, Silesia, Sept. 30, 1850. Among her
stories which enjoy great popularity are : Merry
Tales' (1891); (Once in May and Other Stories)
(1892). She also wrote some good comedies,
viz. : (Theory and Practice) (1890); (Two
Peaceful Ones) (1892).
Arnold, Isaac Newton. An American law-
yer, politician, and author; born at Hartwick,
N. Y. , Nov. 30, 1815; died at Chicago, Ill. ,
April 24, 1884. He was a member of Con-
gress from 1861 to 1865. His works are: (Life
of Abraham Lincoln (1866); Life of Benedict
Arnold (1880); (Recollections of the Early
Chicago and Illinois Bar) (1880).
Arnold, Johann Georg Daniel. An Alsatian
dialect poet; born in Strassburg, Feb. 18, 1780;
died there, Feb. 18, 1829. His lyrics (in High
German) are meritorious, but he is at his best
in Pentecost Monday) (1816), a comedy in
Strassburg dialect and rhymed Alexandrine
verse, pronounced by Goethe "an incompar-
able monument of ancient Strassburg custom
and language, a work which in clearness and
completeness of intuition and ingenious delin-
eation of detail can scarcely be equaled. ”
Arnold, thew. An eminent English poet,
critic, and essayist; born at Laleham, Dec. 24,
1822; died in Liverpool, April 15, 1888. He
graduated at Oxford in 1844, and was profes-
sor of poetry there from 1857 to 1867. The
degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred by
the University of Edinburgh in 1869, and by
Oxford in 1870. He was government inspector
of schools from 1851, and repeatedly visited
the Continent to inquire into and report upon
systems of education.
In 1883-84 he made a
lecturing tour through the United States. His
works include: (The Strayed Reveler and Other
Poems) (1848); (Empedocles on Etna (1853);
Merope, a tragedy (1857); New Poems)
(1868). His prose writings comprise : Essays
in Criticism' (1865, 2d series 1888); Lectures
on the Study of Celtic Literature) (1867);
(Culture Anarchy) (1809); (Friendship's
Garland) (1871), a humorous work; Liter-
ature and Dogma) (1873); Last Essays on
Church and Religion (1877); Mixed Essays)
(1879); Irish Essays) (1882); and (Discourses
on America) (1885). *
Arnold, Thomas. A notable English edu-
cator and historical writer; born at Cowes,
Isle of Wight, June 13, 1795; died at Oxford,
June 12, 1842. Studied at Winchester school;
was student and fellow of Oxford 1811-19. He
was head-master of the school at Rugby 1828–
41. As an educator, he was remarkable for
the training of the character of his pupils to a
lofty and noble standard. In 1841 he became
professor of modern history at Oxford. His
writings include: an annotated edition of
Thucydides (1830); (Sermons) (1829-34); (His-
tory of Rome (1838); Lectures on Modern
History) (1842).
Arnold, Thomas. An English writer on
literature and editor of old texts, son of Dr.
Arnold of Rugby and brother of Matthew
Arnold; born at Laleham, Nov. 30, 1823. He
became a Roman Catholic, and spent a num-
ber of years in New Zealand and Tasmania.
Among his works are : (A Manual of English
Literature); (Select English Works of Wyclif)
(3 vols. , 1869); (Selections from the Specta-
tor); (Beowulf) (text, translation, and notes);
(Henry of Huntingdon); (Symeon of Dur-
ham); Chronicles of the Abbey of Bury St.
Edmunds. )
Arnould, Arthur (är-nö'). A French novel-
ist, dramatist, and journalist; born in Paris in
1833; died there, Nov. 25, 1895. At an early
age he devoted himself to journalism, and
soon attracted attention by his hostility to the
Empire. In 1870 he founded La Marseillaise
and the famous Journal du Peuple. After the
fall of the Empire he became a member of
the Commune, and with its downfall barely
escaped with his life. Besides essays and
dramas, he is the author of a history of the
Commune and over 30 novels, the best known
being (Zoé) and Princess Belladonna.
Arnulfi, Alberto (är-nöl'fi). A Piedmontese
dialect poet; born in Turin, July 13, 1849 ; died
in Rome, March 27, 1888. He is the author of
(Turin Blots) (1879), a collection of satirical
von
(
## p. 27 (#43) ##############################################
AROLAS - ASNYK
27
sonnets, under the pseudonym of “Fulberto
Alarni”; and of Drolleries,' a comedy. In
conjunction with Eraldo Baretti he wrote (The
Dukes of Nemi) (1887), a drama depicting
Roman society at the downfall of the temporal
power.
Arolas, Juan de (ä-roʻläs). A Spanish poet
(1805-49). His first poems were amatory, but
the works on which his fame rests are poems
of chivalry and romance. A specimen of his
best work is to be found in (The Sylph of
the Aqueduct,' a traditional Spanish legend
told in various metres.
Arouet. See Voltaire.
Arrebo, Anders Christensen (är-e-bo'). A
Danish poet (1587-1637). Bishop of Drontheim,
Norway, when only thirty-one, but deposed
in 1622 owing to his objectionable life; he was
afterwards rehabilitated as preacher in Vord-
ingborg. As the pioneer of the renaissance
movement, he is considered the father of mod-
ern poetry in Denmark. His rhymed transla-
tion of the Psalms of David) (1623), but
especially his (Hexæmeron) (1641), an imita-
tion of a once famous poem of the French
poet Du Bartas on the Creation, are highly
esteemed.
Arrianus, Flavius (ar-i-ā'nus). A Greek
philosopher and historian (95-180); born at
Nicomedia. He aimed to imitate Xenophon
in the direction of his studies; and as Xeno-
phon recorded the sayings of Socrates, so Arri-
anus became the reporter of the Discoveries
of Epictetus. These were comprised in eight
books, but only the first four remain. He next
wrote (Epictetus's Handbook,' a compendium
of that teacher's moral doctrine. He wrote
also an Anabasis, a history of Alexander's
conquests in Asia; this is still extant complete.
Arrington, Alfred W. An American law.
yer, author, and poet; born in Iredell County,
N. C. , Sept. 18, 1810; died in Chicago, Ill. ,
Dec. 31, 1867. He was admitted to the Mis-
souri bar in 1834. He practiced throughout
the Southwest and later in Chicago. Among
his works are: (The Rangers and Regulators
of the Tanaha' (1856); “Sketches of the South-
west); Poems, with Memoir) (1869).
Arrivabene, Ferdinando (är-rê-vä-bā'ne). An
Italian poet and littérateur (1770-1834). While
contined as a political prisoner at Sebenico,
he wrote and published a poem, (The Tomb
of Sebenico, which made a stir throughout
Italy. Of works on the history of literature, he
wrote (The Age of Dante) (1827) and others.
The Academy of Brescia crowned his work
"On the Humanity of the Judge) (1817).
Arrom, Cecilia de. See Caballero.
Arthur, Timothy Shay. An American
author; born at Newburg, N. Y. , in 1809; died
at Philadelphia, Pa. , March 6, 1885. In 1852
he founded Arthur's Home Magazine. He was
a voluminous writer of tales of domestic life.
His works are over 100 in number, and have
had a large sale in England as well as in this
country. His most popular work was the fa.
mous (Ten Nights in a Bar-Room. Among
his other publications were: (Tales for Rich
and Poor); (Tales of Married Life); "Lights
and Shadows.
Arwidson, Adolf Ivar (är'vēds-son). А
Swedish poet (1791-1858), chiefly known through
his collection of Old Swedish Folksongs)
(1834-42), which forms a supplement to that of
Geijer and Afzelius. His own poems were
published under the title of Youth's Hoarfrost)
(1832).
Asbjörnsen, Peter Kristen (äs-byern'sen).
A Norwegian folklorist; born in Christiania,
Jan. 15, 1812; died there, Jan. 6, 1885. While
pursuing botanical and zoological studies, and
subsequently during various travels at govern-
ment expense, he eagerly collected folk tales and
legends, aided by his lifelong friend Jörgen
Moe, with whom he published Norwegian
Folk Tales) (1842-44, 5th ed. 1874) and (Nor-
wegian Gnome Stories and Folk Legends)
(1845-48, 3d ed. 1870), pronounced by Jacob
Grimm the best fairy tales in existence. *
Ascham, Roger. An English scholar and
prose writer; born at Kirby Wiske, near
Northallerton, in 1515; died in London, Dec.
30, 1568. Graduated at Cambridge, and strug-
gled with poverty until patrons came to his
relief. He was famous for his general knowl.
edge and acquirements in Greek and Latin,
and is classed with Spenser, Sir Thomas More,
and Sir Philip Sidney. Though he wrote Latin
with ease and elegance at a time when cus-
tom favored the use of that language for im-
portant works, he urged and practiced the
writing of English, and his beautiful style in
his own language has given him the name of
the “Father of English Prose. In 1548-50
he was tutor of the Princess (afterward Queen)
Elizabeth, by whom he was much beloved.
His most noted works are : (Toxophilus, a trea-
tise on archery (his favorite exercise), in the
form of a dialogue (1545); and (The Schole-
master,' a treatise on education (1570). *
Asmus, Georg (äs'mös). A German poet ;
born at Giessen, Nov. 27, 1830; died in Bonn,
May 31, 1892. Employed as an engineer in 1854-
62, he came to America to conduct some min-
ing operations in the copper region of Lake
Superior; then lived in New York until 1884,
when he returned to Europe. Among the
German population of America he had an
enormous success with his (American Sketch-
Booklet) (1875), an epistle in verse, written in
Upper-Hessian dialect and overflowing with
delicious humor. It was followed by New
American Sketch-Booklet) (1876). Besides these
he wrote (Camp Paradise (1877), a story, and
a collection of miscellaneous poems (1891).
Asnyk, Adam (äs'nik). A Polish poet; born
at Kalisz, Sept. II, 1838; studied in Warsaw,
Breslau, and Heidelberg, where he took his
degree of Ph. D. in 1866. Since 1872 he has
## p. 28 (#44) ##############################################
28
ASSOLLANT -- AUBANEL
lived in Cracow. Besides numerous lyrics,
counted among the most finished of their
kind, he wrote the historical tragedy (Kiejstut)
(1878), based on an incident in Lithuanian
history; and the comedies (Job's Friends)
(1879), 'Lerche Brothers, and Prize-Comedy)
(1888). His Poems) appeared collected in
1888, 3 vols.
Assollant, Alfred (ä-so-lon'). A French nov.
elist and political writer; born at Aubusson,
March 20, 1827; died in Paris, March 4, 1886.
He taught for a number of years in Paris and
other cities, then set out for America; and
having traveled extensively over the United
States, published on his return (Scenes from
Life in the United States) (1858), a series of
tales which attracted a good deal of attention.
Among his numerous novels are : (Two Friends
in 1792) (1859), a story of the Reign of Terror;
(Brancas) (1859), a picture of the corruption
under Louis Philippe ; (Gabrielle de Chênevert)
(1865), portraying the provincial nobility before
the Revolution; Pendragon (1881); (Planta-
genet) (1885).
Astor, John Jacob. An American writer;
born in New York city. He published in
1894 an imaginative work, entitled A Journey
in Other Worlds. )
Astor, William Waldorf. An American ro-
mancer; born in New York, March 31, 1848.
He is the great-grandson of John Jacob Astor,
and graduated at Columbia Law School. He
was United States minister to Italy, 1882–85,
and now resides in London, and is the pro-
prietor of the Pall Mall Gazette. He is the
author of Valentino,' a historical romance
(1886), and (Sforza, a story of Milan (1889).
Athanasius, Saint (ath-a-nā'shi-us). One of
the fathers of the Christian Church; born at
Alexandria about 296 A. D. ; died there, May
2, 373.
He distinguished himself by his elo-
quence at the Synod of Nice (325), where his
efforts were instrumental in securing the ac-
ceptance of the Nicene Creed. The creed
which bears his name was supposed to have
been formulated by him, but the term Ath-
anasian was not applied to it until some cen-
turies after his death. He became Patriarch
of Alexandria in 328, being afterward deposed
and reinstated five times. His chief works,
including "Orations against the Arians) and
(Festal Letters,' appeared in an English trans-
lation by Archibald Robertson (New York,
1892).
Athenæus (ath-e-nē'us). A Greek writer of
the third century, reputed to have been born
at Naucratis in the Nile Delta, and to have
lived at Alexandria and afterwards at Rome.
He is famous for one work, his Feast of the
Learned,' a series of books giving with little
connection or literary art a vast assemblage
of quotations from nearly 800 writers and 2,400
distinct writings, covering practically every de-
partment of ancient learning. It has been
valued by scholars of all succeeding times as a
treasure-house of quotation and anecdote. *
Atherstone, Edwin. An English poet; born
at Nottingham, England, about 1788; died
Jan. 29, 1872. He was the author of (The Last
Days of Herculaneum' and (The Fall of
Nineveh. In addition to these poems he wrote
(Israel in Egypt) and (The Handwriting on
the Wall.
Atkinson, Edward. An American political
economist and statistician ; born at Brookline,
Mass. , Feb. 10, 1827. Besides numerous pam-
phlets and articles in periodicals, he has written:
(Our National Domain) (1879); (The Distri-
bution of Products) (1885); "The Margin of
Profits' (1887); Bi-Metallism in Europe) (1888);
(The Industrial Progress of the Nation (1889);
(Science of Nutrition (1892); etc.
Attâr, Ferî eddin (ät-tär'). A celebrated
Persian poet; born near Nishapur in 1119;
died about 1229. (? ) Son of a spicer, he fol-
lowed his father's trade (whence his surname
of Attâr), but afterward became a dervish and
one of the greatest mystics of Persia. He is
said to have been killed by a Mongol soldier
during the invasion by Jenghiz Khan. Of his
extant political works the most famous are :
(The Book of Council, a series of didactic
poems on ethics; "The Parliament of Birds )
(1184-87). His principal work in prose is
(Biographies of the Saints. )
Atterbom, Per Daniel Amadeus (ät'tér-bom).
An eminent Swedish poet; born in the parish
of Asbo, East-Gothland, Jan. 19, 1790; died in
Upsala, July 21, 1855. He was early influenced
by German literature, and having visited Ger-
many and Italy in 1817-19, he formed ties of
friendship with Schelling and Thorwaldsen;
he became instructor to Crown Prince Oscar
in 1820, and professor at the university in Up-
sala in 1828. Although unquestionably the
foremost among the lyric poets of the roman-
tic school in Sweden, it must be acknowledged
that his rare talent was much impaired by his
groping in Schelling's and Hegel's philosophy.
His most celebrated work is (The Isle of
Blessedness) (1823), a romantic drama in the
manner of Tieck; but he also wrote: (The
Flowers, a cycle of lyrics ; (The Blue Bird,' a
play; and (Swedish Seers and Poets,' a volume
of criticism. *
Atwood, Isaac Morgan. An American
clergyman; born in New York State in 1838.
He is an important leader of the Universalist
Church, and president of the Theological Sem-
inary at St. Lawrence University. His chief
works are : (Have We Outgrown Christianity)
(1870); “Latest Word of Universalism (1878);
(Manual of Revelation (1888); (Walks about
Zion) (1881).
Aubanel, Théodore (ö-bä-nel'). A Provençal
poet and dramatist; born in Avignon, March
26, 1829; died there, Oct. 31, 1886. His lyrics
are collected under the title « The Pomegranate
Opening) (1860); but he is especially noteworthy
as a dramatist, as seen in his strikingly real-
istic dramas: (The Shepherd); (The Bread of
Sin) (1878); “The Elopement. '
)
## p. 29 (#45) ##############################################
AUBERT - AUGIER
29
Aubert, Joachim Marie Jean Jacques Al-
exandre Jules (o-bār'). A distinguished French
general and military writer; born in 1804; died
in 1890. Was prominent in several campaigns,
and was made commander of the Legion of
Honor in 1860. He is best known to the public
as a journalist and historical writer. Among his
works are: “Gauls and Germans); (The Invas-
ion) (1870); (History of the War of 1870-71)
(1873).
Aubignac, François Hédelin, Abbé d' (ō-ben-
yäk'). A French essayist and miscellaneous
prose-writer; born in Paris, Aug. 4, 1604; died
at Nemours, July 20, 1676. (The Practical
Side of the Theatre) is his best-known work,-
an attempt to handle the theory and technique
of the drama after the theory of Scaliger. It
is in harmony with the Corneille school.
Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa d' (o-bē-nyā).
A French poet, historian, and statesman (1551-
1630). After the death of Henri IV. , his friend
and patron, he fed from religious persecution
in France to Geneva. His greatest work is
( The Tragics) (1616), in which are portrayed
the horrors of wars of religion. His satires,
too, have reference to the religious strifes of the
time; famous among them is (The Catholic
Confession of the Sieur de Sancy. His "Uni-
versal History) is one of the most authoritative
sources for the history of the latter half of
the 16th century.
Audouard, Olympe (o-dö-är'). A French
writer (1830-90); married to a notary in Mar-
seilles, but soon after divorced, she traveled in
Egypt, Turkey, and Russia; and having con-
ducted various journals in Paris since 1860,
made a successful lecture tour through Amer-
ica in 1868-69. After her return she became
interested in spiritism. She was an ardent
advocate of woman's rights. Among her novels
and books of travel may be mentioned: How
Men Love) (1861); (The Mysteries of the
Seraglio and of the Turkish Harems) (1863);
(The Mysteries of Egypt Unveiled” (1865);
(War to Man' (1866); (Across America' (1869–
71); 'Parisian Silhouettes) (1883).
Audsley, George Ashdown (ads'li). A Scot-
tish architect and writer on art; born at Elgin,
Scotland, 1838. His present home is at Plain-
field, N. J. He has published, with his brother
William James Audsley, "Color in Dress)
(1863); Dictionary of Architecture and the
Allied Arts' (1880, 10 vols. ), etc. ; alone, (Hand-
book of Christian Symbolism (1865); (The
Ornamental Arts of Japan) (2 vols. , 1882-86);
etc.
Audubon, John James. An eminent Amer-
ican naturalist; born in New Orleans, May 4,
1780; died in New York, Jan. 27, 1851. An
artist, but above all a lover of animated nature,
the best years and efforts of his life were de-
voted to Birds of America) and to (American
Ornithological Biography,' in which his skill
with the brush, the effective simplicity of his
literary style, and his mastery of his subject,
have equal claims to admiration. Another
series of studies, « The Quadrupeds of America,
(Synopsis of the Birds of North America, and
(Biography of American Quadrupeds, have
added to a fame which no subsequent labor
in the same field has tended to discredit. *
Aue. See Hartmann von Aue.
Auer, Adelheid von (ou'er), pseudonym of
Charlotte von Cosel. A German novelist;
born in Berlin, Jan. 6, 1818. She is author of
a great many stories of real life, among
them : (Footprints in Sand (1868); (A Sister
of Charity) (1870); (In the World's Labyrinth
(1878); (Castles in the Air) (1882); all written
in the tone and spirit of a moderate conserva-
tive.
Auerbach, Berthold (ou'er-bäch). An emi-
nent German novelist; born at Nordstetten,
Würtemberg, Feb. 28, 1812; died at Cannes,
France, Feb. 8, 1882. He began to write while a
student in Heidelberg, and under the pseudonym
(Theobald Chauber) produced a (Biography
of Frederick the Great' (1834-36). A series of
novels from the history of Judaism, under the
collective title (The Ghetto, of which (Spinoza
(1837) and Poet and Merchant) (1839) were
printed in separate editions, was followed by
a translation of the works of Spinoza, with a
critical biography (1841); and by (The Edu-
cated Citizen, a Book for the Thinking Human
Mind (1842), intended to bring philosophical
problems within the comprehension of the un-
initiated. His next work, Black Forest Vil.
lage Stories (1843), was received with universal
favor, translated into nearly all European lan-
guages, and established his fame. To this class
of tales belong also (The Professor's Lady)
(1847); "Little Barefoot) (1856); (Joseph in
the Snow) (1860); Edelweiss) (1861); (After
Thirty Years, new village stories (1876). His
first effort in the field of the novel, New Life)
(1851), met with little favor; but (On the
Heights) (1865) constituted the crowning suc-
cess of his literary career. It was followed by
(The Villa on the Rhine) (1868); (Waldfried,
a Family History) (1874); and (The Head For-
ester» (1879). *
Auersperg, Count Anton Alexander von.
See Grün, Anastasius.
Auffenberg, Joseph von, Baron (ouf'fen-
berg). A German dramatist (1798-1857), whose
historical tragedies had a temporary success.
Among them are : (Pizarro) (1823); (The
Spartans); (The Lion of Kurdistan' (after
Scott's (Talisman'). Of a trip to Spain in
1832 he published a sprightly description under
the title Humorous Pilgrimage to Granada
and Cordova) (1833).
Augier, Émile (ō-zhe-ā”). A distinguished
French dramatist; born at Valence, Sept. 17,
1820; died at Croissy, Oct. 25, 1889. With his
first play, (The Hemlock) (1844), he won
popular favor, as it commenced a needed re-
action against the overstrained romanticism
of the time. He lashed the dominant vices of
## p. 30 (#46) ##############################################
30
AUGUSTINE – AUSTIN
modern society in a series of plays: "The
Marriage of Olympia) (1855); (The Poor Lion-
esses' (1858); (The Brazen-Fronted' (1861); and
(Giboyer's Boy) (1862). «The Fourchambaults)
(1878) is esteemed his best work. *
Augustine, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus).
The most illustrious of the Latin fathers of
the Church, and of patristic writers; born in
Tagasta, Numidia, Nov. 13, 354; died at Hippo,
Aug. 28, 430. His most celebrated works are
his Confessions); (Grace of Christ); (City
of God); and (Original Sin. We owe to him
also reflections on music, mankind, and other
themes. *
Aulnoy, Marie Catherine, Comtesse d' (öl-
nwä'). A French writer; born about 1650;
died in Paris, 1705. She is now remembered
chiefly by her (Fairy Tales, in which she suc-
cessfully imitated Perrault. Of her novels only
(Hippolyte, Count of Douglas) (1690) deserves
mention. She also wrote (Memoirs of the Court
of Spain (1690).
Aumale, Duc d', Henri Eugène Philippe,
Louis d'Orléans (dük dö-mäl'). A French bio-
graphical and military writer and prince of the
blood; born in Paris, Jan. 16, 1822; died at
Zucco, Sicily, May 7, 1897. He served with
distinction in Algiers, and was a member of
the Assembly and the Academy. He was ex-
pelled from France in 1886, the sentence being
revoked in 1889. He has written : (Histories of
the Princes of Condé) (1869); (Military Insti-
tutions of France) (1897); etc.
Aurbacher, Ludwig (our'bä-cher). A Ger-
man author (1784-1847), well remembered by
his "Volksbüchlein (1827-29); a collection of
popular tales, ranking among the best produc-
tions of this kind in German literature.
Aureli, Mariano (ō-räl'-e). An Italian dram-
atist and miscellaneous writer; born at Bo-
logna, Dec. 24, 1820. In his youth he studied
law, music, and design, but the love of letters
finally triumphed. After the war of 1848-49, in
which he took part, he became a lecturer and
instructor in the government schools. Ilis
works include : (Ernestina! (1845), a novel;
"Charles I. and Oliver Cromwell) (1875), a
historical drama; Justice and Rigor) (1876),
a comedy; and others.
Aurelius, Marcus (mär'kus ä-rē'li-us). The
Roman emperor; born in Rome, April 20, 121
A. D. ; died in Pannonia, March 17, 180. On
account of his devotion to literature and phi-
losophy he is often styled “The Philosopher,"
but he is known in history as Marcus Aurelius
Antoninus. During his reign, his empire was
visited by earthquake, famine, plague, and
frequent wars; yet, amid the turmoil, he cher-
ished always his love of peace, truth, and
humanity. He founded in Athens chairs of
philosophy for the Platonic, Stoic, Peripatetic,
and Epicurean sects. His Meditations, con-
taining the inmost thoughts and purest aspi.
rations of one of the noblest souls that ever
lived, has always been highly prized. *
Auriac, Jules Berlioz d' (do-re-äk'). A
French novelist; born at Grenoble in 1820.
Educated for the law, he was for some years
a magistrate in his native city, but finally
abandoned this profession to devote himself
entirely to letters, and became a regular con-
tributor to the Journal Pour Tous. From a
long list of his works may be cited: "The
White Spirit) (1866); (The Foresters of Michi-
gan (1866); “A Duel in the Desert) (1884).
Auringer, Obadiah Cyrus. An American
poet; born at Glens Falls, N. Y. , June 4, 1849.
He served for some years in the United States
navy. Since 1875 he has been a farmer in his
native place. Among his works are: Voices
of a Shell); “Scythe and Sword' (1887); “Epi-
sode of Jane McCrea); (The Book of the
Hills.
Ausonius, Decimus Magnus (â-so'ni-us). A
Roman poet of the 4th century (310-94); born
at Bordeaux. He stood in high favor with the
emperors Valentinian and Gratian. One of his
most ambitious poems is a fulsome eulogy of
Gratian. He wrote a number of Idyls,' (Ele-
gies, and (Epistles. He is at his best in (The
Moselle, one of his idyls, in which he de-
scribes a voyage on that river and the Rhine.
Austen, Jane. An English novelist; born
in Steventon, Hampshire, Dec. 16, 1775; died
in Winchester, July 18, 1817. Her books re-
ceived little attention during her life, but are ac-
corded high place to-day. They describe with
great fidelity ordinary English middle-class life,
rural scenes, and characters familiar to her.
Long after her death Walter Scott, and still
later Macaulay, paid just tribute to her genius.
Her best-known works are: (Sense and Sensi-
bility) (1811); Pride and Prejudice. ' *
Austin, Alfred. An English poet, critic, and
journalist; born at Headingly, near Leeds,
May 30, 1835. He graduated from the Uni-
versity of London in 1853, was called to the
bar in 1857, and became editor of the National
Review 1883-93. He was appointed poet lau-
reate of England in 1896. He is the author of
political books, novels, and many volumes of
The latter include: (The Season: a
Satire) (1862); «The Human Tragedy) (1862);
(The Golden Age: a Satire) (1871); (The
Tower of Babel,' a drama (1874); (Savonarola,
a tragedy (1881); and (Veronica's Garden, in
prose and verse (1895). Some of his happiest
effects are attained in Prince Lucifer) and
(The Garden that I Love, although opinion
is very much divided on the subject of his
merits as a poet, particularly in such works
as (Fortunatus the Pessimist) (1891).
Austin, George Lowell. An American phy-
sician and miscellaneous writer; born in Mas.
sachusetts in 1849; died in 1893. Among his
numerous works are : (Perils of American
Women); (Water-Analysis) (1882); (Under the
Tide); Life of Franz Schubert); Popular
History of Massachusetts); "Life of Wendell
Phillips) (1888).
verse.
:
## p. 31 (#47) ##############################################
AUSTIN — AVICEBRON
31
a
:
Austin, Henry. An American lawyer and
legal writer; born in Massachusetts in 1856.
He has written several valuable books on:
(American Farm and Game Laws); (Ameri-
can Fish and Game Laws); Liquor Law in
New England.
Austin, Henry Willard. An American jour-
nalist and poet; born in Massachusetts in
1858. He is the author of "Vagabond Verses. )
Austin, James Trecothic. An American
lawyer and biographer; born in Boston, Mass. ,
Jan. 7, 1784; died there, May 8, 1870. He
graduated from Harvard in 1802, and was
attorney-general of Massachusetts from 1832
to 1843. He was a pronounced opponent of
the abolition movement. He is the author of
a Life of Elbridge Gerry) (1828).
Austin, Jane Goodwin. An American noy.
elist; born in Worcester, Mass. , Feb. 25, 1831 ;
died in Boston, March 30, 1894. She was edu-
cated and thenceforward lived in Boston. Her
reputation rests on excellent stories describing
the Pilgrim Fathers and the early colonists of
Massachusetts, and including Fairy Dreams)
(1860); Moonfolk) (1874); (Mrs. Beauchamp
Brown' (1880); (A Nameless Nobleman (1881);
(The Desmond Hundred) (1882); Nantucket
Scraps) (1882); 'Standish of Standish) (1889);
(Betty Alden) (1891); and David Alden's
Daughter and Other Stories) (1892).
Austin, William.
Marshal. *
Arneth, Alfred von (är'net). An Austrian
historian; born in Vienna, July 10, 1819; died
there, July 31, 1897. He was member of the
House of Lords after 1869, and president of
the Academy of Sciences after 1879. His life
of Prince Eugene of Savoy) (1858-59) is note-
worthy as the first authoritative work on that
great leader. Next in importance is the (His-
tory of Maria Theresa' (1863-79).
Arnim, Achim von (är'nim). A noted Ger-
man poet and novelist; born in Berlin, Jan.
26, 1781; died at Wiepersdorf, Jan. 31, 1831.
He is the main representative of the younger
generation of the Romantic school. Settling
at Heidelberg in 1806 after extensive travels,
he formed a close friendship with Clemens
Brentano, and edited with him (The Boy's
Wonder-Horn,' a collection of old German
legends and songs, which was received with
much favor. In 1811 he married Brentano's sis-
ter Bettina, and thereafter lived alternately in
Berlin, and on his estate Wiepersdorf in the
province of Brandenburg. He was at his best as
a story-teller. His principal works are : (Pov-
erty, Riches, Guilt, and Penitence of Countess
Dolores,' a novel (1810); and (The Crown-
Guardians,' a fantastic historical romance (1817).
a glowing picture of life towards the wane of
the 15th century. Among his short stories,
published mostly in collections, the following
deserve mention: (The Mad Invalid at Fort
Ratonneau); (The Three Loving Sisters and
the Happy Dyer); Prince All-god and Singer
Demi-god. His complete works, with an in-
troduction by W. Grimm, were edited by his
wife (1839-46).
Arnim, Bettina von. See Brentano.
Arnold, Arthur. An English traveler, jour-
nalist, and statesman; born in Sussex, May 28,
1833. From 1863 to 1866 he was a member of
a commission to examine into the causes of the
« Cotton Famine," and published a treatise on
that subject. In 1885 he became president of
the Free Land League. Among his works are:
(From the Levant); (Through Persia by Cara-
van' (1877); (Social Politics); and (Free Land.
(
## p. 26 (#42) ##############################################
26
ARNOLD - ARNULFI
Arnold, Edwin, Sir. A distinguished Eng.
lish poet and journalist ; born in Rochester,
June 10, 1832. He graduated from Oxford in
1854; taught for a while in Birmingham; and
became principal of the Sanskrit College at
Poona in the Bombay Presidency, where he
rendered important service to the government
during the great rebellion in India. Returning
to London in 1861, he joined the editorial staff
of the Daily Telegraph. He has twice visited
the United States on lecture tours. Of his ori-
ginal poetry, inspired by Oriental themes and
legends, the most famous work is (The Light
of Asia, a Poetic Presentation of the Life and
Teaching of Gautama' (1876). Indian Idylls )
(1883); Pearls of the Faith); (Sa'di in the
Garden); (The Light of the World); Poti-
phar's Wife and Other Poems); (India Re-
visited); Japonica); and (The Tenth Muse and
;
Other Poems,' are among his many works. *
Arnold, Edwin Lester. An English novelist
and writer of travels; son of Sir Edwin Ar-
nold. He has written : (A Summer Holiday
in Scandinavia) (1877); (On the Indian Hills,
or Coffee-Planting in Southern India) (1881);
(Bird Life in England) (1887); England as
She Seems) (1888); --- the novels Phra, the
Phænician) (1890); «The Story of Ulla' (1895).
Arnold, George. An American poet; born
in New York, June 24, 1834; died at Straw-
berry Farms, N. J. , Nov. 3, 1865. Author of
(McArone Papers, contributed to Vanity Fair
(1860-65). His poetry is of merit : Drift and
Other Poems) (1866); Poems Grave and Gay)
(1867). Collected edition, with memoir, by
William Winter (new ed. 1889).
Arnold, Hans, pseudonym of Bertha
Bülow. A German story-writer; born at Warm-
brunn, Silesia, Sept. 30, 1850. Among her
stories which enjoy great popularity are : Merry
Tales' (1891); (Once in May and Other Stories)
(1892). She also wrote some good comedies,
viz. : (Theory and Practice) (1890); (Two
Peaceful Ones) (1892).
Arnold, Isaac Newton. An American law-
yer, politician, and author; born at Hartwick,
N. Y. , Nov. 30, 1815; died at Chicago, Ill. ,
April 24, 1884. He was a member of Con-
gress from 1861 to 1865. His works are: (Life
of Abraham Lincoln (1866); Life of Benedict
Arnold (1880); (Recollections of the Early
Chicago and Illinois Bar) (1880).
Arnold, Johann Georg Daniel. An Alsatian
dialect poet; born in Strassburg, Feb. 18, 1780;
died there, Feb. 18, 1829. His lyrics (in High
German) are meritorious, but he is at his best
in Pentecost Monday) (1816), a comedy in
Strassburg dialect and rhymed Alexandrine
verse, pronounced by Goethe "an incompar-
able monument of ancient Strassburg custom
and language, a work which in clearness and
completeness of intuition and ingenious delin-
eation of detail can scarcely be equaled. ”
Arnold, thew. An eminent English poet,
critic, and essayist; born at Laleham, Dec. 24,
1822; died in Liverpool, April 15, 1888. He
graduated at Oxford in 1844, and was profes-
sor of poetry there from 1857 to 1867. The
degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred by
the University of Edinburgh in 1869, and by
Oxford in 1870. He was government inspector
of schools from 1851, and repeatedly visited
the Continent to inquire into and report upon
systems of education.
In 1883-84 he made a
lecturing tour through the United States. His
works include: (The Strayed Reveler and Other
Poems) (1848); (Empedocles on Etna (1853);
Merope, a tragedy (1857); New Poems)
(1868). His prose writings comprise : Essays
in Criticism' (1865, 2d series 1888); Lectures
on the Study of Celtic Literature) (1867);
(Culture Anarchy) (1809); (Friendship's
Garland) (1871), a humorous work; Liter-
ature and Dogma) (1873); Last Essays on
Church and Religion (1877); Mixed Essays)
(1879); Irish Essays) (1882); and (Discourses
on America) (1885). *
Arnold, Thomas. A notable English edu-
cator and historical writer; born at Cowes,
Isle of Wight, June 13, 1795; died at Oxford,
June 12, 1842. Studied at Winchester school;
was student and fellow of Oxford 1811-19. He
was head-master of the school at Rugby 1828–
41. As an educator, he was remarkable for
the training of the character of his pupils to a
lofty and noble standard. In 1841 he became
professor of modern history at Oxford. His
writings include: an annotated edition of
Thucydides (1830); (Sermons) (1829-34); (His-
tory of Rome (1838); Lectures on Modern
History) (1842).
Arnold, Thomas. An English writer on
literature and editor of old texts, son of Dr.
Arnold of Rugby and brother of Matthew
Arnold; born at Laleham, Nov. 30, 1823. He
became a Roman Catholic, and spent a num-
ber of years in New Zealand and Tasmania.
Among his works are : (A Manual of English
Literature); (Select English Works of Wyclif)
(3 vols. , 1869); (Selections from the Specta-
tor); (Beowulf) (text, translation, and notes);
(Henry of Huntingdon); (Symeon of Dur-
ham); Chronicles of the Abbey of Bury St.
Edmunds. )
Arnould, Arthur (är-nö'). A French novel-
ist, dramatist, and journalist; born in Paris in
1833; died there, Nov. 25, 1895. At an early
age he devoted himself to journalism, and
soon attracted attention by his hostility to the
Empire. In 1870 he founded La Marseillaise
and the famous Journal du Peuple. After the
fall of the Empire he became a member of
the Commune, and with its downfall barely
escaped with his life. Besides essays and
dramas, he is the author of a history of the
Commune and over 30 novels, the best known
being (Zoé) and Princess Belladonna.
Arnulfi, Alberto (är-nöl'fi). A Piedmontese
dialect poet; born in Turin, July 13, 1849 ; died
in Rome, March 27, 1888. He is the author of
(Turin Blots) (1879), a collection of satirical
von
(
## p. 27 (#43) ##############################################
AROLAS - ASNYK
27
sonnets, under the pseudonym of “Fulberto
Alarni”; and of Drolleries,' a comedy. In
conjunction with Eraldo Baretti he wrote (The
Dukes of Nemi) (1887), a drama depicting
Roman society at the downfall of the temporal
power.
Arolas, Juan de (ä-roʻläs). A Spanish poet
(1805-49). His first poems were amatory, but
the works on which his fame rests are poems
of chivalry and romance. A specimen of his
best work is to be found in (The Sylph of
the Aqueduct,' a traditional Spanish legend
told in various metres.
Arouet. See Voltaire.
Arrebo, Anders Christensen (är-e-bo'). A
Danish poet (1587-1637). Bishop of Drontheim,
Norway, when only thirty-one, but deposed
in 1622 owing to his objectionable life; he was
afterwards rehabilitated as preacher in Vord-
ingborg. As the pioneer of the renaissance
movement, he is considered the father of mod-
ern poetry in Denmark. His rhymed transla-
tion of the Psalms of David) (1623), but
especially his (Hexæmeron) (1641), an imita-
tion of a once famous poem of the French
poet Du Bartas on the Creation, are highly
esteemed.
Arrianus, Flavius (ar-i-ā'nus). A Greek
philosopher and historian (95-180); born at
Nicomedia. He aimed to imitate Xenophon
in the direction of his studies; and as Xeno-
phon recorded the sayings of Socrates, so Arri-
anus became the reporter of the Discoveries
of Epictetus. These were comprised in eight
books, but only the first four remain. He next
wrote (Epictetus's Handbook,' a compendium
of that teacher's moral doctrine. He wrote
also an Anabasis, a history of Alexander's
conquests in Asia; this is still extant complete.
Arrington, Alfred W. An American law.
yer, author, and poet; born in Iredell County,
N. C. , Sept. 18, 1810; died in Chicago, Ill. ,
Dec. 31, 1867. He was admitted to the Mis-
souri bar in 1834. He practiced throughout
the Southwest and later in Chicago. Among
his works are: (The Rangers and Regulators
of the Tanaha' (1856); “Sketches of the South-
west); Poems, with Memoir) (1869).
Arrivabene, Ferdinando (är-rê-vä-bā'ne). An
Italian poet and littérateur (1770-1834). While
contined as a political prisoner at Sebenico,
he wrote and published a poem, (The Tomb
of Sebenico, which made a stir throughout
Italy. Of works on the history of literature, he
wrote (The Age of Dante) (1827) and others.
The Academy of Brescia crowned his work
"On the Humanity of the Judge) (1817).
Arrom, Cecilia de. See Caballero.
Arthur, Timothy Shay. An American
author; born at Newburg, N. Y. , in 1809; died
at Philadelphia, Pa. , March 6, 1885. In 1852
he founded Arthur's Home Magazine. He was
a voluminous writer of tales of domestic life.
His works are over 100 in number, and have
had a large sale in England as well as in this
country. His most popular work was the fa.
mous (Ten Nights in a Bar-Room. Among
his other publications were: (Tales for Rich
and Poor); (Tales of Married Life); "Lights
and Shadows.
Arwidson, Adolf Ivar (är'vēds-son). А
Swedish poet (1791-1858), chiefly known through
his collection of Old Swedish Folksongs)
(1834-42), which forms a supplement to that of
Geijer and Afzelius. His own poems were
published under the title of Youth's Hoarfrost)
(1832).
Asbjörnsen, Peter Kristen (äs-byern'sen).
A Norwegian folklorist; born in Christiania,
Jan. 15, 1812; died there, Jan. 6, 1885. While
pursuing botanical and zoological studies, and
subsequently during various travels at govern-
ment expense, he eagerly collected folk tales and
legends, aided by his lifelong friend Jörgen
Moe, with whom he published Norwegian
Folk Tales) (1842-44, 5th ed. 1874) and (Nor-
wegian Gnome Stories and Folk Legends)
(1845-48, 3d ed. 1870), pronounced by Jacob
Grimm the best fairy tales in existence. *
Ascham, Roger. An English scholar and
prose writer; born at Kirby Wiske, near
Northallerton, in 1515; died in London, Dec.
30, 1568. Graduated at Cambridge, and strug-
gled with poverty until patrons came to his
relief. He was famous for his general knowl.
edge and acquirements in Greek and Latin,
and is classed with Spenser, Sir Thomas More,
and Sir Philip Sidney. Though he wrote Latin
with ease and elegance at a time when cus-
tom favored the use of that language for im-
portant works, he urged and practiced the
writing of English, and his beautiful style in
his own language has given him the name of
the “Father of English Prose. In 1548-50
he was tutor of the Princess (afterward Queen)
Elizabeth, by whom he was much beloved.
His most noted works are : (Toxophilus, a trea-
tise on archery (his favorite exercise), in the
form of a dialogue (1545); and (The Schole-
master,' a treatise on education (1570). *
Asmus, Georg (äs'mös). A German poet ;
born at Giessen, Nov. 27, 1830; died in Bonn,
May 31, 1892. Employed as an engineer in 1854-
62, he came to America to conduct some min-
ing operations in the copper region of Lake
Superior; then lived in New York until 1884,
when he returned to Europe. Among the
German population of America he had an
enormous success with his (American Sketch-
Booklet) (1875), an epistle in verse, written in
Upper-Hessian dialect and overflowing with
delicious humor. It was followed by New
American Sketch-Booklet) (1876). Besides these
he wrote (Camp Paradise (1877), a story, and
a collection of miscellaneous poems (1891).
Asnyk, Adam (äs'nik). A Polish poet; born
at Kalisz, Sept. II, 1838; studied in Warsaw,
Breslau, and Heidelberg, where he took his
degree of Ph. D. in 1866. Since 1872 he has
## p. 28 (#44) ##############################################
28
ASSOLLANT -- AUBANEL
lived in Cracow. Besides numerous lyrics,
counted among the most finished of their
kind, he wrote the historical tragedy (Kiejstut)
(1878), based on an incident in Lithuanian
history; and the comedies (Job's Friends)
(1879), 'Lerche Brothers, and Prize-Comedy)
(1888). His Poems) appeared collected in
1888, 3 vols.
Assollant, Alfred (ä-so-lon'). A French nov.
elist and political writer; born at Aubusson,
March 20, 1827; died in Paris, March 4, 1886.
He taught for a number of years in Paris and
other cities, then set out for America; and
having traveled extensively over the United
States, published on his return (Scenes from
Life in the United States) (1858), a series of
tales which attracted a good deal of attention.
Among his numerous novels are : (Two Friends
in 1792) (1859), a story of the Reign of Terror;
(Brancas) (1859), a picture of the corruption
under Louis Philippe ; (Gabrielle de Chênevert)
(1865), portraying the provincial nobility before
the Revolution; Pendragon (1881); (Planta-
genet) (1885).
Astor, John Jacob. An American writer;
born in New York city. He published in
1894 an imaginative work, entitled A Journey
in Other Worlds. )
Astor, William Waldorf. An American ro-
mancer; born in New York, March 31, 1848.
He is the great-grandson of John Jacob Astor,
and graduated at Columbia Law School. He
was United States minister to Italy, 1882–85,
and now resides in London, and is the pro-
prietor of the Pall Mall Gazette. He is the
author of Valentino,' a historical romance
(1886), and (Sforza, a story of Milan (1889).
Athanasius, Saint (ath-a-nā'shi-us). One of
the fathers of the Christian Church; born at
Alexandria about 296 A. D. ; died there, May
2, 373.
He distinguished himself by his elo-
quence at the Synod of Nice (325), where his
efforts were instrumental in securing the ac-
ceptance of the Nicene Creed. The creed
which bears his name was supposed to have
been formulated by him, but the term Ath-
anasian was not applied to it until some cen-
turies after his death. He became Patriarch
of Alexandria in 328, being afterward deposed
and reinstated five times. His chief works,
including "Orations against the Arians) and
(Festal Letters,' appeared in an English trans-
lation by Archibald Robertson (New York,
1892).
Athenæus (ath-e-nē'us). A Greek writer of
the third century, reputed to have been born
at Naucratis in the Nile Delta, and to have
lived at Alexandria and afterwards at Rome.
He is famous for one work, his Feast of the
Learned,' a series of books giving with little
connection or literary art a vast assemblage
of quotations from nearly 800 writers and 2,400
distinct writings, covering practically every de-
partment of ancient learning. It has been
valued by scholars of all succeeding times as a
treasure-house of quotation and anecdote. *
Atherstone, Edwin. An English poet; born
at Nottingham, England, about 1788; died
Jan. 29, 1872. He was the author of (The Last
Days of Herculaneum' and (The Fall of
Nineveh. In addition to these poems he wrote
(Israel in Egypt) and (The Handwriting on
the Wall.
Atkinson, Edward. An American political
economist and statistician ; born at Brookline,
Mass. , Feb. 10, 1827. Besides numerous pam-
phlets and articles in periodicals, he has written:
(Our National Domain) (1879); (The Distri-
bution of Products) (1885); "The Margin of
Profits' (1887); Bi-Metallism in Europe) (1888);
(The Industrial Progress of the Nation (1889);
(Science of Nutrition (1892); etc.
Attâr, Ferî eddin (ät-tär'). A celebrated
Persian poet; born near Nishapur in 1119;
died about 1229. (? ) Son of a spicer, he fol-
lowed his father's trade (whence his surname
of Attâr), but afterward became a dervish and
one of the greatest mystics of Persia. He is
said to have been killed by a Mongol soldier
during the invasion by Jenghiz Khan. Of his
extant political works the most famous are :
(The Book of Council, a series of didactic
poems on ethics; "The Parliament of Birds )
(1184-87). His principal work in prose is
(Biographies of the Saints. )
Atterbom, Per Daniel Amadeus (ät'tér-bom).
An eminent Swedish poet; born in the parish
of Asbo, East-Gothland, Jan. 19, 1790; died in
Upsala, July 21, 1855. He was early influenced
by German literature, and having visited Ger-
many and Italy in 1817-19, he formed ties of
friendship with Schelling and Thorwaldsen;
he became instructor to Crown Prince Oscar
in 1820, and professor at the university in Up-
sala in 1828. Although unquestionably the
foremost among the lyric poets of the roman-
tic school in Sweden, it must be acknowledged
that his rare talent was much impaired by his
groping in Schelling's and Hegel's philosophy.
His most celebrated work is (The Isle of
Blessedness) (1823), a romantic drama in the
manner of Tieck; but he also wrote: (The
Flowers, a cycle of lyrics ; (The Blue Bird,' a
play; and (Swedish Seers and Poets,' a volume
of criticism. *
Atwood, Isaac Morgan. An American
clergyman; born in New York State in 1838.
He is an important leader of the Universalist
Church, and president of the Theological Sem-
inary at St. Lawrence University. His chief
works are : (Have We Outgrown Christianity)
(1870); “Latest Word of Universalism (1878);
(Manual of Revelation (1888); (Walks about
Zion) (1881).
Aubanel, Théodore (ö-bä-nel'). A Provençal
poet and dramatist; born in Avignon, March
26, 1829; died there, Oct. 31, 1886. His lyrics
are collected under the title « The Pomegranate
Opening) (1860); but he is especially noteworthy
as a dramatist, as seen in his strikingly real-
istic dramas: (The Shepherd); (The Bread of
Sin) (1878); “The Elopement. '
)
## p. 29 (#45) ##############################################
AUBERT - AUGIER
29
Aubert, Joachim Marie Jean Jacques Al-
exandre Jules (o-bār'). A distinguished French
general and military writer; born in 1804; died
in 1890. Was prominent in several campaigns,
and was made commander of the Legion of
Honor in 1860. He is best known to the public
as a journalist and historical writer. Among his
works are: “Gauls and Germans); (The Invas-
ion) (1870); (History of the War of 1870-71)
(1873).
Aubignac, François Hédelin, Abbé d' (ō-ben-
yäk'). A French essayist and miscellaneous
prose-writer; born in Paris, Aug. 4, 1604; died
at Nemours, July 20, 1676. (The Practical
Side of the Theatre) is his best-known work,-
an attempt to handle the theory and technique
of the drama after the theory of Scaliger. It
is in harmony with the Corneille school.
Aubigné, Théodore Agrippa d' (o-bē-nyā).
A French poet, historian, and statesman (1551-
1630). After the death of Henri IV. , his friend
and patron, he fed from religious persecution
in France to Geneva. His greatest work is
( The Tragics) (1616), in which are portrayed
the horrors of wars of religion. His satires,
too, have reference to the religious strifes of the
time; famous among them is (The Catholic
Confession of the Sieur de Sancy. His "Uni-
versal History) is one of the most authoritative
sources for the history of the latter half of
the 16th century.
Audouard, Olympe (o-dö-är'). A French
writer (1830-90); married to a notary in Mar-
seilles, but soon after divorced, she traveled in
Egypt, Turkey, and Russia; and having con-
ducted various journals in Paris since 1860,
made a successful lecture tour through Amer-
ica in 1868-69. After her return she became
interested in spiritism. She was an ardent
advocate of woman's rights. Among her novels
and books of travel may be mentioned: How
Men Love) (1861); (The Mysteries of the
Seraglio and of the Turkish Harems) (1863);
(The Mysteries of Egypt Unveiled” (1865);
(War to Man' (1866); (Across America' (1869–
71); 'Parisian Silhouettes) (1883).
Audsley, George Ashdown (ads'li). A Scot-
tish architect and writer on art; born at Elgin,
Scotland, 1838. His present home is at Plain-
field, N. J. He has published, with his brother
William James Audsley, "Color in Dress)
(1863); Dictionary of Architecture and the
Allied Arts' (1880, 10 vols. ), etc. ; alone, (Hand-
book of Christian Symbolism (1865); (The
Ornamental Arts of Japan) (2 vols. , 1882-86);
etc.
Audubon, John James. An eminent Amer-
ican naturalist; born in New Orleans, May 4,
1780; died in New York, Jan. 27, 1851. An
artist, but above all a lover of animated nature,
the best years and efforts of his life were de-
voted to Birds of America) and to (American
Ornithological Biography,' in which his skill
with the brush, the effective simplicity of his
literary style, and his mastery of his subject,
have equal claims to admiration. Another
series of studies, « The Quadrupeds of America,
(Synopsis of the Birds of North America, and
(Biography of American Quadrupeds, have
added to a fame which no subsequent labor
in the same field has tended to discredit. *
Aue. See Hartmann von Aue.
Auer, Adelheid von (ou'er), pseudonym of
Charlotte von Cosel. A German novelist;
born in Berlin, Jan. 6, 1818. She is author of
a great many stories of real life, among
them : (Footprints in Sand (1868); (A Sister
of Charity) (1870); (In the World's Labyrinth
(1878); (Castles in the Air) (1882); all written
in the tone and spirit of a moderate conserva-
tive.
Auerbach, Berthold (ou'er-bäch). An emi-
nent German novelist; born at Nordstetten,
Würtemberg, Feb. 28, 1812; died at Cannes,
France, Feb. 8, 1882. He began to write while a
student in Heidelberg, and under the pseudonym
(Theobald Chauber) produced a (Biography
of Frederick the Great' (1834-36). A series of
novels from the history of Judaism, under the
collective title (The Ghetto, of which (Spinoza
(1837) and Poet and Merchant) (1839) were
printed in separate editions, was followed by
a translation of the works of Spinoza, with a
critical biography (1841); and by (The Edu-
cated Citizen, a Book for the Thinking Human
Mind (1842), intended to bring philosophical
problems within the comprehension of the un-
initiated. His next work, Black Forest Vil.
lage Stories (1843), was received with universal
favor, translated into nearly all European lan-
guages, and established his fame. To this class
of tales belong also (The Professor's Lady)
(1847); "Little Barefoot) (1856); (Joseph in
the Snow) (1860); Edelweiss) (1861); (After
Thirty Years, new village stories (1876). His
first effort in the field of the novel, New Life)
(1851), met with little favor; but (On the
Heights) (1865) constituted the crowning suc-
cess of his literary career. It was followed by
(The Villa on the Rhine) (1868); (Waldfried,
a Family History) (1874); and (The Head For-
ester» (1879). *
Auersperg, Count Anton Alexander von.
See Grün, Anastasius.
Auffenberg, Joseph von, Baron (ouf'fen-
berg). A German dramatist (1798-1857), whose
historical tragedies had a temporary success.
Among them are : (Pizarro) (1823); (The
Spartans); (The Lion of Kurdistan' (after
Scott's (Talisman'). Of a trip to Spain in
1832 he published a sprightly description under
the title Humorous Pilgrimage to Granada
and Cordova) (1833).
Augier, Émile (ō-zhe-ā”). A distinguished
French dramatist; born at Valence, Sept. 17,
1820; died at Croissy, Oct. 25, 1889. With his
first play, (The Hemlock) (1844), he won
popular favor, as it commenced a needed re-
action against the overstrained romanticism
of the time. He lashed the dominant vices of
## p. 30 (#46) ##############################################
30
AUGUSTINE – AUSTIN
modern society in a series of plays: "The
Marriage of Olympia) (1855); (The Poor Lion-
esses' (1858); (The Brazen-Fronted' (1861); and
(Giboyer's Boy) (1862). «The Fourchambaults)
(1878) is esteemed his best work. *
Augustine, Saint (Aurelius Augustinus).
The most illustrious of the Latin fathers of
the Church, and of patristic writers; born in
Tagasta, Numidia, Nov. 13, 354; died at Hippo,
Aug. 28, 430. His most celebrated works are
his Confessions); (Grace of Christ); (City
of God); and (Original Sin. We owe to him
also reflections on music, mankind, and other
themes. *
Aulnoy, Marie Catherine, Comtesse d' (öl-
nwä'). A French writer; born about 1650;
died in Paris, 1705. She is now remembered
chiefly by her (Fairy Tales, in which she suc-
cessfully imitated Perrault. Of her novels only
(Hippolyte, Count of Douglas) (1690) deserves
mention. She also wrote (Memoirs of the Court
of Spain (1690).
Aumale, Duc d', Henri Eugène Philippe,
Louis d'Orléans (dük dö-mäl'). A French bio-
graphical and military writer and prince of the
blood; born in Paris, Jan. 16, 1822; died at
Zucco, Sicily, May 7, 1897. He served with
distinction in Algiers, and was a member of
the Assembly and the Academy. He was ex-
pelled from France in 1886, the sentence being
revoked in 1889. He has written : (Histories of
the Princes of Condé) (1869); (Military Insti-
tutions of France) (1897); etc.
Aurbacher, Ludwig (our'bä-cher). A Ger-
man author (1784-1847), well remembered by
his "Volksbüchlein (1827-29); a collection of
popular tales, ranking among the best produc-
tions of this kind in German literature.
Aureli, Mariano (ō-räl'-e). An Italian dram-
atist and miscellaneous writer; born at Bo-
logna, Dec. 24, 1820. In his youth he studied
law, music, and design, but the love of letters
finally triumphed. After the war of 1848-49, in
which he took part, he became a lecturer and
instructor in the government schools. Ilis
works include : (Ernestina! (1845), a novel;
"Charles I. and Oliver Cromwell) (1875), a
historical drama; Justice and Rigor) (1876),
a comedy; and others.
Aurelius, Marcus (mär'kus ä-rē'li-us). The
Roman emperor; born in Rome, April 20, 121
A. D. ; died in Pannonia, March 17, 180. On
account of his devotion to literature and phi-
losophy he is often styled “The Philosopher,"
but he is known in history as Marcus Aurelius
Antoninus. During his reign, his empire was
visited by earthquake, famine, plague, and
frequent wars; yet, amid the turmoil, he cher-
ished always his love of peace, truth, and
humanity. He founded in Athens chairs of
philosophy for the Platonic, Stoic, Peripatetic,
and Epicurean sects. His Meditations, con-
taining the inmost thoughts and purest aspi.
rations of one of the noblest souls that ever
lived, has always been highly prized. *
Auriac, Jules Berlioz d' (do-re-äk'). A
French novelist; born at Grenoble in 1820.
Educated for the law, he was for some years
a magistrate in his native city, but finally
abandoned this profession to devote himself
entirely to letters, and became a regular con-
tributor to the Journal Pour Tous. From a
long list of his works may be cited: "The
White Spirit) (1866); (The Foresters of Michi-
gan (1866); “A Duel in the Desert) (1884).
Auringer, Obadiah Cyrus. An American
poet; born at Glens Falls, N. Y. , June 4, 1849.
He served for some years in the United States
navy. Since 1875 he has been a farmer in his
native place. Among his works are: Voices
of a Shell); “Scythe and Sword' (1887); “Epi-
sode of Jane McCrea); (The Book of the
Hills.
Ausonius, Decimus Magnus (â-so'ni-us). A
Roman poet of the 4th century (310-94); born
at Bordeaux. He stood in high favor with the
emperors Valentinian and Gratian. One of his
most ambitious poems is a fulsome eulogy of
Gratian. He wrote a number of Idyls,' (Ele-
gies, and (Epistles. He is at his best in (The
Moselle, one of his idyls, in which he de-
scribes a voyage on that river and the Rhine.
Austen, Jane. An English novelist; born
in Steventon, Hampshire, Dec. 16, 1775; died
in Winchester, July 18, 1817. Her books re-
ceived little attention during her life, but are ac-
corded high place to-day. They describe with
great fidelity ordinary English middle-class life,
rural scenes, and characters familiar to her.
Long after her death Walter Scott, and still
later Macaulay, paid just tribute to her genius.
Her best-known works are: (Sense and Sensi-
bility) (1811); Pride and Prejudice. ' *
Austin, Alfred. An English poet, critic, and
journalist; born at Headingly, near Leeds,
May 30, 1835. He graduated from the Uni-
versity of London in 1853, was called to the
bar in 1857, and became editor of the National
Review 1883-93. He was appointed poet lau-
reate of England in 1896. He is the author of
political books, novels, and many volumes of
The latter include: (The Season: a
Satire) (1862); «The Human Tragedy) (1862);
(The Golden Age: a Satire) (1871); (The
Tower of Babel,' a drama (1874); (Savonarola,
a tragedy (1881); and (Veronica's Garden, in
prose and verse (1895). Some of his happiest
effects are attained in Prince Lucifer) and
(The Garden that I Love, although opinion
is very much divided on the subject of his
merits as a poet, particularly in such works
as (Fortunatus the Pessimist) (1891).
Austin, George Lowell. An American phy-
sician and miscellaneous writer; born in Mas.
sachusetts in 1849; died in 1893. Among his
numerous works are : (Perils of American
Women); (Water-Analysis) (1882); (Under the
Tide); Life of Franz Schubert); Popular
History of Massachusetts); "Life of Wendell
Phillips) (1888).
verse.
:
## p. 31 (#47) ##############################################
AUSTIN — AVICEBRON
31
a
:
Austin, Henry. An American lawyer and
legal writer; born in Massachusetts in 1856.
He has written several valuable books on:
(American Farm and Game Laws); (Ameri-
can Fish and Game Laws); Liquor Law in
New England.
Austin, Henry Willard. An American jour-
nalist and poet; born in Massachusetts in
1858. He is the author of "Vagabond Verses. )
Austin, James Trecothic. An American
lawyer and biographer; born in Boston, Mass. ,
Jan. 7, 1784; died there, May 8, 1870. He
graduated from Harvard in 1802, and was
attorney-general of Massachusetts from 1832
to 1843. He was a pronounced opponent of
the abolition movement. He is the author of
a Life of Elbridge Gerry) (1828).
Austin, Jane Goodwin. An American noy.
elist; born in Worcester, Mass. , Feb. 25, 1831 ;
died in Boston, March 30, 1894. She was edu-
cated and thenceforward lived in Boston. Her
reputation rests on excellent stories describing
the Pilgrim Fathers and the early colonists of
Massachusetts, and including Fairy Dreams)
(1860); Moonfolk) (1874); (Mrs. Beauchamp
Brown' (1880); (A Nameless Nobleman (1881);
(The Desmond Hundred) (1882); Nantucket
Scraps) (1882); 'Standish of Standish) (1889);
(Betty Alden) (1891); and David Alden's
Daughter and Other Stories) (1892).
Austin, William.
