In
the forgery of a later age that it is unnecessary to B.
the forgery of a later age that it is unnecessary to B.
William Smith - 1844 - Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities - c
i.
6, x.
11).
Next comes Eusebius
converting his house into a hospital for the sick himself, whose attention seems to have been first
poor ; and where he was ordained priest at about drawn to Sanchuniathon by the quotations in Por-
the age of thirty. Here he became acquainted phyrius. It is evident from the language of Euse-
with the emperor Justinian, whom he cured of a bius that he had consulted the translation of
painful and obstinate disease ; and whom he per- Philon himself, and that his acquaintance with the
suaded to build a hospital instead of conferring any writer was not confined to the extracts in Porphy-
reward upon himself. Sampson did not live long rius, as some modern scholars have asserted.
after this event, but died about the year 530 or Eusebius also calls Sanchuninthon a native of
531. Numerous miracles are said to have been Berytus, but he says that his Phoenician history
wrought by him after his death, on account of was divided into nine (not eight) books by Philon.
which he has been canonized by the Romish and This is all the independent testimony we possess
Greck churches. His hospital, which was near the respecting Sanchuniathon and the Greek transla-
church of St. Sophin, was twice destroyed by fire, tion by Philon, for it is pretty clear that subse-
but was rebuilt, and existed in full usefulness long quent writers who speak of both borrow their
after his death. His memory is celebrated on accounts either from Porphyrius or Eusebius. The
June 27. There is a long and interesting life of most important later testimonies are those of Theo.
St. Sampson by Simeon Metaphrastes, which is doretus and Suidas. The former writer says (ue
inserted in the “Acta Sanctorum” (June, vol. v. Cur, Graec. Affect. Serm. i. ): “Sanchuniathon, of
p. 261, &c. ). See also Menolog. Graec. June 27, Berytus, wrote the Theologia (Ocoloyla) of the
vol. iii. p. 144 ; Bzovius, Nomenclator Sanctor. Phoenicians, which was translated into Greek by
Professione Medicor. An account of St. Sampson's Philon, not the Hebrew but the Byblian. ” Theo
hospital may be found in Du Cange's CPolis doretus calls the work of Sanchuniathon a Theo
Christiana, iv. 9. 9.
[W. A. G. ] logia, on account of the nature of its contents.
SANACHARIBUS. [SETHON. )
Suidas (s. v. ) describes Sanchuniathon as a Tyrian
SANATROCES, a king of Parthia. (AR- philosopher, who lived at the time of the Trojan
SACES XI. )
war, and gives the following list of his works:
SANATRUCES, a king of Armenia. [AR- Περί του Ερμού φυσιολογίας, ήτις μεταφράσθη
SACIDAE, p. 363, a. )
(namely, by Philon). Nárpia Tuplwy Tņ poivikwu
SANCHUNTATHON (Σαγχoυνιάθων), an an- διαλέκτη, Αίγυπτιακήν Θεολογίας και άλλα τινά.
cient Phoenician writer, whose works were trans- But such an enumeration of different works is of
lated into Greek by Philon Byblius, who lived in little value from an inaccurate compiler like Suidas.
the latter half of the first century of the Christian They are probably only different titles of the same
aera. A considerable fragment of the translation work.
of Philon is preserved by Eusebius in the first Now it is quite clear from the preceding account
book of his Praeparatio Evangelica. The most that we have no evidence even for the existence of
opposite opinions have been held by the learned Sanchuniathon except the testimony of Philon
respecting the authenticity and value of the wri- Byblius himself. He is not mentioned by any
tings of Sanchuniathon. The scholars of the writer before Philon Byblius, not even by Jose
seventeenth century, Scaliger, Grotius, Bochart, phus or by Philon Judaeus, who might have been
Selden, and others, regarded them as genuine re expected to have heard at least of his name. This
mains of the most remote antiquity, and expended, is suspicious at first sight. The discovery of old
or rather wasted, no small amount of learning in books written by an author, of whom no one has
attempting to reconcile them with the statements ever heard, and in a language which few can read,
in the old Testament. Their views were carried is a kind of imposture known to modern as well as
out to the fullest extent by Richard Cumberland, ancient times. The genuineness and authenticity
bishop of Peterborough, who translated into En- of the work must rest entirely on the nature of its
glish the extracts in Eusebius (London, 1720), contents ; and even a superficial perusal of the ex-
with historical and chronological remarks, in which tracts in Eusebius will convince almost every
he asserts that all the antediluvian patriarchs of scholar of the present day that the work was a
the Old Testament are to be found in Sanchunia- forgery of Philon. Nor is it difficult to see with
thon! Modern scholars, however, take a very what object the forgery was executed. Philon was
different view of Sanchuniathon and his writings; evidently one of the many adherents of the doc-
but before we state their opinions, it will be trine of Euhemerus, that all the gods were origine
advisable to see what the ancient writers them- ally men, who had distinguished themselves in
selves say respecting him. The first author who their lives as kings, warriors, or benefactors of
mentions him is Athenaeus, who speaks (iii. p. man, and became worshipped as divinities after
126) of Suniaethon (of which variation in the their death. This doctrine Philon applied to the
name more will be said presently), and Mochus, as religious system of the Oriental nations, and espe-
writers on Phoenician matters (Dominiká). The cially of the Phoenicians; and in order to gain
next writer who mentions him is Porphyrius (de more credit for his statements, he pretended that
Abstın. ii. 56, p. 94, ed. Holsten. ), who says that they were taken from an ancient Phoenician
Sanchuniathon wrote a Phoenician history (boivin writer. This writer he says was a native of Bery-
KUT Totopía) in the Phoenician language, which tus, lived in the time of Semiramis, and dedicated
was translated into Greek in eight books by his work to Abibalus, king of Berytus. Having
## p. 704 (#720) ############################################
704
SANCHUNIATHON.
SANDOCES.
thus invented a high antiquity for his Phoenician | SANCUS, SANGUS or SEMO SANCUS,
authority, he pretended that his writer had taken a Roman divinity, is said to have been originally a
the greatest pains to obtain information, that he Sabine god, and identical with Hercules and Dius
had received some of his accounts from Hierom- Fidius. (Lactant i. 15; Ov. Fast. vi. 216 ; Pro-
balus, the priest of the god Jevo, and had collected pert. iv. 9,74 ; Sil. Ital. viii. 421. ) The name
others from inscriptions in the temples and the which is etymologically the same as Sanctus, and
public records preserved in each city. This is all connected with Suncire, seems to justify this beo
pure invention, to impose more effectually upon the lieſ, and characterises Sancus as a divinity pre-
public. The general nature of the work is in siding over oaths. Sancus also had a temple at
itself sufficient to prove it to be a forgery ; but in Rome, on the Quirinal, opposite that of Quirinus,
Addition to this we find an evident attempt to and close by the gate which derived from him the
show that :he Greek religion and mythology were name of Sunqualis porta. This sanctuary was the
derived from the Phoenician, and a confusion be- same as that of Dius Fidius, which had been con-
tween the Phoenician and Hebrew religions, which secrated in the year B. C. 465 by Sp. Postumius,
are of themselves sufficient to convince any one but was said to have been founded by Tarquinius
that the work was not of genuine Phoenician Superbus (Liv. viii. 20, xxxii. 1 ; Dionys. ix.
origin. But though the work is thus clearly a 60; Ov. Fast. vi. 213, &c. ), and the ancients
forgery, the question still remains, whether the thoroughly identified their Dius Fidius with
name Sanchuniathon was a pure invention of Phi- Sancus. He is accordingly regarded as the pro.
lon or not. Movers, who has discussed the whole rector of the marriage oath, of the law of nations,
subject with ability, thinks that Philon availed and the law of hospitality. (Dionys. iv. 58 ;
himself of a name already in use, though it was Varro, De Ling. Lat. v. 66. ) Sancus is said to
not the name of a person. He supposes that have been the father of the Sabine hero Sabus,
Sanchoniathon was the name of the sacred books (Dionys. ii. 49; August. de Civ. Dei, xviii. 19;
of the Phoenicians, and that its original form was Lactant. I. c. )
(L. S. ]
Sun-Chon -iáth, which might be represented in the SANCTUS, St. , is said by C. B. Carpzovius
Hebrew characters by nn' pia iD, that is “ the (De Medicis ab Eccles. pro Sanctis habitis), who
copies Bzovius (Nomenclator Sanctor. Professione
entire law of Chon," Chon being the same as Bel, Medicor. ), to have been a physician, and a native
or, as the Greeks called him, the philosopher He- of Otriculum (or Ocriculum), a city of central Italy,
racles, or the Tyrian Heracles. Movers further who was put to death with cruel torments in the
supposes that Suniaethon (Covviailwv), which occurs reign of M. Aurelius Antoninus, and whose niemory
in the passage of Athenaeus already referred to, is is celebrated on June 26. Both these writers
a shortened form of the name, and signifies the quote as their authority for this statement, " Moni-
whole law, the Chon being omitted. But on these menta Ecclesiae Otriculanae in Sabinis. " It seems
etymologies we offer no opinion.
probable that there is some error or conſusion in
The fragments of the so-called Sanchuniathon this account, which the writer is not able at pre-
which have come down to us have been published sent to clear up quite satisfactorily. In the
in a useful edition by J. C. Orelli, under the title of Menologium Graecum (vol. iii. p. 182) St. Sanctus
“ Sanchoniathonis Berytii, quae feruntur, Frag- (Záyktos) is called a native of Ravenna, and is
menta de Cosmogonia et Theologia Phoenicum, said to have suffered martyrdom under M. Anto-
Graece versa a Philone Byblio, servata ab Eusebio ninus. His memory is celebrated on July 26, and
Caesariensi, Praeparationis Evangelicae Libro I. he is not stated to have been a physician. In
cap. VI. et VII. , &c. ," Lips. 18:26, 8vo. Besides Ughelli, Italia Sacra (vol. x. p. 151), no mention
these extracts from the first book of the Praepa is made of St. Sanctus, but St. Medicus is said to
ratio Evangelica, there is another short passage in have been one of the patron saints of Ocriculum.
Eusebius (de Laud. Constant. c. 3), and two in And in the Acta Sanctorum no mention is made
Joannes Lydus (de Mensibus, p. 116 de Magistr. of St. Sanctus under June 26 or July 26 ; but
p. 130), which are evidently taken from the pre- St. Medicus, a native of Otriculum, but not a
tended translation of Philon By blius.
physician, whose history is not unlike that
Philon Byblius himself has also been made the of St. Sanctus in Bzovius and the Menologium
subject of a forgery. In 1835 a manuscript, pur- Graecum, is commemorated under the date of
porting to be the entire translation of Philon By- June 25.
(W. A. G. )
blius, was discovered in a convent in Portugal. SA'NDACUS (Lávdakos), a son of Astynous,
Many German scholars, and among others Grote- and a grandson of Phaethon. He is said to hare
fend, regarded it as the genuine work of Philon. It migrated from Syria to Cilicia, to have founded
was first published in a German translation by Fr. the town of Celenderis, and to have become the
Wagenfeld, under the title of “Urgeschichte der father of Cinyras by Pharnace. (Apollod. iii. 14.
Phönizier, in einem Auszuge aus der wieder aufge- $ 3. )
[L. S. )
fundenen Handschrift von Philo's vollstan. Ueber- SANDO'CES (Eavdumns), a Persian, son of
setzung. Mit einem Vorworte von G. F. Grotefend," Thamasius, was one of the royal judges under
Hannover, 1836. In the following year the Greek Dareius Hystaspis, and, having given an unjust
text appeared under the title of “ Sanchuniathonis sentence under the influence of a bribe, was con-
Historiarum Phoeniciae Libros novem Graece versos demned by the king to crucifixion. But after he
a Philone Byblio, edidit Latinaque versione dona- had been placed on the cross, Dareius called to
vit F. Wagenfeld,” Bremae, 1837.
mind that his services outweighed his offences, and
however, so universally agreed that this work is he was accordingly taken down and pardoned.
In
the forgery of a later age that it is unnecessary to B. C. 480, he was viceroy of Cume in Aeolis, and,
make any further remarks upon it. (Fabric. Bill. in the invasion of Greece by Xerxes in that year,
Graec. vol. i. p. 222, &c. ; and especially Movers, commanded a squadron of 15 ships, which were
Die Phönizier, p. 99, &c. p. 116, &c. )
P
detained behind when the main body leſt Sepias,
a
It is now,
## p. 705 (#721) ############################################
SANDROCOTTUS.
706
SANDROCOTTUS.
and, sailing on afterwards to the south by them- | (Zavopókuntos), which bears a much greater re-
selves, were captured by the Greeks off Artemi. semblance to the Hindu name than the common
bium. (Herod. vii. 191. )
[E. E. ] orthography. (Plut. Alex. 62 ; Justin, xv. 4;
SANDROCOTTUS (LavopókotTos), an Indian Appian, Syr. 55 ; Strab. xv. pp. 702, 709, 724;
king at the time of Seleucus Nicator, ruled over Athen. i. p. 18, e. ; Arrian, Anub. v. 6. § 2 ; Plin.
the powerful nation of the Gangaridae and Prasii | H. N. vi. 17. )
on the banks of the Ganges. The Gangaridae, also Sandrocottus has excited considerable interest
written Gandaridae, and the Prasii, are probably among modern scholars, as he appears to be the
the same people; the former name signifying the same as the Chandragupta of the Sanscrit writers.
people in the neighbourhood of the Ganges, and Not only does the great resemblance of name poir
the latter being of Hindu origin, and the same as to an ideutity of the two, but the circumstances
the Prachi, the eastern country of Sanscrit writers. related by the Sunscrit writers respecting the his-
The capital of Sandrocottus was Palibothra, called tory of Chandmgupta bear so great a similarity to
by the Sanscrit writers Pataliputra, probably in those recorded by the Greek authors respecting
the neighbourhood of the modern Patna. The Sandrocottus, that it is impossible to doubt that
Greek writers relate that the father of Sandrocottus they are the same person. The differences between
was a man of low origin, being the son of a barber, the Greek and Sanscrit writers rather enhance the
whom the queen had married after putting her value of both sets of testimonies, since a perfect
husband the king to death. He is called by Dio- agreement would have been suspicious. The Hin-
dorus Siculus (xvi. 93, 94) Xandrames, and by du narrative was as follows. At Pataliputra
Q. Curtius (ix. 2) Aggrammes, the latter name reigned a king named Nanda, who was the son of
being probably only a corruption of the former. a woman of the Sudra caste, and was hence, ac-
This king sent his son Sandrocottus to Alexander cording to the Hindu law, regarded as a Sudra
the Great, who was then at the Hyphasis, and he himself
. He was a powerful prince, but cruel and
is reported to have said that Alexander might avaricious ; and hence, as well as by the inferiority
easily have conquered the eastern parts of India, of his birth, he provoked the animosity of the
since the king was hated on account of his Brahmans. He had by one wife eight sons, who
wickedness and the meanness of his birth. Justin with their father were known as the nine Nandas ;
likewise relates, that Sandrocottus saw Alex- and, according to the popular tradition, he had by
ander, and that having offended him, he was a wife of low extraction another son, called Chan-
ordered to be put to death, and escaped only by dragupta. The last circumstance, however, is not
flight. Justin says nothing about his being the stated in the Puranas, and may therefore be ques-
king's son, but simply relates that he was of ob- tioned ; but it appears certain that Chandragupta
scure origin, and that after he escaped from Alex- was of low origin, and that he was of the same
ander he became the leader of a band of robbers, family as Nanda, if he was not his son. But
and finally obtained the supreme power. So much whatever was the origin of Chandragupta, he ap-
seems certain, that in the troubles which followed pears to have been made the instrument of the
the death of Alexander, Sandrocottus or his father rebellious projects of the Brahmans, who raised
extended his dominions over the greater part of him while a youth to the throne, after effecting
northern India, and conquered the Macedonians, the destruction of Nanda and his eight sons. In
who had been left by Alexander in the Panjab. this they were aided by a prince in the north of
After the general peace between the successors of India, to whom an accession of territory was
Alexander in B. c. 311, Seleucus was left for ten offered as the price of his assistance ; but after they
years in the undisturbed possession of his do- had gained their object, the Brahmans not only
minions, and at some period during this time he refused to fulfil their engagement, but appear to
made an effort to recover the Indian conquests of have got rid of him by assassination. To revenge
Alexander. The year in which he undertook the his father's death, his son Malayaketu marched
expedition is not stated, but from the account of with a large army against Chandragupta, and
Justin it would appear to have been only a short among his forces were Yavanas, whom we may
time before the war with Antigonus, that is, B. C. 302. regard as Greeks. Malayaketu was obliged to
It is unknown how far Seleucus penetrated in India; return to his own country without inflicting his
according to some accounts he advanced as far as meditated vengeance. Chandragupta reigned
Palibothra. At all events, he did not succeed in twenty-four years, and left the kingdom to his son.
the object of his expedition ; for, in the peace con- The expedition of Malayaketu may perhaps be the
cluded between the two monarchs, Seleucus ceded same as that of Seleucus, who probably availed
to Sandrocottus not only his conquests in the hiniself of the distracted state of the kingdom for
Panjab, but also the country of the Paropamisus. the purpose of extending the Greek dominions in
Seleucus in return received five hundred war ele- India,
phants, which had then become an object of so The history of Chandragupta is the subject of a
much importance as perhaps to be almost an equi- Hindu drama, entitled Mudra Rakshasa, which
valent for the loss of the dominions which he sus has been translated from the Sanscrit by Professor
tained. The peace was cemented by a matrimonial | Wilson, and published in his “ Select Specimens
alliance between the Syrian and Indian kings. of the Theatre of the Hindus," London, 1835, vol.
Megasthenes subsequently resided for many years ii. p. 127, &c. In the preface to the translation,
at the court of Sandrocottus as the ambassador of Mr. Wilson has examined at length the question
Seleucus ; and to the work which Megasthenes of the identity of Sandrocottus and Chandragupta,
wrote on India, later writers were chiefly indebted and thus sums up the result of his inquiries :
for their accounts of the country. [MEGASTHENES. ] • It thus appears that the Greek and Hindu writers
The name of Sandrocottus is written both by Plu- concur in the name, in the private history, in the
tarch and Appian Androcottus without the sibilant, political elevation, and in the nation and capital of
and Athenaeus gives us the form Sandrocuplus an Indian king, nearly, if not exactly, contem-
66
VOL. III.
Z Z
## p. 706 (#722) ############################################
706
SANNYRION.
SAOTERUS.
p. 68. )
porary with Alexander, to a degree of approxima- | bringing out his comedies in other persons' names.
iion that cannot possibly be the work of accident. " (Schol. ad Plat. p. 331, ed. Bekker ; comp. Phi-
(See also Sir W. Jones, in Asiatic Researches, LONIDES. )
vol. iv. p. 11 ; Schlegel, Indische Bibliothek, vol. i. The following are mentioned as his dramas by
p. 245, &c. ; Lassen, De Pentapotamia, p. 61; Suidas (s. r. ):-TéAws, Aaván, 'lu, Yuxastai; but
Droysen, Hellenismus, vol. i. p. 519, &c. , vol. ii. the reference which Suidas proceeds to make to
Athenacus, as his authority, proves that he has
SANGA, Q. FA'BIUS, the patronus of the got the last title by a careless reading of the passage
Allobroges, was the person to whom the ambas- above quoted, in which Athenaeus says that San-
sadors of the Allobroges disclosed the treasonable nyrion was ridiculed in the Psychastae of Strattis.
designs of the Catilinarian conspirators. Sanga Eudocin (p. 382) omits the Aavan, and adds the
communicated the intelligence to Cicero, who was 'Ivớ and Lapdavárallos, of which there is no other
thus enabled to obtain the evidence which led to mention made. A few scattered lines are preserved
the apprehension and execution of Lentulus and from the TéAws, and a fragment of five lines from
his associates, B. C. 63. Q. Sanga is mentioned as the Aaván, in which he ridicules, as Aristophanes
one of the friends of Cicero who besought the con- also does in the Frogs (305), Hegelochus's pro-
sul L. Piso, in B. C. 58, not to support Clodius in nunciation of the word gaanv', in a line of the
his measures against Cicero. (Sall. Cut. 41 ; Ap- Orestes of Euripides (Schol. ad Eurip. et Aristoph.
pian, B. C. ii. 4 ; Cic. in Pis. 31. )
Il. cc. ). There are a few words from the lo in
SANGA'RIUS (Paygápos), a river-god, is Athenaeus (vi. p. 261, f. ). The Danaë and lo
described as the son of Oceanus and Tethys, and evidently belong, in subject, to the Middle Comedy,
as the husband of Metope, by whom he became although, from the circumstance just mentioned,
the father of Hecabe. (Hes. Theog. 344 ; Apollod. the date of the former cannot be placed much lower
iii. 12. $ 5. ) The river Sangarius (in Phrygia) than B. C. 407. (Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol.
itself is said to have derived its name from one pp. 263, 264, vol. ii. pp. 873–875; Bergk,
Sangas, who had offended Rhea, and was punished Relig. Comoed. All. Ant. p. 430 ; Bode, Gesch. d.
by her by being changed into water. (Schol. ad Hellen. Dichtkunst, vol. iii. pt. 2, p. 387. ) [P. S. ]
Apollon. Rhod. ii. 722. )
[L. S. ) M. SANQUI'NIUS, a triumvir of the mint
SANNIO, a name of the buffoon in the mimes under Augustus, whose name occurs only on coins,
(Cic. de Orat. ii. 61, ad Fam. ix. 16. & 10), is a specimen of which is annexed. The head on the
derived by Diodorus (Excerpta Vat. p. 129, ed.
converting his house into a hospital for the sick himself, whose attention seems to have been first
poor ; and where he was ordained priest at about drawn to Sanchuniathon by the quotations in Por-
the age of thirty. Here he became acquainted phyrius. It is evident from the language of Euse-
with the emperor Justinian, whom he cured of a bius that he had consulted the translation of
painful and obstinate disease ; and whom he per- Philon himself, and that his acquaintance with the
suaded to build a hospital instead of conferring any writer was not confined to the extracts in Porphy-
reward upon himself. Sampson did not live long rius, as some modern scholars have asserted.
after this event, but died about the year 530 or Eusebius also calls Sanchuninthon a native of
531. Numerous miracles are said to have been Berytus, but he says that his Phoenician history
wrought by him after his death, on account of was divided into nine (not eight) books by Philon.
which he has been canonized by the Romish and This is all the independent testimony we possess
Greck churches. His hospital, which was near the respecting Sanchuniathon and the Greek transla-
church of St. Sophin, was twice destroyed by fire, tion by Philon, for it is pretty clear that subse-
but was rebuilt, and existed in full usefulness long quent writers who speak of both borrow their
after his death. His memory is celebrated on accounts either from Porphyrius or Eusebius. The
June 27. There is a long and interesting life of most important later testimonies are those of Theo.
St. Sampson by Simeon Metaphrastes, which is doretus and Suidas. The former writer says (ue
inserted in the “Acta Sanctorum” (June, vol. v. Cur, Graec. Affect. Serm. i. ): “Sanchuniathon, of
p. 261, &c. ). See also Menolog. Graec. June 27, Berytus, wrote the Theologia (Ocoloyla) of the
vol. iii. p. 144 ; Bzovius, Nomenclator Sanctor. Phoenicians, which was translated into Greek by
Professione Medicor. An account of St. Sampson's Philon, not the Hebrew but the Byblian. ” Theo
hospital may be found in Du Cange's CPolis doretus calls the work of Sanchuniathon a Theo
Christiana, iv. 9. 9.
[W. A. G. ] logia, on account of the nature of its contents.
SANACHARIBUS. [SETHON. )
Suidas (s. v. ) describes Sanchuniathon as a Tyrian
SANATROCES, a king of Parthia. (AR- philosopher, who lived at the time of the Trojan
SACES XI. )
war, and gives the following list of his works:
SANATRUCES, a king of Armenia. [AR- Περί του Ερμού φυσιολογίας, ήτις μεταφράσθη
SACIDAE, p. 363, a. )
(namely, by Philon). Nárpia Tuplwy Tņ poivikwu
SANCHUNTATHON (Σαγχoυνιάθων), an an- διαλέκτη, Αίγυπτιακήν Θεολογίας και άλλα τινά.
cient Phoenician writer, whose works were trans- But such an enumeration of different works is of
lated into Greek by Philon Byblius, who lived in little value from an inaccurate compiler like Suidas.
the latter half of the first century of the Christian They are probably only different titles of the same
aera. A considerable fragment of the translation work.
of Philon is preserved by Eusebius in the first Now it is quite clear from the preceding account
book of his Praeparatio Evangelica. The most that we have no evidence even for the existence of
opposite opinions have been held by the learned Sanchuniathon except the testimony of Philon
respecting the authenticity and value of the wri- Byblius himself. He is not mentioned by any
tings of Sanchuniathon. The scholars of the writer before Philon Byblius, not even by Jose
seventeenth century, Scaliger, Grotius, Bochart, phus or by Philon Judaeus, who might have been
Selden, and others, regarded them as genuine re expected to have heard at least of his name. This
mains of the most remote antiquity, and expended, is suspicious at first sight. The discovery of old
or rather wasted, no small amount of learning in books written by an author, of whom no one has
attempting to reconcile them with the statements ever heard, and in a language which few can read,
in the old Testament. Their views were carried is a kind of imposture known to modern as well as
out to the fullest extent by Richard Cumberland, ancient times. The genuineness and authenticity
bishop of Peterborough, who translated into En- of the work must rest entirely on the nature of its
glish the extracts in Eusebius (London, 1720), contents ; and even a superficial perusal of the ex-
with historical and chronological remarks, in which tracts in Eusebius will convince almost every
he asserts that all the antediluvian patriarchs of scholar of the present day that the work was a
the Old Testament are to be found in Sanchunia- forgery of Philon. Nor is it difficult to see with
thon! Modern scholars, however, take a very what object the forgery was executed. Philon was
different view of Sanchuniathon and his writings; evidently one of the many adherents of the doc-
but before we state their opinions, it will be trine of Euhemerus, that all the gods were origine
advisable to see what the ancient writers them- ally men, who had distinguished themselves in
selves say respecting him. The first author who their lives as kings, warriors, or benefactors of
mentions him is Athenaeus, who speaks (iii. p. man, and became worshipped as divinities after
126) of Suniaethon (of which variation in the their death. This doctrine Philon applied to the
name more will be said presently), and Mochus, as religious system of the Oriental nations, and espe-
writers on Phoenician matters (Dominiká). The cially of the Phoenicians; and in order to gain
next writer who mentions him is Porphyrius (de more credit for his statements, he pretended that
Abstın. ii. 56, p. 94, ed. Holsten. ), who says that they were taken from an ancient Phoenician
Sanchuniathon wrote a Phoenician history (boivin writer. This writer he says was a native of Bery-
KUT Totopía) in the Phoenician language, which tus, lived in the time of Semiramis, and dedicated
was translated into Greek in eight books by his work to Abibalus, king of Berytus. Having
## p. 704 (#720) ############################################
704
SANCHUNIATHON.
SANDOCES.
thus invented a high antiquity for his Phoenician | SANCUS, SANGUS or SEMO SANCUS,
authority, he pretended that his writer had taken a Roman divinity, is said to have been originally a
the greatest pains to obtain information, that he Sabine god, and identical with Hercules and Dius
had received some of his accounts from Hierom- Fidius. (Lactant i. 15; Ov. Fast. vi. 216 ; Pro-
balus, the priest of the god Jevo, and had collected pert. iv. 9,74 ; Sil. Ital. viii. 421. ) The name
others from inscriptions in the temples and the which is etymologically the same as Sanctus, and
public records preserved in each city. This is all connected with Suncire, seems to justify this beo
pure invention, to impose more effectually upon the lieſ, and characterises Sancus as a divinity pre-
public. The general nature of the work is in siding over oaths. Sancus also had a temple at
itself sufficient to prove it to be a forgery ; but in Rome, on the Quirinal, opposite that of Quirinus,
Addition to this we find an evident attempt to and close by the gate which derived from him the
show that :he Greek religion and mythology were name of Sunqualis porta. This sanctuary was the
derived from the Phoenician, and a confusion be- same as that of Dius Fidius, which had been con-
tween the Phoenician and Hebrew religions, which secrated in the year B. C. 465 by Sp. Postumius,
are of themselves sufficient to convince any one but was said to have been founded by Tarquinius
that the work was not of genuine Phoenician Superbus (Liv. viii. 20, xxxii. 1 ; Dionys. ix.
origin. But though the work is thus clearly a 60; Ov. Fast. vi. 213, &c. ), and the ancients
forgery, the question still remains, whether the thoroughly identified their Dius Fidius with
name Sanchuniathon was a pure invention of Phi- Sancus. He is accordingly regarded as the pro.
lon or not. Movers, who has discussed the whole rector of the marriage oath, of the law of nations,
subject with ability, thinks that Philon availed and the law of hospitality. (Dionys. iv. 58 ;
himself of a name already in use, though it was Varro, De Ling. Lat. v. 66. ) Sancus is said to
not the name of a person. He supposes that have been the father of the Sabine hero Sabus,
Sanchoniathon was the name of the sacred books (Dionys. ii. 49; August. de Civ. Dei, xviii. 19;
of the Phoenicians, and that its original form was Lactant. I. c. )
(L. S. ]
Sun-Chon -iáth, which might be represented in the SANCTUS, St. , is said by C. B. Carpzovius
Hebrew characters by nn' pia iD, that is “ the (De Medicis ab Eccles. pro Sanctis habitis), who
copies Bzovius (Nomenclator Sanctor. Professione
entire law of Chon," Chon being the same as Bel, Medicor. ), to have been a physician, and a native
or, as the Greeks called him, the philosopher He- of Otriculum (or Ocriculum), a city of central Italy,
racles, or the Tyrian Heracles. Movers further who was put to death with cruel torments in the
supposes that Suniaethon (Covviailwv), which occurs reign of M. Aurelius Antoninus, and whose niemory
in the passage of Athenaeus already referred to, is is celebrated on June 26. Both these writers
a shortened form of the name, and signifies the quote as their authority for this statement, " Moni-
whole law, the Chon being omitted. But on these menta Ecclesiae Otriculanae in Sabinis. " It seems
etymologies we offer no opinion.
probable that there is some error or conſusion in
The fragments of the so-called Sanchuniathon this account, which the writer is not able at pre-
which have come down to us have been published sent to clear up quite satisfactorily. In the
in a useful edition by J. C. Orelli, under the title of Menologium Graecum (vol. iii. p. 182) St. Sanctus
“ Sanchoniathonis Berytii, quae feruntur, Frag- (Záyktos) is called a native of Ravenna, and is
menta de Cosmogonia et Theologia Phoenicum, said to have suffered martyrdom under M. Anto-
Graece versa a Philone Byblio, servata ab Eusebio ninus. His memory is celebrated on July 26, and
Caesariensi, Praeparationis Evangelicae Libro I. he is not stated to have been a physician. In
cap. VI. et VII. , &c. ," Lips. 18:26, 8vo. Besides Ughelli, Italia Sacra (vol. x. p. 151), no mention
these extracts from the first book of the Praepa is made of St. Sanctus, but St. Medicus is said to
ratio Evangelica, there is another short passage in have been one of the patron saints of Ocriculum.
Eusebius (de Laud. Constant. c. 3), and two in And in the Acta Sanctorum no mention is made
Joannes Lydus (de Mensibus, p. 116 de Magistr. of St. Sanctus under June 26 or July 26 ; but
p. 130), which are evidently taken from the pre- St. Medicus, a native of Otriculum, but not a
tended translation of Philon By blius.
physician, whose history is not unlike that
Philon Byblius himself has also been made the of St. Sanctus in Bzovius and the Menologium
subject of a forgery. In 1835 a manuscript, pur- Graecum, is commemorated under the date of
porting to be the entire translation of Philon By- June 25.
(W. A. G. )
blius, was discovered in a convent in Portugal. SA'NDACUS (Lávdakos), a son of Astynous,
Many German scholars, and among others Grote- and a grandson of Phaethon. He is said to hare
fend, regarded it as the genuine work of Philon. It migrated from Syria to Cilicia, to have founded
was first published in a German translation by Fr. the town of Celenderis, and to have become the
Wagenfeld, under the title of “Urgeschichte der father of Cinyras by Pharnace. (Apollod. iii. 14.
Phönizier, in einem Auszuge aus der wieder aufge- $ 3. )
[L. S. )
fundenen Handschrift von Philo's vollstan. Ueber- SANDO'CES (Eavdumns), a Persian, son of
setzung. Mit einem Vorworte von G. F. Grotefend," Thamasius, was one of the royal judges under
Hannover, 1836. In the following year the Greek Dareius Hystaspis, and, having given an unjust
text appeared under the title of “ Sanchuniathonis sentence under the influence of a bribe, was con-
Historiarum Phoeniciae Libros novem Graece versos demned by the king to crucifixion. But after he
a Philone Byblio, edidit Latinaque versione dona- had been placed on the cross, Dareius called to
vit F. Wagenfeld,” Bremae, 1837.
mind that his services outweighed his offences, and
however, so universally agreed that this work is he was accordingly taken down and pardoned.
In
the forgery of a later age that it is unnecessary to B. C. 480, he was viceroy of Cume in Aeolis, and,
make any further remarks upon it. (Fabric. Bill. in the invasion of Greece by Xerxes in that year,
Graec. vol. i. p. 222, &c. ; and especially Movers, commanded a squadron of 15 ships, which were
Die Phönizier, p. 99, &c. p. 116, &c. )
P
detained behind when the main body leſt Sepias,
a
It is now,
## p. 705 (#721) ############################################
SANDROCOTTUS.
706
SANDROCOTTUS.
and, sailing on afterwards to the south by them- | (Zavopókuntos), which bears a much greater re-
selves, were captured by the Greeks off Artemi. semblance to the Hindu name than the common
bium. (Herod. vii. 191. )
[E. E. ] orthography. (Plut. Alex. 62 ; Justin, xv. 4;
SANDROCOTTUS (LavopókotTos), an Indian Appian, Syr. 55 ; Strab. xv. pp. 702, 709, 724;
king at the time of Seleucus Nicator, ruled over Athen. i. p. 18, e. ; Arrian, Anub. v. 6. § 2 ; Plin.
the powerful nation of the Gangaridae and Prasii | H. N. vi. 17. )
on the banks of the Ganges. The Gangaridae, also Sandrocottus has excited considerable interest
written Gandaridae, and the Prasii, are probably among modern scholars, as he appears to be the
the same people; the former name signifying the same as the Chandragupta of the Sanscrit writers.
people in the neighbourhood of the Ganges, and Not only does the great resemblance of name poir
the latter being of Hindu origin, and the same as to an ideutity of the two, but the circumstances
the Prachi, the eastern country of Sanscrit writers. related by the Sunscrit writers respecting the his-
The capital of Sandrocottus was Palibothra, called tory of Chandmgupta bear so great a similarity to
by the Sanscrit writers Pataliputra, probably in those recorded by the Greek authors respecting
the neighbourhood of the modern Patna. The Sandrocottus, that it is impossible to doubt that
Greek writers relate that the father of Sandrocottus they are the same person. The differences between
was a man of low origin, being the son of a barber, the Greek and Sanscrit writers rather enhance the
whom the queen had married after putting her value of both sets of testimonies, since a perfect
husband the king to death. He is called by Dio- agreement would have been suspicious. The Hin-
dorus Siculus (xvi. 93, 94) Xandrames, and by du narrative was as follows. At Pataliputra
Q. Curtius (ix. 2) Aggrammes, the latter name reigned a king named Nanda, who was the son of
being probably only a corruption of the former. a woman of the Sudra caste, and was hence, ac-
This king sent his son Sandrocottus to Alexander cording to the Hindu law, regarded as a Sudra
the Great, who was then at the Hyphasis, and he himself
. He was a powerful prince, but cruel and
is reported to have said that Alexander might avaricious ; and hence, as well as by the inferiority
easily have conquered the eastern parts of India, of his birth, he provoked the animosity of the
since the king was hated on account of his Brahmans. He had by one wife eight sons, who
wickedness and the meanness of his birth. Justin with their father were known as the nine Nandas ;
likewise relates, that Sandrocottus saw Alex- and, according to the popular tradition, he had by
ander, and that having offended him, he was a wife of low extraction another son, called Chan-
ordered to be put to death, and escaped only by dragupta. The last circumstance, however, is not
flight. Justin says nothing about his being the stated in the Puranas, and may therefore be ques-
king's son, but simply relates that he was of ob- tioned ; but it appears certain that Chandragupta
scure origin, and that after he escaped from Alex- was of low origin, and that he was of the same
ander he became the leader of a band of robbers, family as Nanda, if he was not his son. But
and finally obtained the supreme power. So much whatever was the origin of Chandragupta, he ap-
seems certain, that in the troubles which followed pears to have been made the instrument of the
the death of Alexander, Sandrocottus or his father rebellious projects of the Brahmans, who raised
extended his dominions over the greater part of him while a youth to the throne, after effecting
northern India, and conquered the Macedonians, the destruction of Nanda and his eight sons. In
who had been left by Alexander in the Panjab. this they were aided by a prince in the north of
After the general peace between the successors of India, to whom an accession of territory was
Alexander in B. c. 311, Seleucus was left for ten offered as the price of his assistance ; but after they
years in the undisturbed possession of his do- had gained their object, the Brahmans not only
minions, and at some period during this time he refused to fulfil their engagement, but appear to
made an effort to recover the Indian conquests of have got rid of him by assassination. To revenge
Alexander. The year in which he undertook the his father's death, his son Malayaketu marched
expedition is not stated, but from the account of with a large army against Chandragupta, and
Justin it would appear to have been only a short among his forces were Yavanas, whom we may
time before the war with Antigonus, that is, B. C. 302. regard as Greeks. Malayaketu was obliged to
It is unknown how far Seleucus penetrated in India; return to his own country without inflicting his
according to some accounts he advanced as far as meditated vengeance. Chandragupta reigned
Palibothra. At all events, he did not succeed in twenty-four years, and left the kingdom to his son.
the object of his expedition ; for, in the peace con- The expedition of Malayaketu may perhaps be the
cluded between the two monarchs, Seleucus ceded same as that of Seleucus, who probably availed
to Sandrocottus not only his conquests in the hiniself of the distracted state of the kingdom for
Panjab, but also the country of the Paropamisus. the purpose of extending the Greek dominions in
Seleucus in return received five hundred war ele- India,
phants, which had then become an object of so The history of Chandragupta is the subject of a
much importance as perhaps to be almost an equi- Hindu drama, entitled Mudra Rakshasa, which
valent for the loss of the dominions which he sus has been translated from the Sanscrit by Professor
tained. The peace was cemented by a matrimonial | Wilson, and published in his “ Select Specimens
alliance between the Syrian and Indian kings. of the Theatre of the Hindus," London, 1835, vol.
Megasthenes subsequently resided for many years ii. p. 127, &c. In the preface to the translation,
at the court of Sandrocottus as the ambassador of Mr. Wilson has examined at length the question
Seleucus ; and to the work which Megasthenes of the identity of Sandrocottus and Chandragupta,
wrote on India, later writers were chiefly indebted and thus sums up the result of his inquiries :
for their accounts of the country. [MEGASTHENES. ] • It thus appears that the Greek and Hindu writers
The name of Sandrocottus is written both by Plu- concur in the name, in the private history, in the
tarch and Appian Androcottus without the sibilant, political elevation, and in the nation and capital of
and Athenaeus gives us the form Sandrocuplus an Indian king, nearly, if not exactly, contem-
66
VOL. III.
Z Z
## p. 706 (#722) ############################################
706
SANNYRION.
SAOTERUS.
p. 68. )
porary with Alexander, to a degree of approxima- | bringing out his comedies in other persons' names.
iion that cannot possibly be the work of accident. " (Schol. ad Plat. p. 331, ed. Bekker ; comp. Phi-
(See also Sir W. Jones, in Asiatic Researches, LONIDES. )
vol. iv. p. 11 ; Schlegel, Indische Bibliothek, vol. i. The following are mentioned as his dramas by
p. 245, &c. ; Lassen, De Pentapotamia, p. 61; Suidas (s. r. ):-TéAws, Aaván, 'lu, Yuxastai; but
Droysen, Hellenismus, vol. i. p. 519, &c. , vol. ii. the reference which Suidas proceeds to make to
Athenacus, as his authority, proves that he has
SANGA, Q. FA'BIUS, the patronus of the got the last title by a careless reading of the passage
Allobroges, was the person to whom the ambas- above quoted, in which Athenaeus says that San-
sadors of the Allobroges disclosed the treasonable nyrion was ridiculed in the Psychastae of Strattis.
designs of the Catilinarian conspirators. Sanga Eudocin (p. 382) omits the Aavan, and adds the
communicated the intelligence to Cicero, who was 'Ivớ and Lapdavárallos, of which there is no other
thus enabled to obtain the evidence which led to mention made. A few scattered lines are preserved
the apprehension and execution of Lentulus and from the TéAws, and a fragment of five lines from
his associates, B. C. 63. Q. Sanga is mentioned as the Aaván, in which he ridicules, as Aristophanes
one of the friends of Cicero who besought the con- also does in the Frogs (305), Hegelochus's pro-
sul L. Piso, in B. C. 58, not to support Clodius in nunciation of the word gaanv', in a line of the
his measures against Cicero. (Sall. Cut. 41 ; Ap- Orestes of Euripides (Schol. ad Eurip. et Aristoph.
pian, B. C. ii. 4 ; Cic. in Pis. 31. )
Il. cc. ). There are a few words from the lo in
SANGA'RIUS (Paygápos), a river-god, is Athenaeus (vi. p. 261, f. ). The Danaë and lo
described as the son of Oceanus and Tethys, and evidently belong, in subject, to the Middle Comedy,
as the husband of Metope, by whom he became although, from the circumstance just mentioned,
the father of Hecabe. (Hes. Theog. 344 ; Apollod. the date of the former cannot be placed much lower
iii. 12. $ 5. ) The river Sangarius (in Phrygia) than B. C. 407. (Meineke, Frag. Com. Graec. vol.
itself is said to have derived its name from one pp. 263, 264, vol. ii. pp. 873–875; Bergk,
Sangas, who had offended Rhea, and was punished Relig. Comoed. All. Ant. p. 430 ; Bode, Gesch. d.
by her by being changed into water. (Schol. ad Hellen. Dichtkunst, vol. iii. pt. 2, p. 387. ) [P. S. ]
Apollon. Rhod. ii. 722. )
[L. S. ) M. SANQUI'NIUS, a triumvir of the mint
SANNIO, a name of the buffoon in the mimes under Augustus, whose name occurs only on coins,
(Cic. de Orat. ii. 61, ad Fam. ix. 16. & 10), is a specimen of which is annexed. The head on the
derived by Diodorus (Excerpta Vat. p. 129, ed.
