_ The μυττωτὸς and
περίκομμα
of Aristophanes.
Satires
"
"While Jove's own eagle, bird of noble blood,
Scours the wide champaign for untainted food,
Bears the swift hare, or swifter fawn away,
And feeds her nestlings with the generous prey. " Gifford.
[957] _Caietæ_, now "Mola di Gaeta," called from Æneas's nurse. Virg. ,
Æn. , vii. , 1, "Tu quoque littoribus nostris, Æneia nutrix, Æternam
moriens famam Caieta dedisti. Et nunc servat honos sedem tuus. "
[958] _Tibur_, now "Tivoli," on the Anio, built on a steep acclivity.
Hence "supinum," Hor. , iii. , Od. iv. , 23. Cf. iii. , 192, "aut proni
Tiburis arce. "
[959] _Præneste_, now "Palestrina," said to have been founded by
Cæculus, son of Vulcan. Vid. Virg. , Æn. , vii. , 678.
[960] _Græcis. _ Cf. Stat. Sylv. , III. , i. , 5, "Sed nitidos postes
Graiisque effulta metallis culmina. " The _green_ marble of Tænarus was
very highly prized. Vid. Plin. , H. N. xxxvi. , 7. Prop. , III. , ii. ,
9, "Quod non Tænariis domus est mihi fulta columnis. " Tibull. , III. ,
iii. , 13, "Quidve domus prodest Phrygiis innixa columnis, Tænare sive
tuis, sive Caryste tuis. " Among other foreign marbles, Pliny mentions
the Egyptian, Naxian, Armenian, Parian, Chian, Sicyonian, Synnadic,
Numidian. Augustus introduced the use of marble in public buildings,
and many edifices of his time were constructed of solid marble. All
the columns of the temple of Mars Ultor are of marble. (Vid. Niebuhr's
Lectures, vol. iii. , p. 299. Sat. xi. , 182, "Longis Numidarum fulta
columnis. " Hor. , ii. , Od. xviii. , 4, "Columnas ultimâ recisas Africâ. "
Lucian, Hipp. , p. 507, ed. Bened. ) But the more general use of it
did not begin till the reign of Nero, when Greek architecture became
prevalent.
[961] _Fortunæ. _ The temple of Fortune at Præneste was erected by
Augustus. Hence she was called Dea Prænestina, and the oracles
delivered there "Sortes Prænestinæ. " Suet. , Tib. , 63. Propert. , II. ,
xxxii. , 3. Cf. Ov. , Fast. , vi. , 62. (From Stat. Sylv. , I. , iii. , 80,
"Quod ni templa darent alias Tirynthia sortes, et Prænestinæ poterant
migrare Sorores," it appears that at Præneste, as at Antium, there were
two Fortunes worshiped as sister-goddesses. Cf. Suet. , Calig. , 57.
Mart. , v. , Ep. i. , 3. Orell. ad Hor. , i. , Od. xxxv. , 1. ) The temple
of Hercules at Tibur was built by Marcius Philippus, step-father of
Augustus. Cf. Suet. , Aug. , 29. Prop. , II. , xxxii. , 5.
[962] _Posides. _ Vid. Suet. , Claud. , 28, "Libertorum præcipuè suspexit
Posiden spadonem quem etiam, Britannico triumpho, inter militares viros
hastâ purâ donavit. " Like Claudius' other freedmen, he amassed immense
wealth.
[963] _Verpos. _ Some of the commentators waste a great amount of zeal,
and no little knowledge, to show us that these lines prove Juvenal to
have been in utter ignorance of the Mosaic law. I presume Juvenal means
to tell us _what the Jews did_, not what the Jewish law _taught_; which
had they followed, they would not have been in Rome for Juvenal to
write about. These lines, in fact, instead of contradicting Josephus,
_confirm_ his account of the state of his countrymen, and are another
valuable testimony to prove that they "_had_ made the word of God of
none effect through their traditions. " What should we say of Messrs.
Johnson, Malone, and Steevens, were they to gravely demonstrate that
Shakspeare wrote in _ignorance of the tenets of Judaism_ when he
introduces Shylock coveting Signor Antonio's "pound of flesh? "
[964] _Septima. _ Cf. Tac. , His. , v. , 4, "Septimo die otium placuisse
ferunt; quia is finem laborum tulerit; dein blandiente inertiâ,
septimum quoque annum ignaviæ datum. "
[965] _Specie. _ Hor. , A. P. , 25, "Decipimur specie recti. " Pers. , v. ,
105, "Et veri speciem dignoscere calles. "
"For this grave vice, assuming Virtue's guise,
Seems Virtue's self to superficial eyes. " Gifford.
[966] _Frugi. _ Hor. , i. , Sat. iii. , 49, "Parcius hic vivit, frugi
dicatur. "
[967] _Tutela. _ Hor. , A. P. , 169, "Vel quod Quærit, et inventis miser
abstinet ac timet uti," and l. 325-333.
[968] _Hesperidum. _ Vid. Ov. , Met. , iv. , 627, _seq. _ Virg. , Æn. , iv. ,
480, _seq. _ Athen. , iii. , p. 82, ed. Dindorf.
[969] _Artificem. _
"And reasoning from the fortune he has made,
Hail him a perfect master of his trade. " Gifford.
[970] _Animi. _ Hor. , i. , Ep. xv. , 45, "Vos sapere et solos aio bene
vivere quorum Conspicitur nitidis fundata pecunia villis. "
[971] _Elementa. _
"Vice boasts its elements, like other arts:
These he inculcates first; anon imparts
The petty tricks of saving: last inspires
Of endless wealth th' insatiable desires. " Gifford.
[972] _Servorum. _ Juvenal had evidently Theophrastus' αἰσχροκερδὴς
in his eye: τὰ δὲ καταλειπόμενα ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης ἡμίση τῶν ῥαφανίδων
ἀπογράφεσθαι, ἵνα οἱ διακονοῦντες παῖδες μὴ λάβωσι.
[973] _Modio iniquo. _ Cf. Theophr. , Char. , 80 (π. αίσχροκερδ. ),
φειδωνίῳ μέτρῳ τὸν πύνδακα ἐγκεκρουσμένῳ μετρεῖν αὐτὸς τοῖς ἔνδον τὰ
ἐπιτήδεια σφόδρα ἀποψῶν.
[974] _Mucida. _ v. , 68, "Solidæ jam mucida frusta farinæ. "
[975] _Septembri. _ The hottest and most unhealthy month in Rome. Cf.
vi. , 517. Hor. , i. , Ep. xvi. , 16.
[976] _Minutal.
_ The μυττωτὸς and περίκομμα of Aristophanes. Martial
describes one, lib. xi. , Ep. xxxi. Cf. Apic, iv. , 3.
[977] _Hesternum. _ So Θοίνην ἕωλον. Athen. , vii. , 2. Mart. , i. , Ep.
civ. , 7, "Deque decem plures semper servantur olivæ, explicat et cœnas
unica mensa duas. "
[978] _Conchem. _ iii. , 293, "Cujus conche tumes. "
[979] _Lacerti. _ Mart. , x. , Ep. 48, "Secta coronabunt rutatos ova
lacertos. " xii. , Ep. 19. Celsus, ii. , 18, mentions the Lacertus among
the fish "ex quibus salsamenta fiunt, et quorum cibus gravissimus est. "
The _Silurus_ was a common and coarse Egyptian fish, sent over salted
to Rome. Cf. iv. , 33.
[980] _Porri. _ iii. , 294, "Quis tecum sectile porrum. " Cf. Plin. , H. N. ,
xix. , 6.
[981] _Ponte. _ Cf. iv. , 116, "Cæcus adulator dirusque a ponte
satelles. " v. , 8, "Nulla crepido vacat? nusquam pons et tegetis pars
dimidia brevior? " Mart. , x. , Ep. v. , 3, "Erret per urbem pontis exsul
et clivi, interque raucos ultimus rogatores oret caninas panis improbi
buccas. " Ovid, Ibis, 420, "Quique tenent pontem. "
[982] _Phrenesis. _ Hor. , ii. , Sat. iii. , 82, "Danda est Hellebori multo
pars maxima avaris: Nescio an Anticyram ratio illis destinet omnem. "
So Cicero, de Senec. , 65, "Avaritia vero senilis quid sibi velit, non
intelligo: potest enim esse quidquam absurdius, quam quo minus viæ
restat eò plus viatici quærere? "
[983] _Crescit. _ So Ovid, Fast. , i. , 211, "Creverunt et opes, et opum
furiosa cupido et cum possideant plurima plura volunt. Quærere ut
absumant, absumta requirere certant: atque ipsæ vitiis sunt alimenta
vices. "
[984] _Proferre. _ Liv. , i. , 33. Virg. , Æn. , vi. , 796. Hor. , ii. , Od.
xviii. , 17. ii. , Sat. vi. , 8, "O si angulus ille proximus accedat qui
nunc denormat agellum. "
[985] _Novalia. _ Put here for the crops on any good land. Plin. , H.
N. , xviii. , 19, "Novale est quod alternis annis seritur. " Cf. Virg. ,
Georg. , i. , 71, "Alternis idem tonsas cessare novales et segnem patiere
situ durescere campum," with Martyn's note. Varro, de L. L. , iv. , 4,
"Ager restibilis, qui restituitur ac reseritur quotquot annis; Contrà
qui intermittitur, à novando novalis est ager. " It means properly land
recently cleared. "Ager novus cui nunc primum immissum est aratrum
(_virgin soil_), cum antea aut sylva esset, aut terra nunquam proscissa
et culta in segetem. " Facc. Then it is used for any cultivated land.
Virg. , Ecl. , i. , 71. Stat. , Theb. , iii. , 644, 5.
[986] _Sævos. _ So Hor. , ii. , Sat. vii. , 5, "Quæ prima _iratum ventrem_
placaverit esca. "
"Turn in by night thy cattle, starved and lean,
Amid his growing crops of waving green;
Nor lead them forth till all the field be bare,
As if a thousand sickles had been there. " Badham.
[987] _Quid nocet hoc? _ Cf. i. , 48, "Quid enim salvis infamia nummis! "
Hor. , i. , Sat. i. , 63, "Ut quidam memoratur Athenis, Sordidus ac dives
populi contemnere voces sic solitus: Populus me sibilat, at mihi plaudo
Ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in arcâ. "
[988] _Vicinia. _ Hor. , ii. , Sat. v. , 106, "Egregiè factum laudet
vicinia. "
[989] _Morbis. _ Cf. Hor. , i. , Sat. i. , 80, "At si condoluit tentatum
frigore corpus, aut alius casus lecto te affixit; habes qui assideat,
fomenta paret, medicum roget ut te suscitet ac reddat natis carisque
propinquis. "
"What! canst thou thus bid mortal sickness cease?
Thus from life's lightest cares compel release?
Though twenty plowshares turn thy vast domain,
Shalt thou live longer unchastised by pain? " Badham.
[990] _Jugera bina. _ Liv. , vi. , 16, "Satricum coloniam deduci jussit;
bina jugera et semisses agri assignati. " c. , 36, "Auderentne postulare,
ut quum bina jugera agri plebi dividerentur, ipsis plus quingenta
jugera habere liceret? " The colonists sent to occupy the conquered
country received, as their allotment of the land taken from the enemy,
two acres apiece. The jugerum was nearly five eighths of an English
acre, i. e. , 2 roods, 19 perches, and a fraction. The semissis is the
same as the actus quadratus. Cf. Varro, R. R. , i. , 10. Plin. , H. N. ,
xviii. , 2.
[991] _Vernula. _ Cf. x. , 117, "Quem sequitur custos angustæ vernula
capsæ. " The verna (οἰκοτραφὴς) was so called, "qui in villis _vere
natus_, quod tempus duce natura feturæ est. " Fest. Others say that it
became a term of reproach from having been first given to those who
were born in the Ver Sacrum. Cf. Fest, _s. v. _ Mamertini. Strabo, v. ,
p. 404. Liv. , xxxiv. , 44. Just. , xxiv. , 4. These home-born slaves,
though more despised from having been born in a state of servitude,
were treated with great fondness and indulgence. Sen. , Prov. , i. , f. ,
"Cogita filiorum nos modestia delèctari, vernularum licentia: illos
tristiori disciplinâ contineri; horum ali audaciam. "
[992] _Domini. _ Cf. Plaut. , Capt.
"While Jove's own eagle, bird of noble blood,
Scours the wide champaign for untainted food,
Bears the swift hare, or swifter fawn away,
And feeds her nestlings with the generous prey. " Gifford.
[957] _Caietæ_, now "Mola di Gaeta," called from Æneas's nurse. Virg. ,
Æn. , vii. , 1, "Tu quoque littoribus nostris, Æneia nutrix, Æternam
moriens famam Caieta dedisti. Et nunc servat honos sedem tuus. "
[958] _Tibur_, now "Tivoli," on the Anio, built on a steep acclivity.
Hence "supinum," Hor. , iii. , Od. iv. , 23. Cf. iii. , 192, "aut proni
Tiburis arce. "
[959] _Præneste_, now "Palestrina," said to have been founded by
Cæculus, son of Vulcan. Vid. Virg. , Æn. , vii. , 678.
[960] _Græcis. _ Cf. Stat. Sylv. , III. , i. , 5, "Sed nitidos postes
Graiisque effulta metallis culmina. " The _green_ marble of Tænarus was
very highly prized. Vid. Plin. , H. N. xxxvi. , 7. Prop. , III. , ii. ,
9, "Quod non Tænariis domus est mihi fulta columnis. " Tibull. , III. ,
iii. , 13, "Quidve domus prodest Phrygiis innixa columnis, Tænare sive
tuis, sive Caryste tuis. " Among other foreign marbles, Pliny mentions
the Egyptian, Naxian, Armenian, Parian, Chian, Sicyonian, Synnadic,
Numidian. Augustus introduced the use of marble in public buildings,
and many edifices of his time were constructed of solid marble. All
the columns of the temple of Mars Ultor are of marble. (Vid. Niebuhr's
Lectures, vol. iii. , p. 299. Sat. xi. , 182, "Longis Numidarum fulta
columnis. " Hor. , ii. , Od. xviii. , 4, "Columnas ultimâ recisas Africâ. "
Lucian, Hipp. , p. 507, ed. Bened. ) But the more general use of it
did not begin till the reign of Nero, when Greek architecture became
prevalent.
[961] _Fortunæ. _ The temple of Fortune at Præneste was erected by
Augustus. Hence she was called Dea Prænestina, and the oracles
delivered there "Sortes Prænestinæ. " Suet. , Tib. , 63. Propert. , II. ,
xxxii. , 3. Cf. Ov. , Fast. , vi. , 62. (From Stat. Sylv. , I. , iii. , 80,
"Quod ni templa darent alias Tirynthia sortes, et Prænestinæ poterant
migrare Sorores," it appears that at Præneste, as at Antium, there were
two Fortunes worshiped as sister-goddesses. Cf. Suet. , Calig. , 57.
Mart. , v. , Ep. i. , 3. Orell. ad Hor. , i. , Od. xxxv. , 1. ) The temple
of Hercules at Tibur was built by Marcius Philippus, step-father of
Augustus. Cf. Suet. , Aug. , 29. Prop. , II. , xxxii. , 5.
[962] _Posides. _ Vid. Suet. , Claud. , 28, "Libertorum præcipuè suspexit
Posiden spadonem quem etiam, Britannico triumpho, inter militares viros
hastâ purâ donavit. " Like Claudius' other freedmen, he amassed immense
wealth.
[963] _Verpos. _ Some of the commentators waste a great amount of zeal,
and no little knowledge, to show us that these lines prove Juvenal to
have been in utter ignorance of the Mosaic law. I presume Juvenal means
to tell us _what the Jews did_, not what the Jewish law _taught_; which
had they followed, they would not have been in Rome for Juvenal to
write about. These lines, in fact, instead of contradicting Josephus,
_confirm_ his account of the state of his countrymen, and are another
valuable testimony to prove that they "_had_ made the word of God of
none effect through their traditions. " What should we say of Messrs.
Johnson, Malone, and Steevens, were they to gravely demonstrate that
Shakspeare wrote in _ignorance of the tenets of Judaism_ when he
introduces Shylock coveting Signor Antonio's "pound of flesh? "
[964] _Septima. _ Cf. Tac. , His. , v. , 4, "Septimo die otium placuisse
ferunt; quia is finem laborum tulerit; dein blandiente inertiâ,
septimum quoque annum ignaviæ datum. "
[965] _Specie. _ Hor. , A. P. , 25, "Decipimur specie recti. " Pers. , v. ,
105, "Et veri speciem dignoscere calles. "
"For this grave vice, assuming Virtue's guise,
Seems Virtue's self to superficial eyes. " Gifford.
[966] _Frugi. _ Hor. , i. , Sat. iii. , 49, "Parcius hic vivit, frugi
dicatur. "
[967] _Tutela. _ Hor. , A. P. , 169, "Vel quod Quærit, et inventis miser
abstinet ac timet uti," and l. 325-333.
[968] _Hesperidum. _ Vid. Ov. , Met. , iv. , 627, _seq. _ Virg. , Æn. , iv. ,
480, _seq. _ Athen. , iii. , p. 82, ed. Dindorf.
[969] _Artificem. _
"And reasoning from the fortune he has made,
Hail him a perfect master of his trade. " Gifford.
[970] _Animi. _ Hor. , i. , Ep. xv. , 45, "Vos sapere et solos aio bene
vivere quorum Conspicitur nitidis fundata pecunia villis. "
[971] _Elementa. _
"Vice boasts its elements, like other arts:
These he inculcates first; anon imparts
The petty tricks of saving: last inspires
Of endless wealth th' insatiable desires. " Gifford.
[972] _Servorum. _ Juvenal had evidently Theophrastus' αἰσχροκερδὴς
in his eye: τὰ δὲ καταλειπόμενα ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης ἡμίση τῶν ῥαφανίδων
ἀπογράφεσθαι, ἵνα οἱ διακονοῦντες παῖδες μὴ λάβωσι.
[973] _Modio iniquo. _ Cf. Theophr. , Char. , 80 (π. αίσχροκερδ. ),
φειδωνίῳ μέτρῳ τὸν πύνδακα ἐγκεκρουσμένῳ μετρεῖν αὐτὸς τοῖς ἔνδον τὰ
ἐπιτήδεια σφόδρα ἀποψῶν.
[974] _Mucida. _ v. , 68, "Solidæ jam mucida frusta farinæ. "
[975] _Septembri. _ The hottest and most unhealthy month in Rome. Cf.
vi. , 517. Hor. , i. , Ep. xvi. , 16.
[976] _Minutal.
_ The μυττωτὸς and περίκομμα of Aristophanes. Martial
describes one, lib. xi. , Ep. xxxi. Cf. Apic, iv. , 3.
[977] _Hesternum. _ So Θοίνην ἕωλον. Athen. , vii. , 2. Mart. , i. , Ep.
civ. , 7, "Deque decem plures semper servantur olivæ, explicat et cœnas
unica mensa duas. "
[978] _Conchem. _ iii. , 293, "Cujus conche tumes. "
[979] _Lacerti. _ Mart. , x. , Ep. 48, "Secta coronabunt rutatos ova
lacertos. " xii. , Ep. 19. Celsus, ii. , 18, mentions the Lacertus among
the fish "ex quibus salsamenta fiunt, et quorum cibus gravissimus est. "
The _Silurus_ was a common and coarse Egyptian fish, sent over salted
to Rome. Cf. iv. , 33.
[980] _Porri. _ iii. , 294, "Quis tecum sectile porrum. " Cf. Plin. , H. N. ,
xix. , 6.
[981] _Ponte. _ Cf. iv. , 116, "Cæcus adulator dirusque a ponte
satelles. " v. , 8, "Nulla crepido vacat? nusquam pons et tegetis pars
dimidia brevior? " Mart. , x. , Ep. v. , 3, "Erret per urbem pontis exsul
et clivi, interque raucos ultimus rogatores oret caninas panis improbi
buccas. " Ovid, Ibis, 420, "Quique tenent pontem. "
[982] _Phrenesis. _ Hor. , ii. , Sat. iii. , 82, "Danda est Hellebori multo
pars maxima avaris: Nescio an Anticyram ratio illis destinet omnem. "
So Cicero, de Senec. , 65, "Avaritia vero senilis quid sibi velit, non
intelligo: potest enim esse quidquam absurdius, quam quo minus viæ
restat eò plus viatici quærere? "
[983] _Crescit. _ So Ovid, Fast. , i. , 211, "Creverunt et opes, et opum
furiosa cupido et cum possideant plurima plura volunt. Quærere ut
absumant, absumta requirere certant: atque ipsæ vitiis sunt alimenta
vices. "
[984] _Proferre. _ Liv. , i. , 33. Virg. , Æn. , vi. , 796. Hor. , ii. , Od.
xviii. , 17. ii. , Sat. vi. , 8, "O si angulus ille proximus accedat qui
nunc denormat agellum. "
[985] _Novalia. _ Put here for the crops on any good land. Plin. , H.
N. , xviii. , 19, "Novale est quod alternis annis seritur. " Cf. Virg. ,
Georg. , i. , 71, "Alternis idem tonsas cessare novales et segnem patiere
situ durescere campum," with Martyn's note. Varro, de L. L. , iv. , 4,
"Ager restibilis, qui restituitur ac reseritur quotquot annis; Contrà
qui intermittitur, à novando novalis est ager. " It means properly land
recently cleared. "Ager novus cui nunc primum immissum est aratrum
(_virgin soil_), cum antea aut sylva esset, aut terra nunquam proscissa
et culta in segetem. " Facc. Then it is used for any cultivated land.
Virg. , Ecl. , i. , 71. Stat. , Theb. , iii. , 644, 5.
[986] _Sævos. _ So Hor. , ii. , Sat. vii. , 5, "Quæ prima _iratum ventrem_
placaverit esca. "
"Turn in by night thy cattle, starved and lean,
Amid his growing crops of waving green;
Nor lead them forth till all the field be bare,
As if a thousand sickles had been there. " Badham.
[987] _Quid nocet hoc? _ Cf. i. , 48, "Quid enim salvis infamia nummis! "
Hor. , i. , Sat. i. , 63, "Ut quidam memoratur Athenis, Sordidus ac dives
populi contemnere voces sic solitus: Populus me sibilat, at mihi plaudo
Ipse domi, simul ac nummos contemplor in arcâ. "
[988] _Vicinia. _ Hor. , ii. , Sat. v. , 106, "Egregiè factum laudet
vicinia. "
[989] _Morbis. _ Cf. Hor. , i. , Sat. i. , 80, "At si condoluit tentatum
frigore corpus, aut alius casus lecto te affixit; habes qui assideat,
fomenta paret, medicum roget ut te suscitet ac reddat natis carisque
propinquis. "
"What! canst thou thus bid mortal sickness cease?
Thus from life's lightest cares compel release?
Though twenty plowshares turn thy vast domain,
Shalt thou live longer unchastised by pain? " Badham.
[990] _Jugera bina. _ Liv. , vi. , 16, "Satricum coloniam deduci jussit;
bina jugera et semisses agri assignati. " c. , 36, "Auderentne postulare,
ut quum bina jugera agri plebi dividerentur, ipsis plus quingenta
jugera habere liceret? " The colonists sent to occupy the conquered
country received, as their allotment of the land taken from the enemy,
two acres apiece. The jugerum was nearly five eighths of an English
acre, i. e. , 2 roods, 19 perches, and a fraction. The semissis is the
same as the actus quadratus. Cf. Varro, R. R. , i. , 10. Plin. , H. N. ,
xviii. , 2.
[991] _Vernula. _ Cf. x. , 117, "Quem sequitur custos angustæ vernula
capsæ. " The verna (οἰκοτραφὴς) was so called, "qui in villis _vere
natus_, quod tempus duce natura feturæ est. " Fest. Others say that it
became a term of reproach from having been first given to those who
were born in the Ver Sacrum. Cf. Fest, _s. v. _ Mamertini. Strabo, v. ,
p. 404. Liv. , xxxiv. , 44. Just. , xxiv. , 4. These home-born slaves,
though more despised from having been born in a state of servitude,
were treated with great fondness and indulgence. Sen. , Prov. , i. , f. ,
"Cogita filiorum nos modestia delèctari, vernularum licentia: illos
tristiori disciplinâ contineri; horum ali audaciam. "
[992] _Domini. _ Cf. Plaut. , Capt.
