was, according to Galen any one who was even moderately
familiar
with
(Comment.
(Comment.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - b
)
mand at the Hellespont, Hippocrates appears to
5. An Athenian, son of Ariphron, was general, have been appointed governor or barmost of Chal-
together with Demosthenes, in the eighth year of cedon; and when that city was attacked, in the
the Peloponnesian war (B. C 424), when the spring of 408, by Alcibiades and Thrasyllus, he led
democratic party at Megara, becoming apprehensive out his troops to encounter the Athenians, but was
of the recal of the exiles, and of a revolution in defeated, and himself fell in the conflict. (Id. i. 3.
consequence, made overtures to the Athenians to SS 5, 6; Diod. xiii. 66 ; Plut. Alcib. 30. ) [E. H. B. )
betray the city into their hands. Demosthenes and HIPPOʻCRATES (ʻIn Tokpátns), literary. 1. Of
Hippocrates immediately marched, with a select Chios, a Pythagorean philosopher, who lived about
body of troops, to take advantage of this oppor- B C. 460. He is mentioned chiefly as a mathe-
tunity, and, with the assistance of their partisans, matician, and is said to have been the first who
made themselves masters of the long walls which reduced geometry to a regular system. He seems
connected Megara with its port of Nisaea, but to have been also engaged in researches respecting
were unable to effect an entrance into the city the square of a circle ; but we have no means of
itself. Thus foiled in part of their enterprise, they judging of his merits as a mathematician, and
turned their arms against Nisaea, in which there Aristotle (Ethic. ad Eudem. viii. 14) states that in
was a Peloponnesian garrison, but this was speedily every other respect he was a man not above me-
compelled, by want of provisions, to capitulate, and diocrity. (Comp. Aristot. Sophist
. Elench. i. 10;
the Athenians became masters of this important Plut. Solon, 2 ; Proclus in Euclid. ii. p. 19; Fa-
port. Brasidas soon after arrived with a consider- bric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. p. 848, &c. )
able army, and by his influence secured the predo- 2. One of the executors of the will of the phile-
minance of the Lacedaemonian party at Megara ; sopher Straton of Lampsacus. (Diog. Laërt. v. 62. )
but he was unable to effect anything against Nisaea He was probably a philosopher, but is otherwise
and after having in vain offered battle to the altogether unknown.
Athenian gencrals, he withdrew again to Corinth. 3. Is mentioned in several modern works as a
(Thuc. iv. 66—74 ; Diod. xii. 66, 67. ) Soon after comic poet on the authority of Pollux (Onom. ix.
this, a scheme was arranged by Demosthenes and 57 ; comp. iv. 173); but it is now certain that the
Hippocrates, in concert with a party in some of the reading in Pollux is corrupt, and that the name
Boeotian cities, for the invasion of Boeotia on three Ewoimpátns must be substituted for it. (See Mei-
different points at once. In pursuance of this neke, Ilist. Crit. Com. Graec. p. 498, &c. ) [L. S. )
plan Demosthenes attacked by sea the port of HIPPO'CRATES ('ITTrokpátos), the name of
Siphae on the Corinthian gulf, while Hippocrates several physicians, including in the number perhaps
VOL. II.
11
## p. 482 (#498) ############################################
482
HIPPOCRATES.
HIPPOCRATES.
Nebru.
Gnosidicus
Chrysus.
Cadmus.
Sosander.
HIPPOCRATES II. =Uzor.
!
Thessalus.
Dracon I.
Gouglas.
Dracon II.
Dracon III.
the most celebrated medical writer of ancient or Suidas, Thymbraeus of Cos, of the family of the
modern times, whose fame has probably been partly Asclepiadae, had two sons named Hippocrates,
caused by the writings and actions of all the phy- each of whom wrote some medical works. Their
sicians of the same name having been attributed to date is unknown. (Suid. s. o. 'ITTOkpátns. )
one individual, instead of several. This hypothesis 7. HIPPOCRATES VII. , son of Praxianax of Cos,
is incapable of being proved to be correct; but it who belonged to the family of the Asclepiadae, and
may be safely asserted, that it is quite impossible wrote some medical works. His dute is unknown.
that all the stories told of Hippocrates (even if they (Suid. Ibid. )
are to be believed at all) can relate to the same in- 8. HIPPOCRATES, a Greek writer on veterinary
dividual, and also that one man should have surgery, who is supposed to have lived about the
written all the works that now form part of the middle of the fourth century after Christ. His
Hippocratic collection. More will be said on this remains are to be found in the collection of writers
subject in the article on HIPPOCRATES 11. , but on this subject, first published in Latin by Ruel-
first it will be advisable to notice briefly the other liue, Paris, 1530, fol. , and afterwards in Greek
physicians of this name, and as several of them by Grynaeus, Basel, 1537, 4to. They are also
belonged to the family of the Asclepiadae, the fol added to the editions of Hippocrates published by
lowing genealogical table will enable the reader to Vander Linden, Lugd. Bat. 1665, 8vo. , and that
understand more clearly their relationship :- of Naples, 1757, 4to. They have been also pub-
lished in a separate form, in Greek, Latin, and
Italian, Rom. 1814, 8vo. ; edited by P. A. Valen-
tini. (See Choulant, Handb, der Bücherkunde für
die Aeltere Medicin. )
(W. A. G. )
Hippocrates I. Podaleirius. Aenelus. Elaphus. HIPPOʻCRATES, the second of that name,
Phaenarele = Heracleides.
Hippolochus.
and in some respects the most celebrated physician
of ancient or modern times ; for not only have his
writings (or rather those which bear his name) been
always held in the highest esteem, but his personal
Fila = Polybus.
history (so far as it is known), and the literary
criticism relating to his works, furnish so much
Hippocrates III.
Hippocrates IV. (? ) matter for the consideration both of the scholar, the
Hippocrates IV. (? )
philologist, the philosopher, and the man of letters,
that there are few authors of antiquity about whom
so much has been written. Probably the readers of
HIPPOCRATES I. , the fifteenth in descent from this work will care more for the literary than for the
Aesculapius, the eldest son of Gnosidicus, the medical questions connected with Hippocrates ; and
brother of Podaleirius II. and Aeneius, and the accordingly (as it is quite impossible to discuss the
father of Heracleides. He lived probably in the whole subject fully in these pages) the strictly
sixth and fifth centuries B. C. Some ancient critics scientific portion of this article occupies less space
attributed to him the two works De Fracturis, and than the critical ; and this arrangement in this
De Articulis, while others contended that he wrote place the writer is inclined to adopt the more
nothing at all. (Jo. Tzetzes, Chil. vii. Hist. 155. , readily, because, while there are many works
in Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xii. p. 680 ; Poeti which contain a good account of the scientific
Epist. ad Artax. , in Hippocr. Opera, vol. iii. p. merits of the Hippocratic writings, he is not aware
770 ; Suid. s. v. 'ITrokpárns; Galen, Comment in of one where the many literary problems arising
Hippocr. “ De Rat. Vict. in Morb. Acut. ” i. 17, from them have been at once fully discussed and
vol. xv. p. 456, Comment. in Hippocr. “De satisfactorily determined. This task he is far from
Fract. " i. 1, vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 324. )
thinking that he has himself accomplished, but it is
2. HIPPOCRATES II. See below.
right to give this reason for treating the scientific
3. HIPPOCRATES III. , the nineteenth of the part of the subject much less fully than he would
family of the Asclepiadae, who lived probably in have done had he been writing for a professed
the fourth century B. C.
He was the son of Thes. medical work.
salus, and the brother of Gorgias and Dracon II. , A parallel has more than once been drawn be-
and is said by Suidas to have written some medical tween the Father of Medicine ” and “the Father
works. (Jo. Tzetzes, Suidas, U. cc. ; Galen, Com- of Poetry ;” and, indeed, the resemblances between
ment. in Hippocr. “ De Humor. " i. 1, vol. xvi. the two, both in their personal and literary history,
are so evident, that they could hardly fail to strike
4. HIPPOCRATES IV.
was, according to Galen any one who was even moderately familiar with
(Comment. in Hippocr. “ De Humor. " i. 1, vol. classical and medical literature. With respect to
Xvi. p. 5), the son of Dracon I. , and the grandson their personal history, the greatest uncertainty
of the celebrated Hippocrates : he lived in the exists, and our real knowledge is next to nothing ;
fourth century B. C. , and is said to have written although in the case of both personages, we have
some medical works. Suidas (s. v. 'Itrokpátns, professed lives written by ancient authors, which,
and Apákw), who, however, to have fallen however, only tend to show still more plainly the
into some confusion [DRACON), makes him the son ignorance that prevails on the subject. Accordingly,
of Dracon 11. (and therefore the great grandson of as might be expected, fable has been busy in sup-
the celebrated Hippocrates), the father of Dracon plying the deficiencies of history, and was for a
III. He is said to have been one of the physicians time fully believed ; till at length a re-action fol-
to Roxana, the wife of Alexander the Great, and lowed, and an unreasoning credulity was succeeded
to have died in the reign of Cassander, the son of by an equally unreasonable scepticism, which
Antipater.
reached its climax when it was boldly asserted
5,6. HIPPOCRATES V. and Vi. According to that neither Homer nor Hippocrates had ever er-
p. 5. )
## p. 483 (#499) ############################################
HIPPOCRATES.
483
HIPPOCRATES.
be
SCHE
rias
some
re
isted. (See Houdart, Etudes sur Hippocrate, p. | PHON), by Perdiccas II. , king of Macedonia, and
560. ) The few facts respecting him that may be discovering, by certain external symptoms, that
considered as tolerably well ascertained may be his sickness was occasioned by his having fallen in
told in few words. His father was Heracleides, love with his father's concubine. Probably the
who was also a physician, and belonged to the strongest reason against the truth of this story is
family of the Asclepiadae. According to Soranus the fact that the time of the supposed cure is quite
(Vita Hippocr. , in Hippocr. Opera, vol. iii. ), he irreconcileable with the commonly received date of
was the nineteenth in descent from Aesculapius, the birth of Hippocrates ; though M. Littré, the
but John Tzetzes, who gives the genealogy of latest and best editor of Hippocrates, while he
the family, makes him the seventeenth. His rejects the story as spurious, finds no difficulty in
mother's name was Phaenarete, who was said to be the dates (vol. i. p. 38). Soranus, who tells the
descended from Hercules. Soranus, on the autho- anecdote, says that the occurrence took place after
rity of an old writer who had composed a life of the death of Alexander I. , the father of Perdiccas;
Hippocrates, states that he was born in the island and we may reasonably presume that one or two
of Cos, in the first year of the eightieth Olympiad, years would be the longest interval that would
that is, B. C. 460 ; and this date is generally elapse. The date of the death of Alexander is
followed, for want of any more satisfactory inform- not exactly known, and depends upon the length of
ation on the subject, though it agrees 60 ill with the reign of his son Perdiccas, who died B. c. 414.
the anecdotes respecting him, that some The longest period assigned to his reign is forty-
persons suppose him to have been born about thirty one years, the shortest is twenty-three. This latter
years sooner. The exact day of his birth was date would place his accession to the throne on his
known and celebrated in Cos with sacrifices on the father's death, at B. C. 437, at which time Hippo
26th day of the month Agrianus, but it is unknown crates would be only twenty-three years old, almost
to what date in any other calendar this month cor- too young an age for him to have acquired so great
responds. He was instructed in medical science by celebrity as to be specially sent for to attend a
his father and by Herodicus, and is also said to foreign prince. However, the date of B. C. 437 is
have been a pupil of Gorgias of Leontini. He the less probable because it would not only extend
wrote, taught, and practised his profession at the reign of his father Alexander to more than
home; travelled in different parts of the continent sixty years, but would also suppose him to have
of Greece ; and died at Larissa in Thessaly. His lived seventy years after a period at which he was
age at the time of his death is uncertain, as it is already grown up to manhood. For these reasons
stated by different ancient authors to have been Mr. Clinton (F. Hell. ii. 222) agrees with Dodwell
eighty-five years, ninety, one hundred and four, in supposing the longer periods assigned to his
and one hundred and nine. Mr. Clinton places reign to be nearer the truth ; and assumes the ac-
his death B. C. 357, at the age of one hundred and cession of Perdiccas to have fallen within B. C. 454,
four. He had two sons, Thessalus and Dracon, at which time Hippocrates was only six years old.
and a son-in-law, Polybus, all of whom followed This celebrated story has been told, with more or
the same profession, and who are supposed to have less variation, of Erasistratus and Avicenna, besides
been the authors of some of the works in the being interwoven in the romance of Heliodorus
Hippocratic Collection. Such are the few and (Aethiop. iv. 7. p. 171), and the love-letters of
scanty facts that can be in some degree depended Aristaenetus (Epist. i. 13). Galen also says that
on respecting the personal history of this cele a similar circumstance happened to himself
. (De
brated man; but though we have not the means of Praenot. ad Epig. c. 6. vol. xiv. p. 630. ) The
writing an authentic detailed biography, we possess story as applied to Avicenna seems to be most
in these few facts, and in the hints and allusions con- probably apocryphal (see Biogr. Dict. of the
tained in various ancient authors, sufficient data to Usef. Knowl. Soc. vol. iv. p. 301); and with
enable us to appreciate the part he played, and the respect to the two other claimants, Hippocrates
place he held among his contemporaries. We find and Erasistratus, if it be true of either, the pre-
that he enjoyed their esteem as a practitioner, ponderance of historical testimony is dedly in
writer, and professor; that he conferred on the favour of the latter. (ERASISTRATUS. ] Another
ancient and illustrious family to which he belonged old Greek fable relates to his being appointed
more honour than he derived from it; that he ren librarian at Cos, and burning the books there (or,
dered the medical school of Cos, to which he was according to another version of the story, at Cnidos,)
attached, superior to any which had preceded it or in order to conceal the use he had made of them in
immediately followed it ; and that his works, soon his own writings. This story is also told, with but
after their publication, were studied and quoted by little variation, of Avicenna, and is repeated of
Plato. (See Littrés Hippocr. vol. i. p. 43; and a Hippocrates, with some characteristic embellish-
review of that work (by the writer of this article) ments, in the European Legends of the Middle
in the Brit. and For. Med. Rev. April, 1844, p. Ages. [ANDREAS. ]
459. )
The other fables concerning Hippocrates are te
Upon this slight foundation of historical truth be traced to the collection of Letters, &c. which go
has been built å vast superstructure of fabulous under his name, but which are universally rejected
error ; and it is curious to observe how all these as spurious. The most celebrated of these relates
tales receive a colouring from the times and coun- to his supposed conduct during the plague of
tries in which they appear to have been fabricated, Athens, which he is said to have stopped by burn.
whether by his own countrymen before the Chris- ing fires throughout the city, by suspending chap-
tian era, or by the Latin or Arabic writers of the lets of flowers, and by the use of an antidote, the
middle ages. One of the stories told of him by composition of which is preserved by Joannes Ac-
his Greek biograpners, which most modern critics tuarius (De Meth. Med. v. 6. p. 264, ed. H. Steph. )
are disposed to regard as fabulous, relates to his Connected with this, is the pretended letter from
being sent for, together with Euryphon [EURY- | Artaxerxes Longimanus, king of Persia, to Hippo-
112
ID
ani
I
Isaa
Stre
e bare
a
[F ಓಡಿದೆ
90 for
مجموع
Nested
## p. 484 (#500) ############################################
484
HIPPOCRATES.
HIPPOCRATES.
,26 بقراط Sokrat, with سقراط confounded the word
crates, inviting him by great offers to come to his erected a statue his honour as to a divinity. A
assistance during a time of pestilence, and the re- fair lady resolved to prove that this god was a
fusal of Hippocrates, on the ground of his being mere mortal ; and, accordingly, having made an
the enemy of his country.
assignation with him, she let down for him a
Another story, perhaps equally familiar to the basket from her window. When she had raised
readers of Burton's " Anatomy of Melancholy," him half way, she left him suspended in the air
contains the history of the supposed madness of all night, till he was found by the emperor in the
Democritus, and his interview with Hippocrates, morning, and thus became the laughing-stock of
who had been summoned by his countrymen to the court. Another story makes him professor of
come to his relief,
medicine in Rome, with a nephew of wondrous
If we turn to the Arabic writers, we find talents and medical skill, whom he despatched in
" Bokrát” represented as living at Hems, and his own stead to the king of Hungary, who had
studying in a garden near Damascus, the situation sent for him to heal his son. The young leech, by
of which was still pointed out in the time of Abu-l- his marvellous skill, having discovered that the
faraj in the thirteenth century. (Abu-l-faraj, Hist. prince was not the king's own son, directed him to
Dynast. p. 56; Anon. Arab. Philosoph. Bibl. apud feed on “contrarius drink, contrarius mete, beves
Casiri, Biblioth. Arabico-Ilisp. Escur. vol. i. p. 235. ) fiesch, and drink the brotht," and thereby soon
They also tell a story of his pupils taking his por- restored him to health. Upon his return home
trait to a celebrated physiognomist named Phile- laden with presents, “ Y pocras” became so jealous
mon, in order to try his skill; and that upon his of his fame, that he murdered him, and afterwards
saying that it was the portrait of a lascivious old “ he let all his bokes berne. " The vengeance of
man (which they strenuously denied), Hippocrates Heaven overtook him, and he died in dreadful
said that he was right, for that he was so by torments, confessing his crime, and vainly calling
nature, but that he had learned to overcome his on his murdered nephew for relief. (See Ellis,
amorous propensities. The confusion of names Spec. of Early Engl. Metr. Roman. vol. iii. p. 39;
that occurs in this last anecdote the writer has Weber, Metr. Rom. of the 13th, 14th, and 15th
never seen explained, though the difficulty admits Cent. , &-c. , vol. iii. p. 41 ; Way, Fabliaux or Tales
of an easy and satisfactory solution. It will no of the 12th and 13th Cent. , &c. vol. č. p. 173; Le
doubt have brought to the reader's recollection the grand d'Aussy, Fabliaur ou Contes, Fables et Ro
similar story told of Socrates by Cicero (Tusc. Disp. mans du 12ème et du 13ème Siècles, tome i. p. 288 ;
iv. 37, De Fato, c. 5), and accordingly he will be Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Essai sur les Fables
quite prepared to hear that the Arabic writers have Ind. fic. , p. 154, and Roman des Sept Sages, p.
If, from the personal history of Hippocrates, we
Bokrát, and have thus applied to Hippocrates an
turn to the collection of writings that go under his
anecdote that in reality belongs to Socrates. The name, the parallel with Homer will be still more
name of the physiognomist in Cicero is Zopyrus, exact and striking. In both cases we find a number
which cannot have been corrupted into Philemon ;
of works, the most ancient, and, in some respects,
but when we remember that the Arabians have no the most excellent of their kind, which, though
P, and are therefore often obliged to express this they have for centuries borne the same name, are
letter by an F, it will probably appear not unlikely discovered, on the most cursory examination, to
that either the writers, or their European trans- belong in reality to several different persons.
lators, have confounded Philemon with Polemon. Hence has arisen a question which has for ages
This conjecture is confirmed by the fact that Phile-exercised the learning and acuteness of scholars
mon is said by Abu-l-faraj to have written a work and critics, and which is in both cases still far from
on Physiognomy, which is true of Polemon, whose being satisfactorily settled. With respect to the
treatise on that subject is still extant, whereas no writings of the Hippocratic Collection the first
person of the name of Philemon (as far as the glance,” says M. Littré (vol. i. p. 44), shows that
writer is aware) is mentioned as a physiognomist some are complete in themselves, while others are
by any Greek author. " The only objection to merely collections of notes, which follow each other
this conjecture is the anachronism of making Pole without connection, and which are sometimes hardly
mon a contemporary of Hippocrates or Socrates ; intelligible. Some are incomplete and fragmentary,
but this difficulty will not appear very great to others form in the whole Collection particular series,
any one who is familiar with the extreme igno- which belong to the same ideas and the same
rance and carelessness displayed by the Arabic writer. In å word, however little we reflect on
writers on all points of Greek history and chro- the context of these numerous writings, we are led
nology.
to conclude that they are not the work of one and
It is, however, among the European story- the same author. This remark has in all ages
tellers of the middle ages that the name of “ Ypo- struck those persons who have given their atten-
" is most celebrated. In one story he is repre- tion to the works of Hippocrates; and even at the
sented as visiting Rome during the reign of Au- time when men commented on them in the Alex-
gustus, and restoring to life the emperor's nephew, andrian school, they already disputed about their
who was just dead ; for which service Augustus authenticity.
mand at the Hellespont, Hippocrates appears to
5. An Athenian, son of Ariphron, was general, have been appointed governor or barmost of Chal-
together with Demosthenes, in the eighth year of cedon; and when that city was attacked, in the
the Peloponnesian war (B. C 424), when the spring of 408, by Alcibiades and Thrasyllus, he led
democratic party at Megara, becoming apprehensive out his troops to encounter the Athenians, but was
of the recal of the exiles, and of a revolution in defeated, and himself fell in the conflict. (Id. i. 3.
consequence, made overtures to the Athenians to SS 5, 6; Diod. xiii. 66 ; Plut. Alcib. 30. ) [E. H. B. )
betray the city into their hands. Demosthenes and HIPPOʻCRATES (ʻIn Tokpátns), literary. 1. Of
Hippocrates immediately marched, with a select Chios, a Pythagorean philosopher, who lived about
body of troops, to take advantage of this oppor- B C. 460. He is mentioned chiefly as a mathe-
tunity, and, with the assistance of their partisans, matician, and is said to have been the first who
made themselves masters of the long walls which reduced geometry to a regular system. He seems
connected Megara with its port of Nisaea, but to have been also engaged in researches respecting
were unable to effect an entrance into the city the square of a circle ; but we have no means of
itself. Thus foiled in part of their enterprise, they judging of his merits as a mathematician, and
turned their arms against Nisaea, in which there Aristotle (Ethic. ad Eudem. viii. 14) states that in
was a Peloponnesian garrison, but this was speedily every other respect he was a man not above me-
compelled, by want of provisions, to capitulate, and diocrity. (Comp. Aristot. Sophist
. Elench. i. 10;
the Athenians became masters of this important Plut. Solon, 2 ; Proclus in Euclid. ii. p. 19; Fa-
port. Brasidas soon after arrived with a consider- bric. Bibl. Graec. vol. i. p. 848, &c. )
able army, and by his influence secured the predo- 2. One of the executors of the will of the phile-
minance of the Lacedaemonian party at Megara ; sopher Straton of Lampsacus. (Diog. Laërt. v. 62. )
but he was unable to effect anything against Nisaea He was probably a philosopher, but is otherwise
and after having in vain offered battle to the altogether unknown.
Athenian gencrals, he withdrew again to Corinth. 3. Is mentioned in several modern works as a
(Thuc. iv. 66—74 ; Diod. xii. 66, 67. ) Soon after comic poet on the authority of Pollux (Onom. ix.
this, a scheme was arranged by Demosthenes and 57 ; comp. iv. 173); but it is now certain that the
Hippocrates, in concert with a party in some of the reading in Pollux is corrupt, and that the name
Boeotian cities, for the invasion of Boeotia on three Ewoimpátns must be substituted for it. (See Mei-
different points at once. In pursuance of this neke, Ilist. Crit. Com. Graec. p. 498, &c. ) [L. S. )
plan Demosthenes attacked by sea the port of HIPPO'CRATES ('ITTrokpátos), the name of
Siphae on the Corinthian gulf, while Hippocrates several physicians, including in the number perhaps
VOL. II.
11
## p. 482 (#498) ############################################
482
HIPPOCRATES.
HIPPOCRATES.
Nebru.
Gnosidicus
Chrysus.
Cadmus.
Sosander.
HIPPOCRATES II. =Uzor.
!
Thessalus.
Dracon I.
Gouglas.
Dracon II.
Dracon III.
the most celebrated medical writer of ancient or Suidas, Thymbraeus of Cos, of the family of the
modern times, whose fame has probably been partly Asclepiadae, had two sons named Hippocrates,
caused by the writings and actions of all the phy- each of whom wrote some medical works. Their
sicians of the same name having been attributed to date is unknown. (Suid. s. o. 'ITTOkpátns. )
one individual, instead of several. This hypothesis 7. HIPPOCRATES VII. , son of Praxianax of Cos,
is incapable of being proved to be correct; but it who belonged to the family of the Asclepiadae, and
may be safely asserted, that it is quite impossible wrote some medical works. His dute is unknown.
that all the stories told of Hippocrates (even if they (Suid. Ibid. )
are to be believed at all) can relate to the same in- 8. HIPPOCRATES, a Greek writer on veterinary
dividual, and also that one man should have surgery, who is supposed to have lived about the
written all the works that now form part of the middle of the fourth century after Christ. His
Hippocratic collection. More will be said on this remains are to be found in the collection of writers
subject in the article on HIPPOCRATES 11. , but on this subject, first published in Latin by Ruel-
first it will be advisable to notice briefly the other liue, Paris, 1530, fol. , and afterwards in Greek
physicians of this name, and as several of them by Grynaeus, Basel, 1537, 4to. They are also
belonged to the family of the Asclepiadae, the fol added to the editions of Hippocrates published by
lowing genealogical table will enable the reader to Vander Linden, Lugd. Bat. 1665, 8vo. , and that
understand more clearly their relationship :- of Naples, 1757, 4to. They have been also pub-
lished in a separate form, in Greek, Latin, and
Italian, Rom. 1814, 8vo. ; edited by P. A. Valen-
tini. (See Choulant, Handb, der Bücherkunde für
die Aeltere Medicin. )
(W. A. G. )
Hippocrates I. Podaleirius. Aenelus. Elaphus. HIPPOʻCRATES, the second of that name,
Phaenarele = Heracleides.
Hippolochus.
and in some respects the most celebrated physician
of ancient or modern times ; for not only have his
writings (or rather those which bear his name) been
always held in the highest esteem, but his personal
Fila = Polybus.
history (so far as it is known), and the literary
criticism relating to his works, furnish so much
Hippocrates III.
Hippocrates IV. (? ) matter for the consideration both of the scholar, the
Hippocrates IV. (? )
philologist, the philosopher, and the man of letters,
that there are few authors of antiquity about whom
so much has been written. Probably the readers of
HIPPOCRATES I. , the fifteenth in descent from this work will care more for the literary than for the
Aesculapius, the eldest son of Gnosidicus, the medical questions connected with Hippocrates ; and
brother of Podaleirius II. and Aeneius, and the accordingly (as it is quite impossible to discuss the
father of Heracleides. He lived probably in the whole subject fully in these pages) the strictly
sixth and fifth centuries B. C. Some ancient critics scientific portion of this article occupies less space
attributed to him the two works De Fracturis, and than the critical ; and this arrangement in this
De Articulis, while others contended that he wrote place the writer is inclined to adopt the more
nothing at all. (Jo. Tzetzes, Chil. vii. Hist. 155. , readily, because, while there are many works
in Fabric. Bibl. Graec. vol. xii. p. 680 ; Poeti which contain a good account of the scientific
Epist. ad Artax. , in Hippocr. Opera, vol. iii. p. merits of the Hippocratic writings, he is not aware
770 ; Suid. s. v. 'ITrokpárns; Galen, Comment in of one where the many literary problems arising
Hippocr. “ De Rat. Vict. in Morb. Acut. ” i. 17, from them have been at once fully discussed and
vol. xv. p. 456, Comment. in Hippocr. “De satisfactorily determined. This task he is far from
Fract. " i. 1, vol. xviii. pt. ii. p. 324. )
thinking that he has himself accomplished, but it is
2. HIPPOCRATES II. See below.
right to give this reason for treating the scientific
3. HIPPOCRATES III. , the nineteenth of the part of the subject much less fully than he would
family of the Asclepiadae, who lived probably in have done had he been writing for a professed
the fourth century B. C.
He was the son of Thes. medical work.
salus, and the brother of Gorgias and Dracon II. , A parallel has more than once been drawn be-
and is said by Suidas to have written some medical tween the Father of Medicine ” and “the Father
works. (Jo. Tzetzes, Suidas, U. cc. ; Galen, Com- of Poetry ;” and, indeed, the resemblances between
ment. in Hippocr. “ De Humor. " i. 1, vol. xvi. the two, both in their personal and literary history,
are so evident, that they could hardly fail to strike
4. HIPPOCRATES IV.
was, according to Galen any one who was even moderately familiar with
(Comment. in Hippocr. “ De Humor. " i. 1, vol. classical and medical literature. With respect to
Xvi. p. 5), the son of Dracon I. , and the grandson their personal history, the greatest uncertainty
of the celebrated Hippocrates : he lived in the exists, and our real knowledge is next to nothing ;
fourth century B. C. , and is said to have written although in the case of both personages, we have
some medical works. Suidas (s. v. 'Itrokpátns, professed lives written by ancient authors, which,
and Apákw), who, however, to have fallen however, only tend to show still more plainly the
into some confusion [DRACON), makes him the son ignorance that prevails on the subject. Accordingly,
of Dracon 11. (and therefore the great grandson of as might be expected, fable has been busy in sup-
the celebrated Hippocrates), the father of Dracon plying the deficiencies of history, and was for a
III. He is said to have been one of the physicians time fully believed ; till at length a re-action fol-
to Roxana, the wife of Alexander the Great, and lowed, and an unreasoning credulity was succeeded
to have died in the reign of Cassander, the son of by an equally unreasonable scepticism, which
Antipater.
reached its climax when it was boldly asserted
5,6. HIPPOCRATES V. and Vi. According to that neither Homer nor Hippocrates had ever er-
p. 5. )
## p. 483 (#499) ############################################
HIPPOCRATES.
483
HIPPOCRATES.
be
SCHE
rias
some
re
isted. (See Houdart, Etudes sur Hippocrate, p. | PHON), by Perdiccas II. , king of Macedonia, and
560. ) The few facts respecting him that may be discovering, by certain external symptoms, that
considered as tolerably well ascertained may be his sickness was occasioned by his having fallen in
told in few words. His father was Heracleides, love with his father's concubine. Probably the
who was also a physician, and belonged to the strongest reason against the truth of this story is
family of the Asclepiadae. According to Soranus the fact that the time of the supposed cure is quite
(Vita Hippocr. , in Hippocr. Opera, vol. iii. ), he irreconcileable with the commonly received date of
was the nineteenth in descent from Aesculapius, the birth of Hippocrates ; though M. Littré, the
but John Tzetzes, who gives the genealogy of latest and best editor of Hippocrates, while he
the family, makes him the seventeenth. His rejects the story as spurious, finds no difficulty in
mother's name was Phaenarete, who was said to be the dates (vol. i. p. 38). Soranus, who tells the
descended from Hercules. Soranus, on the autho- anecdote, says that the occurrence took place after
rity of an old writer who had composed a life of the death of Alexander I. , the father of Perdiccas;
Hippocrates, states that he was born in the island and we may reasonably presume that one or two
of Cos, in the first year of the eightieth Olympiad, years would be the longest interval that would
that is, B. C. 460 ; and this date is generally elapse. The date of the death of Alexander is
followed, for want of any more satisfactory inform- not exactly known, and depends upon the length of
ation on the subject, though it agrees 60 ill with the reign of his son Perdiccas, who died B. c. 414.
the anecdotes respecting him, that some The longest period assigned to his reign is forty-
persons suppose him to have been born about thirty one years, the shortest is twenty-three. This latter
years sooner. The exact day of his birth was date would place his accession to the throne on his
known and celebrated in Cos with sacrifices on the father's death, at B. C. 437, at which time Hippo
26th day of the month Agrianus, but it is unknown crates would be only twenty-three years old, almost
to what date in any other calendar this month cor- too young an age for him to have acquired so great
responds. He was instructed in medical science by celebrity as to be specially sent for to attend a
his father and by Herodicus, and is also said to foreign prince. However, the date of B. C. 437 is
have been a pupil of Gorgias of Leontini. He the less probable because it would not only extend
wrote, taught, and practised his profession at the reign of his father Alexander to more than
home; travelled in different parts of the continent sixty years, but would also suppose him to have
of Greece ; and died at Larissa in Thessaly. His lived seventy years after a period at which he was
age at the time of his death is uncertain, as it is already grown up to manhood. For these reasons
stated by different ancient authors to have been Mr. Clinton (F. Hell. ii. 222) agrees with Dodwell
eighty-five years, ninety, one hundred and four, in supposing the longer periods assigned to his
and one hundred and nine. Mr. Clinton places reign to be nearer the truth ; and assumes the ac-
his death B. C. 357, at the age of one hundred and cession of Perdiccas to have fallen within B. C. 454,
four. He had two sons, Thessalus and Dracon, at which time Hippocrates was only six years old.
and a son-in-law, Polybus, all of whom followed This celebrated story has been told, with more or
the same profession, and who are supposed to have less variation, of Erasistratus and Avicenna, besides
been the authors of some of the works in the being interwoven in the romance of Heliodorus
Hippocratic Collection. Such are the few and (Aethiop. iv. 7. p. 171), and the love-letters of
scanty facts that can be in some degree depended Aristaenetus (Epist. i. 13). Galen also says that
on respecting the personal history of this cele a similar circumstance happened to himself
. (De
brated man; but though we have not the means of Praenot. ad Epig. c. 6. vol. xiv. p. 630. ) The
writing an authentic detailed biography, we possess story as applied to Avicenna seems to be most
in these few facts, and in the hints and allusions con- probably apocryphal (see Biogr. Dict. of the
tained in various ancient authors, sufficient data to Usef. Knowl. Soc. vol. iv. p. 301); and with
enable us to appreciate the part he played, and the respect to the two other claimants, Hippocrates
place he held among his contemporaries. We find and Erasistratus, if it be true of either, the pre-
that he enjoyed their esteem as a practitioner, ponderance of historical testimony is dedly in
writer, and professor; that he conferred on the favour of the latter. (ERASISTRATUS. ] Another
ancient and illustrious family to which he belonged old Greek fable relates to his being appointed
more honour than he derived from it; that he ren librarian at Cos, and burning the books there (or,
dered the medical school of Cos, to which he was according to another version of the story, at Cnidos,)
attached, superior to any which had preceded it or in order to conceal the use he had made of them in
immediately followed it ; and that his works, soon his own writings. This story is also told, with but
after their publication, were studied and quoted by little variation, of Avicenna, and is repeated of
Plato. (See Littrés Hippocr. vol. i. p. 43; and a Hippocrates, with some characteristic embellish-
review of that work (by the writer of this article) ments, in the European Legends of the Middle
in the Brit. and For. Med. Rev. April, 1844, p. Ages. [ANDREAS. ]
459. )
The other fables concerning Hippocrates are te
Upon this slight foundation of historical truth be traced to the collection of Letters, &c. which go
has been built å vast superstructure of fabulous under his name, but which are universally rejected
error ; and it is curious to observe how all these as spurious. The most celebrated of these relates
tales receive a colouring from the times and coun- to his supposed conduct during the plague of
tries in which they appear to have been fabricated, Athens, which he is said to have stopped by burn.
whether by his own countrymen before the Chris- ing fires throughout the city, by suspending chap-
tian era, or by the Latin or Arabic writers of the lets of flowers, and by the use of an antidote, the
middle ages. One of the stories told of him by composition of which is preserved by Joannes Ac-
his Greek biograpners, which most modern critics tuarius (De Meth. Med. v. 6. p. 264, ed. H. Steph. )
are disposed to regard as fabulous, relates to his Connected with this, is the pretended letter from
being sent for, together with Euryphon [EURY- | Artaxerxes Longimanus, king of Persia, to Hippo-
112
ID
ani
I
Isaa
Stre
e bare
a
[F ಓಡಿದೆ
90 for
مجموع
Nested
## p. 484 (#500) ############################################
484
HIPPOCRATES.
HIPPOCRATES.
,26 بقراط Sokrat, with سقراط confounded the word
crates, inviting him by great offers to come to his erected a statue his honour as to a divinity. A
assistance during a time of pestilence, and the re- fair lady resolved to prove that this god was a
fusal of Hippocrates, on the ground of his being mere mortal ; and, accordingly, having made an
the enemy of his country.
assignation with him, she let down for him a
Another story, perhaps equally familiar to the basket from her window. When she had raised
readers of Burton's " Anatomy of Melancholy," him half way, she left him suspended in the air
contains the history of the supposed madness of all night, till he was found by the emperor in the
Democritus, and his interview with Hippocrates, morning, and thus became the laughing-stock of
who had been summoned by his countrymen to the court. Another story makes him professor of
come to his relief,
medicine in Rome, with a nephew of wondrous
If we turn to the Arabic writers, we find talents and medical skill, whom he despatched in
" Bokrát” represented as living at Hems, and his own stead to the king of Hungary, who had
studying in a garden near Damascus, the situation sent for him to heal his son. The young leech, by
of which was still pointed out in the time of Abu-l- his marvellous skill, having discovered that the
faraj in the thirteenth century. (Abu-l-faraj, Hist. prince was not the king's own son, directed him to
Dynast. p. 56; Anon. Arab. Philosoph. Bibl. apud feed on “contrarius drink, contrarius mete, beves
Casiri, Biblioth. Arabico-Ilisp. Escur. vol. i. p. 235. ) fiesch, and drink the brotht," and thereby soon
They also tell a story of his pupils taking his por- restored him to health. Upon his return home
trait to a celebrated physiognomist named Phile- laden with presents, “ Y pocras” became so jealous
mon, in order to try his skill; and that upon his of his fame, that he murdered him, and afterwards
saying that it was the portrait of a lascivious old “ he let all his bokes berne. " The vengeance of
man (which they strenuously denied), Hippocrates Heaven overtook him, and he died in dreadful
said that he was right, for that he was so by torments, confessing his crime, and vainly calling
nature, but that he had learned to overcome his on his murdered nephew for relief. (See Ellis,
amorous propensities. The confusion of names Spec. of Early Engl. Metr. Roman. vol. iii. p. 39;
that occurs in this last anecdote the writer has Weber, Metr. Rom. of the 13th, 14th, and 15th
never seen explained, though the difficulty admits Cent. , &-c. , vol. iii. p. 41 ; Way, Fabliaux or Tales
of an easy and satisfactory solution. It will no of the 12th and 13th Cent. , &c. vol. č. p. 173; Le
doubt have brought to the reader's recollection the grand d'Aussy, Fabliaur ou Contes, Fables et Ro
similar story told of Socrates by Cicero (Tusc. Disp. mans du 12ème et du 13ème Siècles, tome i. p. 288 ;
iv. 37, De Fato, c. 5), and accordingly he will be Loiseleur Deslongchamps, Essai sur les Fables
quite prepared to hear that the Arabic writers have Ind. fic. , p. 154, and Roman des Sept Sages, p.
If, from the personal history of Hippocrates, we
Bokrát, and have thus applied to Hippocrates an
turn to the collection of writings that go under his
anecdote that in reality belongs to Socrates. The name, the parallel with Homer will be still more
name of the physiognomist in Cicero is Zopyrus, exact and striking. In both cases we find a number
which cannot have been corrupted into Philemon ;
of works, the most ancient, and, in some respects,
but when we remember that the Arabians have no the most excellent of their kind, which, though
P, and are therefore often obliged to express this they have for centuries borne the same name, are
letter by an F, it will probably appear not unlikely discovered, on the most cursory examination, to
that either the writers, or their European trans- belong in reality to several different persons.
lators, have confounded Philemon with Polemon. Hence has arisen a question which has for ages
This conjecture is confirmed by the fact that Phile-exercised the learning and acuteness of scholars
mon is said by Abu-l-faraj to have written a work and critics, and which is in both cases still far from
on Physiognomy, which is true of Polemon, whose being satisfactorily settled. With respect to the
treatise on that subject is still extant, whereas no writings of the Hippocratic Collection the first
person of the name of Philemon (as far as the glance,” says M. Littré (vol. i. p. 44), shows that
writer is aware) is mentioned as a physiognomist some are complete in themselves, while others are
by any Greek author. " The only objection to merely collections of notes, which follow each other
this conjecture is the anachronism of making Pole without connection, and which are sometimes hardly
mon a contemporary of Hippocrates or Socrates ; intelligible. Some are incomplete and fragmentary,
but this difficulty will not appear very great to others form in the whole Collection particular series,
any one who is familiar with the extreme igno- which belong to the same ideas and the same
rance and carelessness displayed by the Arabic writer. In å word, however little we reflect on
writers on all points of Greek history and chro- the context of these numerous writings, we are led
nology.
to conclude that they are not the work of one and
It is, however, among the European story- the same author. This remark has in all ages
tellers of the middle ages that the name of “ Ypo- struck those persons who have given their atten-
" is most celebrated. In one story he is repre- tion to the works of Hippocrates; and even at the
sented as visiting Rome during the reign of Au- time when men commented on them in the Alex-
gustus, and restoring to life the emperor's nephew, andrian school, they already disputed about their
who was just dead ; for which service Augustus authenticity.
