The
Retiarii
wore a tunic only.
Satires
, v.
, 11.
Cæs. , B. G. , i. , 54; vi. , 44.
[445] _Celæno. _ Cf. Virg. , Æn. , iii. , 211, "dira Celæno Harpyiæque
aliæ. "
[446] _Promethea. _
"E'en from Prometheus' self thy lineage trace,
And ransack history to adorn thy race. " Hodgson.
[447] _Frangis virgas. _
"Rods broke on our associates' bleeding backs,
And headsmen laboring till they blunt their axe. " Dryden.
[448] _Incipit ipsorum. _
"The lofty pride of every honor'd name
Shall rise to vindicate insulted fame,
And hold the torch to blazon forth thy shame. " Hodgson.
[449] _Contra te stare. _
"Will to his blood oppose your daring claim,
And fire a torch to blaze upon your shame. " Gifford.
[450] _Temples. _ The sealing of wills was usually performed in temples;
in the morning, and fasting, as the canon law afterward directed.
[451] _Santonico. _ The Santones were a people of Aquitania, between the
Loire and Garonne. Cf. Mart. , xiv. , Ep. 128, "Gallia Santonico vestit
te bardocucullo. "
[452] _Sufflamine. _ "The introduction of the drag-chain has a local
propriety: Rome, with its seven hills, had just so many necessities for
the frequent use of the sufflamen. This necessity, from the change of
the soil, exists no longer. " Badham.
[453] _Testes. _ Cf. vi. , 311, Lunà teste.
[454] _Damasippus_ (cf. Hor. , ii. , Sat. iii. , 16) was a name of the
Licinian gens. "Damasippus was sick," says Holyday, "of that disease
which the Spartans call horse-feeding. "
[455] _Hordea. _ Horses in Italy are fed on barley, not on oats.
[456] _Eponam_ (cf. Aristoph. , Nub. , 84), the patroness of grooms.
Some read "Hipponam," which Gifford prefers, from the tameness of the
epithet "solam. " Cf. Blunt's Vestiges, p. 29.
"On some rank deity, whose filthy face
We suitably o'er stinking stables place. " Dryden.
[457] _Amomo_, an Assyrian shrub. Cf. iv. , 108.
[458] _Idumeæ. _ The gate at Rome near the Arch of Titus, through which
Vespasian and Titus entered the city in triumph after their victories
in Palestine.
[459] _Dominum. _ Cf. Mart. , i. , Ep. 113, "Cum te non nossem dominum
regemque vocabam. " Cf. iv. , Ep. 84, 5.
[460] _Inscripta lintea. _ Perhaps "curtains, having painted on them
what was for sale within. " Others say it means "embroidered with
needlework;" or "towels," according to Calderinus, who compares
Catull. , xxv. , 7.
[461] _Armeniæ. _ The allusion is to Corbulo's exploits in Parthia and
Armenia in Nero's reign, A. D. 60. Cf. ad iii. , 251. There were great
disturbances in the same quarters in Trajan's reign, which caused his
expedition, in A. D. 114, against the Armenians and Parthians. In A. D.
100, Marius Priscus was accused by Pliny and Tacitus. Vid. Plin. ,
ii. , Ep. xi. Probably half way between these two dates we may fix the
writing of this Satire.
[462] _Mitte Ostia. _ So most of the commentators interpret it. "Send
your Legatus to take the command of the troops for foreign service,
waiting for embarkation at Ostia. " But if so, "ad" should be expressed,
and either Tiberina added, or Ostia made of the 1st declension.
Britann. , therefore, and Heinrich explain it, "Pass by his own doors;"
omitte quærere illic, "he is far away. "
[463] _Sandapila. _ The bier or open coffin, on which the poor, or those
killed in the amphitheatre, were carried to burial; hence "sandapila
popularis. " Suet. , Domit. , 17. Stepney (in Dryden's version) thus
enumerates these worthies:
"Quacks, coffin-makers, fugitives, and sailors,
Rooks, common soldiers, hangmen, thieves, and tailors. "
[464] _Resupinantis. _ In Holyday's quaint version,
"Among great Cybel's silent drums, which lack
Their Phrygian priest, who lies drunk on his back. "
[465] _Ergastula. _ Private prisons attached to Roman farms, in which
the slaves worked in chains. The Tuscan were peculiarly severe. Vid.
Dennis's Etruria, vol. i. , p. xlviii.
[466] _Turpia cerdoni. _ Cf. iv. , 13," Nam quod turpe bonis Titio
Seioque decebat Crispinum. " Pers. , iv. , 51, "Tollat sua munera cerdo. "
"And crimes that tinge with shame the cobbler's face,
Become the lords of Brutus' honor'd race. " Hodgson.
[467] _Locasti. _
"Lets out his voice (his sole remaining boast),
And rants the nonsense of a clam'rous ghost. " Hodgson.
[468] _Sipario. _ The curtain or drop-scene in _comedy_, as _Aulæum_ was
in _tragedy_. Donat.
[469] _Phasma. _ Probably a translation from the Greek. Ter. , Eun. ,
pr. 9, "Idem Menandri phasma nunc nuper dedit. " Catullus is not to
be confounded with C. Valerius Catullus of Verona (the old Schol.
says Q. Lutatius Catullus is meant, and quotes xiii. , 11, whom
Lubinus, ad loc. , calls "Urbanus Catullus") as far as the Phasma is
concerned. --_Laureolus_ was the chief character in a play or ballet by
Val. Catullus, or Laberius, or Nævius: and was crucified on the stage,
and then torn to pieces by wild beasts. Martial (de Spect. , Ep. vii. )
says this was acted _to the life_ in the Roman amphitheatre, the part
of the bandit being performed by a real malefactor, who was crucified
and torn to pieces in the arena, "Non falsâ pendens in cruce Laureolus. "
"And Lentulus _acts_ hanging with such art,
Were I a judge, he should not _feign_ the part. " Dryden.
[470] _Sedet. _
"Sit with unblushing front, and calmly see
The hired patrician's low buffoonery;
Smile at the Fabii's tricks, and grin to hear
The cuffs resound from the Mamerci's ear. " Gifford.
[471] _Cogente Nerone. _ Cf. Tac. , Ann. , xiv. , 14, who abstains from
mentioning the _names_ of the nobles thus disgraced, out of respect for
their ancestors. Cf. Dio. , lxi. Suetonius says (Nero, cap. xii. ) that
400 senators and 600 knights were thus dishonored (but Lipsius says 40
and 60 are the true numbers).
[472] _Nec dubitant. _ No doubt a spurious line.
[473] _Gladios. _ This is the usual interpretation. Perhaps it would be
better to take "gladios" for the _death_ that awaits you if you refuse
to comply: as iv. , 96; x. , 345. So Badham:
"Place here the tyrant's sword, and there the scene;
Gods! can a Roman hesitate between! "
[474] _Thymele. _ Cf. i. , 36.
[475] _Ludus. _ Properly, "school of gladiators. "
[476] _Gracchus. _ Cf. ii. , 143.
[477] _Tunicæ. _ Cf. ii. , 143, tunicati fuscina Gracchi. Suet. , Cal. ,
30.
The Retiarii wore a tunic only. The gold spira was the band that
tied the tall conical cap of the Salii; who wore also a gold fringe
round the tunic.
[478] _Seneca. _ There is said to be an allusion here to the plot of
Subrius Flavius to murder Nero and make Seneca emperor. It was believed
that Seneca was privy to it. Tac. , Ann. , xv. , 65.
[479] _Simia. _ Cf. xiii. , 155, "Et deducendum corio bovis in mare
cum quo clauditur adversis innoxia simia fatis. " The punishment of
parricides was to be scourged, then sewn up in a bull's hide with a
serpent, an ape, a cock, and a dog, and to be thrown into the sea. The
first person thus punished was P. Malleolus, who murdered his mother.
Liv. , Epit. lxviii.
[480] _Culeus. _ Cf. Suet. , Aug. , 33. Nero murdered his mother
Agrippina, his aunt Domitia, both his wives, Octavia and Poppæa, his
brother Britannicus, and several other relations.
[481] _Agamemnonidæ. _ Grangæus quotes the Greek verse current in Nero's
time, Νέρων, Ὀρέστης, Ἀλκμαίων μητροκτόνοι. Cf. Suet. , Nero, 39.
[482] _Virginius_ Rufus, who was legatus in Lower Germany, Julius
Vindex, proprætor of Gaul, and Sergius Galba, præfect of Hispania
Tarraconensis, afterward emperor, were the chiefs of the last
conspiracy against Nero. In August, A. D. 67, Nero was playing the fool
in Greece; in March, 68, he heard with terror and dismay of the revolt
of Vindex, who proclaimed Galba. Dio. , lxiii. , 22.
[483] _Quid Nero. _
"What but such acts did Rome indignant see
Perform'd in Nero's savage tyranny? " Hodgson.
[484] _Prostitui. _
"To prostitute his voice for base renown,
And ravish from the Greeks a parsley crown. " Gifford.
Nero was in Greece A. D. 67, into which year (though not an Olympiad)
he crowded all the games of Greece, "Certamina omnia et quæ
diversissimorum temporum sunt cogi in unum annum jussit. " Suet. ,
Ner. , 23. "Romam introiit coronam capite gerens Olympiam dextrâ manu
Pythiam," c. 25.
[485] _Domitius_ was the name both of the father and grandfather of
Nero. His father was Domitius Ahenobarbus, governor of Transalpine
Gaul. Suetonius (Nero, 6) tells us that the two pædagogi to whom his
childhood _was_ intrusted _were_ a _saltator_ and a _tonsor_. To this
perhaps his subsequent tastes may be traced.
[486] _Citharam. _ Cf. Suet. , Ner. , 12, "_Citharæ_ a judicibus ad se
delatam, adoravit ferrique ad Augusti _statuam_ jussit. "
"And on the proud Colossus of your sire,
Suspend the splendid trophy of--a lyre! " Hodgson.
"Sacras coronas in cubiculis circum lectos posuit: item statuas suas
Citharædico habitu: quâ notâ etiam nummum percussit. " Suet. , Ner. , 25.
[487] _Braccatorum. _ Gallia Narbonensis was called Braccata from the
Braccæ, probably "plaid," which the inhabitants wore. Plin. , iii. , 4.
Diod. , v. , 30. The Senones were a people of Gallia Lugdunensis, who
sacked Rome under Brennus; hence _Minores_, i. e. , "as though you had
been the hereditary enemies of Rome. "
[488] _Tunicâ molestâ. _ Cf. ad i. , 155, "a dress smeared with pitch and
other combustibles," and then lighted. Cf. Mart. , x. , Ep. xxv. , 5. In
some cases Nero buried his victims up to the waist, and then set fire
to their upper parts.
[489] _Vigilat_ refers to Cicero's own words, "Jam intelliges multo me
_vigilare_ acrius ad salutem, quam te ad pernicem reipublicæ. "
[490] _Novus. _ Cicero was the first of the Tullia gens that held
a curule magistracy. Arpinum, his birthplace, now Arpino, was a
small town of the Volsci. The Municipia had their three grades, of
patricians, knights, and plebeians, as Rome had; they lived under their
own laws, but their citizens were eligible to all offices at Rome.
[491] _Leucas_, i. e. , "Actium. " _Thessaliæ_, "Philippi. " The words
following probably refer to the brutal cruelty of Augustus after the
battle.
[492] _Libera. _ "When Rome could utter her free unfettered sentiments"
(as sup. , "Libera si dentur populo suffragia"). Not in the spirit
of servile adulation, with which she bestowed the same title on her
emperors.
[493] _Vitem. _ The centurion's baton of office as well as instrument of
punishment. Cf. xiv. , 193; Mart. , x. , Ep. xxvi. , 1. See the story of
Lucilius, nicknamed Cedo alteram, in Tac. , Ann. , i. , 23.
[494] _Majora cadavera. _ Besides their fierce gray eyes (xiii. , 164),
the Germans were conspicuous for their stature and red hair. "Truces
et cærulei oculi, rutilæ comæ, magnum corpora et tantum ad impetum
valida. " Tac. , Germ. , iv. "Cimbri præ Italis ingentes. " Flor. , iii. ,3.
[495] _Lauro secundâ. _ A double triumph was decreed to Marius; he gave
up the second to Q. Lutatius Catulus, his noble colleague, to satisfy
his soldiers, who knew, better than Juvenal, that the _nobleman's_
services did _not_ fall short of those of the plebeian. Marius
afterward barbarously murdered him.
[496] _Deciorum. _ Alluding to the three immolations of the Decii,
father, son, and grandson, in the wars with the Latins, Gauls, and
Pyrrhus. All three bore the name of Publius Decius Mus. Juvenal comes
very near the formula of self-devotion given in Liv. , viii. , 6, _seq. _
"Exercitum Diis Manibus matrique terræ deberi. "
[497] _Ancilla natus. _ Servius Tullius (Cf. vii. , 199) was the sen of
Ocrisia, or Ocriculana, a captive from Corniculum. Liv. , i. , 39. The
_Trabea_ was a white robe with a border and _broad stripes_ (trabes) of
purple, worn afterward by consuls and augurs: cf. x. , 35; the _diadema_
of the ancient kings was a _fillet_ or ribbon, not a crown.
"And he who graced the purple which he wore,
The last good king of Rome, a bondmaid bore. " Gifford.
[498] _Natavit. _
"And she who mock'd the javelins whistling round,
And swam the Tiber, then the empire's bound. " Gifford.
[499] _Servus. _ Livy calls him Vindicius; and derives from him the name
of the Vindicta, "the rod of manumission. " Liv. , ii. , 7. He was mourned
for at his death by the Roman matrons publicly, as Brutus had been.
[500] _Legum prima securis. _ Tarquinius Priscus introduced the axe and
fasces with the other regalia. The axe therefore had often fallen for
the _tyrants_; now it is used for the first time in defense of a legal
constitution and a _free republic_.
[501] _Thersites. _ Hom. , Il. , ii. , 212.
[502] _Asylo. _ Cf. Liv. , i. , 8.
SATIRE IX.
I should like to know, Nævolus,[503] why you so often meet me with
clouded brow forlorn, like Marsyas after his defeat. What have you to
do with such a face as Ravola had when detected with his Rhodope? [504]
We give a slave a box on the ear, if he licks the pastry. Why!
Crepereius Pollio[505] had not a more woe-begone face than yours;
he that went about ready to pay three times the ordinary interest,
and could find none fools enough to trust him. Where do so many
wrinkles come from all of a sudden? Why, surely before, contented with
little, you used to live like a gentleman's gentleman[506]--a witty
boon-companion with your biting jest, and sharp at repartees that savor
of town-life!
Now all is the reverse; your looks are dejected; your tangled hair
bristles like a thicket;[507] there is none of that sleekness over your
whole skin, such as the Bruttian plaster of hot pitch used to give you;
but your legs are neglected and rank with a shrubbery of hair. What
means this emaciated form, like that of some old invalid parched this
many a day with quartan ague and fever that has made his limbs its
home? You may detect[508] the anguish of the mind that lurks in the
sickly body--and discover its joys also. For the face, the index of
the mind, takes its complexion from each. You seem, therefore, to have
changed your course of life, and to run counter to your former habits.
For, but lately, as I well remember, you used to haunt the temple of
Isis,[509] and the statue of Ganymede in the temple of Peace,[510]
and the secret palaces of the imported mother[511] of the gods; ay,
and Ceres too (for what temple is there in which you may not find a
woman)--a more notorious adulterer even than Aufidius, and under the
rose, not confining your attentions to the wives!
"Yes: even this way of life is profitable to many. But I never made
it worth my while: we do occasionally get greasy cloaks, that serve
to save our toga, of coarse texture and indifferent dye, the clumsy
workmanship of some French weaver's lay; or a small piece of silver of
inferior metal. [512] The Fates control the destinies of men: nay, there
is fate even in those very parts which the lap of the toga conceals
from view. For if the stars are unpropitious, your manly powers,
remaining unknown, will profit you nothing, even though the liquorish
Virro has seen you stripped, and seductive billets-doux, closely
following each other, are forever assailing you: for such a fellow as
he even entices others to sin. Yet, what monster can be worse, than
one miserly as well as effeminate? "[513] "I gave you so much, then so
much, and then soon after you had more! " He reckons up and still acts
the wanton. "Let us settle our accounts! Send for the slaves with my
account-book! Reckon up five thousand sesterces in all! Then count up
your services! " Are then my duties so light, and so little against the
grain? Far less wretched will be the poor slave that digs the great
man's land! But you, forsooth, thought yourself delicate, and young,
and beautiful! fit to be a cup-bearer in heaven!
Will you ever bestow favors on a humble dependent, or be generous to
one that pays you court, when you grudge even the money you spend on
your unnatural[514] gratifications?
Cæs. , B. G. , i. , 54; vi. , 44.
[445] _Celæno. _ Cf. Virg. , Æn. , iii. , 211, "dira Celæno Harpyiæque
aliæ. "
[446] _Promethea. _
"E'en from Prometheus' self thy lineage trace,
And ransack history to adorn thy race. " Hodgson.
[447] _Frangis virgas. _
"Rods broke on our associates' bleeding backs,
And headsmen laboring till they blunt their axe. " Dryden.
[448] _Incipit ipsorum. _
"The lofty pride of every honor'd name
Shall rise to vindicate insulted fame,
And hold the torch to blazon forth thy shame. " Hodgson.
[449] _Contra te stare. _
"Will to his blood oppose your daring claim,
And fire a torch to blaze upon your shame. " Gifford.
[450] _Temples. _ The sealing of wills was usually performed in temples;
in the morning, and fasting, as the canon law afterward directed.
[451] _Santonico. _ The Santones were a people of Aquitania, between the
Loire and Garonne. Cf. Mart. , xiv. , Ep. 128, "Gallia Santonico vestit
te bardocucullo. "
[452] _Sufflamine. _ "The introduction of the drag-chain has a local
propriety: Rome, with its seven hills, had just so many necessities for
the frequent use of the sufflamen. This necessity, from the change of
the soil, exists no longer. " Badham.
[453] _Testes. _ Cf. vi. , 311, Lunà teste.
[454] _Damasippus_ (cf. Hor. , ii. , Sat. iii. , 16) was a name of the
Licinian gens. "Damasippus was sick," says Holyday, "of that disease
which the Spartans call horse-feeding. "
[455] _Hordea. _ Horses in Italy are fed on barley, not on oats.
[456] _Eponam_ (cf. Aristoph. , Nub. , 84), the patroness of grooms.
Some read "Hipponam," which Gifford prefers, from the tameness of the
epithet "solam. " Cf. Blunt's Vestiges, p. 29.
"On some rank deity, whose filthy face
We suitably o'er stinking stables place. " Dryden.
[457] _Amomo_, an Assyrian shrub. Cf. iv. , 108.
[458] _Idumeæ. _ The gate at Rome near the Arch of Titus, through which
Vespasian and Titus entered the city in triumph after their victories
in Palestine.
[459] _Dominum. _ Cf. Mart. , i. , Ep. 113, "Cum te non nossem dominum
regemque vocabam. " Cf. iv. , Ep. 84, 5.
[460] _Inscripta lintea. _ Perhaps "curtains, having painted on them
what was for sale within. " Others say it means "embroidered with
needlework;" or "towels," according to Calderinus, who compares
Catull. , xxv. , 7.
[461] _Armeniæ. _ The allusion is to Corbulo's exploits in Parthia and
Armenia in Nero's reign, A. D. 60. Cf. ad iii. , 251. There were great
disturbances in the same quarters in Trajan's reign, which caused his
expedition, in A. D. 114, against the Armenians and Parthians. In A. D.
100, Marius Priscus was accused by Pliny and Tacitus. Vid. Plin. ,
ii. , Ep. xi. Probably half way between these two dates we may fix the
writing of this Satire.
[462] _Mitte Ostia. _ So most of the commentators interpret it. "Send
your Legatus to take the command of the troops for foreign service,
waiting for embarkation at Ostia. " But if so, "ad" should be expressed,
and either Tiberina added, or Ostia made of the 1st declension.
Britann. , therefore, and Heinrich explain it, "Pass by his own doors;"
omitte quærere illic, "he is far away. "
[463] _Sandapila. _ The bier or open coffin, on which the poor, or those
killed in the amphitheatre, were carried to burial; hence "sandapila
popularis. " Suet. , Domit. , 17. Stepney (in Dryden's version) thus
enumerates these worthies:
"Quacks, coffin-makers, fugitives, and sailors,
Rooks, common soldiers, hangmen, thieves, and tailors. "
[464] _Resupinantis. _ In Holyday's quaint version,
"Among great Cybel's silent drums, which lack
Their Phrygian priest, who lies drunk on his back. "
[465] _Ergastula. _ Private prisons attached to Roman farms, in which
the slaves worked in chains. The Tuscan were peculiarly severe. Vid.
Dennis's Etruria, vol. i. , p. xlviii.
[466] _Turpia cerdoni. _ Cf. iv. , 13," Nam quod turpe bonis Titio
Seioque decebat Crispinum. " Pers. , iv. , 51, "Tollat sua munera cerdo. "
"And crimes that tinge with shame the cobbler's face,
Become the lords of Brutus' honor'd race. " Hodgson.
[467] _Locasti. _
"Lets out his voice (his sole remaining boast),
And rants the nonsense of a clam'rous ghost. " Hodgson.
[468] _Sipario. _ The curtain or drop-scene in _comedy_, as _Aulæum_ was
in _tragedy_. Donat.
[469] _Phasma. _ Probably a translation from the Greek. Ter. , Eun. ,
pr. 9, "Idem Menandri phasma nunc nuper dedit. " Catullus is not to
be confounded with C. Valerius Catullus of Verona (the old Schol.
says Q. Lutatius Catullus is meant, and quotes xiii. , 11, whom
Lubinus, ad loc. , calls "Urbanus Catullus") as far as the Phasma is
concerned. --_Laureolus_ was the chief character in a play or ballet by
Val. Catullus, or Laberius, or Nævius: and was crucified on the stage,
and then torn to pieces by wild beasts. Martial (de Spect. , Ep. vii. )
says this was acted _to the life_ in the Roman amphitheatre, the part
of the bandit being performed by a real malefactor, who was crucified
and torn to pieces in the arena, "Non falsâ pendens in cruce Laureolus. "
"And Lentulus _acts_ hanging with such art,
Were I a judge, he should not _feign_ the part. " Dryden.
[470] _Sedet. _
"Sit with unblushing front, and calmly see
The hired patrician's low buffoonery;
Smile at the Fabii's tricks, and grin to hear
The cuffs resound from the Mamerci's ear. " Gifford.
[471] _Cogente Nerone. _ Cf. Tac. , Ann. , xiv. , 14, who abstains from
mentioning the _names_ of the nobles thus disgraced, out of respect for
their ancestors. Cf. Dio. , lxi. Suetonius says (Nero, cap. xii. ) that
400 senators and 600 knights were thus dishonored (but Lipsius says 40
and 60 are the true numbers).
[472] _Nec dubitant. _ No doubt a spurious line.
[473] _Gladios. _ This is the usual interpretation. Perhaps it would be
better to take "gladios" for the _death_ that awaits you if you refuse
to comply: as iv. , 96; x. , 345. So Badham:
"Place here the tyrant's sword, and there the scene;
Gods! can a Roman hesitate between! "
[474] _Thymele. _ Cf. i. , 36.
[475] _Ludus. _ Properly, "school of gladiators. "
[476] _Gracchus. _ Cf. ii. , 143.
[477] _Tunicæ. _ Cf. ii. , 143, tunicati fuscina Gracchi. Suet. , Cal. ,
30.
The Retiarii wore a tunic only. The gold spira was the band that
tied the tall conical cap of the Salii; who wore also a gold fringe
round the tunic.
[478] _Seneca. _ There is said to be an allusion here to the plot of
Subrius Flavius to murder Nero and make Seneca emperor. It was believed
that Seneca was privy to it. Tac. , Ann. , xv. , 65.
[479] _Simia. _ Cf. xiii. , 155, "Et deducendum corio bovis in mare
cum quo clauditur adversis innoxia simia fatis. " The punishment of
parricides was to be scourged, then sewn up in a bull's hide with a
serpent, an ape, a cock, and a dog, and to be thrown into the sea. The
first person thus punished was P. Malleolus, who murdered his mother.
Liv. , Epit. lxviii.
[480] _Culeus. _ Cf. Suet. , Aug. , 33. Nero murdered his mother
Agrippina, his aunt Domitia, both his wives, Octavia and Poppæa, his
brother Britannicus, and several other relations.
[481] _Agamemnonidæ. _ Grangæus quotes the Greek verse current in Nero's
time, Νέρων, Ὀρέστης, Ἀλκμαίων μητροκτόνοι. Cf. Suet. , Nero, 39.
[482] _Virginius_ Rufus, who was legatus in Lower Germany, Julius
Vindex, proprætor of Gaul, and Sergius Galba, præfect of Hispania
Tarraconensis, afterward emperor, were the chiefs of the last
conspiracy against Nero. In August, A. D. 67, Nero was playing the fool
in Greece; in March, 68, he heard with terror and dismay of the revolt
of Vindex, who proclaimed Galba. Dio. , lxiii. , 22.
[483] _Quid Nero. _
"What but such acts did Rome indignant see
Perform'd in Nero's savage tyranny? " Hodgson.
[484] _Prostitui. _
"To prostitute his voice for base renown,
And ravish from the Greeks a parsley crown. " Gifford.
Nero was in Greece A. D. 67, into which year (though not an Olympiad)
he crowded all the games of Greece, "Certamina omnia et quæ
diversissimorum temporum sunt cogi in unum annum jussit. " Suet. ,
Ner. , 23. "Romam introiit coronam capite gerens Olympiam dextrâ manu
Pythiam," c. 25.
[485] _Domitius_ was the name both of the father and grandfather of
Nero. His father was Domitius Ahenobarbus, governor of Transalpine
Gaul. Suetonius (Nero, 6) tells us that the two pædagogi to whom his
childhood _was_ intrusted _were_ a _saltator_ and a _tonsor_. To this
perhaps his subsequent tastes may be traced.
[486] _Citharam. _ Cf. Suet. , Ner. , 12, "_Citharæ_ a judicibus ad se
delatam, adoravit ferrique ad Augusti _statuam_ jussit. "
"And on the proud Colossus of your sire,
Suspend the splendid trophy of--a lyre! " Hodgson.
"Sacras coronas in cubiculis circum lectos posuit: item statuas suas
Citharædico habitu: quâ notâ etiam nummum percussit. " Suet. , Ner. , 25.
[487] _Braccatorum. _ Gallia Narbonensis was called Braccata from the
Braccæ, probably "plaid," which the inhabitants wore. Plin. , iii. , 4.
Diod. , v. , 30. The Senones were a people of Gallia Lugdunensis, who
sacked Rome under Brennus; hence _Minores_, i. e. , "as though you had
been the hereditary enemies of Rome. "
[488] _Tunicâ molestâ. _ Cf. ad i. , 155, "a dress smeared with pitch and
other combustibles," and then lighted. Cf. Mart. , x. , Ep. xxv. , 5. In
some cases Nero buried his victims up to the waist, and then set fire
to their upper parts.
[489] _Vigilat_ refers to Cicero's own words, "Jam intelliges multo me
_vigilare_ acrius ad salutem, quam te ad pernicem reipublicæ. "
[490] _Novus. _ Cicero was the first of the Tullia gens that held
a curule magistracy. Arpinum, his birthplace, now Arpino, was a
small town of the Volsci. The Municipia had their three grades, of
patricians, knights, and plebeians, as Rome had; they lived under their
own laws, but their citizens were eligible to all offices at Rome.
[491] _Leucas_, i. e. , "Actium. " _Thessaliæ_, "Philippi. " The words
following probably refer to the brutal cruelty of Augustus after the
battle.
[492] _Libera. _ "When Rome could utter her free unfettered sentiments"
(as sup. , "Libera si dentur populo suffragia"). Not in the spirit
of servile adulation, with which she bestowed the same title on her
emperors.
[493] _Vitem. _ The centurion's baton of office as well as instrument of
punishment. Cf. xiv. , 193; Mart. , x. , Ep. xxvi. , 1. See the story of
Lucilius, nicknamed Cedo alteram, in Tac. , Ann. , i. , 23.
[494] _Majora cadavera. _ Besides their fierce gray eyes (xiii. , 164),
the Germans were conspicuous for their stature and red hair. "Truces
et cærulei oculi, rutilæ comæ, magnum corpora et tantum ad impetum
valida. " Tac. , Germ. , iv. "Cimbri præ Italis ingentes. " Flor. , iii. ,3.
[495] _Lauro secundâ. _ A double triumph was decreed to Marius; he gave
up the second to Q. Lutatius Catulus, his noble colleague, to satisfy
his soldiers, who knew, better than Juvenal, that the _nobleman's_
services did _not_ fall short of those of the plebeian. Marius
afterward barbarously murdered him.
[496] _Deciorum. _ Alluding to the three immolations of the Decii,
father, son, and grandson, in the wars with the Latins, Gauls, and
Pyrrhus. All three bore the name of Publius Decius Mus. Juvenal comes
very near the formula of self-devotion given in Liv. , viii. , 6, _seq. _
"Exercitum Diis Manibus matrique terræ deberi. "
[497] _Ancilla natus. _ Servius Tullius (Cf. vii. , 199) was the sen of
Ocrisia, or Ocriculana, a captive from Corniculum. Liv. , i. , 39. The
_Trabea_ was a white robe with a border and _broad stripes_ (trabes) of
purple, worn afterward by consuls and augurs: cf. x. , 35; the _diadema_
of the ancient kings was a _fillet_ or ribbon, not a crown.
"And he who graced the purple which he wore,
The last good king of Rome, a bondmaid bore. " Gifford.
[498] _Natavit. _
"And she who mock'd the javelins whistling round,
And swam the Tiber, then the empire's bound. " Gifford.
[499] _Servus. _ Livy calls him Vindicius; and derives from him the name
of the Vindicta, "the rod of manumission. " Liv. , ii. , 7. He was mourned
for at his death by the Roman matrons publicly, as Brutus had been.
[500] _Legum prima securis. _ Tarquinius Priscus introduced the axe and
fasces with the other regalia. The axe therefore had often fallen for
the _tyrants_; now it is used for the first time in defense of a legal
constitution and a _free republic_.
[501] _Thersites. _ Hom. , Il. , ii. , 212.
[502] _Asylo. _ Cf. Liv. , i. , 8.
SATIRE IX.
I should like to know, Nævolus,[503] why you so often meet me with
clouded brow forlorn, like Marsyas after his defeat. What have you to
do with such a face as Ravola had when detected with his Rhodope? [504]
We give a slave a box on the ear, if he licks the pastry. Why!
Crepereius Pollio[505] had not a more woe-begone face than yours;
he that went about ready to pay three times the ordinary interest,
and could find none fools enough to trust him. Where do so many
wrinkles come from all of a sudden? Why, surely before, contented with
little, you used to live like a gentleman's gentleman[506]--a witty
boon-companion with your biting jest, and sharp at repartees that savor
of town-life!
Now all is the reverse; your looks are dejected; your tangled hair
bristles like a thicket;[507] there is none of that sleekness over your
whole skin, such as the Bruttian plaster of hot pitch used to give you;
but your legs are neglected and rank with a shrubbery of hair. What
means this emaciated form, like that of some old invalid parched this
many a day with quartan ague and fever that has made his limbs its
home? You may detect[508] the anguish of the mind that lurks in the
sickly body--and discover its joys also. For the face, the index of
the mind, takes its complexion from each. You seem, therefore, to have
changed your course of life, and to run counter to your former habits.
For, but lately, as I well remember, you used to haunt the temple of
Isis,[509] and the statue of Ganymede in the temple of Peace,[510]
and the secret palaces of the imported mother[511] of the gods; ay,
and Ceres too (for what temple is there in which you may not find a
woman)--a more notorious adulterer even than Aufidius, and under the
rose, not confining your attentions to the wives!
"Yes: even this way of life is profitable to many. But I never made
it worth my while: we do occasionally get greasy cloaks, that serve
to save our toga, of coarse texture and indifferent dye, the clumsy
workmanship of some French weaver's lay; or a small piece of silver of
inferior metal. [512] The Fates control the destinies of men: nay, there
is fate even in those very parts which the lap of the toga conceals
from view. For if the stars are unpropitious, your manly powers,
remaining unknown, will profit you nothing, even though the liquorish
Virro has seen you stripped, and seductive billets-doux, closely
following each other, are forever assailing you: for such a fellow as
he even entices others to sin. Yet, what monster can be worse, than
one miserly as well as effeminate? "[513] "I gave you so much, then so
much, and then soon after you had more! " He reckons up and still acts
the wanton. "Let us settle our accounts! Send for the slaves with my
account-book! Reckon up five thousand sesterces in all! Then count up
your services! " Are then my duties so light, and so little against the
grain? Far less wretched will be the poor slave that digs the great
man's land! But you, forsooth, thought yourself delicate, and young,
and beautiful! fit to be a cup-bearer in heaven!
Will you ever bestow favors on a humble dependent, or be generous to
one that pays you court, when you grudge even the money you spend on
your unnatural[514] gratifications?
