No More Learning

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>
never be brought against him: that the manner of his versifications
was frivolous or that their bulk was insignificant.
Sir Richard Blackmore, though his exact birth year does not
seem to be known, took his M. A. degree at Oxford in 1676, and,
therefore-at the very earliest age of matriculation likely, even at
that time—must have been born nearer 1650 than 1660; so that he
may have been ten years older than Sir Samuel Garth, who was
born in 1661, and can hardly have been much less than twenty the
senior of Isaac Watts, the date of whose birth was 1674. But the
order of their poetical merit must, on almost any conceivable
system of criticism, be reversed.
Very few people, it may be suspected, are nowadays in a
position to give offhand any opinion based on knowledge of
Watts's actual quality as a poet. Watts's Hymns' (as Divine
Songs for Children and Moral Songs are commonly, but in-
correctly, called) early excluded his other work from notice, in
accordance with the curious doom which literary reputations
often have to undergo: and, while they themselves are probably
little known now, their old familiarity has left behind it a sort of
good humoured contempt to rest on the sluggard, and the little
busy bee and the everlastingly misquoted 'Let dogs delight. '
But, though there are some very pretty things among these
faded immortelles, and though Watts's quite exceptional command
of flexible and original metre is often shown in them, they are by
no means the only or the chief poetical documents of his pro-
ductivity. Whether against them, as against nearly all Watts's
work, Johnson's wellknown objection to sacred poetry will lie, must
be left to individual opinion. It might, perhaps, be argued, without
much danger of refutation, that the paucity of successes ought to
be set against the extravagant multitude of attempts by quite un-
qualified hands, and that the existence of any successes at all-
hardly to be denied in the face of a chain of verse from Dies Irae
to not a few of Christina Rossetti's pieces—bars too sweeping a
condemnation. Undoubtedly, the bulk, if not the whole body, of
Watts's Horae Lyricae comes under the censure, whether it be
just or unjust. Too much of this collection is in the perilous form
of 'pindaric,' and too much of this, again, succumbs to the special
dangers of turgidity and frigidity which beset that form. For strictly
impertinent and hopelessly disproportionate bombast, Watts’s
Elegy on Mr Thomas Gouge, which Southey has justly ridiculed,
is hardly outstripped by anything in the English language. Yet,
even here, amid the bombast and the bathos, occur phrases, and


## p. 179 (#203) ############################################

Isaac Watts. Sir Samuel Garth 179
a
6
a
even passages, which, by themselves, dissociated from their
subject, are unquestionable poetry.
Elsewhere, the faults are less and the merits more continuous.
The sapphics ‘When the fierce north wind with his airy forces,'
like nearly all English attempts at the metre before the last half
century, balance and pivot the rhythm wrongly; but there is, at
least, something grandiose about them, and, like Watts's other
things, they show a healthy reaction against the chilling uniformity
of the couplet. Watts was one of the earliest to try blank verse;
and few will think his essays without rhyme,' as he himself called
them, an item on the wrong side of his account. He was sometimes
very happy in the dangerous ‘short measure'-the old ‘poulters’
measure' split into four; and, in whatever form he writes, we shall
not accompany him far without (though, perhaps, in a rather different
sense) agreeing with Johnson himself that ‘his ear was well tuned
and his diction elegant and copious. ' Inferior as he may be to
Collins, he shows the same combat of time and man: while the
time is even more against him. And one cannot help speculating
on what he might have done if his floruit had coincided, not with
the junction of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries but with
that of the eighteenth and nineteenth.
There need be no such speculation in considering the cheerful,
craftsmanlike and, on its own schemes, almost fully adequate,
verse of Garth—during the whole of his life, it would seem, a
'prosperous gentleman,' in the full meaning of both adjective and
noun, though, perhaps, a little unlucky after his death. For Pope's
wellknown compliment of his being the best good Christian
without knowing it'shows the risk of having an epigrammatist for
a friend. His few minor pieces, Claremont, a poem of a place in
the Cooper's Hill style, some prologues, epilogues, dedications,
Kit-cat glass-pieces, and so forth, are well enough, but unimportant.
The Dispensary, Garth’s magnum opus (or opusculum majus)
obtains for him the description above awarded to his muse. It is
a burlesque, not so much in the manner of Macflecknoe (to which
Garth could not rise) as in the manner of Boileau's Lutrin; and its
subject is a quarrel between members of the college of physicians
about the supply of medicines to a dispensary established some years
before. The poem was very popular, and was frequently reprinted
during the author's life, always in a revised and enlarged form; the
alterations, as is not always the case, being, almost invariably, im-
provements. Like all pieces of the kind, it requires, perhaps, on the
i See vol. 1, chap. vii, post.
1242


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part of posterity, a rather trying effort to understand its personal and
temporal allusions, situations and parodies. But, even as supply-
ing a sidelight on the ways of so exceptionally interesting a time as
that of William III and Anne may surely be called, it is valuable.
To the student of English literature and English poetry, however,
it has a far more cogent appeal. It represents, as a sort of practical
Ars Poetica or object lesson, the stage between Dryden and Pope,
and, without exaggeration, may be said to be the first draft-and
not a very rough first draft—of the couplet versification and the
poetic diction which were to dominate the whole eighteenth
century. There was nothing in Garth even distantly approaching
the genius of Dryden or the genius of Pope; but he had learnt from
Dryden all that Dryden could teach to a younger contemporary of
more than ordinary talent, and he anticipated Pope in most things
that did not require Pope's special gifts. The smooth running
couplets with a clinching stamp at the close; the well marked
pause in the centre of each line; the balanced epithets in the
respective halves, sometimes achieving epigram, but too frequently
tempting to‘pad'-all these things appear. And, in some passages,
such as Horoscope's flight to Teneriffe and the descent of Hygeia
to the shades, the method is shown almost within reach of its best,
though its defects, too, already appear.
There is, thus, no need of the courage or the callousness of a
'Swiss of Heaven' in making out a case for Watts or for Garth;
but what shall be said of Blackmore? The present writer has read
a great deal of Blackmore at different times, has recently re-read
some and believes that his knowledge, if not exhaustive, is, at least,
adequate. So far as it goes (and it extends even to Eliza, in part),
it certainly does not support Johnson's contention that Blackmore
has been exposed to worse treatment than he deserved; nor does it
-and, on this head, it is pretty complete-enable him to accept the
other dictum that Creation, if the poet had written nothing else,
would have transmitted him to posterity among the first favourites
of the English muse. Dismiss (most readers will not have much
difficulty in doing so) all thoughts of Arthur ('Prince' and 'King'),
Eliza, Alfred and the rest; allow nothing on the score that Black-
more's diploma-piece, which the respectable Mr Molyneux and the
great Mr Locke esteemed highly, consists of verses like
He spread the airy ocean without shores
Where birds are wafted by their feathered oars;
let Creation, which is easily accessible, count alone, with no bias,
for or against it, from the fact that the praises of Addison and


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Blackmore. The Spectator Division
181
Johnson, if not those of Molyneux and Locke, were evidently
secured by its decent orthodoxy—and in this work will be noticed
an absence of the positive absurdities with which Blackmore's other
poems abound; so that it will seem as if there were some foundation
for the curious story that Blackmore submitted the piece to a club
of wits, surely more complacent and more patient than wits usually
are, who corrected it almost line by line. It displays some argu-
mentative power : and the verse is not entirely devoid of vigour.
But the whole is a flat expanse of bare didactic; while its constant
attempt to cope directly with Lucretius adds exasperation to the
disappointed expectance of something even distantly approaching
the furor arduus of the enemy. The conclusion is that one must
alter Johnson's final verdict slightly. He says that 'whoever judges
of this by any other of Blackmore's performances will do it injury. '
We should say that, in order to enjoy or endure Creation, at least
one, and, if possible, more, of Blackmore's other performances
ought to have been mastered. The reader would then, at least,
feel how much worse Creation might have been.
Among the remaining verse-writers, a convenient sub-section
may be formed of those who belong more particularly to what
may be called the Spectator division-not that they were in all
cases contributors to that periodical, though some were—the two
Philipses, Edmund (or 'Rag') Smith, William Broome, Elijah
Fenton, John Hughes and Laurence Eusden? All these were in,
more or less, close connection with Addison, or Pope, or both; while,
to them, we may add, though they were outliers in this respect,
Joseph Trapp, who was born nearly as far back in the seventeenth
century as Addison, and much earlier than Pope, outlived even
the latter, and nearly reached the middle of the eighteenth ;
together with Henry Brooke, author of The Fool of Quality, who
was a poet before he was a novelist, and David Mallet, who,
to one doubtful, adds another certain, claim for something more
than catalogue rank. It is in this group that we reach what
we may call full eighteenth century character, with little or nothing
of the last age' in them. Yet it is most noticeable, and to be
missed only at the risk of missing, with it, the continuity of English
verse, that, in them, we find two notes of the future which, in some
degree, recall that last age itself. John Philips, long before
.
Thomson, and with hardly any predecessors except Roscommon,
reintroduced blank verse, the very Trojan horse of the citadel
1 As to Tickell see ante, pp. 170^-3.


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of the couplet. Ambrose Philips, ‘Namby-Pamby'—the poet of
society verse far below Prior, of pastorals pastoralised to the most
artificial-trivial extent possible, of pale translations and second-
hand things in various rococo styles—introduces a second fatalis
machina, a machine more fatal than the former, in the shape of
the three volumes of Ballads published in 1723. And Mallet, in
William and Margaret, gives the first remarkable and influential
example of that ballad pastiche which has been disdained or
abused for a century past, but which, perhaps, was very much
more effective as a shoe-horn to draw on the romantic revival than,
to that age, would have been the genuine antiquities themselves.
John Philips, almost exactly a contemporary of Ambrose so
far as birth went, was an Oxford man of the Christ Church
set noteworthy at the junction of the centuries, and a tory;
while Ambrose was of St John's college, Cambridge, and a whig.
Although there does not seem to have been any personal enmity
between John Philips and Addison-indeed they had a common
intimacy through ‘Rag' Smith, and Addison praised The Splendid
Shilling highly-Philips, rather unluckily for himself, was chosen
to be pitted against Addison in celebrating Blenheim. The
burlesque of Milton in The Splendid Shilling is good humoured,
not in the least offensive, amusing and by no means critically
unjust; while the credit of the serious blank verse of Cyder (for
John Philips was the first wellknown writer after Milton to make
this metre his chief vehicle) need not depend on the certificate
received by Johnson from the great gardener and botanist’ Miller,
to the effect that there was more truth in it than in many prose
treatises on the same subject. Blenheim is that most terrible of
failures, an unconscious burlesque. But it must be remembered,
in Philips's excuse, first, that Milton's description of the battles
in Heaven is not exactly the finest art of Paradise Lost and,
secondly, that‘Rag' Smith’s regret at its not having been written in
Latin means more than it directly conveys. Undoubtedly, Philips
thought, the poem more in the way of a prize composition in a
learned language than as anything original and vernacular; and,
had he written it thus, it would probably, to retort and enlarge
Macaulay's sneering comparison, have been quite as good as most
of Silius Italicus, and perhaps not so very much worse than parts
of Lucan. As it is, the other two poems set men on the recovery
of one of the greatest instruments of English versification; and, if
he was the author of the 'Bacchanalian song' printed with them,
1 As to Ambrose Philips, see ante, pp. 165–6.
6


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6
Fenton. Broome. Edmund Smith 183
he gave some hints to the latest, and almost the best, of our
practitioners in that cheerful kind—Thomas Love Peacock.
Why Pope, in commiserating his own 'ten whole years' of
collaborative translation, should have been more unkind to William
Broome than to Elijah Fenton, when both were his collaborators,
has not, I believe, been discovered: for jealousy of superior scholar-
ship, the commonly imputed cause, would have applied to both.
Possibly there is no other reason than that one presents a convenient,
the other a very unlikely, rime. There is, indeed, said to have been
a contrast in temper-Broome being rough, in that respect, and
Fenton easy-going. But, what might hardly have been expected,
even had both been of amiable dispositions, the pair of lieutenants
were perfectly good friends. It is curious that both of them
attempted blank verse translations of Homer, though the only
permanent fame that either was to achieve was as coadjutors in
Pope's couplet-manufactory, and as 'hands' so skilled' that,
from the first, it was difficult to isolate the work of any of the
three by mere reading. Except for this connection with Pope and
for this early demonstration of the fatal facility of, at least, part
of his method, neither deserves much notice here. Both 'pindar-
ised'; both, in their lighter moods, tried the licensed levities of
octosyllabic tale and of lyric, more or less prim or arch. Both,
but especially Broome, exhibit, in their blank verse, that fatal
tendency to stiff and stopped central pauses which was to reach
its height in Glover. Johnson perceived, though admitting that
he could not define, a peculiarity in Fenton's versification ; but
the present writer, though somewhat to this manner used, has
neither discovered the secret-nor, indeed, the fact.
Edmund or 'Rag' Smith and John Hughes were both friends
of Addison. The first, whose Phaedra and Hippolitus bears about
the same relation to Phèdre as Philips's Distressed Mother does to
Andromaque, was a typical example of the ne'er-do-well scholar.
His work has smuggled itself into The British Poets ; but the
assistance of his friends and the long suffering of his college could
not profit him, and his loose living carried him off before he
experienced actual want. He must have had real humour-his
Latin analysis of Pocock is one of the best things of the kind;
and Addison's reply to his objection “What am I to do with Lord
Sunderland ? ' (Smith being asked to write a whig History of the
Revolution) When were you drunk last, Rag? ' is singularly defective
in moral logic. The absurd panegyric of Oldisworth (in his memoir
of Smith), cited by Johnson, ought not to be reckoned against wits


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7
which everyone seems to have acknowledged. But he has left us
hardly any material for deciding whether he could have been a
poet had he chosen. John Hughes put in more documents. That
he edited, and showed some, though no complete, appreciation of
Spenser, does not bring him within our range, but near it. It is
noteworthy that Addison actually thought of him as a collaborator in
Cato; and his own selection of the subject of his Siege of Damascus
from so unusual a quarter as the early history of Islam argues
a really poetical taste! Nor is it absolutely necessary to accept
Swift's decision that Hughes was among the mediocrists,' and
Pope's that he wanted genius. ' They were not altogether in the
wrong; but this chapter is a chapter of 'mediocrists,' and there
are things in Hughes's verse which neither Pope nor Swift was
very well qualified to recognise. The contents' of it would read
not unlike those of Broome's and Fenton's; but the quality is
sometimes superior. He seems to have been a special admirer
and follower of Dryden's lyrical work, which he was even unwise
enough sometimes to refashion, and he has succeeded in catching
something, if not much, of that touch of the older magic which
Dryden's lyre could give forth.
The members of a trio also named above, if not exactly great
in themselves, belong to gentes paullo majores in poetry. Joseph
Trapp was not only the first professor of poetry at Oxford, and,
thus, possibly, the first professor of English literature in England,
as well as the author of discourses on the subject which have solid
critical merit; but he was a practical craftsman, if not exactly
an artist in verses, and the author of one member of a most
famous pair of epigrams ; concerning which it is, perhaps, not
improper to remark that, as he was actually incorporated at
Cambridge, mere inter-university jealousy could have nothing to
do with the matter. The eccentric author of The Fool of Quality,
Henry Brooke, was a poet long before he published that strange
compound of genius and dulness. There were full thirty years
between it and Universal Beauty-his longest and best known,
though by no means his earliest or his best, work, in verse. This
philosophical poem is of a kind of which More and his group had
set the fashion in the seventeenth century, and which was taken up
in its own modes by the eighteenth. It has only to be compared
with Blackmore's much more belauded Creation—to which, in
subject, it is partly akin-in order to see the immense improvement
1 As to Hughes's dramatic work, cf. ante, vol. VIII, p. 194.


## p. 185 (#209) ############################################

Henry Brooke.
David Mallet
185
of form which Pope, who is said to have actually bestowed on
it some revision, had brought about, as well as the fine talents
of the younger writer. It is more scientific than theological,
though by no means atheistic or even deistic. Indeed, Brooke,
in his latter days, was reputed a 'methodist ? . ' An attempt to
translate Tasso, also in couplet, is but ineffectual, and a condensation
of Chaucer's Man of Laro's Tale sinks far below the comparative
inadequacy of Dryden in such things, while it has nothing of his
positive excellence. Brooke also wrote Fables, in which he ex-
hibits a fair knack at using the easy octosyllables in whose undress
the century at large took refuge from the panoply of the heroic.
A very curious piece called Conrade, purporting to be an ancient
Irish legend, can hardly be without obligations to Macpherson-
unless, indeed, it is the other way. But Brooke has confined
himself, so far as form goes, to constantly redundant heroic lines.
And the songs interspersed in his play are more than fairly suc-
cessful when they are light, and not always a failure when they are
serious. Over all his work-verse and prose-there is, indeed, a
curious atmosphere of frittered and wasted talent, sometimes
approaching genius. But, in his later days, he was, at least par-
tially, insane: and whether he had been wholly sane at any time
may, perhaps, be doubted.
On the other hand, though very harsh things have been said of
David Malloch, who, for prudential reasons, changed his name to
Mallet, just as his father, a Macgregor, had already changed his to
Malloch during the outlawry of the clan, there never has been
the slightest doubt about his sanity. The transactions of his life
which made him most notorious, his reception of Sarah duchess of
Marlborough's legacy for writing the life of her husband, and his
neglect to perform the duty imposed ; his still more famous accept-
ance of hire from Bolingbroke to libel Pope after his death ; and
his much more defensible share in the attack on Byng—these do
not concern us here. But, to say, as Johnson says, that there is
no species of composition in which he was eminent' is merely to
exclude, as Johnson doubtless did, the one species in which he was
very eminent indeed. William and Margaret, written as early as
1723 is, of course, to some extent, a pastiche of older ballads and
of snatches of Elizabethan song. But the older ballads themselves
were always, more or less, pastiches of each other. And, if the
piece had some creditors, it had many more debtors; nor does any
single copy of verses deserve so much credit for setting the
1 As to his relation to the mystical movement see chap. XII, post.
6


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Lesser Verse Writers
eighteenth century back on the road of true romantic poetry by
an easy path, suited to its own tastes and powers. As to Rule,
Britannia, modern criticism has usually been inclined to assign
it rather to Thomson than to Mallet, though the two undoubtedly
collaborated in the play wherein it appeared. But, to tell the
truth, the merit of the piece lies rather in the music and the
sentiment than in the poetry. Mallet's more ambitious poems
Amyntor and Theodora, The Excursion, etc. are of little value;
but the song gift of William and Margaret reappears in The
Birks of Endermay (better known as Invermay). Edwin and
Emma, once as well known as either and, perhaps, also possessing
some schoolmaster virtue, is vastly inferior to William and
Margaret.
Before turning to the numerus numeri—the tail of the list of
these things seldom rich or rare, but somehow, ambered in literary
history-we must deal with one who, at some times, and to not a
few persons, would have seemed worthy of a much more dignified
a
place in the story. But, to the present writer, Richard Savage is
as mediocre a mediocrist as Swift could possibly have found among
his own contemporaries. The famous romance of his birth and
maltreatment seems to be now almost unanimously disbelieved
by historical critics : and, though his memory must always retain
the great and inalienable privilege of Johnson's friendship, and of
the Life which that friendship prompted, these can add nothing
to his individual and intrinsic literary value. On the other hand,
neither is it affected by the circumstance that, apart from
Johnson's testimony to his friend, and even from some dropped
hints in that testimony, we should be apt to think him an
impostor, a libeller and something of a ruffian. We have only
to do with the works; and, when we turn to them, what do we
find? The Wanderer may not be the worst of the descriptive
didactic verse-tractates of its century; but, to the usual enquiry
whether, as poems, they have any particular reason for existence,
and the usual answer in the negative, there has to be added, in
this case, the discovery that it has really no plan at all, and (the
words are Johnson's own, and the sentiment is not denied by him) is
a 'heap of shining materials thrown together by accident. ' But we
must ask, further, 'Do the materials really shine ? ' and, if so, 'with
what sort of lustre ? ' The answer, one fears, must be, 'With that of
tinsel at best. ' The Bastard has a false air of pathos and indig-
nation which will not survive careful reading. Neither passion
nor poetry, but merely rhetoric, supplies the phrasing; and, long


## p. 187 (#211) ############################################

Savage. Duck. Hill
187
before you reach the end of the poem, you have been prepared to
find it turn into a begging letter to queen Caroline. The Volunteer
Laureat odes to the same royal personage are fully exposed to the
stock satire on the regularly commissioned utterances of that kind
of muse; and the lesser pieces are quite insignificant. One famous
line of The Bastard
No tenth transmitter of a foolish face
is not uncommonly attributed to Pope ; and, perhaps, ignorance
has here hit upon the truth, for Pope was very good to Savage.
But it might well be a 'windfall of the Muses' to anyone who,
with his wits about him—and Savage certainly had his-had read
either Pope himself, or, better still, Dryden.
We must now, with more excuse than the rash Frenchman in
Henry V,‘to the throng. ' Stephen Duck, queen Caroline's laureate
en titre, and, as such, a special object not merely of Savage's jealousy
but of Pope's, was a 'silly shepherd,' who, in his own life, showed
forth a truer and a sadder moral than is to be found in all the fables
and pastorals which have dealt with his kind. There was no more
harm in Duck himself than there was good in the verses because
of which they took him from the Wiltshire downs and made him a
shepherd of souls. But he knew, if others did not, that he was in
the wrong place, and committed suicide when barely fifty. His
poems were dead before him; and nobody has ever attempted to
revive them. Aaron Hill-a busy poetaster, playwright and pro-
jector, whose work received hospitality from Anderson though not
from Chalmers, who was a friend, and, so far as his means allowed,
a patron to many poets of his time, and, coming in for Pope's satire,
'took it fighting' and maintained an honourable reputation—was
far above Duck but never got much beyond fair sprightliness. It is
difficult to pardon him when one finds him, 'on a hint,' as he coolly
says, “from Sir Henry Wotton,' helping himself to almost every word
and to whole lines of "You meaner beauties of the night' but
mixing and watering them with his own feeble verbiage till there
results one of the veriest smudges of paraphrase to be met with
anywhere. And his pindaries have all the turgidity and all the
frigidity of that luckless and misused form. But he is sometimes
not undeserving of the compliment which Pope tacked to his
sarcasm, and, if not quite a swan, is not wholly a goose, of Thames.
In sprightliness itself, Hill nowhere approaches the justly famed
1 As to his dramatic labours, see vol. x, chap. iv, post.
>


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Lesser Verse Writers
Pipe of Tobacco of Isaac Hawkins Browne, a series of parodies
which is one of the pleasantest items of Dodsley and which
deserves a very respectable place among the many imitations
of it which have appeared. David Lewis, who published two
collections of poems by various hands many years before Dodsley
itself, is, at least probably, responsible for the charming piece
My Winifreda, which appears there as well as in Percy's Reliques,
and has no other known author. To the names of Laurence
Eusden, once poet laureate, Hildebrand Jacob and others it is
difficult to attach the mention of any diploma-piece : but Anthony
Hammond and his son James show, by comparison with their
ancestor William ? in the seventeenth century, that poetry, or at
least verse-making, does run in families. Johnson was severe on
James ; but his amorousness will, perhaps, stand proof as well
as Yalden's sublimity.
Two writers who, in the busy part of their lives, were nearly
contemporary, who belong, one by attraction and the other by
repulsion, to the circle of Pope, were active practitioners of verse
as translators and otherwise, but, perhaps, derive their chief
importance from connection with the criticism of poetry rather
than with its production. Leonard Welsted, a Westminster and
Cambridge man, wrote a good deal of verse and, indeed, hardly
deserved, though he had provoked it, his place in the inferno of
The Dunciad, even as a versifier. But his translation of Longinus
does not show any mark of dulness, while the original remarks
connected with it show that, if he could not exactly produce
poetry, he could appreciate it in Spenser and Shakespeare to a
degree not common in his day. Christopher Pitt, who was of
Winchester and Oxford, and who could be intimate with Dodington
and yet not lose some favour with Pope, throws a longer and
larger shadow in this skiagraphy. His translation of Vergil, in a
measure, ousted Dryden's in the favour of the eighteenth century;
though, to the possibly more impartial judgment of a posterity
almost equally remote from either, it has not much, if anything,
more of Vergil and a good deal less of poetry. His miscellaneous
poems—which include many minor translations, one of the abso-
lutely un-Spenserian imitations of the time, addresses to Young,
Spence, Dodington and others, and some trifles—require no com-
ment. But his other chief translation, earlier in date than The
Æneid, that of Vida's Art of Poetry, is one of those things which,
whatever their comparative merit and value as to kind, have a
1 See ante, vol. VII, pp. 83, 88.


## p. 189 (#213) ############################################

Christopher Pitt. Gilbert West 189
very high position in the kind to which they belong. Vida himself
is open to plentiful censure. But, earlier than anyone else and in
Latin verse of remarkable ease and finish, he had put the very
theory of poetry which was held for much more than two centuries
after his death in almost every country of Europe. And Pitt,
holding that view still, and helped in testifying to it by the
methodic achievements of Dryden and Pope, besides being pos-
sessed, too, of adequate scholarship and a competent faculty of
verse, produced that rarest of things—a verse translation which
really represents the original. For once, the translator is no
traitor : the substance and the manner of his author are repro-
duced with extraordinary felicity. No real student of the history
and criticism of poetry should fail to read Vida : and if (most
unfortunately) he cannot read him in his own words and lines, he
will lose very little of him in those of Pitt.
The imitation of Spenser which has just been glanced at, and
which, despite some recent attempts to contest the fact, was
certainly a very important feature in the history of eighteenth
century poetry, is, perhaps, not the only thing that need keep
alive the memory of Gilbert West (to be distinguished from
Richard West, the friend of Gray). He would otherwise be 'only
an excellent person,' as, indeed, he seems also to have been. In
his translations from Pindar and others, it is impossible to take
any interest, and his occasional poems are very few and very
slight. But his Spenserian pastiches, The Abuse of Travelling
and Education, are not mere sketches or mere parodies, and
deserve a little study. Johnson who, more than once, protested
against the practice of which West seems to have furnished some of
the earliest examples, yet allowed them to be successful as regards
'the metre, the language and the fiction’; but a single line,
taken at random,
And all the arts that cultivate the mind
will, perhaps, induce readers to doubt the critic's praise as much
as his blame. West, it is true, is not always so utterly un-
Spenserian as this; but his choice of subjects is, in itself, fatal,
and his intention is generally defeated by his execution itself.
The verses of James Bramston, some of which are to be found
in Dodsley, are fair specimens of the easiest eighteenth century
'verse of society'; but the honour of bringing up the rear in this
procession of individuals must be reserved for one who, mere hack
of letters as he was, and little as is positively known about him,


## p. 190 (#214) ############################################

190
Lesser Verse Writers
accumulates an unusual assemblage of interesting details round
his personality and his work. Reputed son of the great marquis
of Halifax, ancestor, it seems, of Edmund Kean; creator, in the
farce-burlesque of Chrononhotonthologos, of many quaint names
and some actual lines of verse which have stuck in literary
memory; inventor of Ambrose Philips's nickname, and of a rare
set of skittish verses attached to it; musician, playwright and it
would seem, almost as much in gaiety of heart as on any other
occasion in his life) suicide-Henry Carey will live for ever, if not
in any of the above capacities, as author of the delightful words,
and the almost more delightful music, of Sally in Our Aley.
More than one or two of these poets and versifiers, as
well as several to be mentioned later, and some who must
be merely catalogued or left altogether to silence, owed, if not
(as in some cases they did) actual first publication, at any rate
notoriety and even popularity, to a member of the maligned
order of booksellers '—Robert Dodsley, footman, verse-writer,
playwright and publisher. Nearly all testimonies to the good
natured author of The Muse in Livery' (as Thackeray calls
him, in one of those invented touches which have almost the
value of historical anecdotes) are favourable ; and, if not a man
of remarkable taste himself, he must have had a faculty very
close thereto, that of catching at good suggestions from others.
That he published much good work by many great men-Pope,
Gray, Johnson—and others not far short of great-Young, Aken-
side, Chesterfield, Walpole-may have been partly matter of luck.
But the publisher of the two collections of Old Plays, and of
Poems by Several Hands, must, necessarily, have been a man of
enterprise, and, almost as necessarily, one who knew a good thing
when the idea occurred or was suggested to him.
His own verse,
which may be found in Chalmers, is by no means contemptible,
and displays that peculiar ease-conventional to a certain extent,
but with a conventionality differing from affectation—which, it
may almost be said, came in and went out with the eighteenth
century itself. But he had far too much good sense to make his
Collection a means of publishing or republishing his own work.
At first (1748), it consisted of three volumes only; the fourth, fifth
and sixth appeared later, and the set was not completed till 1758.
But it was very frequently reprinted ; and, in 1775, more than a
decade after Dodsley's death, it was revised by Pearch, with a
continuation of four volumes more, in which many of the contribu-
tors to Dodsley reappear in company with some younger writers.
>


## p. 191 (#215) ############################################

>
6
Robert Dodsley and his Collection 191
The complete collection will supply something like a companion or
chrestomathy to any review, like the present, of lesser eighteenth
century poets.
W. P. Courtney, in a privately published book on the Collection,
invaluable to all students of it, quotes, from The Gentleman's
Magazine for 1845, a diatribe (originally dated August 1819, and
extracted from The Portfolio of a Man of the World), the author
of which does not seem to be known, against Dodsley as something
than which 'a more piteous farrago of flatness never was seen. '
This Aristarch proceeds to denounce its 'paltry page of dilettante
rhymes,' 'its namby-pamby rhyming'; wonders 'how there could
have been so many men in England who could write such stuff,'
finds in it a littleness, an utter dulness which would be dishearten-
ing if it were not so gloriously contrasted by our present race' and
remarks 'what giants we appear in comparison to our fathers. '
Yet this censor, though he did admit ‘some redeeming pieces of
the preceding generation,' forgot that the best of them were not
older but strictly contemporary. Gray was but just over thirty when
Dodsley appeared first; Collins was but seven-and-twenty. If it
was a day of small things generally in poetry; yet, but for Dodsley
and his continuator, the proper estimation of that day would be
very much more difficult than it is. And the censor might, to
his advantage, have remembered that no period was ever more
cheerfully convinced of the satisfactory appearance which it pre-
sented ‘in comparison with its fathers' than the very age which
he was denouncing.
At the same time, if there was a great deal of ineptitude in
attacking, there would, perhaps, be some in defending too ostenta-
tiously and apologetically a collection which enshrines most of the
best things of Gray, and some of not the worst things of Collins ;
The Spleen and Grongar Hill and The Schoolmistress and the
Hymn to the Naiads ; the inimitable mischief of Lady Mary's
satire on society, and the stately rhetoric of Johnson's Vanity of
Human Wishes ; besides scores of pleasant trifles, like Browne's
Pipe of Tobacco and Byrom's celebration of the Figg and Sutton
battle, Warton's Progress of Discontent and James Merrick's
Cameleon. Of the many mansions of poetry this may not be the
most magnificent; but there are worse places for at least occasional
residence than a comfortable Georgian house, with now and then a
prospect from the windows into things not merely contemporary.
a


## p. 192 (#216) ############################################

CHAPTER VII
HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL WRITERS
I
BURNET
THE historical writers of the period covered by this volume
may be grouped round two who, in the greater part of their
literary activity, belong respectively to two different ages of
English history. But Burnet survived the accomplishment of the
Hanoverian succession, and Bolingbroke's most important literary
activity connects itself with the early Georgian age.
Among the already numerous writings of Gilbert Burnet',
while he was still resident in Scotland and wholly occupied with
the affairs—more especially, of course, the ecclesiastical affairs,
of that kingdom, the following seem to call for special mention.
In 1665 was printed anonymously A Discourse on the Memory of
that rare and truly virtuous Person Sir Robert Fletcher of
Saltoun, written by a gentleman of his acquaintance? , which is
,
in fact, only the reproduction of an inflated funeral sermon. His
Thoughts on Education, on the other hand, though not printed
till 1761, was written in 1668 ; designed as a series of suggestions
for the training of a Scottish nobleman or gentleman's son, it
does not make any reference to a university course, and is chiefly
remarkable for the general breadth and liberality of the author's
educational ideas. Burnet rightly deprecated the choice of a
governor or tutor who was 'a man of one study only’; and his
ideas on religious instruction were in accordance with the latitu-
dinarian tendencies of his later years, and with the dictates of
common sense. In the following year, he put forth, in the then
popular dialogue form, A Modest and Free Conference betwixt a
Conformist and a Non-conformist, about the present distempers
1 Concerning Burnet as a divine, see vol. vii, chap. II.
2 It appears to contain little or nothing about either Sir Robert or, of course,
more celebrated son, Burnet's pupil, who, at the time, was about twelve years of age.
his


## p. 193 (#217) ############################################

Memoires of the Hamiltons
193
6
of Scotland—a plea for 'peace' from the moderate episcopalian
point of view, which ends with an explanation of the oath of
supremacy, not unfairly characterised by the (otherwise rather
ineffective) nonconformist of the dialogue as clearly making way
for Erastianism. ' The announcement prefatory to these dialogues
makes a great to-do of secrecy in connection with their publication.
In the same year, Burnet moved to Glasgow, where he had been
appointed professor of divinity, and where the failure of the
accommodation scheme promoted by archbishop Leighton and
himself rendered him impatient of episcopalian, and, still more,
of presbyterian, modes of action. His attention was thus diverted
from theology to history, and it was while still at Glasgow, that,
by 1673, he completed his earliest historical work, though, in
consequence of numerous changes which fear of Lauderdale, and
consideration for even more exalted personages, made it advisable
to introduce into the work, he did not publish it till four years later.
The Memoires of the Lives and Actions of James and William
Dukes of Hamilton and Castleherald grew out of a series of visits
to Hamilton, where Anne, the gifted wife of the third, and daughter
of the first, duke, gave the eager young professor access to her
father's, and her husband's, papers. Thus, it naturally suggested
itself to him to compose a work on the lines which had already
been followed in numerous French memoirs, although, to quote
Burnet's preface, 'there is but one in this country that hath
hitherto written in that Method, and his Collections are so well
received that it gives great encouragement to anyone who will
follow him in it. ' In other words, Rushworth? was Burnet's
exemplar; and, in an interesting disquisition in this preface, he
argues in favour of the change of plan which, in accordance with
the advice of Sir Robert Moray, esteemed by Burnet the wisest
and worthiest man of the age, he had adopted, in substituting for
a historical relation a series of original documents, connected
with one another by a narrative thread. Some of these links
(the account, for instance, of Scottish church affairs from the
reformation; the summary of Montrose's chances; the story of
James duke of Hamilton's escape from Windsor; and the
character of the duke following on the long account of his trial,
with farewell letters, dying speech and prayer) are clear and
impressive pieces of writing ; but the interest of the work, as
a whole, lies in the documents, as to which we have Gardiner's
assurance that the general accuracy of the book bears the test
1 See, as to his Collections, vol. VII, p. 187,
E, L. IX.
13
ante.
CH. VII.


## p. 194 (#218) ############################################

194
Historical and Political Writers
of a comparison’ with the Hamilton papers examined by himself? .
Burnet's work, by reason, rather than in spite, of its pragmatic
character, has a place of its own in English historical literature.
Whether its purpose of vindicating the character of the first duke
of Hamilton from the reflections freely cast upon it was successfully
accomplished is not a question which calls for discussion here? .
Failure was the result of practically every undertaking in which
he engaged, from his expedition in support of Gustavus Adolphus
to his invasion of England at the head of a Scottish army; and
his conciliatory spirit in public, as well as in private, affairs (he
was a chief supporter of Dury's scheme for the union of the
protestant churches) is no set-off against his repeated lack of
insight as well as of resolution. His brother William, the second
duke, of whose experiences up to his death at Worcester Burnet
treats in a short concluding seventh book, was of a quicker,
brisker and more determined nature; but there is a touch of
pathos in the story of his 'good end. '
When, in May 1679, Burnet brought out the first portion of
his second historical work, which may be said to have established
his importance in both English politics and in English historical
literature, he had been a resident in London for about five years.
His position there long had in it an element of uncertainty.
Charles II, who, in 1673, had received him kindly as a visitor from
Scotland, and had shown himself pleased with what he had read
in manuscript of The Memoires of the Hamiltons, he found con-
siderably cooled towards him at a second audience in the following
year. Lauderdale, to whom, in the same year, Burnet had dedicated,
in fulsome terms, his Vindication of the Authority, Constitution,
and Laws of the Church of Scotland (a series of dialogues
composed from the point of view of a moderate episcopalian,
staunch, however, to the principle of non-resistance), was now his
enemy; and, in April 1675, Burnet actually appeared before a
committee of the House of Commons in support of charges brought
against the duke. For the rest, though, in a sense, cast upon the
world, Burnet never more signally displayed his buoyancy of spirit.
His acquaintance, the veteran Lord Holles", now a leader of the
opposition, induced Sir Harbottle Grimston, formerly speaker of
the convention parliament, and now master of the rolls, a bitter
>
· Burnet himself states : The Vouchers of this whole Work lie at Hamilton. '
? At least, it thoroughly refutes. one of the most bloody and pernicious of all the
hellish slanders' to which the duke's name was subjected--the charge that he confused
Scottish affairs in order to fish a crown for himself out of the troubled waters.
3 As to Denzil, Lord Holles, of, ante, vol. vii, chap. ix, pp. 225 and bibl. 451 and 457.
{


## p. 195 (#219) ############################################

Burnets History of the Reformation 195
foe of Rome, to appoint him preacher at the Rolls chapel, to
which post was soon added the Thursday lectureship at St Clement
Danes ; and his efforts in the pulpit-perhaps of all spheres of
his activity the most congenial to him_were seconded by those
of his pen. In London, he came into constant contact with
Tillotson, Stillingfleet, Tenison and other representatives of the
latitudinarianism under the influence of which, well read as he
was in patristic literature, he had already fallen during an early
visit to Cambridge (1663). By far the most important of his
productions in these London years in which, it should be re-
membered, fell the so-called discovery of the popish plot and the
ensuing agitation) was The History of the Reformation of the
Church of England. The first volume of this work, on which
he had been busy during a large part of the years 1677 and 1678,
was published in the summer of 1679. No historical work was
ever more fortunate in the time of its appearance; a protestant
terror was sweeping the country; and the opposition, with which
his relations had become very friendly, at last seemed to have the
game in its own hands. So late as December 1680, he preached
before the Commons on the occasion of a public fast for the
prevention of all popish plots, and was thanked by the House for
his sermon and for his History, the Lords joining in the latter
acknowledgment. And so much importance was attached to his
ability and address, that, a year or two earlier (1678—9), he was
repeatedly summoned to a secret audience with the king, when,
however (as was not unfrequently the case with him), his in-
discretions completely ruined the situation.
Quite apart, however, from the circumstances which made The
History of the Reformation a book of the moment, there are con-
siderations which go far to justify the opinion of Burnet's most
recent biographer that this work 'forms an epoch in our historical
literature? ' This tribute is its due, not so much because of the
style of the book, which, besides being far more readable than
any historical work proper which had preceded it, has the great
merit of sincerity and clearly reflects the reasoned convictions of
its author, a protestant and an erastian to the core. But the
distinctive excellence of The History lies in its combination of
these qualities with a sustained endeavour on the part of the author
to base his narrative upon a personal investigation of the original
documents at his command. In other words, he seeks, however
1 Cf. ante, vol. viri, chap. XI.
Foxcroft, H. C. , A Life of Gilbert Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, p. 151.
13_2


## p. 196 (#220) ############################################

196 Historical and Political Writers
1
imperfectly, to apply to the exposition of his subject the principles
underlying a scientific treatment of history ; in yet other words,
he desires to reproduce so much of the truth concerning that
subject as has become visible to his eye. These ideas, as has been
seen, had been present to his mind when he set out to write The
Hamilton Memoirs; and now he undertook to carry them out
on a much larger scale and in reference to a body of events and
transactions of the highest historical significance. Indeed, he
seems to have contemplated the execution of the still more com-
prehensive design of a history of England, suggested to him by
Sir William Jones, when he was diverted from this by the ap-
pearance, in 1676, of a new French translation, by F. de Mancroix, e
of Nicholas Sanders’s De Origine ac Progressu Schismatis
Anglicani, first printed in 1585, and first translated into French
in the following year. The collection of materials, which Burnet
was resolved upon obtaining, so far as possible, at first hand,
proved a matter of great difficulty ; for, though he had the en-
couragement and the advice of Stillingfleet and Lloyd' (to whom,
with Tillotson, the first draft of the work was submitted), as well
as that of Sir John Marsham and William Petyt, he confesses to
have had little experience in the very first requisite of the modern
historian's task, the search for materials; and, to the chief store-
house of them, in the present case, Sir John Cotton's library, he
and his amanuensis had only surreptitious access for a few days
during the absence of the owner. In addition to Burnet's in-
.
experience in the work of transcription, and the baste in which
much of it had to be performed, the natural impatience of his
disposition, and an inborn readiness to overleap difficulties in the
way of conclusions, could not but affect the actual result of his
labours. A great deal of fault has been found—and, no doubt,
justly--with the inaccuracy and general imperfection of the
transcripts on which his work was largely founded and which
gave rise to endless blunders, although, of the myriad which his
conscientious editor declares himself to have corrected', a large
proportion must have been excusable, and many, of course, are
trivial. Some, however, were prompted by the strong opinions
which Burnet never made any pretence of concealing. But, as
1 As to Stillingfleet, bishop of Worcester, see vol. viii, chapters XI and xvi ante
as to William Lloyd, successively bishop of St Asaph, Lichfield and Coventry and
Worcester, see ib. chap. XII.
2 See the elaborate preface in the concluding (seventh) volume of N. Pocock's edition
(Oxford, 1865); where the critical and controversial literature connected with Burnet's
work is examined at length. For the controversy with Atterbury see pp. 187 ff.
>


## p. 197 (#221) ############################################

Attacks and Replies
197
he spared no pains—he is said to have read over Paolo Sarpi's
History of the Council of Trent four or five times in order to
master the historian's method-s0 he was certainly not inten-
tionally incorrect. Notwithstanding the mistakes which he
continued to commit, even after the success of his first volume
had opened to him the Paper office, with Cotton's library and
other invaluable collections of documents, his work, which was
not published in its complete form till 1715', remains an achieve-
ment worthy of the love of research which inspired it. Nor is
the book without other merits. The story, as here given, of the
renunciation of the Roman obedience by the church of England,
and the conjunct story of Henry VIII's divorce from Catharine and
of the imposition by him of the Acts of Succession and Supremacy,
are told with force as well as with clearness, and without obvious
suppression of any element in the tale. The author does not make
any attempt to disguise his thoroughly protestant convictions ;
indeed, as against the Jesuits, he lets himself lapse into invective.
But, in general, the dispassionateness of his narrative is almost as
striking as its straightforwardness—the catastrophe of More and
Fisher, for instance, seems related without partiality.
Of the principal controversial writings to which The History of
the English Reformation gave rise, at a time when polemics
between the church of Rome and her opponents could not but
be at their height, a bibliographical list must suffice. To a French
historian's, Joachim Legrand, elaborate 'refutation of the first
two books of the work (1688), Burnet wrote a reply, which his
adversary immediately published in a French translation, with
his own counter-blast. Burnet himself was not one of those rarae
aves, in any branch of literature, who hold that criticisms are best
left to answer themselves, and few challenges found him unready.
He quickly (1688) retorted in the Oxford Theses Relating to
the English Reformation attributed to Obadiah Walker. On the
other hand, in the case of the first two volumes of the popular
Antoine Varillas's long-expected history of heresies, Burnet himself
assumed the offensive, and, in two pamphlets printed at Amster-
dam in the year of the appearance of this portion of Varillas's
work (1686) and in the following year respectively, contributed to
the overthrow of its author's reputation. Varillas had avowedly
1 Part 1 had covered the reign of Henry VIII. Part 1, dealing with the reign of
Edward VI, and said to have been written in six weeks, appeared in 1681; part III
(supplement) in 1715, when an unsatisfactory edition of the two earlier parts was also
published. The records, throughout, were kept separate from the narrative.


## p. 198 (#222) ############################################

198
Historical and Political Writers
attacked the protestant reformation from the political side ; and
Burnet was well qualified to carry the war into the enemy's camp,
and to show that the new History was 'nothing but Sanders drest
up in another Method. ' That method was the assumption of great
documentary learning, and an audacious use of the imagination
in the handling of such materials as the writer possessed. Burnet's
pamphlets are in the perennial style of a 'smashing' review, with
an infusion of the personal element hardly in excess of what con-
temporary readers expected; and they served their purpose.
Finally, he took up Bossuet's gauntlet, flung down by the
greatest catholic controversialist of his age in his famous Histoire
des Variations, where The History of the English Reformation
had been treated as the authoritative text-book of English
Protestantism”, in A Censure of M. de Meaux History (1688),
which sought to turn the tables on his august adversary.
Before the second volume of The History had been actually
issued, Burnet had produced the interesting monograph on the last
phase in the life of Rochester, who had read the first volume with
real interest. To this pamphlet, which reveals a power of sympathy
more valuable than the ordinary tact in which Burnet was signally
deficient, reference has already been made? To a slightly later
date (1682) belongs the publication of The Life and Death of
Sir Matthew Hale, sometime Lord Chief Justice of His Majesty's
Court of King's Bench, an admirable little biography. Though
Hale habitually heard Burnet preach at the Rolls, they were not
personally acquainted, and the book was chiefly founded on the
notes of a confidential clerk of the great lawyer, who was an
incorruptible but successful judge, a powerful thinker and a man
of lofty spirit and godliness of life. Burnet deprecates his History
being set down as a ‘Panegyrick,' and it merits preservation as the
record of a man who, whatever his failings, in a factious age strove
consistently to remain outside party? Soon afterwards (1683), as
if the personal history of one great lawyer had inspired him with
interest in the more or less remote speculations of another, Burnet
beguiled his leisure with a translation of Utopia, published in
1685, with a preface containing some verdicts on English con-
temporary and Elizabethan literature.
a
i Foxcroft, H. C. , u. s. , p. 247.
2 See ante, vol. vin, chap. XII, p. 209.
8 Sir Matthew Hale proposed to himself as a model T. Pomponius Atticus, of whose
Life by Cornelius Nepos he published a translation (1667), described as "very in.
accurate. ' He is taken to task for his leaning to the popular side in Roger North's
Life of Lord Guilford, pp. 79 ff. (Jessopp's edn. ).
.


## p. 199 (#223) ############################################

Burnet in Exile
199
In the last years of Charles II's reign, Burnet, from fair-
mindedness rather than from caution, declined to throw in his lot
with the extreme protestant faction, though he was always more
or less in touch with them. On the discovery of the Rye house
plot (1683)-early in which year Burnet seems first to have set
hand to The Memoirs, or Secret History, which were ultimately
to become The History of My Own Timehe, after a passing
moment of ignoble fear, courageously devoted himself to the
interests of Lord Russell, and addressed to him two discourses
not published till 1713, besides composing for Lady Russell a
journal of the last five years of her husband's life, which has
justly attained imperishable renown. The connection of Burnet
with the Russell family inevitably brought him into worse odour
with the court, although the belief which the king seems to have
entertained that Burnet wrote Lord Russell's dying speech was
not founded on fact; and, after he had been deprived of both
his lectureship and his preachership, he, in 1685, thought it safest
to leave the country. Of the travels with which he occupied nine
months, an account, as a matter of course both intelligent and
lively, remains in Some Letters (to Robert Boyle), printed at
Amsterdam in the following year. The accession of James II
had made the prolongation of his exile more necessary than
ever. In 1686, he settled down at the Hague, where, after a
time, he became the confidential adviser of the princess of
Orange, and, in a more restricted measure, of her wary consort.
Burnet’s activity as a political writer was now at its height,
and, of the Eighteen Papers relating to the Affairs of Church
and State, during the reign of King James the Second, all but
one were written during his residence in Holland. It must suffice
to note among these A Letter, written some little time before,
Containing some Remarks on the two Papers writ by King
Charles II, concerning Religion (1686), which contributed to the
stir created by their publication and the comments from opposite
points of view of Stillingfleet and Drydenº; Vindication from
the two Letters containing some Reflections on His Majesty's
Proclamation for Liberty of Conscience, dated, respectively,
12 February and 4 April 1687; Reflections on the pamphle
entitled Parliamentum Pacificum, and charges contained in it
(1688); the important and anonymous Enquiry into the measures
1 Foxcroft, H. C. , u. 8. , p. 187.
? Printed in Lord (John) Russell's Life of William Lord Russell (1919).
3 This, with the Reflections on the Declaration for Liberty of Conscience, had been
previously printed among the Six Papers published in 1687.


## p. 200 (#224) ############################################

200
Historical and Political Writers
of submission to the supreme authority (1688), which, by allowing
restrictions upon the duty of non-resistance, practically rendered
it futile. William's army of invasion was supplied with copies
of this pamphlet (for gratuitous circulation), which completes
the orbit of its author's political tenets.
A Review of the Reflections on the Prince's Declaration (1688),
printed in the course of the march upon London, cut Burnet loose
for ever from the cause of James II and the prince whom he
persisted in treating as supposititious? . Other pamphlets accom-
panied the successive steps in the consummation of the revolution
which established William and Mary on the throne and Burnet
as bishop of Salisbury; but, with a few exceptions, of which we
proceed to mention only the more important, and, above all,
with the exception of his Memoirs, the pulpit now absorbed the
indefatigable activity of his pen.
Besides part ii of The History of the Reformation and a
work which may be regarded as supplementary to it, the celebrated
Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles (1699), in which the
historical element is at least of as great value as the theological,
Burnet produced, in the concluding period of his career, An
Essay on the Memory of the late Queen (Mary II) (1695), which
should find a place among the éloges of which the age was
peculiarly prolific, rather than among critical disquisitions. There
cannot be any doubt either that it was the result of profound
grief, or that this feeling was warranted alike by the pure and
noble character of Mary, and by Burnet's personal loss in the
death of a princess whose trust in him was among the most
cherished experiences of his life. With her sister, he was not on
similar terms of intimacy; nor was it at all to Anne's liking that
(in 1698) he was appointed preceptor to her son the duke of
Gloucester, afterwards heir-apparent. He was, however, on good
terms with the duke and duchess of Marlborough, his relations with
queen Anne herself improved, and it was only in her last years
that he found himself in steady opposition to her government.
What he had most at heart, as a politician, was the succession
of the house of Hanover, for which he had laboured hard in the
critical season of the Act of Settlement (1701). For some time
previously, he had been in correspondence with the electress
Sophia and with her trusted counsellor Leibniz, between whom
and Burnet there was much sympathy on religious, as well as
1 Printed in A second Collection of Several Tracts and Discourses, written in the
years 1686—9, by Gilbert Burnet (consecrated Bishop of Sarum, Easter Day, 1689), 1689.


## p. 201 (#225) ############################################

A Memorial for the Electress Sophia 201
on political, subjects, though, as in the case of the problem
of a reunion of the protestant churches, these aspects could
not be kept asunder. But the most interesting of Burnet's
communications with Hanover is A Memorial offered to the
electress by him in 1703, containing a Delineation of the Con-
stitution and Policy of England: with Anecdotes concerning
remarkable Persons of that Time, first published, from the
original in the Hanover archives, in 1815. The electress, who
was not a friend of long or tedious discourses, could not have
objected to Burnet's treatise on either ground; though she may
not have altogether relished the free criticism of the system
of government pursued by her uncle Charles I and her cousin
Charles II, and the assumption as to the 'pretended' birth of her
young living kinsman, whom the Jacobites called James III. To
us, the interest of this characteristic manual lies not so much in
the historical exposition of the reasons of the weakness of crown
and nobility and the suggestion of remedies' designed to strengthen
the stability of the throne, as in the plea for a generous treat-
ment by the church of England, with a view to future reunion, of
presbyterians and even of other nonconformists. For the rest,
though the treatise has not any particular value as a sketch of parties
or persons, its anecdotes and general style make it very readable ;
and it was probably unnecessary for the artful prelate to forward
for perusal, with his own manuscript, copies of Hudibras and The
Snake in the Grass. Burnet's fear of being dull was, of all the
fears which, from time to time, interfered with his self-confidence,
the least wellgrounded. The protest against the reprinting of the
political works of Harrington and Milton is, however, unworthy of him.
Finally, we come to the work which, during the greater part
of his life of ceaseless effort, Burnet must have regarded as that
upon which his reputation as a writer would, in the end, mainly
rest. It is true that he declared A Discourse of the Pastoral
Carel to be of all his writings the one which pleased himself best?
a preference well according with the fine ironical tribute paid
by Halifax to his ‘ill-natured' fondness for 'degrading himself
into the lowest and most painful duties of his calling? ' But,
though the spiritual element in Burnet's activity was never
quenched, ‘his times' and the world absorbed his most continuous
i Cf. ante, vol. vini, p. 300.
2 See his 'Autobiography'in A Supplement to Burnet's History of My Own Time, by
Foxcroft, H. C. (Oxford, 1902), p. 506.
3 Cf. Lady Russell's Letters (edition 1772), p. 201 note.


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202
Historical and Political Writers
literary effort; and something must here be said, in the first
instance, concerning the genesis and evolution of one of the best-
abused books in historical literature.