and not his
philosophical
talents.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - a
p.
336), inso- CRITOBUʼLUS (Kpıróbovaos), a Greek sur-
much that it was said of him (Schol. ad Plat. Tim. geon, said by Plins (H. N. vii. 37) to have ex-
p. 20), that he was idicómns Mèv ev pinocópois, tracted an arrow from the eye of Philip the sozi
Q116copos dè év lõlwrais, “a lord among wits, and of Amyntas, king of Macedonia, (probably at the
a wit among lords. " The remains of his poems siege of Methone, B. C. 353) so skilfully that,
have been edited separately by N. Bach, Leipzig, though he could not save his sight, he prevented
1827.
[E. E. ) his face from being disfigured. He is also men-
CRI'TIAS, a very celebrated Athenian artist, tioned by Quintus Curiius (ix. 5) as having
whose workmanship belongs to the more ancient been the person who extracted the weapon from
school, the description of which by Lucian (Rhetor. the wound which Alexander received in storming
Praecept. c. 9) bears an exact resemblance to the the principal fortress of the Mallians, B. C. 326.
statues of Aegina. For this reason, and because [CRITODEMUS. )
[W. A. G. )
the common reading of Pliny (H. N. xxxiv. 19, CRITODEMUS (Kpitosmuos), a Greek sur-
in. ), “ Critias Nestocles,” is manifestly corrupt, geon of the family of the Asclepiadae, and a
and the correction of H. Junius, “Nesiotes," is native of the island of Cos, who is said by
borne out by the Bamberg manuscript, Critias was Arrian (vi. 11) to have been the person who
considered by Müller (Argin. p. 102) to have extracted the weapon from the wound which
## p. 894 (#914) ############################################
R94
CRITOLAUS.
CRITON.
3
Alexander the Great received in storming the the magistrates of several towns to take care that
principal fortress of the Mallians, B. c. 326. no debtor should be compelled to pay his debts
(CKITOBULUS. ]
[W. A. G. ] before the war with Rome should be brought to a
CRITOLA'US (Kpitólaos), the Peripatetic close. By these and similar means he won the
philosopher, was a native of Phaselis, a Greek cnthusiastic admiration of the multitude, and when
colony in Lycia, and studied philosophy at Athens this was accomplished, he summoned an assembly
under Ariston of Ceos, whom he succeeded as the of the Achacans to meet at Corinthi, which was
head of the Peripatetic school. The great reputa- attended by the dregs of the nation, and which
tion which Critolais enjoyed at Athens, as a phi- conducted its proceedings in the most riotous and
Josopber, an orator, and a statesman, induced the tumultuous manner. Four noble Romans, who
Athenians to send him to Rome in B. C. 155, in attended the merting and tried to speak, were
gether with Carneades the Academic and Diogenes driven from the place of assembly and treated with
the Stoic, to obtain a remission of the fine of 500 the grossest insults. It was in vain that the mo-
talents which the Romans had imposed upon derate men among the Achacans endeavoured 10
Athens for the destruction of Oropus. They were bring Critolais and his partizans to their senses.
successful in the object for which they came; and Critolaüs surrounded himself with a body-guard,
the embassy excited the greatest interest at Rome. and threatened to use force against those who op-
Not only the Roman youth, but the most illus- posed his plans, and further depicted them to the
urious men in the state, such as Scipio Africanus, multitude as traitors of their country. The mode-
Laclius, Furius, and others, came to listen to their rate and well-meaning persons were thus intimi-
discourses. The novelty of their doctrines seemed dated, and withdrew. War was thereupon de-
to the Romans of the old school to be fraught clared against Lacedaemon, which was under the
with such danger to the morals of the citizens, especial protection of Rome. In order to get rid
that Cato induced the senate to send them away of all restraints, he carried a second decree, which
from Rome as quickly as possibile. (Plut. Cut. conferred dictatorial power upon the strategi. The
Maj. 22 ; Gell. vii. 14 ; Macrob. Saturn. i. 5; Cic. Romans, or rather Q. Caecilius Metellus, the pre-
de Orut. ii. 37, 38. ) We have no further informa- tor of Macedonia, had shewn all possible forbearance
tion respecting the life of Critolaüs. He lived towards the Achaeans, and a willingness to come
upwards of eighty-two years, but died before the to a peaceable understanding with them. This
arrival of L. Crassus at Athens, that is, before B. c. conduct was explained by Critolaüs as a conse-
111. (Lucian, Macrob. 20 ; Cic. de Orat. i. 11. ) quence of weakness on the part of the Romans,
Critolaüs seems to have paid particular attention who, he said, did not dare to venture upon a war
to Rhetoric, though he considered it, like Aristotle, with the Achaeans. In addition to this, he con-
not as an art, but rather as a matter of practice trired to inspire the Achaeans with the prospect of
(Tp16ń). Cicero speaks in high terms of his elo- forming alliances with powerful princes and states.
quence. (Quintil. ii. 15. § 23, 17. $ 15; Sext. But this hope was almost completely disappointed,
Empir. adv. Mathem. ii. 12, p. 291; Cic. de Fin. and the Achacans rushed into a war with the
v. 5. ) Next to Rhetoric, Critolaüs seems to have gigantic powers of Rome, in which every sensible
given his chief attention to the study of moral person must have seen that destruction awaited
philosophy, and to have made some additions to them. In the spring of B. c. 146, Critolaüs march-
Aristotle's system (comp. Cic. Tusc. v. 17 ; Clem. ed with a considerable army of Achaeans towards
Alex. Sirom. ii. p. 416), but upon the whole he Thermopylae, partly to rouse all Greece to a ge-
deviated very little from the philosophy of the neral insurrection against Rome, and partly to
founder of the Peripatetic school. (Stahr, Aristo-chastise Heracleia, near mount Oeta, which had
telia, ii. pp. 83, 135; Fabric. Bill. Graec. ii. p. abandoned the cause of the Achaeans. Metellus
483. )
even now ofiered his hand for reconciliation; but
A Critolaus is mentioned by Plutarch (Parall. when his proposals were rejected, and he himself
min. cc. 6, 9) as the author of a work on Epeirus, suddenly appeared in the neighbourhood of Hem-
and of another entitled Pulvóueva; and Gellius cleia, Critolaüs at once raised the siege of the
(xi. 9) also speaks of an historical writer of this town, quitted his position, and fied southward.
Whether the historian is the same as the Metellus followed and overtook him near the town
Peripatetic philosopher, cannot be determined. of Scarphea in Locris, where he gained an easy
A grammarian Critolaus is mentioned in the Ety- but brilliant victory over the Achaeans.
mologicum Magnum (s. v. 6 os). (Comp. Voss. number of the latter fell, and 1000 of them were
de Hist. Graec. p. 422, ed. Westermann. ) [A. S. ] made prisoners by the Romans. Critolaüs himself
CRITOLA'US (Kpitólaos), an Achaean, who was never heard of after this battle. Livy (Epit.
succeeded Diaeus, in B. c. 147, as strategus of 52) states, that he poisoned himself, but it seems
the Achaeans, and was as bitter an enemy of the more probable that he perished in the sea or the
Romans as his predecessor. As soon as he entered marshes on the coast. Critolaüs was the imme-
upon his office, he began insulting the Roman diate cause of the war which terminated in the
ambassadors and breaking off all negotiations with destruction of Corinth and put an end to the poli-
them. After their departure for Italy, he had tical existence of Greece. His plan of opposing
recourse to all the demagogic artifices that he could Rome at that time by force of arms was the off-
devise, in order to render the rupture between the spring of a mad brain, and the way in which he
Romans and Achaeans irremediable. During the proceeded in carrying it into effect shewed what a
ensuing winter he travelled from one town to an contemptible and cowardly demagogue he was.
other, infiaming the people by his furious speeches (Polyb. xxxviii. 2, &c. , xl. 1, &c. ; Paus. vii. cc. 14
against the Romans. He tried especially to work and 15; Florus, ii. 16; Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 38 ;
upon the populace in the towns of Greece, and Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. iv. p. 304, &c. ) [L. S. )
resorted to the most iniquitous means to obtain CRITON (Kpitwv), of Athens, the friend and
their favour. Thus he extorted a promise from / disciple of Socrates, is more celebrated in antiquity
a
name.
A great
## p. 895 (#915) ############################################
CRITON.
8. 95
CRIUS.
was one
for his love and affection for his master, whom he Galen (Dc Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. ii. 1), vi. 1,
generously supported with his fortune (Diog. vol. xiii. pp. 510, 862); he is also quoted by
Laërt. ii. 20, 1:21), than as a philosopher himself. Aëtius and Paulus Aegineta, and may perhaps be
Accordingly, whenever he is introduced in Plato's the person to whom one of the letters of Apollo-
dialogues, his attachment to Socrates is extolled, nius of Tyana is addressed. (Ep. xvii. cd. Colon.
and not his philosophical talents. It was Criton Agripp. 1023, 8vo. ) None of his works are ex-
who had made every arrangement for the escape tant, except a few fragments preserved by other
of Socrates from prison, and who tried, in vain, to authors. He is perhaps the author of a work on
persunde him to tly, as we see from Plato's dia- Cookery, mentioned by Athenacus. (xii. p. 516. )
logue named after him; and it was Criton also 2. Another physician of the same name is men-
who closed the eyes of the dying philosopher. tioned by Galen as having belonged to the sect of
(Plat. Phacdon, p. 118, 1. ) Criton applied his great the Empirici in the fourth or third century be-
riches, which are mentioned by Socrates in a jocose fore Christ. (De Subfig. Empir. c. 1, vol. ii. p.
way in the Euthydemus of Plato (p. 304, c. ), to 340, ed. Chart. )
[W. A. G. )
the nobles: purposes. His sons, of whom he pos- L. CRITONIUS, a Roman, who was acdilis
sessed four according to Diogenes Laërtius (ii. cerealis in B. C. 44. This office had been instituted
121), and two according to Plato (Euthydem. p. by J. Caesar, and Critonius and M. Fannius were
360), with Heindorf's note), were likewise disciples the first who filled it. Appian (B. C. iii. 23) re-
of Socrates. The eldest of them was Critobulus. lates the following occurrence respecting Critonius.
[CRITOBULUS. )
When the Cerealia were celebrated, shortly after
Criton wrote seventeen dialogues on philoso- the murder of Caesar, and Octavianus erccied the
phical subjects, the titles of which are given by golden sella with a crown in honour of Caesar,--a
Diogenes Laërtius (l. c. ). Among these there distinction which had been conferred upon the
“ On Poetics” (Ilepl Tointikūs), which dictator by a senatusconsultum,-Critonius declared
is the only work on this subject mentioned in the that he would not suffer Caesar to be thus ho-
history of Greek literature before the work of noured in the games for which he (Critonius) him-
Aristotle. (The passages in Plato's writings, in self had to pay the expenses. This conduct of a
which Criton is mentioned, are collected in Groen man who had belonged to the party of Caesar, and
van Prinsterer, Prosopographia Platonica, p. 200, had been promoted by him (comp. Cic. ad Att. xiii.
&c. , Lugd. Bat. 1823; comp. Hermann, Gesch. und 21), is indeed surprising; but it may have been
System der Platon. Philosophic, i. p. 633. ) [A. S. ] the consequence of a strong republican enthusiasm.
CRITON (Kpítwv). 1. Of AEGAE, a Pytha- Another more serious difficulty is contained in the
gorean philosopher, a fragment of whose work, fact, that the Cerealia, at which Octavianus is here
Tepl Apovolas kad dyadris Túxns, is preserved by represented to have been present, were celebrated
Stobaeus. (Serm. 3; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. i. pp. in the early part of April (Dict. of Ant. s. v. Cerea-
840, 886. )
lia), that is, before the time at which Octavianus is
2. Of ATHENS, a comic poet of the new comedy, known to have returned to Rome. Unless, there-
of very little note. Of his comedies there only fore, we suppose that there is some blunder in the
remain a few lines and three titles, Aitwirí, Vino- account of Appian, we must believe that the cele
a páquov, and Meoonvia. (Pollux. ix. 4. 15, x. bration of the games in that year was postponed
7. 35; Ath. iv. p. 173, b. ; Meineke, Frag. Com. on account of the great confusion that followed
Graec. i. p. 484, iv. pp. 537, 538. )
after the murder of Caesar. (Drumann, Gesch.
3. Of NaxUS. [EUDOXUS. ]
Roms, i. p. 123. )
4. Of PIERIA, in Macedonia, wrote historical The annexed coin refers to this Critonius. It
and descriptive works, entitled Hanamuine, Eupa- bears on the obverse the head of Ceres, and on
κουσων κτίσις, Περσικά, Σικελικά, Συρακουσών | the reverse two men sitting, with the legend,
περιήγησις, and περί της αρχής των Μακεδόνων. | M. FAN. L. CRIT. , and it was doubtless struck by
(Suid. s. v. ) Immediately before, Suidas has the order of M. Fannius and L. Critonius in the year
entry, Κρίτων έγραψεν εν τοις Γετικούς. (Comp. | that they were aediles cereales. [L. S. ]
Suid. s. v. yéooi ; Steph. Byz. Sería. ) Whether
this was the same person is not known. (Voss.
Hist. Graec. p. 423, Westermann; Ebert, de Cri-
tone Pieriota in Diss. Sic. i. p. 138. ) [P. S. ]
CRITON (Kpítwv). 1. A physician at Rome in
the first or second century after Christ, attached
to the court of one of the emperors (Gal. De
Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, i. 3, vol. xii. p. 445),
probably Trajan, A. D. 98—117. He is perhaps
the person mentioned by Martial. (Epigr. xi. 60. CRIUS or CREIUS (Kpios), a son of Uranus
6. ) He wrote a work on Cosmetics (Koountiká) and Ge, and one of the Titans, who was the fa-
in four books, which were very popular in Galen's ther of Astraeus, Pallas, and Perses. (Hesiod.
time (ibid. p. 446) and which contained almost all Theog. 375; Apollod. i. 1. $ 3, 2. $ 2. ) [L. S. ]
that had been written on the same subject by CRIUS (Kpãos), son of Polyeritus, and one of
Heracleides of Tarentum, Cleopatra, and others. the chief men of Aegina. When the Aeginetans,
The contents of each chapter of the four books in B. c. 491, had submitted to the demand of
have been preserved by Galen (ilnd. ), by whom Dareius Hystaspis for carth and water, Cleomenes
the work is frequently quoted, and have been in- I. , king of Sparta, crossed over to the island to
berted by Fabricius in the twelfth volume of the apprehend those who had chiefly advised the mea-
old edition of his Biblioth. Graeca. He wrote also sure, but was successfully resisted by Crius on the
a work on Simple Medicines (Tepi Twv 'ATAW ground that he had not come with authority from
Paduákwv) of which the fourth book is quoted by the Spartan government, since his colleague Dema-
&
## p. 896 (#916) ############################################
895
CROESUS.
CROESUS.
ratus was not with him. Cleomenes, being ob- | wards on the other lonian and Acolian cities of
liged to withdraw, consoled himself by a play on Asia Minor, all of which he reduced to the pay.
the words Kpios and xpiós (a ram), advising the ment of tributc. He was meditating an attempt
refractory Aeginetan to arm his horns with brass, to subdue the insular Greeks also, when either
as he would soon need all the defence he could get. Bias or Pittacus turned him from his purpose
(Herod. vi. 50; comp. v. 75. ) It was supposed by a clever fable (Herod. i. 27); and instead of
that the resistance had been privately encouraged attacking the islanders he made an alliance with
by Demaratus (vi. 61, 6+), and on the deposition them. Croesus next turned his arms against the
of the latter, and the appointment of Leotychides peoples of Asia Minor west of the river Halys,
to the throne (vi. 65, 66), Cleomenes again went all of whom he subdued except the Lycians and
to Aegina with his new colleague, and, having Cilicians.
much that it was said of him (Schol. ad Plat. Tim. geon, said by Plins (H. N. vii. 37) to have ex-
p. 20), that he was idicómns Mèv ev pinocópois, tracted an arrow from the eye of Philip the sozi
Q116copos dè év lõlwrais, “a lord among wits, and of Amyntas, king of Macedonia, (probably at the
a wit among lords. " The remains of his poems siege of Methone, B. C. 353) so skilfully that,
have been edited separately by N. Bach, Leipzig, though he could not save his sight, he prevented
1827.
[E. E. ) his face from being disfigured. He is also men-
CRI'TIAS, a very celebrated Athenian artist, tioned by Quintus Curiius (ix. 5) as having
whose workmanship belongs to the more ancient been the person who extracted the weapon from
school, the description of which by Lucian (Rhetor. the wound which Alexander received in storming
Praecept. c. 9) bears an exact resemblance to the the principal fortress of the Mallians, B. C. 326.
statues of Aegina. For this reason, and because [CRITODEMUS. )
[W. A. G. )
the common reading of Pliny (H. N. xxxiv. 19, CRITODEMUS (Kpitosmuos), a Greek sur-
in. ), “ Critias Nestocles,” is manifestly corrupt, geon of the family of the Asclepiadae, and a
and the correction of H. Junius, “Nesiotes," is native of the island of Cos, who is said by
borne out by the Bamberg manuscript, Critias was Arrian (vi. 11) to have been the person who
considered by Müller (Argin. p. 102) to have extracted the weapon from the wound which
## p. 894 (#914) ############################################
R94
CRITOLAUS.
CRITON.
3
Alexander the Great received in storming the the magistrates of several towns to take care that
principal fortress of the Mallians, B. c. 326. no debtor should be compelled to pay his debts
(CKITOBULUS. ]
[W. A. G. ] before the war with Rome should be brought to a
CRITOLA'US (Kpitólaos), the Peripatetic close. By these and similar means he won the
philosopher, was a native of Phaselis, a Greek cnthusiastic admiration of the multitude, and when
colony in Lycia, and studied philosophy at Athens this was accomplished, he summoned an assembly
under Ariston of Ceos, whom he succeeded as the of the Achacans to meet at Corinthi, which was
head of the Peripatetic school. The great reputa- attended by the dregs of the nation, and which
tion which Critolais enjoyed at Athens, as a phi- conducted its proceedings in the most riotous and
Josopber, an orator, and a statesman, induced the tumultuous manner. Four noble Romans, who
Athenians to send him to Rome in B. C. 155, in attended the merting and tried to speak, were
gether with Carneades the Academic and Diogenes driven from the place of assembly and treated with
the Stoic, to obtain a remission of the fine of 500 the grossest insults. It was in vain that the mo-
talents which the Romans had imposed upon derate men among the Achacans endeavoured 10
Athens for the destruction of Oropus. They were bring Critolais and his partizans to their senses.
successful in the object for which they came; and Critolaüs surrounded himself with a body-guard,
the embassy excited the greatest interest at Rome. and threatened to use force against those who op-
Not only the Roman youth, but the most illus- posed his plans, and further depicted them to the
urious men in the state, such as Scipio Africanus, multitude as traitors of their country. The mode-
Laclius, Furius, and others, came to listen to their rate and well-meaning persons were thus intimi-
discourses. The novelty of their doctrines seemed dated, and withdrew. War was thereupon de-
to the Romans of the old school to be fraught clared against Lacedaemon, which was under the
with such danger to the morals of the citizens, especial protection of Rome. In order to get rid
that Cato induced the senate to send them away of all restraints, he carried a second decree, which
from Rome as quickly as possibile. (Plut. Cut. conferred dictatorial power upon the strategi. The
Maj. 22 ; Gell. vii. 14 ; Macrob. Saturn. i. 5; Cic. Romans, or rather Q. Caecilius Metellus, the pre-
de Orut. ii. 37, 38. ) We have no further informa- tor of Macedonia, had shewn all possible forbearance
tion respecting the life of Critolaüs. He lived towards the Achaeans, and a willingness to come
upwards of eighty-two years, but died before the to a peaceable understanding with them. This
arrival of L. Crassus at Athens, that is, before B. c. conduct was explained by Critolaüs as a conse-
111. (Lucian, Macrob. 20 ; Cic. de Orat. i. 11. ) quence of weakness on the part of the Romans,
Critolaüs seems to have paid particular attention who, he said, did not dare to venture upon a war
to Rhetoric, though he considered it, like Aristotle, with the Achaeans. In addition to this, he con-
not as an art, but rather as a matter of practice trired to inspire the Achaeans with the prospect of
(Tp16ń). Cicero speaks in high terms of his elo- forming alliances with powerful princes and states.
quence. (Quintil. ii. 15. § 23, 17. $ 15; Sext. But this hope was almost completely disappointed,
Empir. adv. Mathem. ii. 12, p. 291; Cic. de Fin. and the Achacans rushed into a war with the
v. 5. ) Next to Rhetoric, Critolaüs seems to have gigantic powers of Rome, in which every sensible
given his chief attention to the study of moral person must have seen that destruction awaited
philosophy, and to have made some additions to them. In the spring of B. c. 146, Critolaüs march-
Aristotle's system (comp. Cic. Tusc. v. 17 ; Clem. ed with a considerable army of Achaeans towards
Alex. Sirom. ii. p. 416), but upon the whole he Thermopylae, partly to rouse all Greece to a ge-
deviated very little from the philosophy of the neral insurrection against Rome, and partly to
founder of the Peripatetic school. (Stahr, Aristo-chastise Heracleia, near mount Oeta, which had
telia, ii. pp. 83, 135; Fabric. Bill. Graec. ii. p. abandoned the cause of the Achaeans. Metellus
483. )
even now ofiered his hand for reconciliation; but
A Critolaus is mentioned by Plutarch (Parall. when his proposals were rejected, and he himself
min. cc. 6, 9) as the author of a work on Epeirus, suddenly appeared in the neighbourhood of Hem-
and of another entitled Pulvóueva; and Gellius cleia, Critolaüs at once raised the siege of the
(xi. 9) also speaks of an historical writer of this town, quitted his position, and fied southward.
Whether the historian is the same as the Metellus followed and overtook him near the town
Peripatetic philosopher, cannot be determined. of Scarphea in Locris, where he gained an easy
A grammarian Critolaus is mentioned in the Ety- but brilliant victory over the Achaeans.
mologicum Magnum (s. v. 6 os). (Comp. Voss. number of the latter fell, and 1000 of them were
de Hist. Graec. p. 422, ed. Westermann. ) [A. S. ] made prisoners by the Romans. Critolaüs himself
CRITOLA'US (Kpitólaos), an Achaean, who was never heard of after this battle. Livy (Epit.
succeeded Diaeus, in B. c. 147, as strategus of 52) states, that he poisoned himself, but it seems
the Achaeans, and was as bitter an enemy of the more probable that he perished in the sea or the
Romans as his predecessor. As soon as he entered marshes on the coast. Critolaüs was the imme-
upon his office, he began insulting the Roman diate cause of the war which terminated in the
ambassadors and breaking off all negotiations with destruction of Corinth and put an end to the poli-
them. After their departure for Italy, he had tical existence of Greece. His plan of opposing
recourse to all the demagogic artifices that he could Rome at that time by force of arms was the off-
devise, in order to render the rupture between the spring of a mad brain, and the way in which he
Romans and Achaeans irremediable. During the proceeded in carrying it into effect shewed what a
ensuing winter he travelled from one town to an contemptible and cowardly demagogue he was.
other, infiaming the people by his furious speeches (Polyb. xxxviii. 2, &c. , xl. 1, &c. ; Paus. vii. cc. 14
against the Romans. He tried especially to work and 15; Florus, ii. 16; Cic. de Nat. Deor. iii. 38 ;
upon the populace in the towns of Greece, and Niebuhr, Hist. of Rome, vol. iv. p. 304, &c. ) [L. S. )
resorted to the most iniquitous means to obtain CRITON (Kpitwv), of Athens, the friend and
their favour. Thus he extorted a promise from / disciple of Socrates, is more celebrated in antiquity
a
name.
A great
## p. 895 (#915) ############################################
CRITON.
8. 95
CRIUS.
was one
for his love and affection for his master, whom he Galen (Dc Compos. Medicam. sec. Gen. ii. 1), vi. 1,
generously supported with his fortune (Diog. vol. xiii. pp. 510, 862); he is also quoted by
Laërt. ii. 20, 1:21), than as a philosopher himself. Aëtius and Paulus Aegineta, and may perhaps be
Accordingly, whenever he is introduced in Plato's the person to whom one of the letters of Apollo-
dialogues, his attachment to Socrates is extolled, nius of Tyana is addressed. (Ep. xvii. cd. Colon.
and not his philosophical talents. It was Criton Agripp. 1023, 8vo. ) None of his works are ex-
who had made every arrangement for the escape tant, except a few fragments preserved by other
of Socrates from prison, and who tried, in vain, to authors. He is perhaps the author of a work on
persunde him to tly, as we see from Plato's dia- Cookery, mentioned by Athenacus. (xii. p. 516. )
logue named after him; and it was Criton also 2. Another physician of the same name is men-
who closed the eyes of the dying philosopher. tioned by Galen as having belonged to the sect of
(Plat. Phacdon, p. 118, 1. ) Criton applied his great the Empirici in the fourth or third century be-
riches, which are mentioned by Socrates in a jocose fore Christ. (De Subfig. Empir. c. 1, vol. ii. p.
way in the Euthydemus of Plato (p. 304, c. ), to 340, ed. Chart. )
[W. A. G. )
the nobles: purposes. His sons, of whom he pos- L. CRITONIUS, a Roman, who was acdilis
sessed four according to Diogenes Laërtius (ii. cerealis in B. C. 44. This office had been instituted
121), and two according to Plato (Euthydem. p. by J. Caesar, and Critonius and M. Fannius were
360), with Heindorf's note), were likewise disciples the first who filled it. Appian (B. C. iii. 23) re-
of Socrates. The eldest of them was Critobulus. lates the following occurrence respecting Critonius.
[CRITOBULUS. )
When the Cerealia were celebrated, shortly after
Criton wrote seventeen dialogues on philoso- the murder of Caesar, and Octavianus erccied the
phical subjects, the titles of which are given by golden sella with a crown in honour of Caesar,--a
Diogenes Laërtius (l. c. ). Among these there distinction which had been conferred upon the
“ On Poetics” (Ilepl Tointikūs), which dictator by a senatusconsultum,-Critonius declared
is the only work on this subject mentioned in the that he would not suffer Caesar to be thus ho-
history of Greek literature before the work of noured in the games for which he (Critonius) him-
Aristotle. (The passages in Plato's writings, in self had to pay the expenses. This conduct of a
which Criton is mentioned, are collected in Groen man who had belonged to the party of Caesar, and
van Prinsterer, Prosopographia Platonica, p. 200, had been promoted by him (comp. Cic. ad Att. xiii.
&c. , Lugd. Bat. 1823; comp. Hermann, Gesch. und 21), is indeed surprising; but it may have been
System der Platon. Philosophic, i. p. 633. ) [A. S. ] the consequence of a strong republican enthusiasm.
CRITON (Kpítwv). 1. Of AEGAE, a Pytha- Another more serious difficulty is contained in the
gorean philosopher, a fragment of whose work, fact, that the Cerealia, at which Octavianus is here
Tepl Apovolas kad dyadris Túxns, is preserved by represented to have been present, were celebrated
Stobaeus. (Serm. 3; Fabric. Bibl. Graec. i. pp. in the early part of April (Dict. of Ant. s. v. Cerea-
840, 886. )
lia), that is, before the time at which Octavianus is
2. Of ATHENS, a comic poet of the new comedy, known to have returned to Rome. Unless, there-
of very little note. Of his comedies there only fore, we suppose that there is some blunder in the
remain a few lines and three titles, Aitwirí, Vino- account of Appian, we must believe that the cele
a páquov, and Meoonvia. (Pollux. ix. 4. 15, x. bration of the games in that year was postponed
7. 35; Ath. iv. p. 173, b. ; Meineke, Frag. Com. on account of the great confusion that followed
Graec. i. p. 484, iv. pp. 537, 538. )
after the murder of Caesar. (Drumann, Gesch.
3. Of NaxUS. [EUDOXUS. ]
Roms, i. p. 123. )
4. Of PIERIA, in Macedonia, wrote historical The annexed coin refers to this Critonius. It
and descriptive works, entitled Hanamuine, Eupa- bears on the obverse the head of Ceres, and on
κουσων κτίσις, Περσικά, Σικελικά, Συρακουσών | the reverse two men sitting, with the legend,
περιήγησις, and περί της αρχής των Μακεδόνων. | M. FAN. L. CRIT. , and it was doubtless struck by
(Suid. s. v. ) Immediately before, Suidas has the order of M. Fannius and L. Critonius in the year
entry, Κρίτων έγραψεν εν τοις Γετικούς. (Comp. | that they were aediles cereales. [L. S. ]
Suid. s. v. yéooi ; Steph. Byz. Sería. ) Whether
this was the same person is not known. (Voss.
Hist. Graec. p. 423, Westermann; Ebert, de Cri-
tone Pieriota in Diss. Sic. i. p. 138. ) [P. S. ]
CRITON (Kpítwv). 1. A physician at Rome in
the first or second century after Christ, attached
to the court of one of the emperors (Gal. De
Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, i. 3, vol. xii. p. 445),
probably Trajan, A. D. 98—117. He is perhaps
the person mentioned by Martial. (Epigr. xi. 60. CRIUS or CREIUS (Kpios), a son of Uranus
6. ) He wrote a work on Cosmetics (Koountiká) and Ge, and one of the Titans, who was the fa-
in four books, which were very popular in Galen's ther of Astraeus, Pallas, and Perses. (Hesiod.
time (ibid. p. 446) and which contained almost all Theog. 375; Apollod. i. 1. $ 3, 2. $ 2. ) [L. S. ]
that had been written on the same subject by CRIUS (Kpãos), son of Polyeritus, and one of
Heracleides of Tarentum, Cleopatra, and others. the chief men of Aegina. When the Aeginetans,
The contents of each chapter of the four books in B. c. 491, had submitted to the demand of
have been preserved by Galen (ilnd. ), by whom Dareius Hystaspis for carth and water, Cleomenes
the work is frequently quoted, and have been in- I. , king of Sparta, crossed over to the island to
berted by Fabricius in the twelfth volume of the apprehend those who had chiefly advised the mea-
old edition of his Biblioth. Graeca. He wrote also sure, but was successfully resisted by Crius on the
a work on Simple Medicines (Tepi Twv 'ATAW ground that he had not come with authority from
Paduákwv) of which the fourth book is quoted by the Spartan government, since his colleague Dema-
&
## p. 896 (#916) ############################################
895
CROESUS.
CROESUS.
ratus was not with him. Cleomenes, being ob- | wards on the other lonian and Acolian cities of
liged to withdraw, consoled himself by a play on Asia Minor, all of which he reduced to the pay.
the words Kpios and xpiós (a ram), advising the ment of tributc. He was meditating an attempt
refractory Aeginetan to arm his horns with brass, to subdue the insular Greeks also, when either
as he would soon need all the defence he could get. Bias or Pittacus turned him from his purpose
(Herod. vi. 50; comp. v. 75. ) It was supposed by a clever fable (Herod. i. 27); and instead of
that the resistance had been privately encouraged attacking the islanders he made an alliance with
by Demaratus (vi. 61, 6+), and on the deposition them. Croesus next turned his arms against the
of the latter, and the appointment of Leotychides peoples of Asia Minor west of the river Halys,
to the throne (vi. 65, 66), Cleomenes again went all of whom he subdued except the Lycians and
to Aegina with his new colleague, and, having Cilicians.
